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1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) I 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 03-2008 Abstract in Journal 2007 - 2008

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Night-Vision Goggle Visual Performance During 12 Hours at 10,000 ft Altitude at Night Cond itions FA8650-04-D-6472

5b. GRANT NUMBER N /A

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 62202F

6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Balldin, Ulf, 1. 1

, T utt, Ronald, c.2, Dart, Todd, S.2, and Fischer, Joseph3 7757

5e. TASK NUMBER P8

5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 09

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER

IWyle Laboratories, Inc. 3General Dynamics Life Sciences Group Advanced Information Services 1290 Hercules Drive 5200 Springfield Pike Houston, TX 77 058 Dayton, OH 45431 2Air Force Research Laboratory Human Effectiveness Directorate Biosciences and Protection Division Biobehavioral Performance Branch 2485 Gillingham Drive Brooks City-Base, TX 78235 9. SPONSORING I MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) Air Force Materiel Command 2485 Gillingham Drive AFRL/RHPF Air Force Research Laboratory Brooks City-Base, TX 78235

Human Effectiveness Directorate 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT

Biosciences and Protection Division NUMBER(S)

Biobehavioral Performance Branch AFRL-RH-BR-JA-2007-0030 12. DISTRIBUTION I AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Distribution A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. PA No. 07-324; 24 Sep 07

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Abstract "only" published in Aviation, Space, and Environmental Med. 2008; 79: 304 (Abstract 417).

14. ABSTRACT This abstract was presented at the 2008 annual meeting of the Aerospace medical Association meeting and published in the Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine 10urnal.

15. SUBJECT TERMS Cognitive performance, hypobaric exposures, night-operational aircraft environments

16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: Unclassified 17. LIMITATION U OF ABSTRACT

a.REPORT b.ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE U U U U

18. NUMBER OF PAGES

1

19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Sharon K. Garcia

19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area code)

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.1 8

AsMA 2008 MEETING ABSTRACTS

7 National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; 2Colombian Air Force, Bogota, Colombia

Introduction. The secand cause .of sensarineural hearing lass after presbyacusis is Naise Induced Hearing Lass (N IHL). N IHL is the first accupatianal disease that is recagnized by the Calamb lan Sacial Security System. A study was canducted ta describe the hearing capacity .of Calambian Air Farce Pi lats and ta identify the va ri ab les that are invalved in the develapment .of NIHL. Methods. A tatal .of 232 healthy Calambian Air Farce pi lats (227 male and 5 female) part icipated in the study. They campleted a questiannaire and underwent physical evaluatian, including audiametri c testing and atalaryngalaglc examination. The pilats' tata l flight haurs and type .of aircraft was alsa recarded. Their c lini ca l history was alsa reviewed alang with their knawledge .of accupatiana l hearing lass pragrams, any symptams as these related ta N IHL, and their leisure activit ies. Univariate and bivariate statist ica l ana lysis was performed with SPSS saftware. Results. There was a strang corre latian between N IHL and age (Mean= 31.76 yrs., S.D.= 5.68, p= 0.01). There was a strang correlatian between NIHL and attendance ta discatheques (OR= 3.30, CI= 1.21-9.05). Knawledge .of occupationa l hearing lass pragrams reduced the risk of hearing lass in 11% .of the pilats. The mast Important symptams .of NIHL identified by this study were the need ta repeat and Increase the va lume .of cammunicatians, tinnitus, and misbalance. There was a strong correlatian between NIHL and flight hours (p= 0.0001 ). Helicapter pilats exhibited a higher praportian .of NIHL. Na statistical ly significant carre latians were faund relative ta the use .of head-phanes (OR= 1.74, CI= 0.64-4.71), attendance ta cancerts (OR= 2.20, CI= 0.62-7.82), .or matar sparts (OR= 1.02, CI= 0.21-4.77). Conclusion. These data shaw that age, number .of flight haurs, and f li ght in U H-l H helicaptersare strangly assaciated w ith NIHL. Further research IS needed ta c lari fy the relatianship with leisure activities.

learning Objectives: 1. Factors that induce hearing lass in military pilats will be discussed.

[416] PREVALENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS IN CIVIL AVIATION PILOTS OF COLOMBIA 2005 F. R. ARTEAGA and H . A . FAJARDO Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia

Introduction. Aviatian safety depends an the interphase .of man and airplane. As such, understanding the health of the c ivi l ian pilat papu latian plays an impartant rale in aviat ian safety: Coranary disease is the mast frequent ca use .of sudden Incapacltatlan In-fli ght. The. ca rdi avascular risk factars assaciated with this disease were examined by a crass-sectianal study which reviewed the medical registries .of pilats cert i fied by the c ivil aeranautlcs authority .of Calambla. Method. A randam sample was .obta ined from the papulatlan .of Calomblan pi lats wha were cu rrent in their medical certificatian between January and December .of 2005. The variables extracted Included: age, gender, arteri al pressure, exercise regimen, use .of tabacca, chalestera l and glucase levels, clathing size, flight haurs, type .of li cense, and medical history. Descriptive ana lys is was canducted an the resulting 614 cl in ical histaries by means .of STATA® 6 saftware. Statistical significance was defined by alpha= 0.05. Results. The prevalence of risk factors as determined by the samp le studied was: arteri al hypertensian 7.82%, Diabetes 1 .3%, Hyperchalesterole~ia 36%, Hypertriglyceridemia 36%, Law High DenSity Llpaproteln (HDL) levels 36%, High Law Density Lipaprotein (lDL) levels 32%, Tabacca use 12.8%, Obesity 7%, and Metabalic Syndrame 6%. There was a statistica ll y significant difference between first and secand class pilots where cardiavascular risk factors were mare preva lent In the latter graup. In accardance with the Farmin~ham scale, it was calculated that 7.98% .of the pilots In thiS study will require specific health improvement programs and clase medical manitarin~ ta madify their cardi avascular risk prafil e and therefore Imprave their safety In aV lat lan. Conclusions. Understanding the health .of the Civilian pilat papulat lan plays an important rale in aviatian safety as it leads .1.0 the Impravement .of aeramed ica l educatian pragrams, hea lth manltarlng strategies, and enhanced medical cert if icat ian guide lines.

learning Objectives: 1. Learn the prevalence of cardiavascular risk factors in civil aviatian pi lats .of Calambia.

304

Wednesday, May 14 10:30 AM

SLIDE: Operational Issues in Vision

[417] NIGHT-VISION GOGGLE VISUAL PERFORMANCE DURING 12 HOURS AT 10,000 FT ALTITUDE AT NIGHT CONDITIONS U. I. BALLDIN 1

, R. C. TUTT2, T. DART3 and J. R. FISCHER4

7 Brooks City-Base, TX; 2 USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TX; 3USAF, Brooks City-Base, TX; 4General Dynamics, Brooks City-Base, TX

Introduction: Military un-pressurized aircraft are flawn withaut supplemental .oxygen up ta 10,000 feet (3048 m). This study investigated the effects an night visian gaggle (NVC) visua l performance of low-grade hypaxia exposu re at 10,000 ft duri~g 12 haurs night condltlans. Methods: Hypabaric expasures in a dark environment simulating a nlght-~peratlanal aircraft enviranment were canducted In a hypabarlc chamber With 29 military persannel. Each subject accampli shed twa 12 ~aur sessians; at slightly abave graund level pressure and at 10,000 ftalmude. Half .of the subjects participated in a 10 min maderate exercise an an bicycle ergameter every second haur. Visual performance with NVC was measured with Bailey-Lovie Visual Acuity tests, Pelli-Robinson Contrast Charts and Unaided Visual Acuity w ith law and high cantrast charts every second hau r. Results: Oxygen saturatian (finger .oximetry) Significantly decreased at 10,000 ft compared to ground level, but remained stable during the 12 haurs. NVC performance, far bath the Bailey-Lavie and Pelli -Rabsan tests, improved aver the 12 haurs .of graund level expasu re, and was sign ificantly higher than performance during the 10,000 ft alti tude expasure, which remained at, or belaw, baseline performance aver the 12 haurs. MaXimum differences were 4.2 chart letters and 1.7 chart letters, respectively, bath .occurring at the last data callectian time paint. No significant ne&ative altitude effects were found far either the law or high contrast unaided mesapic visian performance. The .only significant exercise effect was faund far the high contrast unaided visian test, where slight Improvement in acuity was seen aver the 12 haurs .of expasure In the nan-exercise . group campared ta a slight decrease in acu ity in the exe.rClse group (With a maximum difference .of abaut 4 chart letters). ConclUSIOn: Statistical evidence of negative effects .of altitude an NVC visual performance was faund. Hawever, these effects were nat cansidered ta be .of clinical significance.

learning Objectives: 1. The visual performance effects faund when using night visian gaggle at an altitude .of 10,000 ft In a dark envlranment are described.

[418] ROLL, PITCH, AND YAW OFTHE HEAD AS IT TRACKS VISUAL AND AUDITORY STIMULI IN THE DARK L. A. TEMME, D. L. STILL and A. J. HOUTSMA U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Fort Rucker, AL

Introduction: Pilats typically roll their heads during caard inated banking turns when the terrestrial horizon is vis ible. Specifica ll y, when the aircraft ralls, fram the perspective .of the pilat, the terrestrial hOrizon appears to rol l in the appasite directian. When this happens, head roll and aircraft bank angle are inversely correl ated. In ather words, the head seeks an approximately perpendicular arlentatlan relative ta the , terrestrial horizon, althaugh the pilat's bady fallaws the banking aircraft s dawn vector, Cz. Many argue that this behaviar is im~ortant far pilat (d is)arientati on and head maunted displays. The head s roll IS commanly attr ibuted ta an apta-kinetic cerv ica l reflex described as a reflex evaked mast strongly by stimuli in the visua l periphery, proViding a frame .of reference that aids pi lat arientatian . We repart an experiment testing the . alternative hypathesis that head roll requ ires neither a reflex nor an evaklng stimulus but is a stereatypic behaviar resulting from neck neuramuscular biamechan ics. Methods: A head-tracker recorded head yaw, pitch, and roll fram 14 seated valunteers as each maved his/her head ta fallaw a stimulus maving at abaut 10 deglsec first harizantallY then vertica lly ta 10 terminal laca tians an a head-cen tered virtual sphere. Head tracking was assessed under faur stimulus conditians: twa in camplete darkness; (1) a cantlnuaus white-naise saund stimulus and (2) a small light emitting diade (LED) in a restricted visual field that eliminated tracking w ith eye mavements; and twa in a fully-lighted ambient environment; (3) the LED in the restri cted visual. field and (4) the LED in an unrestricted visual field. Results: A characterIStic pattern of head motian emerged that is: (a) affected by the specifics ?f the stimulus, and (b) different from head matian in the cackpit. ConclUSIOn:

Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine· Vol. 79, No.3· March 2008