C-1 influences of birth defectsEnvironmental: things & people in a

person’s surroundings

ex. Mother’s health, family, friends, home, community, life experiences

Hereditary: traits passed down from one generation to the next

ex. Eye, skin, & hair color

C-2 Harmful Substances

Nicotine: low birth weight, miscarriages, premature births, respiratory infections

Alcohol: fetal alcohol syndrome

Drugs: pass on addiction to baby, long-term learning & behavioral problems

Chemicals: lead-paint, carbon monoxide

X-rays: childhood cancer, miscarriages

C-3 exposure to disease

• Rubella (German measles)

• Toxoplasmosis

• Varicella (chicken pox)

• STDs

C-4 Accidental

Cerebral palsy: brain damage before, during, or shortly after birth

Accidental injuries

C-5 Hereditary• Defective recessive genes inherited from

both parents

cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs, Sickle cell anemia

• Defective dominant gene from one parent

hemophiia, Huntington’s disease, color blindness

C-6 HereditaryErrors in chromosomes: problems with the

number or structure of chromosomes

Down’s syndrome

C-7 Hereditary & EnvironmentalHeart defects

Cleft lip/Cleft palate

Spina Bifida & hydrocephalus

Multiple births – fraternal twins

C-8 Conception

• Sperm fertilizes an egg

• Fertilized egg attaches to wall of uterus

• Menstration stops until pregnancy is over

• Male determine the sex of child

XX – girl XY – boy

C-9 Signs of pregnancy• Missed period

• Full feeling in lower abdomen

• Tired or faint

• Frequent, urgent need to urinate

• Swollen breasts causing discomfort or tenderness

• Morning sickness

C-10 3 Prenatal Stages

Zygote: fertilized egg; conception to 2 weeks

Embryo: developing baby for 3rd week of pregnancy through the 8th week

Fetus: final stage of pregnancy for the ninth week until birth

C-11 1st trimester: development

Baby: face, eyes, ears, & limbs develop

bones form

nostrils, mouth, lips, teeth buds, eyelids form

fingers & toes almost developed

all organs

Mom: signs of pregnancy; gain 2 to 4 lbs

C-12 2nd trimester – details Baby: suck thumb, swallow, hiccup, &

move around, facial features clear, hair, eyelashes & eyebrows

organs mature

8-10 inches long, weighs 8 – 12 oz

Mom: appetite increases; slight fetal movements; gains about 10 –

12 lbs

C-13 3rd trimester – growthBaby: periods of activity followed by periods or

rest & quiet; weight gain continues rapidly; may react to loud noises; 9th month – movement decreases

Mom: size may affect posture; backache; leg cramps; “lightening” false labor pains

C-14 Healthy Pregnancy

• Maintain personal hygiene• Dental checkups• Loose-fitting comfortable clothing• 8 to 9 hours of sleep each night; 15 to 30

minute rest time during day• Low-impact activity; no contact sports• Add 300 extra calories per day• Regular doctors appointments

C-15

• Home delivery, hospital, birthing center

• Natural birth, lamaze method, Leboyer method

• Obstetrician, family doctor, midwife

C-16

• Signs of LaborContractions“bloody show”Water breaksCervix dilates – 10 cm (bagel)Cervix thins – thin as paperLightening – when baby drops lower into the

pelvis

C-17

• Pre-labor (signs of labor appear)

mother may feel a burst of energy

“bloody show”

water breaks

C-18

• 1st stage of labor – cervix dilates

contractions every 15 or 20 minutes

full dilation – 10 cm

C-19

• 2nd stage of labor – baby is born

20 minutes to 2 hours

pelvic & vaginal area scrubbed

baby is born – head, shoulders, legs, feet

umbilical cord is cut

C-20

• 3rd stage – afterbirth delivered

mild contractions separate placenta for uterine wall

nurse massages abdomen of mother (10 to 30 minute)

mother pushes to expel placenta