(c) 2012 the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. chapter 15 physical and cognitive development in late...
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(c) 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 15
Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood
PowerPoints developed by Nicholas Greco IV, College of Lake County, Grayslake, IL
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Life Span and Life Expectancy
Life span -- maximum number of years an individual can live120–125 years; remains unchanged
Life expectancy -- number of years that the average person, born in a particular year, will probably livehas increased 31 years since 1900average U.S. life expectancy = 78 years
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Differences in Life Expectancy
International differences due to health conditions, medical care, etc.
Sex differences women outlive males an average of 5 yearsdue to health attitudes, habits, lifestyles,
occupationbiological factors -- females outlive males
across species
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Centenarians
Increasing numbers15,000 in 198055,000 in 2008
Genes play a role Also family history, health, exercise,
education, personality, and lifestyle
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Biological Theories of Aging
Evolutionary Theory of AgingNatural selection has not eliminated many
harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults
Natural selection is linked to reproductive fitness
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Biological Theories of Aging
Cellular Clock Theoryas we age, cells become less capable of
dividingtelomeres -- DNA sequences that cap
chromosomesas cells divide, telomeres become shorter and
eventually cells can no longer divide
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Biological Theories of Aging
Free Radical Theory -- people age because as cells metabolize energy, the by-products include unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicalsfree radicals damage DNAresulting damage can lead to range of
disorders such as cancer and arthritis
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Biological Theories of Aging
Hormonal Stress Theory -- aging in the body’s hormone system can lower resistance to stress and increase likelihood of diseaseprolonged elevation of stress-related
hormones associated with risk of chronic disease
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The Aging and Adaptive Brain
The brain loses volume and weight Some areas of brain shrink more than
others As brain ages, it adapts Lack of dendrite growth may be lack of
stimulation and activity in brain Using both hemispheres may improve
cognitive functioning
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Physical Development
Inevitable if we live to old ageWrinkles and age spotsLoss of height and weightSlower movementsExercise and appropriate weight lifting may
help to reduce the decrease in muscle mass and may improve motor functions
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Sensory Development
Visionvisual acuity, color vision, and depth
perception declinecataracts -- thickening of lensglaucoma -- optic nerve damaged by
pressure from fluid buildup macular degeneration -- deterioration of
retina
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Sensory Development
Hearingdegeneration of cochlea
Smell and tastemost older adults lose some ability to taste
and/or smell Touch and pain
Changes in touch are not problematicDecreased sensitivity to pain may mask injury
and illness
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The Circulatory System and Lungs
Blood pressure consistently over 120/80 should be treated to reduce threat of heart attack, stroke, or kidney disease
Lung capacity drops 40 percent between 20 and 80 years even without diseaselungs lose elasticity, chest shrinks, and
diaphragm weakens
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Sexuality
Sexuality can be life-long Aging changes sexual performance,
especially in malesorgasm less frequenterectile dysfunctioneducation may help deal with these issues
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Health Problems
As we age, probability of illness increases Arthritis and hypertension are most
common chronic disorders Low income is strongly related to health
problems in late adulthoodApproximately three times as many poor as
non-poor older adults report that chronic disorders limit their activities
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Causes of Death in Older Adults
Nearly 60 percent of U.S. adults aged 65–74 die of cancer or cardiovascular disease
Cancer is now the leading cause of death In the 75–84 and 85-and-over age groups,
cardiovascular disease is still the leading cause of death
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Arthritis
Arthritis -- inflammation of the joints, accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems
Incurable disorder that affects hips, knees, ankles, fingers, and vertebrae
Symptoms reduced by drugs, range-of-motion exercises, weight reduction, and joint replacement
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis -- extensive loss of bone tissue
Women are especially vulnerable; it is the leading cause of broken bones in women
More common in non-Latina White, thin, and small-framed women
Related to deficiencies in calcium, vitamin D, estrogen, and lack of exercise
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Accidents
Accidents are the sixth-leading cause of death among older adults
Falls are the leading cause of injury deaths in those 65 and older
Participation in an exercise class once a week for three years reduced the fall risk and the number of falling incidents
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Exercise Gerontologists recommend strength
training in addition to aerobic activity for older adults
Weightlifting can preserve muscle mass Exercise helps people maintain
independence and prevents institutionalization
Increases longevity
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Nutrition and Weight
Leaner adults live longer, healthier lives Calorie restriction works to increase life
span of animals but human connection is not specifically known
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Health Treatment
Quality of health treatment for older adults needs improvement
Geriatric nurses can be helpful Quality of nursing homes varies and costs
are escalating Concerns focus on patient’s medical care,
right to privacy, access to medical information, safety and lifestyle freedom
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Alternatives to Nursing Home Care
Home health care Day-care centers Preventive medicine clinics Alternatives are potentially less expensive
and less likely to depersonalize the patient Patients perform better cognitively
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Multidimensionality and Multidirectionality
Speed of processing information declines in late adulthood
Decline in speed is likely due to decline in functioning of brain and central nervous system
Health and exercise may be influencing factors
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Attention Selective attention -- focusing on a specific
aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant
Divided attention -- concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
Sustained attention -- state of readiness to detect and respond to small changes occurring at random times in the environmentalso known as vigilance
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Memory
Episodic memory -- retention of information about the where and when of life’s happenings
Semantic memory -- person’s knowledge about the worldfields of expertise; general academic
knowledge; everyday knowledge of words, places, and things
Both show declines in older adults
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Memory
Working memory -- closely linked to short-term memory but emphasizes memory as a place for mental work
Perceptual speed -- amount of time it takes to perform simple perceptual-motor tasks
Decline in perceptual speed in older adults is linked to decline in working memory
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Memory Explicit memory -- memory of facts and
experiences that individuals consciously know and can statealso known as declarative memory
Implicit memory -- memory without conscious recollection; it involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed
Implicit memory is less likely to be adversely affected by aging
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Wisdom
Wisdom -- expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matterspractical knowledgedevelopment of coping skills
High levels of wisdom are rare Factors other than age are critical for
wisdom to develop
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Training Cognitive Skills
Training can improve the cognitive skills of many older adults
There is some loss of plasticity in late adulthood, especially in those older than 85 years
Cognitive vitality can be improved with training
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Cognitive Neuroscience and Aging
Cognitive neuroscience -- field of study that links brain and cognitive functioning
Changes in brain can influence cognitive functioning, and changes in cognitive functioning can change brain
Lack of use of working memory may cause neural connections in prefrontal lobes to atrophy
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Work
Older adults increasingly work part-time in retirement
Probability of employment also was positively correlated with educational attainment and being married to a working wife
Older workers have a lower rate of absenteeism, fewer accidents, and increased job satisfaction
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Adjustment to Retirement
Best adjustment for those who arehealthyhave adequate incomeactiveeducatedhave an extended social networksatisfied with life before retirement
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Depression
Major depression -- mood disorder in which the individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self-derogatory, and bored
Predictors of depression: earlier symptoms, poor health, death of a spouse, and low social supportInsomnia is a risk factor for depression in
older adults Depression is a treatable condition
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Dementia
Dementia -- global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning
Loss of ability to care for themselves and recognize familiar surroundings and people
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Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease -- a progressive,
irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical functionEarly- (younger than 65) and late-onset (older
than 65)Formation of amyloid plaques -- deposits of
protein accumulating in blood vessels Neurofibrillary tangles -- twisted fibers that
build up in neurons
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Causes of Alzheimer’s Disease
No certain scientific proof of causesAge is a risk factorGenetic links seem to existLifestyle factorsLack of exercise
Mild cognitive impairment represents a transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early Alzheimer disease and dementias
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Estimated Risks for Developing Alzheimer Disease at Different Ages for
Women and Men
INSERT FIGURE 15.7 HERE
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Care for Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease
Family members and other care providers can become physically and emotionally drained
Need for respite care -- services that provide temporary relief to caregivers
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Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease -- a chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis
Onset is triggered by degeneration of neurons that produce dopamine in the brain
Dopamine -- neurotransmitter necessary for normal brain functioning