c eqpuvtwevkqp fg no rwdnkswg fcpu ng fqockpg fg

25
.CEQPUVTWEVKQPFGNOCEVKQP RWDNKSWGFCPUNGFQOCKPG FGNOKPVGTPGVGP(TCPEG 7PVÃOQKIPCIGRGTUQPPGN .CWTGPV5QTDKGT . O Cet article des Editions Lavoisier est disponible en acces libre et gratuit sur lcn.revuesonline.com

Upload: others

Post on 01-May-2022

5 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

.%0��XQNWOG����Pu���������RCIGU�����´����

.C�EQPUVTWEVKQP�FG�NOCEVKQPRWDNKSWG�FCPU�NG�FQOCKPG

FG�NOKPVGTPGV�GP�(TCPEG

7P�VÃOQKIPCIG�RGTUQPPGN

.CWTGPV�5QTDKGT

KPVGTPGV�CWTC�EQPUVKVWÃ�RQWT�NC�ENCUUG�RQNKVKSWG�GV� NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQPHTCPÁCKUGU�WPG�VGTTC�KPEQIPKVC�QÔ�RTGPFTG�RKGF��%QPUVTWKTG�KORQUCKVFG� UOCHHTCPEJKT� FG� TÃHNGZGU� GV� FG� VTCFKVKQPU� UQWXGPV� UÃEWNCKTGU�� .C

EQPSWÄVG� FG� EG� 5KZKÂOG� %QPVKPGPV�� ´� NC� HQKU� JQUVKNG� GV� EQORNKSWÃ�� NCEQORTÃJGPUKQP�FG�UQP�ENKOCV�GV�FG�UGU�O�WTU��NOKPVTWUKQP�FCPU�UGU�TÂINGU�FGHQPEVKQPPGOGPV�POQPV�RCU�ÃVÃ�RNWU�HCEKNGU�GV�TCRKFGU�GP�(TCPEG�SWOCKNNGWTU�

%OGUV� NOJKUVQKTG� FG� EGVVG� EQPSWÄVG� L� WPG� EQPSWÄVG� FQPV� PQWU� XGTTQPUSWOGNNG�GUV�UCPU�FQWVG�NQKP�FOÄVTG�CEJGXÃG�L�SWG� LG�OG�RTQRQUG�FG� VGPVGT�FGTÃUWOGT�FCPU�EGU�RCIGU�SWK� QPV�XCNGWT�FG� VÃOQKIPCIG�RGTUQPPGN�� ,OCK�GW� NCEJCPEG�FOÄVTG�CUUQEKÃ��GP�SWCNKVÃ�FOCEVGWT�GV�FG�VÃOQKP�RTKXKNÃIKÃ��´�EG�SWG�HWVNC�RQNKVKSWG�RWDNKSWG�HTCPÁCKUG�GP�EG�FQOCKPG�GPVTG������GV������RÃTKQFG�QÔLOÃVCKU�EJCTIÃ�FG�OKUUKQP�CW�ECDKPGV�FW�OKPKUVTG�FGU�6ÃNÃEQOOWPKECVKQPU���,OGP� UWKU� TGUVÃ� WP� QDUGTXCVGWT� SWQVKFKGP� GP� SWCNKVÃ� FG� EJCTIÃ� FG� OKUUKQPRQWT� NGU� VGEJPQNQIKGU� FG� NOKPHQTOCVKQP� CW� %QOOKUUCTKCV� IÃPÃTCN� FW� 2NCP� ��� 2NWU� RTÃEKUÃOGPV� CW� ECDKPGV� FG� (TCPÁQKU� (KNNQP�� OKPKUVTG� FGU� 6GEJPQNQIKGU� FGNO+PHQTOCVKQP� GV� FG� NC� 2QUVG� UQWU� NG� RTGOKGT� IQWXGTPGOGPV� ,WRRÃ�� RWKU� OKPKUVTGFÃNÃIWÃ� CWZ� 6ÃNÃEQOOWPKECVKQPU�� ´� NC� 2QUVG� GV� ´� NO'URCEG� UQWU� NG� UGEQPFIQWXGTPGOGPV�,WRRÃ�

.O

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 2: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

��������.C�IQWXGTPCPEG�FO+PVGTPGV��.%0��Pu�������

CXCPV�FG�TGLQKPFTG�NG�UGEVGWT�RTKXÃ�´�NOÃVÃ������RQWT�[�RTGPFTG�NC�FKTGEVKQP�FGn�LGWPGU�RQWUUGU�����%GV�GUUCK�FOCPCN[UG�JKUVQTKSWG�GUV�FQPE�´�NC�HQKU�NG�TGVQWTFOGZRÃTKGPEG�FOWP�OQFGUVG�CEVGWT�FG� EGVVG�RQNKVKSWG�RWDNKSWG� GV�WP� TGICTFETKVKSWG�UWT�UC�IGPÂUG�GV�UC�FGUVKPÃG��%G�TGICTF�UOCRRWKGTC�UWT�WPG�CRRTQEJGHQTEÃOGPV� RCTEGNNCKTG�� HTCIOGPVCKTG�� FGU� OQFCNKVÃU� FG� NOCEVKQP� RWDNKSWG� GVFGU�OÃECPKUOGU�´�NO�WXTG�FCPU�NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP��RWKUSWOKN�UOGUV�PQWTTK�FOWPGQDUGTXCVKQP�RQTVÃG�FG�NOGZVÃTKGWT�FGU�EGPVTGU�FG�FÃEKUKQP�´�RCTVKT�FG�������GV�CHQTVKQTK�FG�������0QVTG�RTQRQU�PG�RTÃVGPF�FQPE�PWNNGOGPV�´�NOGZJCWUVKXKVÃ���KNPG�UOCIKV�RCU�FG�TGVTCEGT�FCPU�NG�FÃVCKN�VQWVGU�NGU�ÃVCRGU��OGUWTGU��NQKU�SWK�QPVRQPEVWÃ�EGVVG�RGVKVG�JKUVQKTG�FG�NC�RQNKVKSWG�KPVGTPGV�HTCPÁCKUG��OCKU�FOGP�HCKTGÃOGTIGT�NGU�ITCPFGU�NKIPGU�GV�NGU�OÃECPKUOGU�FÃVGTOKPCPVU�SWCPV�´�NC�IGPÂUGFW�FKUEQWTU�RQNKVKSWG�FG�NOCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG�

/CKU� CXCPV� FG� PQWU� KPVÃTGUUGT� CWZ� ITCPFGWTU� GV� UGTXKVWFGU� FG� EGVVGEQPSWÄVG�RQNKVKSWG��GV�FG�RTÃEKUGT�NGU�EQPVQWTU�FGU�OQFGU�FG�IQWXGTPCPEG�SWKGP�TÃUWNVGPV��KN�PQWU�GUV�CRRCTW�PÃEGUUCKTG�FG�TGXGPKT�UWT�NGU�TÃUKUVCPEGU�GV�NGUQDUVCENGU� SWOQPV� FÖ� UWTOQPVGT� UGU� EQPEGRVGWTU� GV� UGU� CEVGWTU� L� RQWT� SWKNOKPVGTPGV�UOGUV� NQPIVGORU�FÃHKPK�EQOOG�WP� KORQUUKDNG�n�QDLGV���RQNKVKSWG�GVRCTCNNÂNGOGPV�UOGUV�VTQWXÃ�GZRQUÃ�CW�TKUSWG�FG�NC�RQNKVKSWG�

&CPU�WP�FGWZKÂOG�VGORU��PQVTG�EJQKZ�C�ÃVÃ�FOGUUC[GT�FG�TGPFTG�EQORVGFG�EG�SWG�HWTGPV�NGU�RQUVWTGU�GV�NGU�FKUEQWTU�CFQRVÃU�RCT�NC�ENCUUG�RQNKVKSWG��GVEQOOGPV� KNU� UG� VTCFWKUGPV� GP� HKIWTGU�� KORQUÃGU� QW� KPPQXCPVGU�� FOWPGRQNKVKSWG� RWDNKSWG� FCPU� NG� FQOCKPG� FOKPVGTPGV� L� SWK�� FCPU� PQVTG� VTCFKVKQPRQNKVKSWG��PG�UGODNCKV�FGXQKT�CFXGPKT�SWG�UQWU�NGU�GURÂEGU�FG�NC�TÃIWNCVKQP�

'PHKP��QP�PQWU�RCTFQPPGTC�FOCXQKT�UQWJCKVÃ�RQTVGT�WP�TGICTF�TÃVTQURGEVKH�FGRWKU� NG�n�IWGV���ÃVTCPIG�SWG�EQPUVKVWG�WPG� LGWPG�RQWUUG�� UWT� NG�DKNCP�FG�EGn�UGRVGPPCV���FG�RQNKVKSWG�RWDNKSWG�FG� NOKPVGTPGV��GP�PQWU� KPVGTTQIGCPV�RNWURCTVKEWNKÂTGOGPV�UWT�NC�TÃCNKVÃ�FOWPG�TÃEQPEKNKCVKQP�GV�FOWPG�QUOQUG�TÃWUUKGUGPVTG�NOKPVGTPGV�GV�NC�URJÂTG�RQNKVKSWG�

.OKPVGTPGV��WP�KORQUUKDNG�n�QDLGV���RQNKVKSWG�!0QWU�ÃXQSWGTQPU�KEK�NGU�QDUVCENGU�KPKVKCWZ�´�NC�EQPUVTWEVKQP�FOWP�FKUEQWTU

RQNKVKSWG�GV�FOWPG�CEVKQP�RWDNKSWG�FCPU�NG�FQOCKPG�FG�NOKPVGTPGV�GP�(TCPEG�

���8KEG�2TÃUKFGPV� FG� 5RTC[� (TCPEG� LWUSWOGP� UGRVGODTG������� RWKU�&KTGEVGWT� IÃPÃTCNFOG#WEVKQP4QQO�LWUSWO´�EG�LQWT�

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 3: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

%QPUVTWEVKQP�FG�NOCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG��������

.OCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG�CW�UGTXKEG�FG�NOKPVGTPGV���WPG�NÃIKVKOKVÃ�´�EQPSWÃTKT�WP�FKUEQWTU�RQNKVKSWG�´�KPXGPVGT

#� NOÃVÃ� ������ NQTUSWG�RQWT� NC�RTGOKÂTG� HQKU� WP� IQWXGTPGOGPV� HTCPÁCKU� CXQWNW� RTGPFTG� RQUKVKQP� UWT� NG� FÃXGNQRRGOGPV� FW� TÃUGCW�� NC� EQPUVTWEVKQPFOWP� FKUEQWTU� RQNKVKSWG� GV� NC� FÃHKPKVKQP� FOWPG� CEVKQP� RWDNKSWG� FCPU� NGFQOCKPG�FG� NOKPVGTPGV� TGPEQPVTCKGPV� WP� ÃXKFGPV� RTQDNÂOG� FG� NÃIKVKOKVÃ�� %GFÃHKEKV� FG� NÃIKVKOKVÃ� TÃUWNVCKV� VCPV� FG� NC� PCVWTG� FGU� RTQDNÃOCVKSWGU� SWGNOKPVGTPGV� C� FCPU� WP� RTGOKGT� VGORU� RCTW� FGXQKT� UQWNGXGT� SWG� FGUECTCEVÃTKUVKSWGU� FG� EG� SWK� UGODNCKV� CNQTU� ÄVTG� NC� F[PCOKSWG� RTQRTG� FGFÃXGNQRRGOGPV�FW�n�TÃUGCW�FGU�TÃUGCWZ���

.G�FÃXGNQRRGOGPV�FG�NOKPVGTPGV�QWVTG�#VNCPVKSWG�FQPV�QP�EQOOGPÁCKV�GP�����´� RGTEGXQKT� RNWU� HQTVGOGPV� NGU� ÃEJQU��� GV� RNWU� NCTIGOGPV� NG� VJÂOG� FWFÃXGNQRRGOGPV� FGU� TÃUGCWZ� PWOÃTKSWGU�� QPV� FOCDQTF� ÃVÃ� CDQTFÃU� RCT� NGIQWXGTPGOGPV� HTCPÁCKU� UQWU� WP� CPING� SWCUK� GZENWUKXGOGPV� VGEJPKSWG�.OKPVGTPGV��EOÃVCKV�CXCPV�VQWV�L�FCPU�NG�XQECDWNCKTG�RQNKVKSWG�GV�CFOKPKUVTCVKHFG� NOÃRQSWG� L� WPG� CHHCKTG� FOKPHTCUVTWEVWTGU�� FG� FÃRNQKGOGPV� FG� PQWXGCWZTÃUGCWZ� FG� VÃNÃEQOOWPKECVKQPU�� FG� n�VW[CWZ���� 7PG� CHHCKTG� UÃTKGWUG�� WPGCHHCKTG� FOKPIÃPKGWTU� FQPE�� ´� NCSWGNNG� NGU� FÃEKFGWTU� RQNKVKSWGU� POCXCKGPV� RCURQWT�FGXQKT�FG� UG�OÄNGT� URQPVCPÃOGPV��.G� VGTOG�IÃPÃTKSWG�FOCWVQTQWVGU� FGNOKPHQTOCVKQP�� NQPIVGORU� GORNQ[Ã� RCT� NGU� OÃFKCU� GV� NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP� RQWTFÃUKIPGT� NOKPVGTPGV�� POC� RCU� RGW� EQPVTKDWÃ� ´� NOGPHGTOGT� FCPU� WP� IJGVVQVGEJPKSWG�FQPV� KN�CWTC�OKU�RNWUKGWTU�CPPÃGU�´�UOÃOCPEKRGT��1P�UCKV�GP�GHHGVSWG� NOJQOOG� RQNKVKSWG� TGEJKIPG� ´� CFQRVGT� WPG� RQUVWTG� VGEJPKEKGPPG�� ´UOKPXGUVKT� VTQR� OCUUKXGOGPV� FCPU� WPG� RTQDNÃOCVKSWG� SWK� PG� UGODNG� RCUTGNGXGT�FOWP�n�RTQLGV�FG� UQEKÃVÃ���L� NOGZRÃTKGPEG�OQPVTCPV�SWG�EGVVG�RQUVWTGRTÃUGPVG� NG�FQWDNG�FÃUCXCPVCIG�FG� UOKPECTPGT�FCPU�WP�FKUEQWTU�JGTOÃVKSWGRQWT� NG� ITCPF� RWDNKE� GV� FOÄVTG�� FG� EG� HCKV�� RGW� TÃVTKDWÃG� KP� HKPG� RCT� NGUÃNGEVGWTUW

+N� C� FQPE� HCNNW� KPUETKTG� NOKPVGTPGV� GV� NGU� 6+%� FCPU� WP� RTQLGV� FG� UQEKÃVÃ�EQOOGPEGT� ´� RCTNGT� FG� n�UQEKÃVÃ��� RNWVÏV� SWG� FOn�CWVQTQWVGU��� FGNOKPHQTOCVKQP� RQWT� SWG� NGU� RQNKVKSWGU� VTQWXGPV� WPG� NÃIKVKOKVÃ� ´� NGWT� CEVKQPFCPU�EG�FQOCKPG�GV�GPFQUUGPV�CXGE�RNWU�FOGPVTCKP�GV�FG�RWIPCEKVÃ�NG�TÏNG�FGEJCPVTGU� FG� NOKPVGTPGV�� %GVVG� ÃXQNWVKQP� UÃOCPVKSWG� PG� UOGUV� RCU� HCKVG� GP� WPLQWT�� &G� HCKV�� NC� VTCPUHQTOCVKQP� FG� NOKPVGTPGV� GP� WP� XÃTKVCDNG� n�QDLGV��RQNKVKSWG�� TÃXÃNÃ� RCT� NG� INKUUGOGPV� FOWP� RCTCFKIOG� VGEJPQNQIKSWG� ´� WPRCTCFKIOG�UQEKÃVCN�FCPU� NG�FKUEQWTU�RQNKVKSWG�GV� NOCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG��PG� UOGUV�GP�(TCPEG��QRÃTÃG�PK�URQPVCPÃOGPV�PK�TCRKFGOGPV�

#�NOÃVÃ�������QP�EQPUVCVG�SWG�NGU�6+%�TGUVGPV��CW�UGKP�FG�NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP�GVFG�NC�ENCUUG�RQNKVKSWG��RTQHQPFÃOGPV�CPETÃGU�FCPU�WP�EJCOR�VGEJPKEKGP��.G

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 4: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

��������.C�IQWXGTPCPEG�FO+PVGTPGV��.%0��Pu�������

TCRRQTV�6JÃT[���TGOKU�CW�IQWXGTPGOGPV�RTÃEÃFGPV�RCT�NG�n�RÂTG���FW�/KPKVGN´�NOCWVQOPG�������C�RQUÃ�NGU�DQTPGU�FG�EG�EJCOR���NOGPLGW�FGU�CWVQTQWVGU�FGNOKPHQTOCVKQP�GUV�WP�GPLGW�GUUGPVKGNNGOGPV�VGEJPQNQIKSWG���KN�UOCIKV�FG�FQVGT�NC(TCPEG�FGU�KPHTCUVTWEVWTGU�FG�TÃUGCW�JCWV�FÃDKV�SWK�NWK�RGTOGVVTQPV�FG�PG�RCUOCPSWGT� NG� n�UCWV� SWCPVKSWG��� FG� NC� TÃXQNWVKQP� PWOÃTKSWG�� .G� TCRRQTVRTÃEQPKUG�FQPE��PQVCOOGPV��NG�FÃRNQKGOGPV�FOWP�XCUVG�TÃUGCW�JCWV�FÃDKV�FGHKDTGU� QRVKSWGU� UWT� NOGPUGODNG� FW� VGTTKVQKTG� PCVKQPCN�� %JCPVKGT� FQPVNOGPXGTIWTG�� NG� EQÖV� GV� NGU� HKPCNKVÃU� UWUEKVGTQPV� FGU� TÃCEVKQPU�OKVKIÃGU��OCKUSWK�UGODNG�OQDKNKUGT�NGU�GURTKVU�GV�C�NG�OÃTKVG�FOCVVKTGT�NOCVVGPVKQP�UWT�EG�SWKGUV� GP� VTCKP� FOCFXGPKT� CW� PKXGCW� OQPFKCN� CWVQWT� FGU� TÃUGCWZ�� .G� TCRRQTV$TGVQP��� RWDNKÃ� FCPU� NC� OÄOG� RÃTKQFG�� KPKVKG� L� GPHKP� L� SWCPV� ´� NWK� WPGTÃHNGZKQP� RTQOKUG� ´� FG� DGCWZ� NGPFGOCKPU� UWT� NGU� EQPVGPWU� GV� UGTXKEGUFGUVKPÃU�´�ÄVTG�FKUVTKDWÃU�RCT� EGU� HCDWNGWZ�n�VW[CWZ����&CPU� NC� HQWNÃG�FG�EGTCRRQTV� XC� ÄVTG� NCPEÃ� RCT� NG� OKPKUVÂTG� FG� NO+PFWUVTKG� FW� IQWXGTPGOGPV$CNNCFWT� WP� CRRGN� ´� RTQRQUKVKQPU� UWT� NGU� CWVQTQWVGU� FG� NOKPHQTOCVKQP�� SWKLQWGTC� FWTCDNGOGPV� WP� TÏNG� EQPUKFÃTCDNG� FCPU� NC� OQDKNKUCVKQP� FGU� CEVGWTURTKXÃU� GV� RWDNKEU� EQNNGEVKXKVÃU� NQECNGU�� CWVQWT� FGU� 6+%�� 7PG� RTKUG� FGEQPUEKGPEG�RQNKVKSWG� C� GW� NKGW��� NGU� HWVWTU�IQWXGTPGOGPVU� PG�RQWTTQPV�RNWUHCKTG�NOKORCUUG�UWT�EGV�GPLGW�

.QTUSWG� NG� IQWXGTPGOGPV� ,WRRÃ� CTTKXG� CWZ� CHHCKTGU�� KN� UGODNG� VKTGT� NGUNGÁQPU�FG�EGVVG�RTKUG�FG�EQPUEKGPEG�GV� TGRTGPFTG�´� UQP�EQORVG�WP�FKUEQWTU�EGTVGU� GPEQTG� RGW� HQTOCNKUÃ� GV� UVCDKNKUÃ�� UWT� NOKPVÃTÄV� GV� NGU� GPLGWZ� FGUCWVQTQWVGU� FG� NOKPHQTOCVKQP�� &G� EG� RQKPV� FG� XWG�� NG� EJQKZ� FG� ETÃGT� WPOKPKUVÂTG� FGU� 6GEJPQNQIKGU� FG� NO+PHQTOCVKQP�� EQPHKÃ� ´� (TCPÁQKU� (KNNQP�� GUVU[ORVQOCVKSWG���FG� NC�XQNQPVÃ�RQNKVKSWG� NQWCDNG�FG�FQVGT� NG� IQWXGTPGOGPVFOWP� XÃTKVCDNG� DTCU� CTOÃ� FCPU� NG� FQOCKPG� FGU� 6+%�� OCKU� CWUUK� FG� NCEQNQTCVKQP� GPEQTG� VTÂU� VGEJPQNQIKSWG� FG� UGU� QDLGEVKHU�� 0QVQPU�� RQWTNOCPGEFQVG��SWG�EG�SWG�TGEQWXTG�EGVVG�VGTOKPQNQIKG�GUV�CNQTU�UK�RGW�ENCKT�FCPUNOGURTKV�FW�ITCPF�RWDNKE�SWG�(TCPÁQKU�(KNNQP�CWTC�OCKPVGU� HQKU� NOQEECUKQP�FGUG� RNCKPFTG�� CW� EQWTU� FGU� OQKU� ´� XGPKT�� FW� HCKV� SWG� PQODTG� FG� UGUKPVGTNQEWVGWTU� KIPQTGPV� VQVCNGOGPV� FG� SWGN� UGEVGWT�� KN� GUV� NG� OKPKUVTG� GPGZGTEKEG��

%G�n�PQWXGCW���OKPKUVÂTG�JÃTKVG�´�NC�HQKU�FOCODKVKQPU�GV�FG�RTQLGVU�RQTVÃURCT� NG� IQWXGTPGOGPV� $CNNCFWT�� GV� FQKV� GP� RCTVKEWNKGT� IÃTGT� NGU� UWKVGUCVVGPFWGU� FG� NOCRRGN� ´� RTQRQUKVKQPU� UWT� NGU� CWVQTQWVGU� FG� NOKPHQTOCVKQP� ���.GU�CWVQTQWVGU�FG�NOKPHQTOCVKQP��2CTKU��.C�&QEWOGPVCVKQP�HTCPÁCKUG����������.GU�VÃNÃUGTXKEGU�GP�(TCPEG���3WGNU�OCTEJÃU�RQWT�NGU�CWVQTQWVGU�FG�NOKPHQTOCVKQP�!�5KVWCVKQPCEVWGNNG��RGTURGEVKXGU�FG�FÃXGNQRRGOGPV��2CTKU��.C�&QEWOGPVCVKQP�(TCPÁCKUG���������� .GU� UGEVGWTU� EQWXGTVU� RCT� NG� OKPKUVÂTG� UQPV� NGU� 6ÃNÃEQOOWPKECVKQPU�� NC� 2QUVG� GVNO'URCEG�

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 5: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

%QPUVTWEVKQP�FG�NOCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG��������

0QVQPU�SWOCNQTU�NG�OQV�n�KPVGTPGV���GUV�GPEQTG�SWCUK�CDUGPV�FG�NOGPUGODNG�FGUEJCPVKGTU� IQWXGTPGOGPVCWZ�� .G� FQUUKGT� KPVGTPGV� GUV� NOWP� FGU� FQUUKGTU�KPKVKCNGOGPV� OKPGWT�� SWG� IÂTG� NG� EQPUGKNNGT� VGEJPKSWG� GP� EJCTIG� FGU6ÃNÃEQOOWPKECVKQPU�CXGE�NOCRRWK�GPVJQWUKCUVG��OCKU�PG�RGUCPV�RCU�VQWLQWTUVTÂU� NQWTF�� FOWP� LGWPG� EJCTIÃ� FG�OKUUKQP�� #KPUK�� VQWV� TGUVG� ´� HCKTG�� ´� EGVVGÃRQSWG��RQWT�CUUGQKT�NC�NÃIKVKOKVÃ�FOWPG�CEVKQP�RWDNKSWG�FCPU�NG�FQOCKPG�FGNOKPVGTPGV�GV�HCKTG�EQORTGPFTG�UQP�UGPU�GV�UQP�KPVÃTÄV��%JCPEG�RQWT�VQWU�EGWZSWK�ETQKGPV�CWZ�XGTVWU�FOWP�FÃXGNQRRGOGPV�FG�NOKPVGTPGV�GP�(TCPEG��(TCPÁQKU(KNNQP� GUV� NWK�OÄOG� WP� WVKNKUCVGWT� CXGTVK� FW� TÃUGCW�� /CKU� KN� NWK� TGUVG� ´UWTOQPVGT� FG� PQODTGWZ� QDUVCENGU� RQWT� HCKTG� CFJÃTGT� UGU� RCKTU� ´� UGUEQPXKEVKQPU� GV� FQPPGT� UC� RNCEG� CW�OQV� KPVGTPGV� FCPU� WP� FKUEQWTU� RQNKVKSWGRQWT�NOJGWTG�UQNKFGOGPV�CTVKEWNÃ�CWVQWT�FG�NC�VJÃOCVKSWG�FGU�CWVQTQWVGU�FGNOKPHQTOCVKQP�

.C� V¸EJG� POGUV� RCU� UKORNG�� %CT�� QWVTG� NC� FKOGPUKQP� ´� NOQTKIKPG� VTQRn�VGEJPKEKGPPG��� FG� NC� RTQDNÃOCVKSWG� KPVGTPGV�� DKGP� FOCWVTGU� HCEVGWTUUOQRRQUGPV�´�EG�SWG�EG�FGTPKGT�FGXKGPPG�WPG�RTKQTKVÃ�RQNKVKSWG�GP�(TCPEG�7PG�VGTTC�KPEQIPKVC�SWK�RQUG�WP�RTQDNÂOG�EWNVWTGN�´�NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQPHTCPÁCKUG

2TGOKGT�QDUVCENG�ÃXKFGPV��KN�POGUV�RCU� KPWVKNG�FG�NG�TCRRGNGT�� NOKPVGTPGV�GUVGPEQTG�� FCPU� PQVTG� RC[U�� NCTIGOGPV� KPEQPPW�FW� ITCPF� RWDNKE� GP� ������� 'PFGJQTU�FG� NC�EQOOWPCWVÃ�FGU� EJGTEJGWTU��FG�EGNNG�FGU� KPIÃPKGWTU�6ÃNÃEQOQW� FGU� KPHQTOCVKEKGPU�� NG� UWLGV� PG� FÃEJCÉPG� RCU� NGU� RCUUKQPU�� GV� NOQP� UOGPVKGPFTC� ´� EGVVG� NKVQVG��/ÄOG� FCPU� EGU� EQOOWPCWVÃU�� NGU� CXKU� UQPV� FKXKUÃU�2KTG�� DGCWEQWR� EQPUKFÂTGPV�� [� EQORTKU� CW� RNWU� JCWV� PKXGCW� FGUCFOKPKUVTCVKQPU� GP� EJCTIG� FW� FQUUKGT�� SWOKN� UOCIKV� FOWPG� n�OQFG� SWKRCUUGTC����#�VGN�RQKPV��NOGZGORNG�GUV�RCTNCPV��SWOCWEWP�RQUVG�FW�OKPKUVÂTG�FGU6ÃNÃEQOOWPKECVKQPU� QW� FG� EGNWK� FG� NO+PFWUVTKG� PG� FKURQUG� QHHKEKGNNGOGPV� ´NOÃVÃ����FOWP�CEEÂU� ´� NOKPVGTPGV� NOQTFKPCVGWT� n�OWNVKOÃFKC���� ECRCDNG�FG� NKTGWP�EÃFÃTQO�ÃVCPV�FOCKNNGWTU�WPG�FGPTÃG�RTGUSWG�CWUUK�TCTG��� ,G�OG�UQWXKGPUFG� NC� TÃCEVKQP� FG� NOKPHQTOCVKEKGP� FW� OKPKUVÂTG� FGU� 6ÃNÃEQOOWPKECVKQPUCWSWGN�NG�ECDKPGV�CXCKV�FGOCPFÃ�FG�EQPPGEVGT�SWGNSWGU�RQUVGU��FQPV�EGNWK�FWOKPKUVTG��´�EG�n�ICFIGV���FQPV�QP�PG�FGXCKV�PG�RNWU�GPVGPFTG�RCTNGT�SWGNSWGUOQKU�CRTÂU��� n�RCU� SWGUVKQP�� EG� VTWE� COÃTKECKP� GUV�RNGKP�FG�XKTWU���� +N� HCNNWV�DKGPFGU�PÃIQEKCVKQPU�RQWT� HKPKT�RCT�UG�TGVTQWXGT�CXGE�FGWZ�QTFKPCVGWTU� UWT�PQUDWTGCWZ�L�NOWP�TGNKÃ�´�NC�FCPIGTGWUG�VGTTC�KPEQIPKVC�FW�PGV��� NOCWVTG�CW�TÃUGCWKPVGTPG��UK�UÖT�GV�HCOKNKGT��FW�OKPKUVÂTGW ��� .GU� RTGOKGTU� HQWTPKUUGWTU� FOCEEÂU� ´� KPVGTPGV� FGUVKPÃU� CW� ITCPF� RWDNKE� PGEQOOGTEKCNKUGPV�NGWTU�QHHTGU�SWG�FGRWKU�SWGNSWGU�OQKU�

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 6: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

��������.C�IQWXGTPCPEG�FO+PVGTPGV��.%0��Pu�������

1P� POKPUKUVGTC� LCOCKU� CUUG\� UWT� NC� EWTKQUKVÃ� SWG� TGRTÃUGPVCKV� NOKPVGTPGVFCPU� NG� RC[UCIG� CFOKPKUVTCVKH� HTCPÁCKU��� EG� TÃUGCW� EQPUVKVWCKV� WP� XÃTKVCDNG180+��CWZ�[GWZ�FG�TÃIWNCVGWTU�GV�FG�VGEJPKEKGPU�RNWU�JCDKVWÃU�CW�LCTFKP�´�NCHTCPÁCKUG� FG� PQU� DGCWZ� TÃUGCWZ� EGPVTCNKUÃU� SWO´� EGVVG� LWPING� VGEJPQNQIKSWGVQWHHWG�QÔ�RGTUQPPG�POÃVCKV�ECRCDNG�FOKFGPVKHKGT�WP�SWGNEQPSWG�LCTFKPKGT��.G/KPKVGN�ÃVCKV�NG�TGLGVQP�PQXCVGWT�OCKU�HCEKNGOGPV�CUUKOKNCDNG�FG�EGVVG�EWNVWTG�.OKPVGTPGV��GP�PG�TGUUGODNCPV�´�TKGP�FG�EQPPW��RQUCKV�SWCPV�´�NWK�WP�XÃTKVCDNGRTQDNÂOG� EWNVWTGN� ´� NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP� HTCPÁCKUG� L� GV� EOGUV� DKGP� RCT� WPGTÃXQNWVKQP�EWNVWTGNNG�SWOGNNG�C�FÖ�RCUUGT��CW�HKN�FGU�CPPÃGU��RQWT�CUUKOKNGT�EGVQDLGV�

&KHHKEKNG�� FCPU� EGU� EQPFKVKQPU�� FG� OQDKNKUGT� FGU� ÃPGTIKGU� GV� FGUEQORÃVGPEGU� UCPU� WP� NCDQTKGWZ� GHHQTV� RTÃCNCDNG� FOÃXCPIÃNKUCVKQP�� FOCWVCPVRNWU�NQWTF�RQWT�NG�OKPKUVTG�GV�UQP�ÃSWKRG�SWOKN�HCNNCKV�EQPXCKPETG�´�NOKPVÃTKGWTEQOOG�´�NOGZVÃTKGWT�FG�NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP�.G�O[VJG�FWTCDNG�FG�NC�n�IÃPÃTCVKQP�URQPVCPÃG���FG�NOKPVGTPGV

1DUVCENG� VQWV� CWUUK� TGFQWVCDNG�� NG� n�O[UVÂTG��� FW� FÃXGNQRRGOGPV� FGNOKPVGTPGV� GUV� CNQTU� PKODÃ� FOWPG� O[VJQNQIKG� FKHHWUG�� NCTIGOGPV� GPVTGVGPWGRCT�EGTVCKPU�FG�UGU�RKQPPKGTU�GV�RCT�NGU�OÃFKCU��SWK�HCKUCKV�FG�UC�F[PCOKSWGFG�FÃXGNQRRGOGPV�FÃL´�KORTGUUKQPPCPVG�WP�RJÃPQOÂPG�GP�SWGNSWG�UQTVG�UWKIGPGTKU�L�OGTXGKNNGWZ�OQOGPVWO�SWK�UG�UGTCKV�GPVKÂTGOGPV�RCUUÃ�FGU�RQWXQKTURWDNKEU� EQOOG� %CWUG� 2TGOKÂTG��� .OKPVGTPGV� CWTCKV� FQPE� RTQURÃTÃ� QWVTG�#VNCPVKSWG�CW�T[VJOG�FOKPKVKCVKXGU�GUUGPVKGNNGOGPV�RTKXÃGU�UG�EJCTIGCPV�FOGPCUUWTGT�NC�RTQOQVKQP��GV�CW�T[VJOG�FG�UQP�CFQRVKQP�GNNG�CWUUK�URQPVCPÃG�RCTFGU� WUCIGTU� UOCIINQOÃTCPV� FOGWZ�OÄOGU� LWUSWO´� HQTOGT� WPG� EQOOWPCWVÃOQPFKCNG� FOWVKNKUCVGWTUW� .GU� RQWXQKTU� RWDNKEU� UGTCKGPV� FQPE� VQVCNGOGPVÃVTCPIGTU�´�NC�ETQKUUCPEG�GZRQPGPVKGNNG�FG�NOKPVGTPGV��QW�POCWTCKGPV�LQWÃ�SWOWPTÏNG�OCTIKPCN�FCPU�UQP�FÃDWV�FG�UWEEÂU�RNCPÃVCKTG��1P�XQKV�DKGP�EQOOGPV�EGO[VJG�� GPEQTG� RGW� TGOKU� GP� ECWUG� ´� NOÃRQSWG�� UKIPCKV� KOOÃFKCVGOGPV� NCRGTVG�FG�NÃIKVKOKVÃ�FG�VQWVG�CEVKQP�RWDNKSWG�GP�HCXGWT�FW�TÃUGCW�QW��C�HQTVKQTK�UWT�NG�TÃUGCW���UK�NG�PGV�UOGUV�VTÂU�DKGP�RCUUÃ�FG�NGWT�CKFG�RQWT�UG�FÃXGNQRRGT�RQWTSWQK� NGU� RQWXQKTU� RWDNKEU� XKGPFTCKGPV�KNU� OGVVTG� NGWT� PG\�� HQTEÃOGPVKPSWKUKVGWT�� FCPU� WP� WPKXGTU� SWK� UG� IÂTG� HQTV� DKGP� GV� RTQURÂTG� UGWN�!� %GVVGQRKPKQP��NCTIGOGPV�TÃRCPFWG�FCPU�NG�RGVKV�OKNKGW�RÃVTK�FOKFÃGU�NKDGTVCKTGU�SWGEQPUVKVWCKV� CNQTU� NOKPVGTPGV�� CWTC� ÃVÃ� VTÂU� UQWXGPV� QRRQUÃG� CWZ� RTKUGU� FGRQUKVKQP�FGU�RQNKVKSWGU�RGPFCPV�NGU�CPPÃGU�����������

%G�O[VJG�HCKV�PCVWTGNNGOGPV�HK�FG�NC�XÃTKVCDNG�JKUVQKTG�FG�NOKPVGTPGV��FCPUNCSWGNNG� EJCEWP� UCKV� CWLQWTFOJWK� SWG� NGU� RQWXQKTU� RWDNKEU� COÃTKECKPU� QPVLQWÃ�WP�TÏNG�OQVGWT��CW�OQKPU�LWUSWO´�NC�HKP�FGU�CPPÃGU�����+N�C�PÃCPOQKPU�FCPU� NOGURTKV�FGU�CEVGWTU�FG� NOKPVGTPGV�� CNKOGPVÃ�WPG�OÃHKCPEG� ´� NOÃICTF�FGU

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 7: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

%QPUVTWEVKQP�FG�NOCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG��������

RQWXQKTU� RWDNKEU� SWK� TGUVG� CUUG\� NCTIGOGPV�FOCEVWCNKVÃ� CWLQWTFOJWK��/CKU� KNGUV�XTCK�CWUUK�SWG� NC�OCPKÂTG�FQPV� NOKPVGTPGV�GUV�IÃTÃ�FGRWKU� UC� UQTVKG�FG� NCURJÂTG�IQWXGTPGOGPVCNG�GV�OKNKVCKTG�COÃTKECKPG�FQPPG�FGU�CTIWOGPVU�´�EGWZSWK�RGPUGPV�SWG�EGV�WPKXGTU�RGWV�GV�FQKV��UG�RCUUGT�FGU�HQTOGU�FG�TÃIWNCVKQPENCUUKSWGU�7P�FÃXGNQRRGOGPV�´�NOÃECTV�FGU�OQFÂNGU�FG�TÃIWNCVKQP�VTCFKVKQPPGNU

2QWT�NGU�VGPCPVU�FG�EGVVG�VJÂUG��EGVVG�PÃEGUUKVÃ�VGPCKV�FOCDQTF�´�UQP�UVCVWVC�VGTTKVQTKCN�� OGVVCPV� FOGODNÃG� GP� SWGUVKQP� NC� NÃIKVKOKVÃ� FOWPG� RQNKVKSWGKPVGTPGV�JGZCIQPCNG�GV�HCKUCPV�FG�EG�TÃUGCW�VQVCNGOGPV�FÃEGPVTCNKUÃ�WP�QDLGV�QP� NOC� XW�� ÃVTCPIGT� ´� VQWVGU� NGU� NQIKSWGU� HTCPÁCKUGU� FG� TÃIWNCVKQP� FCPU� NGFQOCKPG�FGU�TÃUGCWZ�FG�EQOOWPKECVKQP�

&G� HCKV�� NG� PGV� ÃVCKV�� GV� GUV� TGUVÃ�� CFOKPKUVTÃ� GP� FGJQTU� L� QW� RNWUGZCEVGOGPV�´�EÏVÃ�L�FGU�OQFÂNGU�VTCFKVKQPPGNU�FG�TÃIWNCVKQP�PCVKQPCWZ��GV�UGRQUG�GP�EGNC�EQOOG�WP�NCDQTCVQKTG�FGU�PQWXGCWZ�OQFÂNGU�FG�IQWXGTPCPEG�3WGNNGU� UQPV� GP� ����� NGU� KPUVCPEGU� LQWCPV� WP� TÏNG� FCPU� NC� TÃIWNCVKQP� FGNOKPVGTPGV�GV�CXGE�NGUSWGNNGU�NGU�RQWXQKTU�RWDNKEU�UQPV�UWUEGRVKDNGU�FOGPICIGTWP�FKCNQIWG�!�&GU�QTICPKUOGU�ETÃÃU�´�NOQTKIKPG�RCT�FGU�WPKXGTUKVCKTGU�GV�FGUKPHQTOCVKEKGPU�COÃTKECKPU��� NO+51%��� QTICPKUCVKQP� PQP� NWETCVKXG� FG� FTQKVCOÃTKECKP��+'6(��GV�NO+#$��FGWZ�EQORQUCPVGU�FG�+51%�FQPV� NC�XQECVKQP�GUVFOÃVCDNKT�FGU�PQTOGU�VGEJPKSWGU���QW�NG�VQWV�TÃEGPV�9�%���EQPUKFÃTÃ�EQOOGNOQTICPKUOG� FG� TÃIWNCVKQP� FGU� NCPICIGU� FW� YGD��� #WVTGOGPV� FKV�� FGUQTICPKUOGU� PG� RQWXCPV� UG� RTÃXCNQKT� SWG� FOWPG� NÃIKVKOKVÃ� VGEJPKEKGPPG� GVJKUVQTKSWG� GV� POC[CPV� CWEWPGOGPV� KPUVKVWVKQPPCNKUÃ� WPG� HQTOG� FG� FKCNQIWGCXGE� NGU� RQWXQKTU� RWDNKEU�� .C� n�PÃVKSWGVVG���� EQFG� FG� FÃQPVQNQIKG� RGWPQTOCVKH� OCKU� GHHKECEG�� RQUCKV� GP� QWVTG� FGU� TÂINGU� FG� EQORQTVGOGPV� SWKUGODNCKGPV�UWHHKTG��´�EG�UVCFG��´�ÃXKVGT�NC�RNWRCTV�FGU�FÃTKXGU��7PG�TÃCNKVÃ�ÃVCKVFQPE� EQPUVCVCDNG��� NG� U[UVÂOG�� CWUUK� QTKIKPCN� GV� DCTQSWG� HÖV�KN�� UGODNCKVHQPEVKQPPGT��&CPU�VQWU�NGU�FQOCKPGU�FG�NC�XKG�FW�PGV��WPG�TÃIWNCVKQP�KPÃFKVG�FG�V[RG�EQPVTCEVWGN�GV�EQOOWPCWVCKTG��UOÃVCKV�KPUVCNNÃG��%GVVG�UKVWCVKQP�ÏVCKV�´NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP�HTCPÁCKUG�GV�´�EGWZ�SWK�UG�VTQWXCKGPV�GP�EJCTIG�FG�UGU�NGXKGTURQNKVKSWGU� VQWV� CTIWOGPV� RGTOGVVCPV� FG� NÃIKVKOGT� WPG� KPVTWUKQP� FOQTFTGVGEJPKSWG� QW�PQTOCVKH�� FCPU�WP� U[UVÂOG� SWK�L� NGU� KPVGTPCWVGU� NG� RGPUCKGPV�CXCKV�HCKV�UGU�RTGWXGU�

���+PVGTPGV�5QEKGV[��ETÃÃG�GP���������+PVGTPGV�'PIKPGGTKPI�6CUM�(QTEG����+PVGTPGV�#TEJKVGEVWTG�$QCTF�����9QTNF�9KFG�9GD�%QPUQTVKWO�

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 8: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

��������.C�IQWXGTPCPEG�FO+PVGTPGV��.%0��Pu�������

+N�ÃVCKV�FÂU�NQTU�VTÂU�FKHHKEKNG�FG�EQPUVTWKTG�WP�FKUEQWTU�RQNKVKSWG�SWK��FCPUNG�FTQKV�HKN�FOWPG�VTCFKVKQP�DKGP�HTCPÁCKUG��PG�RQWXCKV�SWG�UG�HCKTG�NOÃEJQ�FOWPDGUQKP�FG�TÃIWNCVKQP�ENCUUKSWG�GV�ÃRTQWXCKV�FGU�FKHHKEWNVÃU�´�UOKPUETKTG�FCPU�NGRCTCFKIOG�FG�NC�IQWXGTPCPEG����2CTVKEWNKÂTGOGPV�FCPU�WP�EQPVGZVG�QÔ�ÃOGTIGWP�FKUEQWTU�NKDGTVCKTG�L�UQWU�EQWXGTV�FG�FKUEQWTU�n�EKVQ[GP���L�JQUVKNG�´�VQWVGHQTOG� FOKPVGTXGPVKQP� FG� NO'VCV� FCPU� WP� TÃUGCW� SWK� UOCWVQTÃIWNG� GV� UG� RQUGEQOOG�WP�PQWXGN�GURCEG�FG�NKDGTVÃ�GZVTC�QW�UWRTC�ÃVCVKSWG�7P�TÃUGCW�SWK�n�UGPV�NG�UQWHTG��

/CKU�NGU�CPPÃGU�����������UQPV�CWUUK�EGNNGU�QÔ��RCTCFQZCNGOGPV��NOKPVGTPGVEQOOGPEG� ´� CXQKT� GP� 'WTQRG� OCWXCKUG� TÃRWVCVKQP�� .OCHHCKTG� )WDNGT���NOCHHCKTG�%QORWUGTXG� GP�#NNGOCIPG�RWKU� NOKPVGTRGNNCVKQP� VTÂU�OÃFKCVKUÃG� GP�����FG�FGWZ�RCVTQPU�FG�(#+�CDUWTFGOGPV�UQWRÁQPPÃU�FOCXQKT�EQPVTKDWÃ�´�NCFKHHWUKQP� FG� EQPVGPWU� RÃFQRJKNGU���� GV� DKGP� FOCWVTGU� ÃRKUQFGU� LWFKEKCKTGUTGNCVÃU�RCT�NGU�OÃFKCU��XQPV�OGVVTG�KPVGTPGV�UQWU�NGU�HGWZ�FG�NC�TCORG�L�OCKUFCPU�WP�TÏNG�SWG�NOQP�UG�UGTCKV�XQNQPVKGTU�RCUUÃ�FG�NWK�XQKT�LQWGT�

2QWT� NGU� FÃEKFGWTU� RQNKVKSWGU� SWK� QPV� ´� E�WT� FG� RTQOQWXQKT� NOKPVGTPGVFCPU� WP� EQPVGZVG� QÔ� KN� C� FÃL´� FG� PQODTGWZ� FÃVTCEVGWTU� CW� UGKP� FGNOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP�EQOOG�FCPU�NC�UQEKÃVÃ�EKXKNG��NG�HCKV�SWG�NG�TÃUGCW�UG�OGVVG�´UGPVKT� NG� UQWHTG� POGUV� RCU� WPG� DQPPG� PQWXGNNG�� +N� FQPPG� GP� GHHGV� FGUCTIWOGPVU�HQTVU�´�EGWZ�SWK�HQPV�TGOCTSWGT�SWG�NG�/KPKVGN�GUV�WP�TÃUGCW�RNWUUÖT�GV�RNWU�EQPHQTOG�´�PQU�VTCFKVKQPU� LWTKFKSWGU�GV�´�PQU�XCNGWTU��'P�ECU�FGRTQDNÂOG��KN�GZKUVG�WPG�KPUVCPEG�FG�TÃIWNCVKQP���SWK�RGWV�n�FÃDTCPEJGT���VTÂUTCRKFGOGPV�NG�UGTXKEG�NKVKIKGWZ��%QOOGPV�NO'VCV�RGWV�KN�UG�HCKTG�NOCRÏVTG�FOWPTÃUGCW�SWK�UGTV�FG�TGHWIG�CWZ�RÃFQRJKNGU�GV�ETKOKPGNU�FG�VQWU�RQKNU��UCPU�SWGNC�OQKPFTG�UCPEVKQP�GHHKECEG�RWKUUG�ÄVTG�RTKUG�EQOOG�XKGPV�FG�NG�FÃOQPVTGTNOCHHCKTG�)WDNGT��!�.G� VTCXCKN�FOÃXCPIÃNKUCVKQP� FG�(TCPÁQKU�(KNNQP�L� GV�FG� VQWUEGWZ�SWK�RCTVCIGPV�UGU�EQPXKEVKQPU�L�FQKV�FQPE�PÃEGUUCKTGOGPV�UG�EQPLWIWGT ����'PVGPFWG�EQOOG�WP�OQFG�FG�TÃIWNCVKQP�TGNGXCPV�FG�RTCVKSWGU�EQOOWPCWVCKTGUGV�FOWP�U[UVÂOG�PQTOCVKH�XKUCPV�´�NKOKVGT�NG�TÏNG�FGU�'VCVU�´�NC�UGWNG�FÃHKPKVKQP�GV�CWTGURGEV� FGU� TÂINGU� GV� FGU� RTQEÃFWTGU� HQTOGNNGU� FGU� TGNCVKQPU� GPVTG� NGU� CEVGWTU� FG� NCUQEKÃVÃ�EKXKNG�L�GP�NOQEEWTTGPEG�FG�NOKPVGTPGV�L�CHKP�FG�NGWT�NCKUUGT�NG�UQKP�FG�EQPVTCEVGTNKDTGOGPV�GPVTG�GWZ�FGU�OQFCNKVÃU�EQPETÂVGU�GV�FW�EQPVGPW�FG�NGWT�CEEQTF�����&W�PQO�FW�OÃFGEKP�FG�(TCPÁQKU�/KVVGTTCPF�FQPV�NG�NKXTG�KPVGTFKV�UG�TGVTQWXG�OKUGP� NKIPG� RCT� WP� E[DGTECHÃ� FG� $GUCPÁQP�� RWKU� FKHHWUÃ� ´� NOÃVTCPIGT� RCT� FG�OWNVKRNGUUKVGU�OKTQKTU����� 2QWTUWKVGU� RÃPCNGU� GPICIÃGU� EQPVTG� 4CHK� *CNCFLKCP� GV� 5ÃDCUVKGP� 5QEECTF�� NGUFKTKIGCPVU�FG�9QTF�0GV�GV�(TCPEG�0GV��GP����������.G�%QPUGKN�UWRÃTKGWT�FGU�6ÃNÃEQOOWPKECVKQPU��CPEÄVTG�FG�NO#WVQTKVÃ�FG�TÃIWNCVKQPFGU�6ÃNÃEQOOWPKECVKQPU�

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 9: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

%QPUVTWEVKQP�FG�NOCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG��������

CXGE�WP�FKUEQWTU�RTQRTG�´�TCUUWTGT�NGU�FÃVTCEVGWTU�FW�PGV��1T�WP�VGN�FKUEQWTURCUUG� RCT� WPG� RTKUG� FG� RQUKVKQP� UWT� NGU� KPUWHHKUCPEGU� FGU� OÃECPKUOGUFOCWVQTÃIWNCVKQP� FW� TÃUGCW�� RQUVWTG� FÃNKECVG� ´� VGPKT� HCEG�� EGVVG� HQKU�� CWZFÃHGPUGWTU�FW�PGV��

&KUQPU�NG�� NGU� VCNGPVU� FOÃSWKNKDTKUVG� FGU� IQWXGTPGOGPVU� UWEEGUUKHU� POQPVRCU�ÃVÃ�OÃPCIÃU�FGRWKU�EGU�RTGOKÂTGU�EQNNKUKQPU�GPVTG�NOKPVGTPGV�GV�NC�URJÂTGRQNKVKSWG�� %CT� NG� FKUEQWTU� RQNKVKSWG� RQTVCPV� UWT� NOKPVGTPGV� FGXTC� FÃUQTOCKUVTQWXGT�WP�ÃSWKNKDTG�FÃNKECV�GPVTG�EGU�FGWZ�RQUKVKQPU���CHHKTOCVKQP�FW�DGUQKPGV�FG�NC�NÃIKVKOKVÃ�FOWPG�HQTOG�FG�IQWXGTPCPEG��FOWPG�RCTV���RTKUG�GP�EQORVGFG�NC�URÃEKHKEKVÃ�FW�TÃUGCW�GV�FG�UQP�JKUVQKTG��CUUQTVK�FW�TGURGEV�FGU� NKDGTVÃUCESWKUGU�´�NOÃECTV�FW�FTQKV�EQOOWP��FOCWVTG�RCTV�7P�TÃUGCW�n�COÃTKECKP��

%GVVG�NKUVG�FOQDUVCENGU�UOQRRQUCPV�GP�(TCPEG�´�WPG�CEVKQP�RWDNKSWG�RTÃEQEGGP� HCXGWT�FG� NOKPVGTPGV� PG� UGTCKV� RCU� EQORNÂVG� UCPU� ÃXQSWGT� WPG� CWVTG� VCTGCVVTKDWÃG�´�NOKPVGTPGV�RCT�NOQRKPKQP�HTCPÁCKUG���EGNNG�FOÄVTG�WP�TÃUGCW�COÃTKECKP�

.QKP� FG� EQORTGPFTG� NG� ECTCEVÂTG� RCT� GUUGPEG� QWXGTV� GV� C�VGTTKVQTKCN� FGNOKPVGTPGV��PQODTG�FOQDUGTXCVGWTU� HTCPÁCKU� UG� UQPV�CTTÄVÃU�CW� HCKV�SWOKN� CXCKVÃVÃ� EQPÁW� RCT� GV� RQWT� NGU� #OÃTKECKPU�� 2KU�� KN� ÃVCKV� FKTGEVGOGPV� KUUW� FG� NCTGEJGTEJG�OKNKVCKTG�COÃTKECKPG���7PG�VGNNG�RCVGTPKVÃ�PG�RQWXCKV�SWG�NOGZRQUGTCWZ� UQWRÁQPU� FOWPG� HTCEVKQP� FG� NOQRKPKQP� FQPV� QP� PG� UCWTCKV� OKPKOKUGTNOCPVK�COÃTKECPKUOG�TÃEWTTGPV��&OCWVCPV�SWG��PG�NOQWDNKQPU�RCU��NOKPVGTPGV�GUV�GP� ������ WP� TÃUGCW� FG� HCEVQ� COÃTKECKP��� ����� FGU� EQPVGPWU� UQPV� GP� CPINCKU������FGU�UKVGU�UQPV�JÃDGTIÃU�CWZ�'VCVU�7PKU����&G�EG�HCKV�� KN�PO[�C�SWOWP�RCURQWT� KOCIKPGT� WP� EQORNQV� QWTFK� RCT� NGU� #OÃTKECKPU� RQWT� UOCUUWTGT� WPEQPVTÏNG�OQPFKCN�FGU�TÃUGCWZ�FG�EQOOWPKECVKQP�

%QOOGPV�� XQKN´� SWG� NO'VCV� HTCPÁCKU� UG� OGV� ´� HCKTG� NC� RTQOQVKQP� FOWPTÃUGCW�FQPV�VQWV�KPFKSWG�SWOKN�C�RQWT�OKUUKQP�KPCXQWÃG�FG�UGTXKT�NGU�KPVÃTÄVUFW� RÏNG� OKNKVCTQ�KPFWUVTKGN� COÃTKECKP�!� .O'VCV� HTCPÁCKU� GPHQWTEJGICKNNCTFGOGPV� NG� RNWU� UQRJKUVKSWÃ� EJGXCN� FG� 6TQKG� LCOCKU� EQPÁW�� UCPU� XQKTSWOKN� XC� DKGPVÏV� UOQWXTKT� RQWT� FÃXGTUGT� WPG� CTOÃG� FG� JÃTCWVU� FGNOJÃIÃOQPKUOG� EWNVWTGN� COÃTKECKP�!� .O'VCV� HTCPÁCKU� RCXG� NC� XQKG� ´� WPGCWVQTQWVG� RTÄVG� ´� FÃXGTUGT� UCPU� EQPVTÏNG� FCPU� NO*GZCIQPG� NGU� DKGPU� FGEQPUQOOCVKQP� GV� NGU� EQPVGPWU� HCDTKSWÃU� QWVTG�#VNCPVKSWG�!� %OGP� ÃVCKV� VTQRRQWT�DGCWEQWR�FOCTFGPVU�FÃHGPUGWTU�FG�PQVTG�GZEGRVKQP�EWNVWTGNNGW

����7P�FÃDWV�FG�TÃÃSWKNKDTCIG�POC�ÃVÃ�EQPUVCVÃ�SWO´�RCTVKT�FG������

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 10: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

��������.C�IQWXGTPCPEG�FO+PVGTPGV��.%0��Pu�������

&CPU�NGU�RCIGU�FW�/QPFG�&KRNQOCVKSWG����FCPU�NG�OKETQEQUOG�RQNKVKSWG�GVGP�VTCXGTUCPV�NGU�NKIPGU�RCTVKUCPGU�WUWGNNGU���EGU�CTIWOGPVU�UQPV�TGNC[ÃU�GV�KNURQTVGPV��'V�KN�HCWFTC�FGU�CPPÃGU�FOGZRNKECVKQP�GV�FG�FÃOQPUVTCVKQP�RQWT�SWGNG� IQWXGTPGOGPV� HTCPÁCKU� RWKUUG� HCKTG� NOCRQNQIKG� FW� TÃUGCW� UCPU� ÄVTGUQWRÁQPPÃ�CWVQOCVKSWGOGPV�FG�HCKTG�NG�LGW�FGU�KPVÃTÄVU�COÃTKECKPU�.C�TÃUKUVCPEG�FW�/KPKVGN

&GTPKGT� HTGKP� PQP� PÃINKIGCDNG� ´� NC�OKUG� GP� RNCEG� FOWPG� CEVKQP� RWDNKSWGHQTVG�GV�XKUKDNG�GP�HCXGWT�FG�NOKPVGTPGV��NG�/KPKVGN�HCKV�FG�NC�TÃUKUVCPEG�

1TIWGKN�FG�PQU�KPIÃPKGWTU��KN�C�HCKV�FG�NC�(TCPEG�NG�RKQPPKGT�OQPFKCN�FG�NCVÃNÃOCVKSWG�ITCPF�RWDNKE��5KZ�OKNNKQPU�FG�HQ[GTU�QPV�RW�IQÖVGT�´�FGU�UGTXKEGUGP� NKIPG�� GZGORNG� WPKSWG� FCPU� NG� OQPFG� FG� NC� FKHHWUKQP� TÃWUUKG� FOWPGVGEJPQNQIKG�FG�EQOOWPKECVKQP�KPPQXCPVG��'P�QWVTG��EG�TÃUGCW�n�DKGP�FG�EJG\PQWU��� GUV� WPG� XÃTKVCDNG� RQWNG� CWZ� �WHU� FOQT� RQWT� PQVTG� QRÃTCVGWTJKUVQTKSWG�� NG�EQOOGTEG�ÃNGEVTQPKSWG�ÃVCPV�WPG�RTCVKSWG�DKGP� KPUVCNNÃG�FCPUNG�SWQVKFKGP�FGU�(TCPÁCKU��'PHKP��NOKPVGTPGV�PG�RTÃUGPVG�GP������SWOWPG�HCKDNGXCNGWT� CLQWVÃG� QDLGEVKXG� RCT� TCRRQTV� CWZ� ������� UGTXKEGU� RTQRQUÃU� UWT� NG/KPKVGN�� %QOOCPFGT� WP� DKNNGV� FG� VTCKP�� EQPUWNVGT� FGU� DCUGU� FG� FQPPÃGU�GPXQ[GT�FGU�OGUUCIGU�ÃNGEVTQPKSWGU�GV�FKCNQIWGT�GP�FKTGEV���CXGE�NG�/KPKVGN�EOGUV�RQUUKDNG��

0QU� KPIÃPKGWTU� XKXCKGPV� RCTHQKU� NC� RTQOQVKQP� FG� NOKPVGTPGV� RCT� NO'VCVEQOOG� WPG� HQTOG� FOKPUWNVG� HCKVG� ´� NGWT� FÃOQPUVTCVKQP� FG� UCXQKT�HCKTGTÃWUUKG����.OQRÃTCVGWT�JKUVQTKSWG�PG�RQWXCKV�SWOCEEWGKNNKT�CXGE�UEGRVKEKUOG�GVKPSWKÃVWFG�WP�TÃUGCW�SWK�TKUSWCKV�´�VGTOG�FG�OGVVTG�GP�RÃTKN�WP�U[UVÂOG�DKGPTÏFÃ�GV� HQTVGOGPV�TÃOWPÃTCVGWT��'PHKP�� NG�ITCPF�RWDNKE�GUV� NQPIVGORU� TGUVÃRGW� EQPXCKPEW� FW� n�RNWU��� CRRQTVÃ� RCT� NOKPVGTPGV�� SWK� CXCKV� RQWTKPEQPXÃPKGPV� FG� PG� FGXGPKT� GZRNKEKVG� SWG� NQTUSWOQP� CXCKV� TÃGNNGOGPV� GWNOQEECUKQP�FG�VGUVGT�NGU�UGTXKEGU�FW�TÃUGCW��5CPU�QWDNKGT�SWG�NO�n�GTIQPQOKG��FOWP� QTFKPCVGWT� OWNVKOÃFKC� CXCKV� FG� SWQK� FÃEQWTCIGT� RNWU� FOWP� (TCPÁCKUJCDKVWÃ�´�NOGZEGRVKQPPGNNG�UKORNKEKVÃ�FOWUCIG�FW�/KPKVGN�

#KPUK� NG� /KPKVGN� CWTC� LQWÃ� WP� TÏNG� RCTCFQZCN��� UOKN� C� EGTVGU� RTÃRCTÃ� NCRQRWNCVKQP� HTCPÁCKUG� OKGWZ� SWG� PG� NOQPV� ÃVÃ� FOCWVTGU� CW� EQOOGTEGÃNGEVTQPKSWG� GV� CWZ� WUCIGU� FW� TÃUGCW�� KN� C� RCT� CKNNGWTU� EQPUKFÃTCDNGOGPV ���� 3WK� EQPUCETC� GP� ����� WP� OÃOQTCDNG� PWOÃTQ� ´� NC� n�OGPCEG� COÃTKECKPG��� SWGTGRTÃUGPVCKV�NOKPVGTPGV�����1P�UG�UQWXKGPV�SWG�)ÃTCTF�6JÃT[��SWK�C�NQPIVGORU�RTÄEJÃ�RQWT�NOCOÃNKQTCVKQP�FW/KPKVGN� GV� RQWT� NC� OKUG� GP� RNCEG� FOWP� TÃUGCW� HTCPEQ�HTCPÁCKU� EQPUVKVWCPV� WPGCNVGTPCVKXG� JCWV� FÃDKV� GV� n�RTQRTKÃVCKTG��� ´� NOKPVGTPGV�� GUV� CWUUK� EQPUKFÃTÃ� EQOOG� NGRÂTG�FW�/KPKVGNW

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 11: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

%QPUVTWEVKQP�FG�NOCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG��������

HTGKPÃ� NOCFQRVKQP� FG� NOKPVGTPGV� RCT� NG� ITCPF� RWDNKE� GV� NC� n�EQPXGTUKQP��� FGUCEVGWTU�KPUVKVWVKQPPGNU�´�NOKPVGTPGV�

������������.C�EQPSWÄVG�RQNKVKSWG�FW�5KZKÂOG�%QPVKPGPV�!0QWU� CDQTFGTQPU� KEK� NGU� RQUVWTGU� GV� FKUEQWTU� RQNKVKSWGU� CKPUK� SWG� NGU

HKIWTGU�FG�NOCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG�%OGUV�FQPE�FCPU�WP�RC[UCIG�´�NC�HQKU�EQORNGZG�GV�UQWXGPV�JQUVKNG�SWOQPV

GW�GP�(TCPEG�´�UG�FÃRNQ[GT�VCPV�WP�FKUEQWTU�SWOWPG�CEVKQP�RWDNKSWG�RQTVCPVUWT� NOKPVGTPGV� GV� NGU�6+%��&G�PQVTG�RQKPV�FG�XWG�L� EGNWK� FG� SWGNSWOWP� SWK� CXÃEW� FG� NOKPVÃTKGWT� NC� IGPÂUG� FG� EGVVG� CRRTQRTKCVKQP� FG� NOKPVGTPGV� RCT� NGURQNKVKSWGU� GV� RCT� NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP�� CXCPV� FOGP� FGXGPKT� WP� QDUGTXCVGWT� RNWUÃNQKIPÃ��OCKU�KPKVKÃ�L�EG�RC[UCIG�UG�FÃHKPKV� HKPCNGOGPV�RCT�WPG�TGOCTSWCDNGRGTOCPGPEG�� #WEWP� FGU� QDUVCENGU�� CWEWPG� FGU� TÃUKUVCPEGU� KFGPVKHKÃGU� FCPUNGU�RTGOKGTU�OQKU�QÔ�LOCK�ÃVÃ�EQPHTQPVÃ�´�EGVVG�RTQDNÃOCVKSWG�PG�UG�UQPV�´�OGU[GWZ� VQVCNGOGPV� ÃXCPQWKU� CW� EQWTU� FGU� CPPÃGU� RCUUKQPPCPVGU� GVOQWXGOGPVÃGU� SWK� UWKXKTGPV�� &OWPG� EGTVCKPG� OCPKÂTG�� NG� n�FÃEQT��� SWG� LGXKGPU�FG�RQUGT�GUV�TGUVÃ�NC�VQKNG�FG�HQPF�UWT�NCSWGNNG�UOGUV�FÃTQWNÃG��UCPU�EQWRFG�VJøVTG�URGEVCEWNCKTG��NC�RQNKVKSWG�RWDNKSWG�HTCPÁCKUG�GP�EG�FQOCKPG��� UGUGPLGWZ�� UGU� RTQDNÂOGU� FG� HQPF� GV� FG� HQTOG�� UGU� CEVGWTU���� UQPV� TGUVÃUKFGPVKSWGU�

%G�EQPUVCV�PG�FQKV�RCU�EQPFWKTG�´�QEEWNVGT�WPG�ÃXQNWVKQP�PQP�PÃINKIGCDNGFW� RQUKVKQPPGOGPV� FW� FKUEQWTU� RQNKVKSWG� GV� FG� NOCEVKQP� RWDNKSWGUOCRRNKSWCPV� CWZ� VGEJPQNQIKGU� GV� ´� NC� UQEKÃVÃ� FG� NOKPHQTOCVKQP��0QWU� CNNQPUVGPVGT� FG� TGPFTG� EQORVG� FG� EGVVG� ÃXQNWVKQP�� GP� XQ[CPV� EQOOGPV� GNNG� UOGUVCEEQOOQFÃG� FGU� TÃUKUVCPEGU� SWG� PQWU� CXQPU� ÃXQSWÃGU�� GV� EQOOGPV� GNNG� CRTQITGUUKXGOGPV�CESWKU�WPG�EGTVCKPG�NÃIKVKOKVÃ�.G�RQUKVKQPPGOGPV�FW�FKUEQWTU�RQNKVKSWG���FGU�VGEJPQNQIKGU�FG�NOKPHQTOCVKQP´�NC�UQEKÃVÃ�FG�NOKPHQTOCVKQP

+PUETKTG�WP�FKUEQWTU�UWT�NOKPVGTPGV�GV�NGU�6+%�FCPU�WP�EJCOR�RTQRTGOGPVRQNKVKSWG�GZKIGCKV�SWG�NOQP�UQTVG�FÃHKPKVKXGOGPV�FW�EJCOR�VGEJPQNQIKSWG�L�GVFQPE� VGEJPQETCVKSWG�L� FCPU� NGSWGN� KN� ÃVCKV� KPKVKCNGOGPV� GPHGTOÃ�� +ORQUUKDNGFG� OQDKNKUGT�� GPEQTG� OQKPU� FG� HCKTG� TÄXGT�� GP� TÃUWOCPV� NC� TÃXQNWVKQP� FWPWOÃTKSWG� GV� NOCTTKXÃG� FG� NOKPVGTPGV� ITCPF� RWDNKE� FCPU� NO*GZCIQPG� ´� WPGCHHCKTG�FG�n�VW[CWZ��� ����+N�GUV�TGOCTSWCDNG�SWG�NC�RNWRCTV�FGU�RGTUQPPGU�GPICIÃGU�FCPU�EG�FQUUKGT�CW�UGKPFG� NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP� GP� ����� EQPUGTXGPV� CWLQWTFOJWK� FGU� TÏNGU�ENÃU� QW� PQPPÃINKIGCDNGU�FCPU�NG�FKURQUKVKH�RWDNKEW

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 12: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

��������.C�IQWXGTPCPEG�FO+PVGTPGV��.%0��Pu�������

.OGZGORNG� COÃTKECKP� FÃOQPVTCKV� SWG� UGWNG� NOCFQRVKQP� FOCEEGPVU� SWCUKOGUUKCPKSWGU�RQWXCKV�FQPPGT� UGU� NGVVTGU�FG�PQDNGUUG�RQNKVKSWGU�´�WP� VJÂOGGP� NWK�OÄOG� CTKFG�� +N� HCNNCKV� FQPPGT� WP� UQWHHNG� N[TKSWG� ´� EGVVG� TÃXQNWVKQP�%OÃVCKV� EJQUG� HCKVG� CWZ� 'VCVU�7PKU�� #W� EQWTU� FG� NC� ECORCIPG� FW� HWVWT2TÃUKFGPV�%NKPVQP��UQP�EQNKUVKGT�#N�)QTG�CXCKV�HCKV��RQWT�NC�RTGOKÂTG�HQKU��FWFÃXGNQRRGOGPV�FG�NOKPVGTPGV�GV�FGU�6+%�WP�EQODCV��WPG�RTKQTKVÃ�RQNKVKSWG�FGRTGOKGT� RNCP�� +N� PG� UOCIKUUCKV� RNWU� FG� VGEJPQNQIKG�� OCKU� FOWP� GPLGWÃEQPQOKSWG��EWNVWTGN��UQEKCN�OCLGWT��7PG�HQKU�ÃNW��NG�EQWRNG�%NKPVQP�)QTG�POCEGUUÃ� FG� HCKTG� FG� NOKPHQTOCVKQP� UQEKGV[� WPG� n�PQWXGNNG� HTQPVKÂTG��� RTQRTG� ´OQDKNKUGT� NGU� GURTKVU�� CW� UGKP� FW� IQWXGTPGOGPV� EQOOG� FCPU� NOQRKPKQPRWDNKSWG�� .G� 8KEG�2TÃUKFGPV� COÃTKECKP� ÃXQSWG� NG� ��� LCPXKGT� ����� ´� .QU#PIGNGU�n�EGU�OQFGU�FG�EQOOWPKECVKQP�SWK�XQPV�FKXGTVKT�GV�KPHQTOGT��OCKU�UWTVQWVXQPV� ÃFWSWGT��RTQOQWXQKT� NC�FÃOQETCVKG� GV� UCWXGT�FGU�XKGU�� +NU�XQPV�CWUUK� ETÃGT�FGPQWXGCWZ� GORNQKU���� 'P� ������ GV� LWUSWO´� UQP� ÃNGEVKQP� CW� RQUVG� FG� 2TGOKGT/KPKUVTG�GP�������6QP[�$NCKT�XC�ÃICNGOGPV�HCKTG�FG�NC�UQEKÃVÃ�FG�NOKPHQTOCVKQPWP�NGKVOQVKX�FG�UC�ECORCIPG�

3WKF� FG� EG� EJCPIGOGPV� FG� RCTCFKIOG� GP� (TCPEG�� FG� EG� INKUUGOGPV� FWFKUEQWTU�VGEJPKEKGP�XGTU�NG�FKUEQWTU�UQEKÃVCN�GV�ÃEQPQOKSWG�!�.GU�EJQUGU�XQPV´�NC�HQKU�VTÂU�XKVG�GV�VTÂU�NGPVGOGPV�

6TÂU�XKVG��RCTEG�SWG�NGU�FKUEQWTU�FG�EGNWK�SWK�RQTVG�EG�FQUUKGT�CW�UGKP�FWIQWXGTPGOGPV���� (TCPÁQKU� (KNNQP�� ÃRQWUGPV� TCRKFGOGPV� NGU� EQPVQWTU� GV� NGHQPF�FG�EGWZ�SWG�VKGPV�NG�8KEG�2TÃUKFGPV�COÃTKECKP���FÂU�NOCWVQOPG�������NGU6+%� UQPV� RTÃUGPVÃGU� FCPU� UGU� RTQRQU� EQOOG� NOQWVKN� CPPQPEKCVGWT� GVQRÃTCVGWT� FOWPG� HQTOKFCDNG� TÃXQNWVKQP�� RQTVGWUG� FG� RTQOGUUGU� FCPU� NGEJCOR�ÃEQPQOKSWG��EWNVWTGN�GV�UQEKCN��.C�VGEJPQNQIKG�RTQRTGOGPV�FKVG�RCUUGCW�UGEQPF�RNCP��NCKUUCPV�NG�RTGOKGT�TCPI�´�WPG�XKUKQP�FG�EG�SWG�UGTC�NC�(TCPEGFG�FGOCKP���FÃUQTOCKU��KN�UOCIKV�FG�HCKTG�n�VGPKT�UGU�RTQOGUUGU�´�NC�UQEKÃVÃ�FGNOKPHQTOCVKQP����.OKPVGTPGV�GP�UQK�POGUV�RNWU�SWOWP�FGU�QWVKNU�CW�UGTXKEG�FG�UCEQPUVTWEVKQP�� +N� PG� UOKORQUG� FCPU� NG� FKUEQWTU� RQNKVKSWG� SWOCW� VGTOG� FOWPINKUUGOGPV�UÃOCPVKSWG�SWK�UOQRÂTG�CW�RTQHKV�FG�NC�VJÃOCVKSWG�RNWU�INQDCNG�FGNC�UQEKÃVÃ�FG�NOKPHQTOCVKQP�

6TÂU� NGPVGOGPV��RCTEG�SWG�� EQPVTCKTGOGPV�´� EG�SWK� UOGUV�RCUUÃ� CWZ�'VCVU�7PKU� QW� CW� 4Q[CWOG�7PK�� EG� POGUV� RCU� WP� EJGH� FG� IQWXGTPGOGPV� SWKUOGZRTKOG� CKPUK� GV� QRÂTG� EGVVG� n�VTCPUEGPFCPEG����%OGUV� WP�OKPKUVTG� FÃNÃIWÃSWK�� SWGNU� SWG� UQKGPV� UQP� GPVJQWUKCUOG� GV� UC� ETÃFKDKNKVÃ� RGTUQPPGNNG� UWT� NGUWLGV�� PG� RGWV� CXQKT� NG� OÄOG� ÃEJQ� RWDNKE� GV� NC� OÄOG� HQTEG� FG� EQPXKEVKQPSWOWP�2TGOKGT�/KPKUVTG� QW�WP�2TÃUKFGPV� FG� NC�4ÃRWDNKSWG��%JCEWP� UCKV� GP ���� 5CPU�OKPKOKUGT� NG� TÏNG� FW�OKPKUVTG� FG� NO+PFWUVTKG� FW� FGWZKÂOG� IQWXGTPGOGPVFO#NCKP�,WRRÃ��(TCPEM�$QTQVTC��SWK�C�ÃVÃ�ÃICNGOGPV�CEVKH�UWT�EGU�FQUUKGTU�

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 13: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

%QPUVTWEVKQP�FG�NOCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG��������

GHHGV�SWG�FCPU�NC�UQEKQNQIKG�RQNKVKSWG�HTCPÁCKUG��NC�SWGUVKQP�n�SWK�RCTNG�!���GUVFÃVGTOKPCPVG���EOGUV�NG�RNWU�JCWV�PKXGCW�FG�NO'VCV�SWK�FQPPG�NG�NC��%OGUV�NWK�SWKGUV� VTCFKVKQPPGNNGOGPV� GP� OGUWTG� FG� OQDKNKUGT� NO'VCV� GV� UGU� CIGPVU�� FGEQPXCKPETG�NG�ITCPF�RWDNKE�SWG�NC�SWGUVKQP�GUV�FG�NC�RNWU�JCWVG�KORQTVCPEG��EGNNG�EK�UG�OGUWTG�´�NOCWPG�FG�NC�RTQRTG�KORQTVCPEG�FG�EGNWK�SWK�NOCHHKTOG��1T�HQTEG� GUV� FG� EQPUVCVGT� SWOKN� HCWFTC� GPEQTG� FG� NQPIU� OQKU� CXCPV� SWG� EGFKUEQWTU� UQKV�� GP� (TCPEG�� TGRTKU� CXGE� EQPXKEVKQP� RCT� NGU� RNWU� JCWVURGTUQPPCIGU� FG� NO'VCV�� %G� SWK�� KN� HCWV� NG� UQWNKIPGT�� UG� EQPÁQKV� OCNITÃ� VQWVCUUG\�DKGP��´�WPG�ÃRQSWG�QÔ� NOKPVGTPGV�POGUV�GPEQTG�WPG�TÃCNKVÃ� VCPIKDNG�SWGRQWT�SWGNSWGU�FK\CKPGU��RWKU�SWGNSWGU�EGPVCKPGU�FG�OKNNKGTU�FG�(TCPÁCKU�

%GVVG�KPUWHHKUCPEG�FG�TGNCKU�RQNKVKSWG�GV�OÃFKCVKSWG�GZRNKSWG�SWG�NOCEVKQPRWDNKSWG�OGPÃG�´�EGVVG�RÃTKQFG�CKV�NCKUUÃ�FGU�VTCEGU�KPLWUVGOGPV�NKOKVÃGU�FCPUNC�OÃOQKTG�EQNNGEVKXG��DKGP�SWOGNNG�CKV�L�PQWU�CWTQPU�NOQEECUKQP�FO[�TGXGPKT�LNCTIGOGPV� GPICIÃ� WP� EJCPVKGT� SWG� NG� IQWXGTPGOGPV� UWKXCPV� CWTC� VTQWXÃDCNKUÃ�GV�CXCPEÃ��GP�CTTKXCPV�CWZ�CHHCKTGU�

'NNG� GZRNKSWG� CWUUK� SWG� NOCFQRVKQP� HQTVGOGPV�OÃFKCVKUÃG� FG� EG� FKUEQWTURCT�NG�UWEEGUUGWT�FO#NCKP�,WRRÃ�CKV�RW�CRRCTCÉVTG�EQOOG�WP�CEVG�HQPFCVGWTFG�NC�RQNKVKSWG�RWDNKSWG�FCPU�NG�FQOCKPG�FGU�6+%�GV�FG�NOKPVGTPGV��&G�HCKV��KNGUV� FOWUCIG� FG� HCKTG� FCVGT� NG� FÃDWV� FG� EGNNG�EK� FW� HCOGWZ� n�FKUEQWTUFO*QWTVKP���� VGPW� NG� ��� CQÖV� ����� RCT� .KQPGN� ,QURKP� FCPU� EGVVG� RGVKVGEQOOWPG� FG� )KTQPFG� ´� NOQEECUKQP� FG� NO7PKXGTUKVÃ� FOÃVÃ� FG� NC%QOOWPKECVKQP�� n�#W�FGN´� FG� UC� FKOGPUKQP� VGEJPKSWG�� FÃENCTG�V�KN� CNQTU�NOÃOGTIGPEG�FOWPG�UQEKÃVÃ�FG�NOKPHQTOCVKQP�TGRTÃUGPVG�WP�FÃHK�RQNKVKSWG�GV�EQPUVKVWG��´EG�VKVTG��WPG�RTÃQEEWRCVKQP�GUUGPVKGNNG�FW�IQWXGTPGOGPV���

n�2QWT�NC�RTGOKÂTG�HQKU��WP�JCWV�TGURQPUCDNG�RQNKVKSWG�HTCPÁCKU� HCKV�FOKPVGTPGV� NGEGPVTG�FG� UQP�FKUEQWTU��/KGWZ���FCPU� NC�DQWEJG�FG�.KQPGN� ,QURKP�� KPVGTPGV�POGUV�RCUWP�FCPIGT�SWOKN�HCWFTCKV�LWIWNGT�=���?�.KQPGN�,QURKP�NOC�DKGP�EQORTKU���KPVGTPGV�GUV�WPGHQTOKFCDNG� QEECUKQP� FG� VTCPUHQTOCVKQPU� RQUKVKXGU� FG� PQVTG� UQEKÃVÃ�� WP� ÃPQTOGRQVGPVKGN� FOGPTKEJKUUGOGPV� FG� PQVTG� EWNVWTG�� WP� OQ[GP� FOCRRTQHQPFKUUGOGPV� FG� NCFÃOQETCVKG��WP�IKUGOGPV�FOGORNQKU�GV�FG� TGFÃOCTTCIG�ÃEQPQOKSWG����%OGUV�CKPUK��´VKVTG�FOGZGORNG��SWG�NO#7+����GPVQPPG�NGU� NQWCPIGU�FG� NC�RTKUG�FG�RCTQNG�FW2TGOKGT�/KPKUVTG�

%G� VGZVG� C� NG� OÃTKVG� FG� RQKPVGT� WP� ÃNÃOGPV� OCLGWT� FOÃXQNWVKQP� FWRC[UCIG���NOKPVGTPGV�C�FÃUQTOCKU�CESWKU�WPG�RNCEG�SWK�UGODNG�UQNKFG�CW�EGPVTGFW�FKUEQWTU� RQNKVKSWG� VGPW� RCT� NG� EJGH� FG� NOGZÃEWVKH�� GV� EOGUV� EG� FGTPKGT� SWKCHHKTOG�JCWV�GV�HQTV�SWG�NG�TÃUGCW�GUV�RQTVGWT�FG�EJCPIGOGPVU�RQUKVKHU�RQWT�NCUQEKÃVÃ�� .OCEVKQP� RWDNKSWG� XC� CKPUK� RQWXQKT�� XKEG� GV� ITCPFGWT� FW� U[UVÂOGRQNKVKEQ�CFOKPKUVTCVKH�HTCPÁCKU��GP�SWGNSWG�UQTVG�EJCPIGT�FG�DTCSWGV���EG�POGUV ����#UUQEKCVKQP�FGU�WVKNKUCVGWTU�FG�NOKPVGTPGV�

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 14: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

��������.C�IQWXGTPCPEG�FO+PVGTPGV��.%0��Pu�������

RNWU�WP�OKPKUVTG�KUQNÃ�SWK�UOGZRTKOG��EOGUV�NG�EJGH�FW�IQWXGTPGOGPV�GV�NGCFGTFG�NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP�SWK�UQPPG�NOJGWTG�FG�NC�OQDKNKUCVKQP��.C�EQQTFKPCVKQP�FWFQUUKGT� GUV� EQPHKÃG� ´� WP� EQPUGKNNGT� FW� 2TGOKGT� /KPKUVTG�� EJCSWG� OKPKUVÂTGÃVCPV�FQVÃ�FOWP�n�EQTTGURQPFCPV�UQEKÃVÃ�FG�NOKPHQTOCVKQP���EJCTIÃ�FG�XGKNNGT�´NOCXCPEÃG�FOWP�EJCPVKGT�QHHKEKGNNGOGPV�RKNQVÃ�FGRWKU�/CVKIPQP��#WZ�[GWZ�FGUCIGPVU� FG� NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP� EQOOG�FG� NOQRKPKQP�� KN� UOCIKV� FQPE� FOWP� FQUUKGTSWOQP� PG� UCWTCKV� RNWU� PÃINKIGT�� /CKU� QP� PQVG� ÃICNGOGPV� SWG� NG� XÃTKVCDNGEGPVTG�FG�EG�FKUEQWTU�GUV�DKGP�L� EJCPIGOGPV�COQTEÃ� UQWU� NG�IQWXGTPGOGPVRTÃEÃFGPV�L�NC�UQEKÃVÃ�FG�NOKPHQTOCVKQP��GV�PQP�NOKPVGTPGV�

5CPU�FQWVG�C�V�QP�NCTIGOGPV�UWTÃXCNWÃ�NC�TÃGNNG�TWRVWTG�SWOC�EQPUVKVWÃ�NGFKUEQWTU�FO*QWTVKP��1P�PG�RGWV�PKGT�EGRGPFCPV�SWG�NC�RQNKVKSWG�RWDNKSWG�FGNOKPVGTPGV�� UWDUWOÃG� FCPU� EG� RTQLGV� RNWU� INQDCN� SWOGUV� NC� EQPUVTWEVKQP� FG� NCUQEKÃVÃ�FG�NOKPHQTOCVKQP��C�CESWKU�CXGE�NWK�WPG�XKUKDKNKVÃ�FQPV�KN�PG�RQWXCKV�IWÂTGUG�VCTIWGT�RTÃEÃFGOOGPV�

&CPU�NGU�OQKU�SWK�UWKXKTGPV��NG�2TÃUKFGPV�FG�NC�4ÃRWDNKSWG���PG�VCTFC�RCU´� UOGORCTGT� NWK� CWUUK� FG� EGVVG� VJÃOCVKSWG� GV� ´� RTGPFTG� FGU� RQUKVKQPUVTCPEJÃGU�GV�CTIWOGPVÃGU�UWT�NC�UQEKÃVÃ�FG�NOKPHQTOCVKQP�GV�NOKPVGTPGV��,WUSWO´NGWT� TÃUGTXGT�FCPU� UGU�FKUEQWTU�FG� EGU�FGWZ�FGTPKÂTGU� CPPÃGU�WPG�RNCEG�FGEJQKZ��SWK�UOÃVCKV�RTQITGUUKXGOGPV�TÃFWKVG�FCPU�NG�FKUEQWTU�IQWXGTPGOGPVCN�

+N� TGUVG�EGRGPFCPV�´� NOKPVGTPGV�FW�EJGOKP�´�RCTEQWTKT�CXCPV�FG� UOKPUETKTGFWTCDNGOGPV� GV� VCPIKDNGOGPV� FCPU� WP� RTQLGV� RQNKVKSWG� IQWXGTPGOGPVCN�� 'VNOQP� RQWTTC� WVKNGOGPV� UOKPVGTTQIGT� GP� EQPENWUKQP� UWT� NC� RQUUKDKNKVÃ� FG� EGVVGKPUETKRVKQP�.On�ÃXCPIÃNKUCVKQP���FG�NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP�GV�FG�NOQRKPKQP�RWDNKSWG

.GU� HCEVGWTU� KORQTVCPVU� FG� NÃIKVKOCVKQP� SWOQPV� ÃVÃ� NG� INKUUGOGPVUÃOCPVKSWG�FGU�n�CWVQTQWVGU���´� NC�n�UQEKÃVÃ���FG�NOKPHQTOCVKQP�GV� NG�RQTVCIGFW�FQUUKGT�RCT�NGU�RNWU�JCWVU�FÃEKFGWTU�RQNKVKSWGU�POÃVCKGPV�RCU�UWHHKUCPVU��CWEQWTU� FGU� EKPS� CPPÃGU� SWG� PQWU� PQWU� RTQRQUQPU� OCKPVGPCPV� FOCPCN[UGT�RQWT� GORQTVGT� ´� GWZ� UGWNU� NOCFJÃUKQP� FG� NC� UQEKÃVÃ� GV� FG� NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQPHTCPÁCKUGU�

6QWVG�EGVVG�RÃTKQFG�UOGUV�CEEQORCIPÃG��RQWT�NGU�CEVGWTU�GPICIÃU�FCPU�NGFQUUKGT�� FOWP� EQPUKFÃTCDNG� VTCXCKN� RÃFCIQIKSWG� XKUCPV� ´� EQPXCKPETG� NGWTUKPVGTNQEWVGWTU�L�CIGPVU�RWDNKEU��GPVTGRTKUGU��GVE��L�FW�DKGP�HQPFÃ�FOWPG�VGNNGRQNKVKSWG� GV� ´� NGXGT� NGWTU� TÃUKUVCPEGU�� 'V� EG� VTCXCKN� QEEWRC� WPG� RCTV� VTÂUUKIPKHKECVKXG�FW�VGORU�SWOQPV�EQPUCETÃ�´�EG�EJCPVKGT�VQWU�NGU�n�RKQPPKGTU���FGNOKPVGTPGV� FCPU� NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP�� 3WG� FG� TÃWPKQPU� KPVGTOKPKUVÃTKGNNGU�� FG ����$KGP�CKIWKNNÃ�RCT�WP�EQPUGKNNGT�OCÉVTKUCPV�NG�FQUUKGT�

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 15: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

%QPUVTWEVKQP�FG�NOCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG��������

FKUEWUUKQPU� KPHQTOGNNGU�� FG� FÃDCVU� KORTQORVWU� RQWT� EQPXCKPETG� PQUKPVGTNQEWVGWTU�FG�NOKPVÃTÄV�FG�PQU�RTQLGVU��

4GXGPQPU�CW�EQOOWPKSWÃ�FG�RTGUUG�FG�NO#7+�CW�NGPFGOCKP�FW�FKUEQWTUFO*QWTVKP��%G�SWG� UCNWG� EGVVG� CUUQEKCVKQP�� EOGUV� CWUUK� NG� HCKV� SWG� NG� 2TGOKGT/KPKUVTG�UOKPUETKV�GP�HCWZ�EQPVTG�NGU�RTÃLWIÃU�SWK�FQOKPGPV�GPEQTG��FGWZ�CPUCRTÂU� SWG� NOKPVGTPGV� HWV� FGXGPW� NOQDLGV� FOWPG� RQNKVKSWG� RWDNKSWG��� n�&CPU� NCDQWEJG� FG� .KQPGN� ,QURKP�� KPVGTPGV� POGUV� RCU� WP� FCPIGT� SWOKN� HCWFTCKV� LWIWNGT�� WPGUQWTEG� FOKPSWKÃVWFG� NÃIKVKOGU�� WPG� CTOG� FG� NOJÃIÃOQPKG� COÃTKECKPG�� WP� TGRCKTG� FGOCTIKPCWZ� GV� FG� ETKOKPGNU���� #WVCPV� FG� SWCNKHKECVKHU� FQPV� PQWU� CXQPU� FÃL´ÃXQSWÃ�NGU�HQPFGOGPVU�GV�SWK�QPV�EQPUGTXÃ�WPG�KPFKUEWVCDNG�RTÃIPCPEG�FCPUNOQRKPKQP�RWDNKSWG�

'P�NOGURÂEG��NOÃXCPIÃNKUCVKQP�GUV�FQPE�CRRCTWG�EQOOG�WPG�HKIWTG�KORQUÃGFG�NC�RQNKVKSWG�RWDNKSWG��FCPU�WP�GURCEG�QÔ�GNNG�PG�RQWXCKV�UG�FÃRNQ[GT�UCPUEQPUVCOOGPV� UOCWVQLWUVKHKGT�� %GVVG� ÃXCPIÃNKUCVKQP� CWTC� RTKU� FGU� HQTOGUOWNVKRNGU� LWUSWO´� CWLQWTFOJWK�� CW� ITÃ� FOWPG� CEVWCNKVÃ� SWK� OGVVCKVCNVGTPCVKXGOGPV� NOCEEGPV� UWT� NOWP�QW� NOCWVTG� XKEG� FG� NOKPVGTPGV��/CKU� GNNG� GUVTGUVÃG� WP� VTCKV� ECTCEVÃTKUVKSWG� FG� NOCEVKQP� FG� NO'VCV�� LWUSWO´� EG� SWG�� VTÂUTÃEGOOGPV�� NOKPVGTPGV� RCUUG� NG� ECR� FOWPG� EGTVCKPG� DCPCNKUCVKQP� FCPU� NGSWQVKFKGP�FGU�(TCPÁCKU�

%QPUÃSWGPEG� FG� EGVVG� PÃEGUUKVÃ� FG� EQORQUGT�� NG� IQWXGTPGOGPV� CWTC�RCTVKEWNKÂTGOGPV� FCPU� NGU� RTGOKÂTGU� CPPÃGU�� FÖ� OCPKGT� CXGE� DGCWEQWRFOJCDKNGVÃ� RÃFCIQIKG� GV� CEVKXKVÃ� PQTOCVKXG� RQWT� UWTOQPVGT� NG� UEGRVKEKUOGCODKCPV��� GP� ������OGVVTG� GP�RNCEG� WP� CVGNKGT� KPVGTOKPKUVÃTKGN� KPVGTPGV� RQWTHQTOGT� NGU� RGTUQPPGNU� FGU� OKPKUVÂTGU�� FOWPG� RCTV��� QDNKIGT� RCT� EKTEWNCKTG��VQWU�NGU�OKPKUVÂTGU�´�UG�FQVGT�FOWP�UKVG�YGD��FOCWVTG�RCTV��1W�GPEQTG��GP������������UOCUUQEKGT�´�NOQTICPKUCVKQP�FG�NC�(ÄVG�FG�NOKPVGTPGV�� VQWV�GP�XGTTQWKNNCPVNG�FKURQUKVKH�FG�OKUG�GP��WXTG�FW�2#)5+�

7P�RCT�WP��NGU�RTÃLWIÃU�QPV�FÖ�ÄVTG�EQODCVVWU��&CPU�NG�EJCOR�EWNVWTGN�GVÃEQPQOKSWG�� KN� C� PQVCOOGPV� HCNNW� GZRNKSWGT� SWG� NOKPVGTPGV� POÃVCKV� RCU� WPQWVKN�FG�NOJÃIÃOQPKUOG�COÃTKECKP�OCKU�WP�TÃUGCW�QWXGTV�QÔ�NC�(TCPEG�ÃVCKV�EQOOG�NGU�CWVTGU�RC[U��NKDTG�FG�RTGPFTG�UC�RNCEG��1Ô��RNWU�RTÃEKUÃOGPV��GNNGFGXCKV� RTGPFTG� UC� RNCEG�� .G� TÃUGCW� EQPUVKVWCKV� WPG� n�EJCPEG� RQWT� NC(TCPEQRJQPKG��� FKUEQWTU� VGPW� RCT� #NCKP� ,WRRÃ� ´� *QWTVKP� FÂU� ������� WPGURCEG�´�EQPSWÃTKT�RQWT�CUUWTGT�WPG�FKHHWUKQP�RNWU�NCTIG�FG�PQU�EQPVGPWU��FGPQU� RTQFWKVU�� 4CRRGNQPU� CWUUK� SWO´� WPG� ÃRQSWG� QÔ� (TCPEG� 6ÃNÃEQO� PGRQWXCKV� SWG� LQWGT�WP� TÏNG� EGPVTCN�FCPU� NG�FÃXGNQRRGOGPV�FG� NOKPVGTPGV�� KN� CHCNNW� SWG� (TCPÁQKU� (KNNQP�L� SWK� POC� IWÂTG� RW� N¸EJGT� UQP� D¸VQP� FG� RÂNGTKP� L ����%KTEWNCKTG�FW�2TGOKGT�/KPKUVTG�#NCKP� ,WRRÃ�SWK�� NG����OCK� ������ QDNKIG� VQWU� NGUOKPKUVÂTGU�´�UG�FQVGT�FOWP�UKVG�YGD�CXCPV�NG����FÃEGODTG������

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 16: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

��������.C�IQWXGTPCPEG�FO+PVGTPGV��.%0��Pu�������

QRÂTG� NC� n�EQPXGTUKQP��� FG� NOÃVCV�OCLQT� FG� PQVTG� QRÃTCVGWT� JKUVQTKSWG� ´NOKPVGTPGV��'P������������NQTUSWOKN�UOGUV�CIK�FG�OGVVTG�ITCVWKVGOGPV�GP�NKIPG�NGUFQPPÃGU� RWDNKSWGU� GUUGPVKGNNGU�� NGU� RTQOQVGWTU� FW� RTQLGV� QPV� FÖ� UG� DCVVTGRGPFCPV� FGU�OQKU� RQWT� KORQUGT� WP� FÃDNQECIG� FW� U[UVÂOG� RTÃXCNCPV� CNQTUFCPU� NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP�� 5K� EGTVCKPGU� KPKVKCVKXGU� TGNGXCPV� FW� DTKEQNCIG� CXCKGPVRGTOKU�FOCXCPEGT�TCRKFGOGPV��JQTU�FGU�NQIKSWGU�GV�FW�VGORU�CFOKPKUVTCVKHU�NC�OKUG�GP��WXTG�FOWP�RNCP�RNWU�CODKVKGWZ�PG�RQWXCKV�HCKTG�NOÃEQPQOKG�FOWPTGVQWT� ´� FGU� RTCVKSWGU� RNWU� ENCUUKSWGU�� #W� FÃVTKOGPV�� KN� GUV� XTCK�� FOWPHQKUQPPGOGPV�FOKPKVKCVKXGU�RGTUQPPGNNGU�SWK�POQPV�RCU�VQWLQWTU�ÃVÃ�TGEQPPWGUGV�TGNC[ÃGU�RCT�NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP���

%JCSWG� CXCPEÃG� C� FQPE� ÃVÃ� CEEQORCIPÃG� FG� UQP� NQV� FG� IWÃTKNNCCFOKPKUVTCVKXG�GV�QW�RQNKVKSWG��FQPV� NGU�ÃRKUQFGU�UQPV� VTQR�PQODTGWZ�RQWTÄVTG�EQPVÃU��EQPVTG�FGU�TÃUKUVCPEGU�EWNVWTGNNGU�QW�EQTRQTCVKUVGU�.C�XQKG�ÃVTQKVG�FG�NOCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG���ETÃGT�WP�GPXKTQPPGOGPV�HCXQTCDNG�RTÄEJGT�RCT�NOGZGORNG�IT¸EG�´�NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP�GP�TÃUGCW

'P������EQOOG�GP������� NC�UQEKÃVÃ�FG� NOKPHQTOCVKQP�PG�RQWXCKV�FG� VQWVGÃXKFGPEG�UG�FÃETÃVGT��RCU�RNWU�FCPU�NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP�SWG�FCPU�NOGPVTGRTKUG�QWNC�UQEKÃVÃ�EKXKNG��3WGNNGU�QPV�ÃVÃ�NGU�UVTCVÃIKGU�TGVGPWGU�RCT�NG�IQWXGTPGOGPVHTCPÁCKU� RQWT� EQPVTKDWGT� OCNITÃ� VQWV� ´� n�NOCXÂPGOGPV� FG� NC� UQEKÃVÃ� FGNOKPHQTOCVKQP���!

7PG� ÃVWFG� CRRTQHQPFKG� FGU� RTCVKSWGU� FGU� 'VCVU� NGU� RNWU� CXCPEÃU� FCPUEGVVG� XQKG� 'VCVU�7PKU�� 4Q[CWOG�7PK�� RC[U� UECPFKPCXGU�� OQPVTCKV� SWG�EQPVTCKTGOGPV� ´� NC� O[VJQNQIKG� EQNRQTVÃG� RCT� EGTVCKPU�� NOGHHQTV� RWDNKE� CXCKVLQWÃ�WP�TÏNG�PQVCDNG�FCPU�NG�n�FÃEQNNCIG���FG�NOKPVGTPGV��2QWT�VQWVG�WPG�UÃTKGFG� TCKUQPU��FQPV�PQWU�OQPVTGTQPU�SWOGNNGU� UQPV� NÃIKVKOGU�� NO'VCV� HTCPÁCKU�PGUOGUV� RQWTVCPV� RCU� GPICIÃ� FCPU� WPG� UVTCVÃIKG� FOKPXGUVKUUGOGPVU� OCUUKHURQTVCPV�UWT�NOÃSWKRGOGPV�QW�NGU�KPHTCUVTWEVWTGU�

2TÃEKUQPU� FOGODNÃG� SWG� NO'VCV� POCXCKV� GP� ����� SWOWPG� OCTIG� FGOCP�WXTG�RQNKVKSWG� GV� DWFIÃVCKTG� NKOKVÃG��� NQTUSWOKN� UOCIKUUCKV�FG� HCXQTKUGT ���� %KVQPU� RCT� GZGORNG� NG� ECU� FO#FOKPGV�� TGOCTSWCDNG� UKVG� FOKPHQTOCVKQPCFOKPKUVTCVKXG�EQPÁWW�FCPU�NC�ECXG�FW�OKPKUVÂTG�FG�NOKPFWUVTKG�GV�CXGE�FGU�OQ[GPUCOCVGWTU� RCT� WP� HQPEVKQPPCKTG� SWK� ÃVCKV� CWUUK� WP� RCUUKQPPÃ� GV� WP� RKQPPKGT� FGNOKPVGTPGV�� %QPUVCVCPV� SWG� EG� FGTPKGT� OGVVCKV� GP� NKIPG� FGU� VGZVGU� NÃIKUNCVKHU� UCPURTGPFTG�GP�EQORVG�NG�OQPQRQNG�FG�FKHHWUKQP�GZKUVCPV�GP�������NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP�GZKIGCSWOKN�EGUUG�UQP�CEVKXKVÃ��%G�SWK�RTKXC�NG�RWDNKE�FOWPG�UQWTEG�FOKPHQTOCVKQP�SWK�RCNNKCKVNOCDUGPEG�FOKPKVKCVKXG�RWDNKSWGW����2CT�GZGORNG��CIKT�UWT�NG�RTKZ�FGU�EQOOWPKECVKQPU�ÃVCKV�FKHHKEKNG�FCPU�WP�EQPVGZVGQÔ�NG�UGEVGWT�FGU�VÃNÃEQOOWPKECVKQPU�FGXCKV�UOQWXTKT�´�NC�EQPEWTTGPEG�CW��GT�LCPXKGT

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 17: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

%QPUVTWEVKQP�FG�NOCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG��������

NOCFQRVKQP�FGU�6+%�RCT�NGU�HQ[GTU�HTCPÁCKU�GV�NGU�GPVTGRTKUGU��/CKU�EOGUV�RQWTFGU�OQVKHU� VCPV� DWFIÃVCKTGU� SWOKFÃQNQIKSWGU� SWG� NG� IQWXGTPGOGPV� ,WRRÃ� CCUUG\�TCRKFGOGPV�TGPQPEÃ�´�ÄVTG�FKTGEVGOGPV�WP�CEVGWT�FG�NC�FKHHWUKQP�FGU�6+%GV� FG� NOKPVGTPGV�� RCT� NG� DKCKU� FOWP� n�ITCPF� RNCP��� XKUCPV� ´� FÃRNQ[GT� FGUKPHTCUVTWEVWTGU�FG�TÃUGCW�QW�´�CEEÃNÃTGT�NOÃSWKRGOGPV�FGU�OÃPCIGU�GP�OKETQ�QTFKPCVGWTU���� .OCEVKQP� RWDNKSWG� PG� RQWXCKV� FÂU� NQTU� UG� EQPEGXQKT� GV� UGFÃRNQ[GT�SWG�FCPU�WPG�XQKG�UQOOG�VQWVG�ÃVTQKVG�

#W�TGICTF�FOWPG�KFÃQNQIKG�NKDÃTCNG�FGXGPWG�NG�RQKPV�FG�EQPXGTIGPEG�FGURQNKVKSWGU� RWDNKSWGU�� EQOOG� GP� VÃOQKIPGPV� NGU� FKTGEVKXGU� GV� TCRRQTVUGWTQRÃGPU�� KN� UGODNCKV� GP� GHHGV� ´� NC� HQKU� RNWU� GHHKECEG� GV� RNWU� NÃIKVKOG� FGHCXQTKUGT� WPG� n�NKDÃTCVKQP� FGU� ÃPGTIKGU��� GV� FG� n�ETÃGT� WP� GPXKTQPPGOGPVHCXQTCDNG��� ´� NOKPPQXCVKQP�� GP� UG� HKCPV� CW� F[PCOKUOG� FG� NOKPKVKCVKXG� RTKXÃG�%GU� FGWZ� CZGU� QPV� EQPUVKVWÃ� NOQUUCVWTG� FGU� FKUEQWTU� VGPWU� RCT� NGIQWXGTPGOGPV�,WRRÃ�FG������´�������.G�IQWXGTPGOGPV�,QURKP��QP�PG�RGWV�NGEQPVGUVGT��UOGUV�KPUETKV�CXGE�NG�2#)5+���FCPU�EGVVG�HKNKCVKQP�NKDÃTCNG�UOCIKUUCPVFG�NC�n�EQPUVTWEVKQP�FG�NC�UQEKÃVÃ�FG�NOKPHQTOCVKQP���

#� NC�FKHHÃTGPEG�FGU�'VCVU�7PKU�QW�FG� NC�5WÂFG�� NC�(TCPEG�C�FQPE�EQORVÃGUUGPVKGNNGOGPV�UWT�WPG�F[PCOKSWG�FG�FKHHWUKQP�GV�FOCRRTQRTKCVKQP�TGRQUCPVUWT�NC�UQEKÃVÃ�EKXKNG�L�F[PCOKSWG�EQNNGEVKXG��GV�PQP�RQTVÃG�GZENWUKXGOGPV�RCTNO'VCV�� SWG� NG� )QWXGTPGOGPV� UOGUV�� FGRWKU� ������ FQPPÃ� RQWT� OKUUKQP� FGUQWVGPKT�GV�FOCEEQORCIPGT�

+N� PG� PQWU� CRRCTVKGPV� RCU� FOÃVCDNKT� FCPU� EGU� RCIGU� NG� EQORVG�TGPFWGZJCWUVKH� FGU�OGUWTGU� FOQTFTG� HKUECN�� TÃINGOGPVCKTG�� NÃIKUNCVKH�� GVE��� SWK� QPVRQPEVWÃ�NOCEVKQP�FGU�IQWXGTPGOGPVU�UWEEGUUKHU��0QVTG�RTQRQU�GUV�UKORNGOGPVFG�UQWNKIPGT�SWG�EGU�OGUWTGU�UG�UQPV�DKGP�HQECNKUÃGU�UWT�NC�EQPUVKVWVKQP�FOWPGPUGODNG�FG�HCEVGWTU�HCXQTCDNGU�´�WP�FÃXGNQRRGOGPV�FGU�WUCIGU�FGU�6+%�

5WT� NG� VGTTCKP� ÃEQPQOKSWG� GV� TÃINGOGPVCKTG�� FGU� OQFKHKECVKQPUFÃVGTOKPCPVGU�FW�RC[UCIG�QPV�CKPUK�ÃVÃ�GPENGPEJÃGU�CW�PQO�FG�NC�RTQOQVKQPFG�NC�UQEKÃVÃ�FG�NOKPHQTOCVKQP��%CT�EOGUV�DKGP�EGV�CTIWOGPV�L�EGVVG�ÃXQNWVKQP ������ &OCWVTG� RCTV�� NC� DCKUUG� FG� NC� 68#� CRRNKSWÃG� CWZ� ÃSWKRGOGPVU� KPHQTOCVKSWGUPOCWTCKV�UGTXK�SWG�NGU�KPVÃTÄVU�FG�EQPUVTWEVGWTU�ÃVTCPIGTU��GP�NOCDUGPEG�FOWPG�KPFWUVTKGKPHQTOCVKSWG�HTCPÁCKUG��GVE����� +N� GUV� XTCK� SWG� NGU� TÃUWNVCVU� FW� 2NCP� KPHQTOCVKSWG� RQWT� VQWU� QW� FW� 2NCP� E¸DNGPOÃVCKGPV� IWÂTG� ´� OÄOG� FOGPEQWTCIGT� NG� IQWXGTPGOGPV� FCPU� EGVVG� XQKG�� FOQÔ� NGUEGRVKEKUOG�UQWNGXÃ�RCT�NG�TCRRQTV�6JÃT[����� 2NCP� FOCEVKQP� IQWXGTPGOGPVCN� RQWT� NC� UQEKÃVÃ� FG� NOKPHQTOCVKQP�� QHHKEKGNNGOGPVNCPEÃ�GP� LCPXKGT������� +N� PG� UOCIKV�RCU�FOWP�ITCPF�RNCP�FCPU� NC� HKNKCVKQP� ÃVCVKSWG�FW2NCP� KPHQTOCVKSWG�RQWT� VQWU��� UQP�CEVKQP�RQTVG�GUUGPVKGNNGOGPV� UWT� NOGPXKTQPPGOGPVTÃINGOGPVCKTG�GUUGPVKGNNGOGPV��

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 18: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

��������.C�IQWXGTPCPEG�FO+PVGTPGV��.%0��Pu�������

UGTV�GV�CEEÃNÂTG�NC�FKHHWUKQP�FGU�6+%�L�SWK�C�UGTXK�´�NÃIKVKOGT�RQWT�WPG�NCTIGRCTV�� RCT� GZGORNG�� NC� HKP� FW� OQPQRQNG� FGU� VÃNÃEQOOWPKECVKQPU�� CXGENOCFQRVKQP�� NG� ��� LWKNNGV� ������ FG� NC� NQK� FG� TÃINGOGPVCVKQP� FGUVÃNÃEQOOWPKECVKQPU�� .GIU� GUUGPVKGN�� RWKUSWOQP� CVVGPF� FG� NOQWXGTVWTG� FWUGEVGWT� ´� NC� EQPEWTTGPEG� WPG� DCKUUG� XÃTKHKÃG� ´� NOWUCIG�� FGU� VCTKHU� FGUEQOOWPKECVKQPU�VÃNÃRJQPKSWGU��WPG�QHHTG�EQOOGTEKCNG�FG�HQTHCKVU��GV�RCTVCPV�NOCEEÃNÃTCVKQP�FOWP�WUCIG�FG� NOKPVGTPGV�RÃPCNKUÃ� LWUSWO´�RTÃUGPV�RCT�WP�EQÖVGZEGUUKH�FGU� EQOOWPKECVKQPU� NQECNGU��'V� EOGUV� VQWLQWTU� CW� PQO�FG� NC�OÄOGHKPCNKVÃ�RQNKVKSWG�CHHKEJÃG�SWOCXCKV�RW�ÄVTG�CFQRVÃG�FÂU�������´�NOKPKVKCVKXG�FG(TCPÁQKU� (KNNQP�� WPG� NQK��� RGTOGVVCPV� FG� FÃTQIGT� RCT� CXCPEG� CW�OQPQRQNGCHKP�FG�FÃRNQ[GT�FGU�UGTXKEGU�KPPQXCPVU��GP�RCTVKEWNKGT�JCWV�FÃDKV�L�NOQDLGV�FGNCFKVG� NQK� ÃVCPV� n�FOCEEÃNÃTGT� NOGPVTÃG� FG� NC� (TCPEG� FCPU� NC� UQEKÃVÃ� FGNOKPHQTOCVKQP���

%GVVG� VTCPUHQTOCVKQP� FW� ECFTG� INQDCN� FCPU� NGSWGN� UOKPUETKV� NGFÃXGNQRRGOGPV�FG�NOKPVGTPGV�XC�UOCEEQORCIPGT�FCPU�NGU�CPPÃGU�SWK�UWKXTQPVFOWPG�OWNVKVWFG�FOCOÃPCIGOGPVU� LWTKFKSWGU�XKUCPV�´� NGXGT� NGU�QDUVCENGU� NGURNWU�ÃXKFGPVU�´�WP�FÃXGNQRRGOGPV�FG�UGU�WUCIGU���SWOKN�UOCIKUUG�FG�NÃICNKUGTNC� UKIPCVWTG� ÃNGEVTQPKSWG��� QW� FOCUUQWRNKT� NGU� EQPFKVKQPU� FOWVKNKUCVKQP� FGUOQ[GPU�FG�ET[RVQNQIKG���� NO'VCV�PG�XC�EGUUGT�FG�NÃIKHÃTGT�RQWT�COÃNKQTGT�EGVGPXKTQPPGOGPV�

#W�FGN´�FG�EGV�CZG�FG�VTCXCKN�SWK�C�KORNKSWÃ�RQWT�GNNG�WPG�KPVGPUG�CEVKXKVÃTÃINGOGPVCKTG� GV� NÃIKUNCVKXG�� SWGN� GUV� NG� TÏNG� RTGOKGT� SWG� LQWGNOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP�� GP�RTQRTG��FCPU� NG�FKURQUKVKH�UQEKÃVÃ�FG� NOKPHQTOCVKQP�!�#WE�WT�FOWP�U[UVÂOG�QÔ�GNNG�POGUV�RCU�WP�OQVGWT�FKTGEV�FG�NOCFQRVKQP�FGU�6+%RCT� NC� UQEKÃVÃ� EKXKNG�� NG� IQWXGTPGOGPV� GP� GUV� TCRKFGOGPV� CTTKXÃ� ´� NCEQPENWUKQP� SWG� NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP� PG� RQWXCKV� GP� UQOOG� SWG�� EQOOG� NOQPVTÃRÃVÃ� NGU� IQWXGTPGOGPVU� UWEEGUUKHU�� RTÄEJGT� RCT� NOGZGORNG�� .O'VCV� FGXCKVFQPPGT�NOGZGORNG�FOWPG�WVKNKUCVKQP�XCUVG�GV�EQJÃTGPVG�FGU�6+%�GV�FG�NOKPVGTPGVCW� UGTXKEG� FG� UC� RTQRTG� TÃHQTOG�� FG� UC�OQFGTPKUCVKQP�� FG� NOCOÃNKQTCVKQP� FWUGTXKEG�TGPFW�CW�EKVQ[GP��.OCFOKPKUVTCVKQP�CNNCKV�UG�RTGPFTG�GNNG�OÄOG�RQWTQDLGV� FCPU� WPG� NQIKSWG� RQNKVKSWG� SWK� GUV� WPG� NQIKSWG� FG� FÃOQPUVTCVKQP� L ����.QK�FW����CXTKN������UWT�NGU�GZRÃTKOGPVCVKQPU�FCPU�NG�FQOCKPG�FGU�VGEJPQNQIKGU�GVUGTXKEGU�FG�NOKPHQTOCVKQP�CRRGNÃG�CWUUK�n�.C�RGVKVG�NQK�(KNNQP����SWK�RGTOGV�FG�FÃTQIGTCW�OQPQRQNG�UWT�NGU�KPHTCUVTWEVWTGU�HKNCKTGU�FG�VÃNÃEQOOWPKECVKQPU�QW�UWT�NG�UGTXKEGVÃNÃRJQPKSWG�XKC�NGU�TÃUGCWZ�E¸DNÃU�����.QK�FW����OCTU������UWT�NC�UKIPCVWTG�ÃNGEVTQPKSWG��RWKU�FÃETGV�FW����OCTU���������� 8QKT� PQVCOOGPV� NOCTVKENG� ��� FG� NC� NQK� UWT� NC� TÃINGOGPVCVKQP� FGUVÃNÃEQOOWPKECVKQPU�OQFKHKÃG�RCT�NC�NQK��������FW���� LWKNNGV������GV�RCT� NC�NQK�������FW� ��� LWKNNGV� ������ CKPUK� SWG� NC� UWEEGUUKQP� FG� FÃETGVU� XGPWG� CUUQWRNKT� NOWUCIG� FGUOQ[GPU�FG�ET[RVQNQIKG�FGRWKU�

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 19: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

%QPUVTWEVKQP�FG�NOCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG��������

RTQNQPIGCPV� KEK� WPG� NQIKSWG� SWK� GUV�� GPEQTG� GV� VQWLQWTU�� EGNNG� FGNOÃXCPIÃNKUCVKQP�

.C�OKUG�GP��WXTG�FOWPG�CFOKPKUVTCVKQP� GP� TÃUGCW� GUV� CKPUK�FGXGPWG�WPEJCPVKGT� RTKQTKVCKTG� CW�RQKPV� FOQEEWNVGT� QW�FG� HCKTG� RCUUGT� RTQITGUUKXGOGPVCW� UGEQPF� RNCP�� CWZ� [GWZ� FG� NOQRKPKQP� RWDNKSWG� GV� FGU� GPVTGRTGPGWTU�� NGUCWVTGU� XQNGVU� FG� NOCEVKQP� RWDNKSWG�� #[CPV� ÃVÃ� GP� RQUKVKQP� FOQDUGTXCVGWTRTKXKNÃIKÃ� FW� FÃTQWNGOGPV� FG� EG� EJCPVKGT���� LG� PG� RGWZ� SWOÃXQSWGT� KEK� NGUTÃUKUVCPEGU� EWNVWTGNNGU� SWOC� TGPEQPVTÃGU� NC� XQNQPVÃ� RQNKVKSWG� FG� HCKTG� GPVTGTNOKPVGTPGV�FCPU�NGU�O�WTU�GV�NG�SWQVKFKGP�FG�NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP����3WCPV�CW�TÏNGFOGPVTCÉPGOGPV�SWOCWTCKV� RW� LQWGT� RQWT� NOGPUGODNG�FG� NC� UQEKÃVÃ� EKXKNG� WPGKPVGTPGVKUCVKQP�TCRKFG�FG�NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP�� KN�PQWU�RCTCÉV�C�RQUVGTKQTK�CXQKT�ÃVÃTÃGN�L�OCKU�EQPUKFÃTCDNGOGPV�COQKPFTK�RCT� NGU�FÃNCKU�FG�OKUG�GP��WXTG�FGEGVVG�TÃHQTOG���CW�OQOGPV�QÔ�GNNG�C�EQOOGPEÃ�´�RQTVGT�UGU�HTWKVU�CW�T[VJOGFOWP� VGORU� CFOKPKUVTCVKH� FQPV� EJCEWP� UCKV� SWOKN� POGUV� RCU� VQWLQWTU� GP� RJCUGCXGE� NOJQTNQIG�RQNKVKSWG� QW� EKVQ[GPPG��� NGU� HQ[GTU� GV� NGU� GPVTGRTKUGU� CXCKGPVCFQRVÃ� NOKPVGTPGV� FCPU� WPG� RTQRQTVKQP� CW� OQKPU� CWUUK� UKIPKHKECVKXG�� 4GUVGSWG��FGRWKU������� NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP� UOGUV� KPFKUEWVCDNGOGPV�OKUG� ´� NOJGWTG�FGNOKPVGTPGV��UCPU�SWG�EGVVG�ÃXQNWVKQP�CKV�GW�NOKORCEV�RTQHQPF�UWT�UGU�OÃVJQFGUFG� VTCXCKN� GV� UQP� QTICPKUCVKQP� SWG� NOQP� CHHKTOCKV� GP� CVVGPFTG�� 'P� EG� UGPU�NOKPUVTWOGPVCNKUCVKQP� FG� NOKPVGTPGV� CW� UGTXKEG� FG� NC� TÃHQTOG� FG� NO'VCV� UOGUVTÃXÃNÃG�WVKNG�RQWT�OQDKNKUGT�NGU�GURTKVU�OCKUW�RGW�TÃXQNWVKQPPCKTG�FCPU�UGUTÃUWNVCVU�7PG�TCNNKGOGPV�UCPU�GPVJQWUKCUOG�FGU�RQWXQKTU�RWDNKEU�HTCPÁCKU�CW�OQFÂNGFG�n�IQWXGTPCPEG���FG�NOKPVGTPGV

'PHKP��NC�OKUG�GP�RNCEG�FOWP�ECFTG�RTQRKEG�´�NC�EQPUVTWEVKQP�EQNNGEVKXG�FGNC�UQEKÃVÃ�FG�NOKPHQTOCVKQP�PG�RQWXCKV�SWG�TGPEQPVTGT�NG�RTQDNÂOG�ÃRKPGWZ�FGNC� TÃIWNCVKQP� FG� NOKPVGTPGV�� +PEKVGT� NGU� (TCPÁCKU�� NGWTU� GPVTGRTKUGU� GV� NGWTCFOKPKUVTCVKQP�´�KPXGUVKT�NG�TÃUGCW�GV�´�KPXGUVKT�HKPCPEKÂTGOGPV�FCPU�NG�TÃUGCWUWRRQUCKV�FG�HCKV�SWOQP�NGU�TCUUWTG�SWCPV�´�NC�UÃEWTKVÃ�LWTKFKSWG�SWOKN�QHHTCKV�SWCPV�´� NOGZKUVGPEG�FG� TÂINGU�FW� LGW�ENCKTGU�GV� UVCDNGU��0QWU�CXQPU� UQWNKIPÃSWG� NGU� ETCKPVGU�� HQPFÃGU� QW� PQP�� ÃVCKGPV� PQODTGWUGU� GV� TÃIWNKÂTGOGPVCNKOGPVÃGU�RCT�NGU�OÃFKCU�HTCPÁCKU��� NOKPVGTPGV�[�ÃVCKV�FÃPQPEÃ�LWUSWO´�NC�HKPFGU� CPPÃGU� ���� EQOOG� WP� GURCEG� FOCDUQNW� PQP�FTQKV�� UQTVG� FG� (CT�9GUV ����2TKPEKRCNGOGPV�GP�SWCNKVÃ�FG�TCRRQTVGWT�IÃPÃTCN�FW�4CRRQTV�.CUUGTTG��.O'VCV�GV�NGUVGEJPQNQIKGU�FG�NOKPHQTOCVKQP�GV�FG�NC�EQOOWPKECVKQP���XGTU�WPG�CFOKPKUVTCVKQP�´�CEEÂU�RNWTKGN�%QOOKUUCTKCV�IÃPÃTCN�FW�2NCP��OCTU����������5CPU�FQWVG�RCTEG�SWG�NC�UVTCVÃIKG�FOÃSWKRGOGPV�FGU�CFOKPKUVTCVKQPU�PG�UOGUV�RCUUWHHKUCOOGPV�CEEQORCIPÃG�CW�FÃRCTV�FOWP�GHHQTV�UWHHKUCPV�FG�HQTOCVKQP�FGU�CIGPVU�FOWPG�RÃFCIQIKG�RTÃCNCDNG�UWT�NGU�GPLGWZ�GV�NGU�WUCIGU�FGU�6+%�

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 20: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

��������.C�IQWXGTPCPEG�FO+PVGTPGV��.%0��Pu�������

PWOÃTKSWG� QÔ� TÃIPCKV� NC� NQK� FW� RNWU� HQTV�� QWXGTV� ´� VQWVGU� NGU� RTCVKSWGUOCNUCKPGU�GV�KNNÃICNGU�

.G� IQWXGTPGOGPV� UOGUV� FQPE� NKXTÃ�� FGRWKU� ������ ´� WP� RCVKGPV� VTCXCKN� FGFÃO[VJKHKECVKQP�� CKFÃ� GP� EGNC� RCT� FGU�FÃEKUKQPU�FG� LWUVKEG� SWK� UQPV� XGPWGU�RCTHQKU�OCNCFTQKVGOGPV���� TCRRGNGT�SWG� NOKPVGTPGV� ÃVCKV� CUUWLGVVK� CWZ�OÄOGUTÂINGU� SWG� NGU� CWVTGU� OÃFKCU� GV� TÃUGCWZ� FG� EQOOWPKECVKQP�� .G� TCRRQTV(CNSWG�2KGTTQVKP���C�FTGUUÃ�GP������WP�EQPUVCV�RTQRTG�´�ECNOGT�NGU�GURTKVU�GPEQPENWCPV�SWG�n�.G�FTQKV�CEVWGN�CUUQTVK�FG�SWGNSWGU�CFCRVCVKQPU�RGTOGV�FG�TÃRQPFTGFG� HCÁQP�TGNCVKXGOGPV�UCVKUHCKUCPVG�� UWT� NG� VGTTKVQKTG�PCVKQPCN��CW�UQWEK�FG�ICTCPVKGULWTKFKSWGU�=���?� KN�PO[�C�FQPE�RCU�FG�XKFG�LWTKFKSWG�OCKU�RNWVÏV�RNÃVJQTG�FG�VGZVGU�FGFTQKV�EQOOWP�CRRNKECDNGU�´�NOKPVGTPGV���

&QPV�CEVG��/CKU�RGTUQPPG��CW�UGKP�FW�IQWXGTPGOGPV�EQOOG�FG�NOQRKPKQPRWDNKSWG�� PG� RQWXCKV� HCKTG� CDUVTCEVKQP�FG� EGVVG� TÃCNKVÃ��� NGU� TÂINGU� GZKUVCKGPVEGTVGU�� OCKU� SWKF� FG� NGWT� CRRNKECDKNKVÃ� ´� WP� TÃUGCW� C�VGTTKVQTKCN�� SWKF� FOWPGTÃIWNCVKQP� ENCUUKSWG� QW� FOWPG� IQWXGTPCPEG�� EQPÁWG� FCPU� WP� ECFTGJGZCIQPCN� GV� UOCRRNKSWCPV� ´� WP� WPKXGTU� RCT� GUUGPEG� VTCPUHTQPVCNKGT�!� .GRTQDNÂOG�ÃVCKV�FOCWVCPV�RNWU�FÃNKECV�´�TÃUQWFTG�SWG� VQWVGU� NGU� VGPVCVKXGU�FGTÃIWNCVKQP�RCT�NC�XQKG�NÃIKUNCVKXG�QW�TÃINGOGPVCKTG�UG�UQPV�VTCFWKVGU�RCT�WPGHTQPFG�KOOÃFKCVG�FCPU�NG�ECOR�FGU�RKQPPKGTU� HTCPÁCKU�FG� NOKPVGTPGV�� HCKUCPVFG� NC� TÃIWNCVKQP�FG� NOKPVGTPGV� WP� XÃTKVCDNG� n�FQUUKGT� GORQKUQPPÃ��� RQWT� NGURQNKVKSWGU�� 6QWVG� OGUWTG�� OÄOG� OKPKOG�� FG� EQPVTÏNG� FG� NC� FKHHWUKQP� FGUEQPVGPWU�ÃVCKV�KOOCPSWCDNGOGPV�RTÃUGPVÃG�EQOOG�WP�CVVGPVCV�NKDGTVKEKFG�GVNG�RTGOKGT�CEVG�FOWPG�OCKPOKUG�DWTGCWETCVKSWG�UWT�NG�TÃUGCW��WP�TÃUGCW�FQPVNC� TKEJGUUG�GV� NG�FÃXGNQRRGOGPV�GZRQPGPVKGN� TGRQUCKGPV�RTÃEKUÃOGPV��FKUCKV�QP�� UWT� NC� NKDGTVÃ� FOGZRTGUUKQP� GV� NOCDUGPEG� FG� EQPVTÏNG� ÃVCVKSWG�� #� NCTÃIWNCVKQP� ÃVCVKSWG� ´� NC� HTCPÁCKUG� ÃVCKV� U[UVÃOCVKSWGOGPV� QRRQUÃG� WPGIQWXGTPCPEG� FOKPURKTCVKQP� NKDGTVCKTG� GV� NKDÃTCNG�� FQPV� NOKPVGTPGV� CXCKV� RQWTXQECVKQP�FG�TGUVGT�WP�NCDQTCVQKTG�GV�WPG�XKVTKPG�

.C�TÃIWNCVKQP�FGXCKV�FQPE�VTQWXGT�WP�ÃSWKNKDTG�EQORNGZG�GPVTG�NC�OKUG�GPRNCEG� FG�OGUWTGU� RTQRTGU� ´� TCUUWTGT� NGU� OKNKGWZ� ÃEQPQOKSWGU� GV� NG� ITCPFRWDNKE�TGURGEV�FW�FTQKV�FG�NC�RTQRTKÃVÃ�KPVGNNGEVWGNNG��RTQVGEVKQP�FG�NOGPHCPEG�GVE��� GV� NG� TGURGEV� FG� NOGURTKV� NKDGTVCKTG� FW� TÃUGCW�� 2QWT� NGU� IQWXGTPGOGPVUUWEEGUUKHU�� VTÂU� QEEWRÃU� ´� CUUGQKT� NGWT� UVCVWV� FG� FÃHGPUGWTU� FG� NOKPVGTPGV�� KN ����1P�RGWV�RGPUGT�PQVCOOGPV�´�NOCHHCKTG�#NVGTP��SWK�C�CDQWVK�´�NC�EQPFCOPCVKQP�FOWPJÃDGTIGWT�FG�RCIGU�RGTUQPPGNNGU��CW�OQVKH�SWOWPG�FGU�RCIGU�RGTUQPPGNNGU�JÃDGTIÃGUFKHHWUCKV� FGU� RJQVQU� FO'UVGNNG� *CNN[FC[� FCPU� NG� RNWU� UKORNG� CRRCTGKN� GV� UCPU� UQPCWVQTKUCVKQP�� 'PVTCÉPCPV� NC� HGTOGVWTG� FW� UKVG�� EGVVG� CHHCKTG� C� FQPPÃ� NKGW� ´� WPG� HQTVGOQDKNKUCVKQP� FG� NC� EQOOWPCWVÃ� KPVGTPGV� UOKPFKIPCPV� FG� NOKPCFCRVCVKQP� FW� ECFTGLWTKFKSWG�GZKUVCPV�´�EG�V[RG�FOCEVKXKVÃU�TGURQPUCDKNKVÃ�FG�NOJÃDGTIGWT������+PVGTPGV�GV�NGU�TÃUGCWZ�PWOÃTKSWGU��2CTKU��.C�&QEWOGPVCVKQP�(TCPÁCKUG�������

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 21: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

%QPUVTWEVKQP�FG�NOCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG��������

ÃVCKV� FQPE� RQNKVKSWGOGPV� RÃTKNNGWZ� FG� RCUUGT� RQWT� FGU� EGPUGWTUCPCEJTQPKSWGU�� CW� TKUSWG� FG� FÃETÃFKDKNKUGT� NGWTU� RTKUGU� FG� RQUKVKQPHCXQTCDNGU�´�NOKPVGTPGV��%OGUV�EG�SWG�XÃEWV�NOÃSWKRG�FG�(TCPÁQKU�(KNNQP�SWK��CWVGTOG�FOWPG�NCTIG�EQPUWNVCVKQP����GPVTGRTKV�FG�RQUGT�NC�RTGOKÂTG�RKGTTG�FOWPU[UVÂOG�FG�TÃIWNCVKQP�FGU�EQPVGPWU���PQP�UGWNGOGPV� NOCOGPFGOGPV�(KNNQP��UQWNGXC�WP�VQNNÃ�FCPU�NG�OKNKGW�KPVGTPGV��OCKU�GPEQTG�KN�HWV�KP�HKPG�EGPUWTÃ�RCTNG�%QPUGKN� EQPUVKVWVKQPPGN�� UCKUK�RCT� NOQRRQUKVKQP�L� EGVVG� EGPUWTG�OGVVCPV�WPRQKPV�FOCTTÄV� FWTCDNG� ´� VQWV� GPICIGOGPV�FGU� IQWXGTPGOGPVU� HTCPÁCKU� FCPUEGVVG�XQKG��2NWU�TÃEGOOGPV��NGU�RTKUGU�FG�RQUKVKQP�FW�OKPKUVTG�FG�NC�%WNVWTGUQEKCNKUVG� GV� NOCPPQPEG� FG� OGUWTGU� GP� HCXGWT� FOWP� OGKNNGWT� EQPVTÏNG� FWTGURGEV� FGU�FTQKVU� FOCWVGWTU� UWT� KPVGTPGV� POQPV� RCU� PQP� RNWU� ÃVÃ� CEEWGKNNKGUCXGE�DGCWEQWR�FG�U[ORCVJKG�RCT� NGU� KPVGTPCWVGU�GV�QPV� EGTVCKPGOGPV�GW�WPn�EQÖV�RQNKVKSWG����'P�RTCVKSWG��QP�RGWV�FQPE�EQORTGPFTG�SWG�NGU�FÃEKFGWTURQNKVKSWGU�HTCPÁCKU�CKGPV�RTQITGUUKXGOGPV�TGPQPEÃ�´�XÃTKVCDNGOGPV�NÃIKHÃTGT��FKTGEVGOGPV� GV� CW� PKXGCW� PCVKQPCN� FCPU� WPG� RGTURGEVKXG� FG� TÃIWNCVKQPVTCFKVKQPPGNNG�� NCKUUCPV� CWZ� LWIGU� NG� UQKP�FG� VTCEGT� NGU� EQPVQWTU�FGU� TÂINGU� ´TGURGEVGT� UWT� KPVGTPGV�� 1P� RGWV� FQPE� RCTNGT�� ´� RTQRQU� FG� NOCVVKVWFG� FG� PQURQWXQKTU�RWDNKEU��FOWPG�CFJÃUKQP�RCT�FÃHCWV��QW�RGWV�ÄVTG�OÄOG�EQPVTCKPVG�´� WP� OQFÂNG� PQWXGCW� FG� IQWXGTPCPEG� L� OQFÂNG� VQVCNGOGPV� ÃVTCPIGT� CWZO�WTU� GV� CWZ� VTCFKVKQPU� FG� NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP� HTCPÁCKUG�� GV� NQKP� FG� UWUEKVGTGPVJQWUKCUOG�GV�CFJÃUKQP�URQPVCPÃG�FCPU�PQVTG�ENCUUG�RQNKVKSWG�

%G�TGPQPEGOGPV�CWZ�KPUVTWOGPVU�ENCUUKSWGU�FG�NC�TÃIWNCVKQP�PG�VKGPV�RCUUGWNGOGPV� ´� WPG�RQUVWTG� RQNKVKSWG�FKHHKEKNG� ´� CUUWOGT� GV� PG� VTCFWKV� RCU� WPTGXKTGOGPV� KFÃQNQIKSWG�� +N� TÃUWNVG� UWTVQWV� FG� NC� RTKUG� FG� EQPUEKGPEG� VTÂURTCIOCVKSWG�SWG� NGU�SWGUVKQPU�PG�RGWXGPV�ÄVTG�GHHGEVKXGOGPV�TÃINÃGU�SWOCWVGTOG� FOWPG� JCTOQPKUCVKQP� FGU� TÂINGU� GP� XKIWGWT� GV� FOWPG� EQQRÃTCVKQPKPVGTPCVKQPCNG�� 'V�� GP� VQWVG� NQIKSWG�� EOGUV� FÃUQTOCKU� FCPU� NGU� GPEGKPVGUKPVGTPCVKQPCNGU� )���%QPUGKN� FG� NO'WTQRG�� 2CTNGOGPV� GWTQRÃGP�� GVE��� SWG� XCFÃUQTOCKU�UG�LQWGT��GP�SWCUK�VQVCNKVÃ��NG�FGXGPKT�FG�NC�IQWXGTPCPEG�KPVGTPGV� ����&CPU�NG�ECFTG�FG�NC�OKUUKQP�EQPHKÃG�CW�2TÃUKFGPV�FW�)'56'��#PVQKPG�$GCWUUCPV�FG� TÃHNÃEJKT� CW� ECFTG� GV� ´� NC� HQTOG� FOWPG� ÃXGPVWGNNG� TÃIWNCVKQP� FGU� EQPVGPWU� UWTNOKPVGTPGV�����+N�UOCIKV�FOCTVKENGU�KPUETKVU�CW�FGTPKGT�OQOGPV�UQWU�HQTOG�FOCOGPFGOGPV�FCPU�NCNQK� FG� TÃINGOGPVCVKQP� FGU� VÃNÃEQOOWPKECVKQPU�� SWK� QDNKIGCKGPV� NGU� HQWTPKUUGWTUFOCEEÂU�´�OGVVTG�´�FKURQUKVKQP�FG�NGWTU�ENKGPVU�FGU�NQIKEKGNU�FG�n�EQPVTÏNG�RCTGPVCN����GVKPUVCWTCKGPV� WP� EQOKVÃ� EJCTIÃ� FOGZCOKPGT� NG� ECTCEVÂTG� FÃNKEVWGWZ� FGU� UGTXKEGU� GPNKIPG� %QOKVÃ� UWRÃTKGWT� FG� NC� VÃNÃOCVKSWG�� RNCEÃ� UQWU� VWVGNNG� FW� %5#��� %GVCOGPFGOGPV�C�ÃVÃ�EGPUWTÃ�RCT�NG�%QPUGKN�EQPUVKVWVKQPPGN�NG����LWKNNGV����������#� NOGZEGRVKQP�FW� TÂINGOGPV� FG� NC� SWGUVKQP�FG� NC� TGURQPUCDKNKVÃ� FGU� JÃDGTIGWTU�TGOKUG�GP�UEÂPG�RCT�NOCOGPFGOGPV�$NQEJG��FÃRQUÃ�NG����OCK�������GV�SWK�C�HCKV�NOQDLGVFG�RNWUKGWTU�RTQLGVU�NÃIKUNCVKHU�

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 22: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

��������.C�IQWXGTPCPEG�FO+PVGTPGV��.%0��Pu�������

3WCPV�CW�EQPVTÏNG�FW�TGURGEV�UWT�NOKPVGTPGV�FG�PQU�NQKU�GV�FG�PQVTG�U[UVÂOGFG� XCNGWTU�� NOKFÃG� SWOKN� RGWV� TGNGXGT� FOWPG� CWVQTÃIWNCVKQP� CUUWOÃG� RCT� NGUCEVGWTU�FG�NOKPVGTPGV�C�HCKV�RTQITGUUKXGOGPV�UQP�EJGOKP��1P�VTQWXG�CKPUK�FCPUNG�RC[UCIG�HTCPÁCKU��EGVVG�EWTKQUKVÃ� LWTKFKSWG�SWOGUV� NG�(QTWO�FGU�&TQKVU�UWTKPVGTPGV���� UQTVG� FG� EQORTQOKU� GPVTG� NG� UQWJCKV� FG� XQKT� WPG� HQTOG� FGTÃIWNCVKQP� ÃOGTIGT� GV� EGNWK� FG� NCKUUGT� NGU� CEVGWTU� FG� NOKPVGTPGV� UOKORNKSWGTFCPU� NC� IQWXGTPCPEG��n�=W?� RQWT� WP� GPXKTQPPGOGPV� FG� EG� V[RG�� QP� POCXCKV� RCUFOQWVKNU� CRRTQRTKÃU�� .OCRRTQEJG� VTCFKVKQPPGNNG� FG� NÃIKUNCVKQP� RWDNKSWG� PGEQTTGURQPFCKV�RCU���NC�FÃOCTEJG�EQPUKUVCPV�´�ÃNKOKPGT�VQVCNGOGPV�NGU�RQWXQKTU�RWDNKEUGV� ´� NCKUUGT� HCKTG� NOCWVQTÃIWNCVKQP� POÃVCKV� RTQDCDNGOGPV� RCU� PQP� RNWU� NC� DQPPGUQNWVKQP�� +N� HCNNCKV� VTQWXGT� WP� NKGW�� WP� RTQEGUUWU� SWK�� UCPU� TGOGVVTG� GP� ECWUG� NGUTGURQPUCDKNKVÃU� TGURGEVKXGU�FG�EJCEWP��RGTOGVVG�CWZ�WPU�GV�CWZ�CWVTGU�FG� VTCXCKNNGTGPUGODNG����%OGUV� CKPUK� SWO+UCDGNNG� (CNSWG�2KGTTQVKP� TÃUWOG��� WPG� FÃOCTEJGSWK�FÃOQPVTG�DKGP� NC�XCNUG�JÃUKVCVKQP� KPCEJGXÃG�FGU�RQWXQKTU�RWDNKEU�GPVTGTÃIWNCVKQP�´�NC�HTCPÁCKUG�GV�IQWXGTPCPEG�´�NC�OQFG�KPVGTPGV�

.C� IGUVKQP� FG� EGVVG� IQWXGTPCPEG� LWTKFKSWG� FG� NOKPVGTPGV� UG� ECNSWG� FQPERTQITGUUKXGOGPV�UWT�UC�FKOGPUKQP�VGEJPKSWG��FG�NQPIWG�FCVG�EQPHKÃG��QP�NOCXW��´�FGU�ITQWRGU�KPVGTPCVKQPCWZ��RCTVKEKRCPV�FOWP�U[UVÂOG�FG�IQWXGTPCPEGEQOOWPCWVCKTG�

0G�OCPSWQPU�RCU�FG�PQVGT�� EGRGPFCPV�� SWG� NGU�OÃECPKUOGU�JKUVQTKSWGUFG� NC� IQWXGTPCPEG� KPVGTPGV� UQPV� GWZ�OÄOGU� GPVTÃU� FCPU� NOÂTG� FW� UQWRÁQP�%QPHTQPVÃU� ´� WPG� ETKUG� FG� ETQKUUCPEG� GV� ´� WP� EJCPIGOGPV� FG� PCVWTG� FWTÃUGCW�� EGU� OÃECPKUOGU� TGPEQPVTGPV� ´� NGWT� VQWT� FG� UÃTKGWZ� RTQDNÂOGU� FGNÃIKVKOKVÃ��� GV� FOGHHKECEKVÃ�� 0QWU� UQOOGU� FQPE� EQPXCKPEWU� SWG� NCIQWXGTPCPEG�FG�NOKPVGTPGV�GP�GUV�GPEQTG�´�UGU�DCNDWVKGOGPVU�GV�EQPPCÉVTC�DKGPFOCWVTGU�OWVCVKQPU�CXCPV�FG�UG�UVCDKNKUGT�'RKNQIWG�GP�HQTOG�FG�EQPENWUKQP���NOCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG�GV�NC�IQWXGTPCPEGXWGU�FGRWKU�WPG�LGWPG�RQWUUG

.QTUSWG� LG�SWKVVG� NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP�RQWT�RTGPFTG� NC�FKTGEVKQP�FOWPG� UVCTV�WR���� ´� NOÃVÃ� ������ NG�RC[UCIG� KPVGTPGV�SWG� LOCK� VTQWXÃ� GP� (TCPEG�� SWCVTG� CPURNWU� VÏV�� CW� OQOGPV� QÔ� LOCK� EQOOGPEÃ� ´� HCKTG� FW� TÃUGCW� NOQDLGV� FG� OQPVTCXCKN�SWQVKFKGP��GUV�TCFKECNGOGPV�VTCPUHQTOÃ� ���� #UUQEKCVKQP� NQK� ������ ETÃÃG� GP� FÃEGODTG� ����� UWT� HQPFU� RWDNKEU�� 5CPU� RQWXQKTPQTOCVKH� ENCUUKSWG�� NG� (QTWO� CUUWOG� VTQKU� OKUUKQPU��� EQPEGTVCVKQP�� KPHQTOCVKQP� GVUGPUKDKNKUCVKQP��EQQRÃTCVKQP�KPVGTPCVKQPCNG�����&CPU�WPG�KPVGTXKGY�CW�,QWTPCN�FW�0GV�FW����QEVQDTG����������.GU�FÃDCVU�SWK�GPVQWTGPV�NG�HQPEVKQPPGOGPV�FG�NO+%#00�NOCVVGUVGPV�����5RTC[�(TCPEG��HKNKCNG�FW�TÃUGCW�UWÃFQKU�FG�RQTVCKNU�GV�HQWTPKUUGWTU�FOCEEÂU�

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 23: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

%QPUVTWEVKQP�FG�NOCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG��������

&CPU� WP� OCTEJÃ� FGU� VÃNÃEQOOWPKECVKQPU� FÃUQTOCKU� QWXGTV� ´� NCEQPEWTTGPEG�� NOKPVGTPGV� C� FOQTGU� GV� FÃL´� EQPSWKU� GPXKTQP� ����� FGU� (TCPÁCKU�1P� VTQWXG�FGU� E[DGTECHÃU� CW� EQKP�FG� NC� TWG�� NGU� EÃFÃTQOU�FGU� HQWTPKUUGWTUFOCEEÂU�FCPU�VQWU�NGU�LQWTPCWZ��.GU�RWDNKEKVÃU�FGU�EQO�EQOOGPEGPV�´�GPXCJKTNGU� TWGU� GV� NGU� ÃETCPU�� .G� ECRKVCN�TKUSWG� KTTKIWG� HQTVGOGPV� EG� SWOQP� FÃUKIPGOCKPVGPCPV�EQOOG�NC�PQWXGNNG�ÃEQPQOKG��SWK�UOGUV�VCKNNÃG�WPG�RNCEG�GPXKCDNG�´NC� WPG� FG� VQWU� NGU� OÃFKCU�� 'PXQNÃGU� FÃNKTCPVGU� FGU� EQWTU� FG� DQWTUG�EÃNÃDTCVKQP� ÃOGTXGKNNÃG� FGU� HQTVWPGU� KPUVCPVCPÃGU��� NG� OKTQKT� CWZ� CNQWGVVGUDTKNNG� FG� VQWU� UGU� HGWZ� CW� UQNGKN� FG� NOCTIGPV� HCEKNG� GV� NC� (TCPEG� ITQWKNNGFOCWVGWTU� FG� DWUKPGUU� RNCPU� L� WPG� CTOÃG� FOQRRQTVWPKUVGU� QW� FG� XTCKUXKUKQPPCKTGU�UOCRRTÄVCPV�´�TGLQKPFTG�QW�´�TGNGXGT��NGU�RKQPPKGTU��.C�(TCPEG�CEÃFÃ� ´� NC� HQNKG� KPVGTPGV��#XGE� WP� VGORU� FG� TGVCTF� UWT� UGU� XQKUKPU� DKGP� UÖT�OCKU� CXGE� WP� GPVJQWUKCUOG� GV� WP� F[PCOKUOG� HQKUQPPCPV� VTÂU� NCVKPU�� SWKNCKUUGPV�RTÃUCIGT�L�ETQKV�QP�L�WP�TCRKFG�TCVVTCRCIG�

#� EGVVG�OÄOG� FCVG�� NOKPVGTPGV� POGUV� RNWU� NOCHHCKTG� FG� SWGNSWGU� RKQPPKGTUFCPU�NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP��.OJGWTG�GUV�CWZ�n�ITCPFU�EJCPVKGTU����´�WP�TGVQWT�CWZNQIKSWGU� CFOKPKUVTCVKXGU� NQWTFGU�� KPUETKVGU� FCPU� NG� VGORU� NQPI� GV� TÃFWKUCPVNOKORCEV� KOOÃFKCV� FGU� KPKVKCVKXGU� RGTUQPPGNNGU�� %OGUV� GUUGPVKGNNGOGPV� RCTGPXKG� FG� TGPQWGT� CXGE� WP� GPICIGOGPV� QRÃTCVKQPPGN�� CXGE� WP� n�GURTKVRKQPPKGT���� SWG� LG� FÃEKFG�FG� EÃFGT� CWZ� UKTÂPGU�FG� NC� PQWXGNNG� ÃEQPQOKG�� ,GXCKU� [� XKXTG� SWCVTG� CPPÃGU� HQNNGU�OCKU� RCUUKQPPCPVGU� RGPFCPV� NGUSWGNNGU� LGTGUVGTCK�WP�QDUGTXCVGWT�VQWT�´�VQWT�COWUÃ�GV�FÃUCDWUÃ�n�FGU�ITCPFGWTU�GV�FGUUGTXKVWFGU���FG�NC�RQNKVKSWG�RWDNKSWG�FG�NOKPVGTPGV�

3WGN� TÏNG�C� LQWÃ�EGVVG�FGTPKÂTG�FCPU� NC�FKHHWUKQP�FG� NOKPVGTPGV� GV�FCPU� NCETQKUUCPEG� FG� UGU� WUCIGU�� FW� RQKPV� FG� XWG� FG� NOGPVTGRTGPGWT� SWG� LG� UWKUFGXGPW�!

,G�XGWZ�ETQKTG�SWG�NC�EQPUVTWEVKQP�FOWP�FKUEQWTU�RQNKVKSWG�CUUWOÃ�CW�RNWUJCWV� PKXGCW� FG� NO'VCV� C� RQTVÃ� UGU� HTWKVU�� .GU� RQNKVKSWGU� QPV� LQWÃ� NGWT� TÏNGRÃFCIQIKSWG��QPV�TGORNK�WPG�RCTVKG�FG� NGWT�OKUUKQP�GP�FQPPCPV�WP�UGPU�GVWPG� FKTGEVKQP� ´� EGVVG� TÃXQNWVKQP� VGEJPQNQIKSWG�� 3WGN� SWG� UQKV� NG� ECTCEVÂTGKFÃQNQIKSWG�FW�RTQLGV�RQNKVKSWG�D¸VK�CWVQWT�FG�NC�UQEKÃVÃ�FG�NOKPHQTOCVKQP�� KNOG� UGODNG� SWG� EG� n�RQTVCIG��� FW�RTQLGV� RCT� NGU� RQNKVKSWGU� C� EQPVTKDWÃ� ´� NCOQDKNKUCVKQP�FGU�GURTKVU��%OGUV�N´�NOCURGEV�NG�RNWU�HCXQTCDNG�FW�DKNCP�SWG�NOQPRGWV�VGPVGT�FOGHHGEVWGT�CWLQWTFOJWK�

3WKF�FG�NC�TÃHQTOG�FG�NO'VCV�GV�UC�OQFGTPKUCVKQP�!�.OKPVGTPGV�GUV�DKGP�GPVTÃFCPU� NGU�O�WTU�FG� NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP� HTCPÁCKUG��&GU� UKVGU� KPVGTPGV� FG� SWCNKVÃUQPV� RTQRQUÃU� RCT� NGU� UGTXKEGU� RWDNKEU�� NGU� VÃNÃRTQEÃFWTGU� UQPV� GP� XQKG� FGIÃPÃTCNKUCVKQP��KN�GUV�RQUUKDNG�FG�RTGPFTG�EQPVCEV�RCT�GOCKN�CXGE�NGU�CIGPVU�FGNO'VCV�� NGU� FQPPÃGU� RWDNKSWGU� GUUGPVKGNNGU� UQPV� PQODTGWUGU� ´� ÄVTG� GP� NKIPG�

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 24: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

��������.C�IQWXGTPCPEG�FO+PVGTPGV��.%0��Pu�������

NOÃEQNG�HCKV�WPG�RNCEG�RNWU�NCTIG�´�NOKPVGTPGV��.GU�EQNNGEVKXKVÃU�NQECNGU�QPV�UWKXKQW�� RNWU� UQWXGPV�� RTÃEÃFÃ� EG� OQWXGOGPV�� %GRGPFCPV� NOCFOKPKUVTCVKQP� GPTÃUGCW�TGUVG�WP�JQTK\QP�RNWU�SWOWPG�TÃCNKVÃ��.OCFOKPKUVTCVKQP�POC�RCU�EJCPIÃGP�RTQHQPFGWT� UC�OCPKÂTG�FG� HQPEVKQPPGT� GV� FG� VTCXCKNNGT��� GNNG� C� n�FKIÃTÃ��NOKPVGTPGV�� NOC� KPVÃITÃ� FCPU� UGU� RTCVKSWGU��� UCPU� FQWVG� HCWFTC�V�KN� GPEQTG� FGPQODTGWUGU� CPPÃGU� RQWT� SWG� NGU� GHHGVU� FW� VTCXCKN� GP� TÃUGCW� FGXKGPPGPVOCPKHGUVGU�GV�UG�VTCFWKUGPV�RCT�WPG�CWVJGPVKSWG�TÃXQNWVKQP�QTICPKUCVKQPPGNNGGV�HQPEVKQPPGNNG�

.OGPXKTQPPGOGPV� TÃINGOGPVCKTG� GV� NÃIKUNCVKH�FCPU� NGSWGN� UG� FÃRNQKGPV� NGUWUCIGU� FGU� 6+%� C� NWK� CWUUK� EQPUKFÃTCDNGOGPV� ÃXQNWÃ��� HKP� FW� OQPQRQNG�NÃICNKUCVKQP�FG�NC�UKIPCVWTG�ÃNGEVTQPKSWG�GV�FG�NC�ET[RVQNQIKG��ENCTKHKECVKQP�FGNC�TGURQPUCDKNKVÃ�FGU�CEVGWTU��OKUG�GP�RNCEG�FOWP�FKURQUKVKH�CUUG\�PQXCVGWT�FGIQWXGTPCPEG�� GVE��/CKU��QDUGTXÃGU�GP�XKXCPV�FCPU� NG� VGORU�EQPVTCEVÃ�FOWPGUVCTV�WR�� SWG� EGU� TÃHQTOGU� CWTQPV� ÃVÃ� NQPIWGU� ´� UG� EQPETÃVKUGT��� 2QWT� NCRNWRCTV�EQPÁWGU�GP�������RWKU�RTQOKUGU�´�WPG�OKUG�GP��WXTG�TCRKFG�RCT� NGFKUEQWTU� FO*QWTVKP� GP� ������ RNWUKGWTU� FG� EGU� OGUWTGU� POQPV� SWG� VTÂUTÃEGOOGPV�CDQWVK�QW�TGUVGPV�GPEQTG�KPUETKVGU�CW�ECNGPFTKGT�NÃIKUNCVKH�

'P� QWVTG�� WP� EQPUVCV� FOÃEJGE� PG� RGWV� SWOÄVTG� ÃVCDNK� UOCIKUUCPV� FWTCVVTCRCIG� FW� TGVCTF� CEEWOWNÃ� RCT� NC� (TCPEG� GP� TGICTF� FG� UGU� XQKUKPUGWTQRÃGPU�GV�FGU�CWVTGU�ITCPFU�RC[U�KPFWUVTKCNKUÃU��%QOOGTEG�ÃNGEVTQPKSWG�PQODTG� FOWVKNKUCVGWTU�� VCWZ� FOÃSWKRGOGPV� GP� OKETQ�QTFKPCVGWTU�� GVE���� UK� NCRTQITGUUKQP�FG�EGU�KPFKECVGWTU�GUV�DKGP�CW�TGPFG\�XQWU��CWEWP�FOGPVTG�GWZ�PGRGTOGV� FG� EQPENWTG� ´� NC� XÃTKVCDNG� ÃTQUKQP� FOWP� n�TGVCTF� HTCPÁCKU��� KFGPVKHKÃFÂU�������&G�EG�RQKPV�FG�XWG��NOGURQKT�FOWPG�EQTTGEVKQP�TCRKFG�C�ÃVÃ�FÃÁW���NCRQNKVKSWG� RWDNKSWG� HTCPÁCKUG� GP� EG� FQOCKPG� POC� RCU� VGPW� UGU� RTQOGUUGUCHHKEJÃGU�� POC� RCU� EQPUVKVWÃ� WP� CEEÃNÃTCVGWT� UWHHKUCPV�� %G� SWK� UKIPKHKG�� GV� EGRQWTTCKV� ÄVTG� PQVTG� EQPENWUKQP�� SWOKN� GUV� GPEQTG� GV� VQWLQWTU� FOCEVWCNKVÃ� FGUOKPVGTTQIGT�UWT�NGU�HQTOGU�GV�NGU�CODKVKQPU�FG�NOCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG�GV�FOKOCIKPGTWPG�CWVTG�RQNKVKSWG���

'PHKP��WNVKOGU�SWGUVKQPU��SWGNNG�RNCEG�QEEWRG�CWLQWTFOJWK�NOKPVGTPGV�FCPUNGU� FKUEQWTU� GV� NGU� RTQLGVU� RQNKVKSWGU�� NOCTTKOCIG� FW� 5KZKÂOG� %QPVKPGPV� CWEJCOR� RQNKVKSWG� GUV�KN� WPG� TÃCNKVÃ�!� &CPU� WP� EQPVGZVG� QÔ� NC� PQWXGNNGÃEQPQOKG�PG�HCKV�RNWU�NC�WPG�FGU�LQWTPCWZ�SWG�RQWT�ÃXQSWGT�NC�ETKUG�SWOGNNG

����%QOOG�NGU�CWVTGU�GPVTGRTGPGWTU�FG�EG�UGEVGWT�� LG�EQPUVCVG�GP�RCTVKEWNKGT�SWG� NGUTGUUQTVU� RTKXÃU� FG� EGVVG� F[PCOKSWG� QPV� ÃVÃ� KPUWHHKUCOOGPV� RTKXKNÃIKÃU�� #� VKVTGFOGZGORNG�� UKIPCNQPU� SWG� NGU� DWUKPGUU� CPIGNU� SWK� RQWTTCKGPV� LQWGT� WP� TÏNG� RNWUKORQTVCPV� FCPU� NG� HKPCPEGOGPV� FGU� n�LGWPGU� RQWUUGU��� PG� DÃPÃHKEKGPV� FOCWEWPGKPEKVCVKQP�HKUECNG�

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m

Page 25: C EQPUVTWEVKQP FG NO RWDNKSWG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FG

%QPUVTWEVKQP�FG�NOCEVKQP�RWDNKSWG��������

VTCXGTUG���GV�NC�HCKNNKVG�FG�UGU�OQFÂNGU�ÃEQPQOKSWGU��NGU�EJCPVTGU�QHHKEKGNU�FGNOKPVGTPGV� UG� UQPV� KPEQPVGUVCDNGOGPV� HCKV� DGCWEQWR� RNWU� FKUETGVU��&KUETÃVKQPTGITGVVCDNG�FCPU�WPG�RÃTKQFG�QÔ�NGU�CEVGWTU�FG�EG�UGEVGWT�QPV�WP�DGUQKP�XKVCNFG�UQWVKGP�RQNKVKSWG��/CNITÃ�NC�NQWCDNG�RGTUÃXÃTCPEG�FG�EGTVCKPU��QP�EQPUVCVGCKPUK�WP�TGEWN�FG�NC�RNCEG�SWOQEEWRG� NC�UQEKÃVÃ�FG� NOKPHQTOCVKQP�GV� NOKPVGTPGVFCPU�NG�FKUEQWTU�RQNKVKSWG�FQOKPCPV��'UV�KN��CXGE�NGU�6+%��KPUETKV�FWTCDNGOGPVEQOOG� NOWPG� FGU� EQORQUCPVGU� FOWP� RTQLGV� FG� UQEKÃVÃ�� EQOOGKPFKUUQEKCDNGOGPV�CTVKEWNÃ�´�WPG�XKUKQP�FG�NC�(TCPEG�FG�FGOCKP�!�1P�RGWV�GPFQWVGT�´� NC� NGEVWTG�FGU�RTQITCOOGU�RQNKVKSWGU�SWK� UQPV�FÃXQKNÃU�´� NC�XGKNNGFGU� ÃNGEVKQPU� RTÃUKFGPVKGNNGU���� 'NÃOGPV� SWK� FÃVQPPG� FCPU� WP� RC[UCIGRQNKVKSWG� GWTQRÃGP� QÔ� NG� VJÂOG� FG� NC� UQEKÃVÃ� FG� NOKPHQTOCVKQP� C� UQWXGPVVTQWXÃ� WPG� TÃUQPCPEG� RNWU� HQTVG� GV� RNWU� EQPUVCPVG�� .C� TÃEQPEKNKCVKQP� GPVTGKPVGTPGV�GV�RQNKVKSWG��NOQUOQUG�TÃWUUKG�FG�EGU�FGWZ�WPKXGTU�C�RTKQTK�ÃVTCPIGTUNOWP�´�NOCWVTG��PG�UQPV�FQPE�RCU�GPEQTG�CEEQORNKU�GP�(TCPEG��)CIGQPU�SWG�NCEQPSWÄVG�FG�NOKPVGTPGV�RCT�NC�RQNKVKSWG�L�SWK�TGUUGODNGTC�RGWV�ÄVTG�RNWU�´� NCEQPSWÄVG� FG� NC� RQNKVKSWG� RCT� NOKPVGTPGV� L� PQWU� TÃUGTXG� GPEQTG� DKGP� FGUUWTRTKUGU�

����&GRWKU�NG�ETCEJ�DQWTUKGT�FGU�XCNGWTU�VGEJPQNQIKSWGU�GP�OCTU���������� /ÄOG� UK� NOQP� RGWV� UWRRQUGT� SWG� RQWT� NC� RTGOKÂTG� HQKU� WPG� ÃNGEVKQP� FG� EGVVGKORQTVCPEG�XC�GP�RCTVKG�UG�LQWGT�GP�NKIPG��EQOOG�UGODNGPV�NG�UWRRQUGT�FGU�RCTVKU�SWKPOQPV�RCU�PÃINKIÃ�FOKPXGUVKT�FCPU�NC�OKUG�GP�RNCEG�FG�UKVGU�FG�ECORCIPG�FOGPXGTIWTG�

Cet

art

icle

des

Edi

tions

Lav

oisi

er e

st d

ispo

nibl

e en

acc

es li

bre

et g

ratu

it su

r lc

n.re

vues

onlin

e.co

m