By: Richard Drake Program Manager, Transportation ResearchNew York State Energy R&D Authority (NYSERDA)

New York StatePlug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Initiative

New York State Energy Research and Development Authority

Public Benefit Corporation created in 1975,

primarily funded by utility ratepayers

Three Goals: Energy Savings

Environmental Benefits

Economic Development

NYSERDA

Additional Resources

Funding that NYSERDA can facilitate: USDOE (e.g., Clean Cities) USDOT (e.g., CMAQ, FTA grantee) USEPA (e.g., Anti-Idling) NYSDOT (e.g., Research Consortium) NYS Special Programs (e.g., PHEV Initiative) Public Utilities Transit/Municipal Agencies

Now managing 60 vehicle deployment projects; Budget over $120 million (incl. 3:1 leveraging)

Transportation ResearchHow We do Business

Contract Terms – Usually “Cost Shared” – Usually Require Royalties

Emphasize– Product Development– Commercialization– Teaming

Desired Benefits – Energy – Environment – Economic Development

Program Opportunity Notices (PONs)– Competitive Solicitations– Review by Technical Panel (internal & external Reviewers)

Advantages+ Less petroleum consumption+ Reduced urban air pollution, potential large CO2 reductions+ Off-peak charging can improve grid economics+ Creates path from renewables (e.g., Wind) to vehicles+ Potential offshoots: V2G, emergency power for home+ Unlike battery-electric: + No range restriction, smaller batteries + Charging is optional/interruptible, infrastructure is simple

Disadvantages– Additional battery weight, vs. standard HEV– Additional cost: batteries and infrastructure– Battery life uncertainties– Thus far, auto companies have not embraced

Plug-In HEVs

NYSERDAPlug-In HybridVehicle Projects

Odyne Corp./Thor Industries:24-Passenger Bus, 20-mile Electric-Only Range

DaimlerChrysler Corp.:“Sprinter” Delivery Van, 25-mile Electric-Only Range

BAE Systems HybriDriveTM

R&D Program 1995-1999 1999 – Ongoing Hybrid Bus Production

(825 firm orders to date)

Past EV Experience

1999 – 2001 500 Postal Service vehicles built

2001 – 2003 100 Station Cars

demonstrated

Governor’s Press Release (August 1, 2006)

“$10 million plug-in hybrids program...the 600 hybrid vehicles in the State fleet

will be retrofitted to be plug-in hybrids.”

Plug-in HEV Initiative

Hybrid-Electric Vehicles in NYS Fleet

Toyota Prius

Ford Escape

Honda AccordHonda Civic

Agency Escape Prius Civic TotalDEC 71 0 24 95MTA 58 16 0 74DMV 0 0 49 49Lottery 19 26 0 45DOT 12 0 20 32Other 38 21 61 120 Total 198 63 154 415

NYS Hybrid FleetLate Model (04+)

Excl. Accord & Silverado

Stage 1 Validate the TechnologyResolve issues such as: Certification: Safety, Emissions Performance: mpg, winter operation, etc. Best fit: driving cycle, garaging, etc. Cost: vehicle, infrastructure, O&M, warranty, etc.

Stage 2 Convert State-Owned HEVs

PHEV Technology Initiative

Stage 1 (proposals due 9/18/06) Up to $100K for sample vehicle (“first-article”) Multiple awards One vehicle model per proposal Proposer could submit multiple proposals Emphasized rapid delivery of first-article

Stage 2 (proposals with due date TBD) Open only to successful Stage 1 participants Convert State HEVs using balance of $10 million

Plug-in HEV InitiativePON 1088

16 Proposals, 3 Models: Ford Escape 6 proposals Toyota Prius 8 ” Honda Civic 2 ”

9 Proposers/Teams

Stage 2 Price Estimates (Qty. <100):$6,500 – 37,500

Plug-in HEV InitiativePON 1088, Stage 1 Proposals

• Four teams building six vehicles: Ford Escape 3 vehicles

Toyota Prius 2 vehicles Honda Civic 1 vehicle

• Variety of battery packs: Three manufacturers Two configurations (replace vs. add) for both Escape and Prius Four kWh capacities

• Two operating modes: blended, all-electric

Plug-in HEV InitiativePON 1088, Stage 1 Awards

Plug-In HybridsBeyond the Current Initiative

Goal is to stimulate car companies to provide PHEV options.

Success depends on economics:Batteries with low life-cycle costGasoline pricesPublic policy: Tax credits , CO2 regulationCar company “business case”

U.S. Department of Energy - Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity

PHEV Testing

NYSERDA – December 2006Jim Francfort, Don Karner, Kevin Morrow

Vehicle Test Methods Accelerated testing

Utilizes dedicated driversSpecific drive protocolsWith & w/o onboard data loggersFuel use, miles, maintenance & repairs, & life-cycle

costs End-of-life testing

Conduct battery capacity (Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization) & power testing (Static Capacity)

Rerun two fuel use drive cycle tests (A/C on & off)

U.S. DOE: AVTA

• Developing PHEV specifications & test procedures for:Baseline performance testingAccelerated testingFleet testingEnd-of-life testing (PHEV miles?)

Preparation for eventually testing production PHEVs

Initial baseline performance test procedures draft reviewed by National Laboratories

PHEV Testing PlansU.S. DOE: AVTA

Second draft to be distributed to OEMs & PHEV convertersReview for accuracy & adequacyRecommend testing scope changes, as required

Third draft to be distributed to DOE’s PHEV Forum Stakeholders

Validating test procedures for baseline performance testing and accelerated testing (Phoenix & Argonne National Laboratory)- Energy CS Prius & Renault Kangoo in testing

- HyMotion Prius available early 2007

DOE: PHEV Testing Plans (cont’d)

DOE: PHEV Accelerated Testing

Cycle Urban Highway Charge Repetitions Total Repetitions Miles Cumulative

(mi) (10 mi) (10 mi) (hr) (N) (mi) (%) (%) (mi)

10 1 0 4 60 600 45% 14% 600

20 1 1 8 30 600 23% 14% 1200

40 4 0 12 5 200 4% 5% 1400

40 2 2 12 5 200 4% 5% 1600

40 0 4 12 5 200 4% 5% 1800

60 2 4 12 10 600 8% 14% 2400

80 2 6 12 8 640 6% 15% 3040

100 2 8 12 6 600 5% 14% 3640

200 2 18 12 3 600 2% 14% 4240

Total 1740 2500 984 132 4240     4240

Average 41% 59% 7.5 32.1        

Accelerated testing - 4,280 Mile / 4 Month test

PHEV Prius Test Program bySacramento Municipal Utility District

CARB 2006 ZEV

TechnologyReview

9/27/06

SMUD Program:PHEV Prius Conversion

• SMUD provided standard 2005 MY Prius to EnergyCS in Dec. 2005 to be converted to

PHEV

• Car received at SMUD April 19, 2006

• “Break-in” runs were conducted for two months

Replaced 1.3 kWh NiMH battery with Lithium FePO4 (cathode) 8.5 kWh pack from Valence Technologies

Usable energy went from 0.4 kWh to 6.5 kWh

Installed 1.1 kW Delta Q charger & 110 volt plug

Proprietary Energy CS software manages the 2,376 Li cells (18650’s)

SMUD Program:PHEV Changes vs. HEV

Delta Q prototype charger failed in early May

Delta Q prototype charger failed again in mid-June, causing cell/group low voltage problem

Replaced one group of cells

Vi (voltage/current) contactor malfunctioned in Sept. – disabled the Delta Q charge function temporarily.

SMUD Program:The Nature of Prototypes

• “First-article” vehicles often exhibit glitches• PHEVs are emerging technology and require

significant test miles to ensure reliability; PHEVs should not immediately be assigned to daily fleet duty with random drivers

• Gain in mpg can be very high, but sensitive to:- Trip length (best mpg may on trips of 10-40 miles)- Emissions goals (highest mpg may not yield

lowest emissions)

Preliminary Observations, Based on Review of PHEV Testing to Date

PHEV Contacts in NYSERDA’s Transportation R&D Program

Richard Drake, Program Manager 518-862-1090, ext. 3258 rld@nyserda.orgJoe Wagner, Sr. Project Manager 518-862-1090, ext. 3228 jrw@nyserda.org