C++ LanguageBy : Shrirang PinjarkarEmail : shrirang.pinjarkar@gmail.com

UNIT -1INTRODUCTION TO

C++

INTRODUCTIONC++ IS A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGEIT IS A HIGHER VERSION OF C LANGUAGEC++ IS A OBJECT ORIENTED LANGUAGEIN EARLY 1980’SAT BELL LABORATORIES, USA.

LANGUAGELanguage is way to communicate with each other

PROGRAMA PROGRAM IS A SET/SEQUENCE OF COMMANDS

COMPUTER LANGUAGE AND MACHINE LANGUAGEBINARY LANGUAGE/MACHINE

LANGUAGE/LOW LEVEL LANGUAGEComputer is an electronic device at its core level it works on Binary Language i.e., 0,1 or high & low. Everything in computer is stored in LLL.HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGEProgramming languages like JAVA,C,C++ are called HLL. Code of all these language are written in English language.

LANGUAGE PROCESSORSCOMPILER-Converts HLL to LLL and vice versa. It converts the whole program in one go and notifies all the errors at the same time

C++ CHARACTER SET Character sets are the characters used to write a language.Characters A-Z, a-z.Digits 0-9.Special Symbols {} [] () ; : “ ‘ < > ? & # ~ | \ / etc.White spaces, new line characters .Besides all these C++ has 256 ASCII characters.

ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Interchange

TOKENS/LEXICAL UNITS When the compiler is processing the source

code of a program, each group of characters separated by white spaces is called a token.

C++ Allows 5 Types Of Tokens1. KEYWORDS2. IDENTIFIERS3. LITERALS/CONSTANTS4. PUNTUATORS/SEPARATORS5. OPERATORS

KEYWORDS KEYWORDS ( also known as specially reserved words) CONVEYS A SPECIAL MEANING TO COMPILER. KEYWORDS are always typed in short(lower) case.They are reserved by the language for special purpose and can not be redefined as an IDENTIFIER.

LIST OF KEYWORDS

IDENTIFIERSIDENTIFIERS ARE THE NAMES GIVEN BY THE PROGRAMMER TO DIFFERENT BLOCKS, PARTS OF A PROGRAM TO IDENTIFY THEM.IDENTIFIERS REFER TO THE NAMES OF VARIABLES , FUNCTIONS ,ARRAYS ,CLASSES

,ETC

The C++ language is a "case sensitive" language. That means that an identifier written in capital letters is not equivalent to another one with the same name but written in small letters. Thus, for example, the NUMBER variable is not the same as the result variable or the number variable.

RULES/CONVENTIONS FOR DEFINING IDENTIFIERS

It can contain characters(A-Z, a-z),Digits(0-9), & only one special symbol called underscore(_).First letter must be a character (A-Z, a-z) or underscore(_).No commas or blank spaces allowed.C++ IS A CASE SENSITIVE LANGUAGE i.e., Upper case and Lower case characters are different.

IdentifiersValid Invalid

xsumx2hourly_ratenameGROSS_PAY

“x”2sumxhourly-ratename@GROSS PAY

Exercise : Valid or not?

mass Force 2ndBit pos12 speed_of_light yağmur SpeedOfLight float isPrime speed of light

LITERALS/CONSTANTSLITERALS AND CONSTANTS ARE THOSE TOKENS WHOSE VALUES DON’T CHANGE DURING THE PROGRAM EXECUTION.

LITERALS/CONSTANTSINTEGER CONSTANTcomplete rounded off numbers are called integer constants for ex :- 540, 2, 98 etc.REAL/FLOAT CONSTANTSNumbers with decimal point are called Real/Float literals for ex :- 2.5, 0.54, 45.98 etc.CHARACTER CONSTANTSSingle character enclosed within single quotes(‘ ’) are called character constants for ex :- ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘d’ etc.STRING CONSTANTS

Group of characters enclosed within double quotes(“ “) are called string literals for ex :- “programming” “language” etc.

PUNTUATORS/SEPARATORS

PUNTUATORS ARE USED TO SEPARATE TOKENS WITHIN A PROGRAM. THE VARIOUS PUNUATORS ARE:

{} [] () : ; , etc.

OPERATORSOPERATORS OPERATES ON SOME DATA TO GIVE RESULTS

For ex :- A+B=C

Here A, B are operand and + is the operator which produces C as a result of addition of A and B.

OPERATORSVarious operators in C++ are Arithmetic operators

+,-,*,/,%Relational operatorsLogical operatorsIncrement/Decrement OperatorsConditional Operators

THANK YOU