FINAL REPORT PRESENTATIONFINAL REPORT PRESENTATION

By: Yousuf Dafalla By: Yousuf Dafalla IbrahimIbrahim

IMPROVEMENT OF FOOD SECURITY IMPROVEMENT OF FOOD SECURITY POLICIES IN SUDANPOLICIES IN SUDAN

Target area: Tokar CountyTarget area: Tokar CountyIntroduction:Introduction:Sudan is located in the northeastern part of the

continent of Africa, between latitude 4 and 22 north of the Equator and longitude 22 and 38, Also it is the largest country in terms of area in Africa and the Arab world, and ranked tenth among the largest countries of the world, where an estimated area of more than one million square miles, the main feature in Sudan is the Nile River and its branches.

FOOD STORAGEFOOD STORAGE

Background:Background:

There are different methods of grains storage There are different methods of grains storage in Sudan with varying efficiency.in Sudan with varying efficiency.

These methods can be divided into two main These methods can be divided into two main groups, namely, above ground and under ground groups, namely, above ground and under ground facilities. Both groups include traditional and facilities. Both groups include traditional and modern types of storage. Modern stores modern types of storage. Modern stores represent about 75% of the Sudanrepresent about 75% of the Sudan’’s storage s storage capacity. Merchants use warehouses to store capacity. Merchants use warehouses to store grains for domestic trade and for export. grains for domestic trade and for export.

The Agricultural Bank of Sudan (ABS) The Agricultural Bank of Sudan (ABS) has two silos: one in Gadaref and has two silos: one in Gadaref and another in Port Sudan with a storage another in Port Sudan with a storage capacity of 100,000 tons that are used capacity of 100,000 tons that are used for commercial operations and are for commercial operations and are rented to importers and exporters of rented to importers and exporters of grains. Farmers use traditional grains. Farmers use traditional methods of storage such as ground methods of storage such as ground pits to store their requirements of pits to store their requirements of grains for the whole year. There is grains for the whole year. There is also a strategic grain reserve operated also a strategic grain reserve operated by government.by government.

Shortcomings:Shortcomings:

Large amount of grains are lost during Large amount of grains are lost during post harvest operations including storage.post harvest operations including storage.

The main problems and constraints The main problems and constraints include:include:

1. Lack of information on the exact 1. Lack of information on the exact storage capacities in Sudan.storage capacities in Sudan.

2. Absence of central a body responsible 2. Absence of central a body responsible for enforcing technical specifications and for enforcing technical specifications and monitoring of storage facilities and monitoring of storage facilities and guidance of storage research.guidance of storage research.

3. 3. Lack of modern storage facilities and Lack of modern storage facilities and around 67% of silos and modern stores around 67% of silos and modern stores are of poor quality and need to are of poor quality and need to rehabilitate.rehabilitate.

4. Lack of information for assessment of 4. Lack of information for assessment of losses during storage period.losses during storage period.

5. Lack of a comprehensive quality 5. Lack of a comprehensive quality control system.control system.

Recommendations for Improving Food Recommendations for Improving Food Storage:Storage:

It is recommended that to build up a It is recommended that to build up a reserve of 30 thousand tons of grains reserve of 30 thousand tons of grains (equivalent to the consumption of three (equivalent to the consumption of three months for Tokar county) to be months for Tokar county) to be distributed to poor groups during distributed to poor groups during periods of disaster. It is also crucial to periods of disaster. It is also crucial to have grain stores in the producing have grain stores in the producing regions, as well as, in the major regions, as well as, in the major consumption areas.consumption areas.

Other recommendations for enhanced Other recommendations for enhanced storage capacity in Sudan include:storage capacity in Sudan include:1. Studying and survey the existing storage 1. Studying and survey the existing storage capacity in Sudan.capacity in Sudan.2. Improvement in the existing grains 2. Improvement in the existing grains storage facilities.storage facilities.3. Construction of new grain storage 3. Construction of new grain storage facilities in the production centers and facilities in the production centers and consumption centers with special emphasis consumption centers with special emphasis on food deficit areas.on food deficit areas.4. Training of those involved in grains 4. Training of those involved in grains storage.storage.

GRAIN TRANSPORTGRAIN TRANSPORTBackground:Background:Transportation of grain from surplus Transportation of grain from surplus producing areas to the deficit areas producing areas to the deficit areas depends on a functioning transport depends on a functioning transport system consisting of a network of roads, system consisting of a network of roads, airports, rivers and railways, as well as, airports, rivers and railways, as well as, storage facilities.storage facilities.Shortcomings:Shortcomings:The main constraints and reasons for The main constraints and reasons for highhigh--cost inefficient roadcost inefficient road--transportation transportation of grain by road from surplusof grain by road from surplus--producing producing regions to food deficit areas include:regions to food deficit areas include:

1. 1. Long distances between food surplusLong distances between food surplus-- producing areas and food deficit areas.producing areas and food deficit areas.

2. Poor road infrastructure causing 2. Poor road infrastructure causing reliance on high expense of air transport.reliance on high expense of air transport.

3. Imposition of many types of taxes and 3. Imposition of many types of taxes and levies along the road by the state levies along the road by the state government.government.

4. Limited capacity of the mean of 4. Limited capacity of the mean of transport.transport.

5. Deterioration of railway and river 5. Deterioration of railway and river freight.freight.

Recommendations for Improving Recommendations for Improving Transport:Transport:

1.1.

Construction of an efficient and Construction of an efficient and effective transport network and effective transport network and encouraging investment in transport. encouraging investment in transport.

2.2.

Developing rural infrastructure helps Developing rural infrastructure helps mitigate food insecurity by mitigate food insecurity by connecting food surplus and food connecting food surplus and food deficit regions and enabling the deficit regions and enabling the Government and donors to more Government and donors to more easily access people in need.easily access people in need.

3. Rehabilitation of railway and river 3. Rehabilitation of railway and river transport.transport.

FOOD MARKETSFOOD MARKETSBackground:Background:

Food markets play a vital role in connecting Food markets play a vital role in connecting producers and consumers through different producers and consumers through different levels of markets.levels of markets.

Shortcomings:Shortcomings:

1.The lack of accurate marketing information.1.The lack of accurate marketing information.

2.Long distances between production and 2.Long distances between production and consumption areas.consumption areas.

3.Limited railway capacity and reliance on road 3.Limited railway capacity and reliance on road transport with high costs.transport with high costs.

4.Inadequate storage capacity.4.Inadequate storage capacity.

Recommendations for Improving Food Recommendations for Improving Food Markets:Markets:1. Predictable implementation of a well1. Predictable implementation of a well--

defined food security strategy.defined food security strategy.2. Removing restrictions on grain 2. Removing restrictions on grain movements and imports and exports e.g. movements and imports and exports e.g. removing levies and taxes on interremoving levies and taxes on inter--state state movement of grains.movement of grains.3. Improving crop forecasting.3. Improving crop forecasting.4. Building private sector capacity e.g. 4. Building private sector capacity e.g. financing critical infrastructure.financing critical infrastructure.5. Enforcing contracts, standards and 5. Enforcing contracts, standards and quality control measures.quality control measures.

FOOD PRICE STABILIZATIONFOOD PRICE STABILIZATIONBackground:Background:

Producers and consumers in the Sudan Producers and consumers in the Sudan are subject to severe price fluctuations are subject to severe price fluctuations for major commodities such as for major commodities such as sorghum, millet and wheat.sorghum, millet and wheat.

Shortcomings:Shortcomings:

Highly volatile prices impose Highly volatile prices impose significant costs on society especially significant costs on society especially in low income countries where food in low income countries where food items constitute a large proportion of items constitute a large proportion of the household budget for consumers the household budget for consumers and a major source of income for and a major source of income for producers. producers.

Recommendations for Food Price Recommendations for Food Price Stabilization:Stabilization:

1. Adopt a holistic approach to avoid the 1. Adopt a holistic approach to avoid the possibility of instituting a system that possibility of instituting a system that may narrowly target price instability at may narrowly target price instability at the expense of broader improvements in the expense of broader improvements in marketing efficiency and smallholder marketing efficiency and smallholder productivity.productivity.

2. Reduce fiscal costs of producer price 2. Reduce fiscal costs of producer price support through implementing a pooled support through implementing a pooled pricing system.pricing system.

3. Remove restrictions on grain 3. Remove restrictions on grain movements and imports e.g. levies and movements and imports e.g. levies and taxes on intertaxes on inter--district movement of district movement of grains.grains.

COPING MECHANISMSCOPING MECHANISMS

Background:Background:

Coping mechanisms are the means that people Coping mechanisms are the means that people use to try to maintain their Livelihoods in times use to try to maintain their Livelihoods in times of stress such as famine, drought, flood etc. In of stress such as famine, drought, flood etc. In Sudan different responses to the problems Sudan different responses to the problems caused by food insecurity are made at the caused by food insecurity are made at the household, regional and national levels.household, regional and national levels.

Shortcomings:Shortcomings:1. Failure of traditional coping mechanisms such 1. Failure of traditional coping mechanisms such

as diversifying food sources.as diversifying food sources.2. Lack of employment for households seeking 2. Lack of employment for households seeking

income diversification.income diversification.3. Inadequate expansion of farming techniques 3. Inadequate expansion of farming techniques

and market based solutions.and market based solutions.4. Harmful results of food sharing and reduced 4. Harmful results of food sharing and reduced

consumption on poor households.consumption on poor households.

Recommendations to Support Coping Mechanisms:Recommendations to Support Coping Mechanisms:

1. An in1. An in--depth study should be carried out to depth study should be carried out to document food insecurity coping mechanisms in document food insecurity coping mechanisms in Sudan.Sudan.

2. Short2. Short--term assistance of food, seeds, hand tools, term assistance of food, seeds, hand tools, and medicines that are required to cope with the and medicines that are required to cope with the disaster.disaster.

3. cope with disaster by investment in rural 3. cope with disaster by investment in rural infrastructure and services such as feeder roads, infrastructure and services such as feeder roads, constructing irrigation facilities, storage centers, constructing irrigation facilities, storage centers, etc. etc.

TOKAR COUNTY (TARGET AREA)TOKAR COUNTY (TARGET AREA)Tokar County is located in the east Tokar County is located in the east ––north part of north part of the Sudan and closed to the red sea, the red sea the Sudan and closed to the red sea, the red sea climate is dominated on the County which is very climate is dominated on the County which is very hot in summer and cold rainy in winter.hot in summer and cold rainy in winter.

*project proposed area 5000 ha *project proposed area 5000 ha

*The high summer temperature 37 C*The high summer temperature 37 Coo. .

*The low temperature in winter 10 C*The low temperature in winter 10 Coo. .

*The average precipitation is 800 *The average precipitation is 800 mm/year mm/year

*The number of population is about three hundred *The number of population is about three hundred thousand people. thousand people.

Tokar CountyTokar County

The main causes for food insecurity are:The main causes for food insecurity are:1. Food deficit problems.1. Food deficit problems.2. Large amount of grains are lost during post 2. Large amount of grains are lost during post

harvest operations and storage.harvest operations and storage.3. High cost transportation of grain by road from 3. High cost transportation of grain by road from

surplussurplus--producing regions to food deficit areas.producing regions to food deficit areas.4. Long distances between production and 4. Long distances between production and

consumption areas.consumption areas.5. Rapid increase in population.5. Rapid increase in population.6. Low productivity of land and high costs of 6. Low productivity of land and high costs of

production.production.7. Poverty and lack of education.7. Poverty and lack of education.

The proposal works to improve food security:The proposal works to improve food security:

1. Construction of two earth1. Construction of two earth--fill gravity dams on fill gravity dams on Baraka river.Baraka river.

2. Land consolidation (trees and bushes removal).2. Land consolidation (trees and bushes removal).

3. Land preparation.3. Land preparation.

4. Construction of two canals and minors with a 4. Construction of two canals and minors with a total length a bout 707 km.total length a bout 707 km.

5. 5. Construction of TokarConstruction of Tokar--Port Sudan asphalt road.Port Sudan asphalt road.

6. Construction of grain stores( silos) in Tokar 6. Construction of grain stores( silos) in Tokar city.city.

7. Construction of Tokar7. Construction of Tokar--Atbara railway.Atbara railway.

Tokar City in Sudan mapTokar City in Sudan map

Proposal works in Tokar CountyProposal works in Tokar County

Baraka river Baraka river Dam Dam Canal Canal TokarTokar--Port Port Sudan road Sudan road Tokar Tokar --AtbaraAtbararailway railway

The estimated cost of the project (action plan)The estimated cost of the project (action plan)

DescriptionDescription Amount ($ )Amount ($ )

1.1.Survey works devices.Survey works devices. 7500075000

2.2.Design works materials Design works materials

(computers, printers(computers, printers……).).

200000 200000

3.3.Excavations works and masonry Excavations works and masonry for earthfor earth--fill dams. fill dams.

150000150000

DescriptionDescription Amount ($ )Amount ($ )

4.4.Supply and construct reinforced Supply and construct reinforced

concrete for dam spillway.concrete for dam spillway.

5000050000

5.5.Excavators and loaders Excavators and loaders

for land consolidation.for land consolidation.

400000400000

6.6.Motor graders and tractors Motor graders and tractors

for land preparation (rental).for land preparation (rental).

300000300000

7.7.Excavations and earth fill works for Excavations and earth fill works for canals construction.canals construction.

30000003000000

8.8.Head work regulators.Head work regulators. 12000001200000

9.9.Material and machines for Material and machines for construction of asphalt road.construction of asphalt road.

750000750000

10.10.Construction of grain stores building.Construction of grain stores building. 40000004000000

11.11.Construction of railways.Construction of railways. 37500003750000

Total estimated project costTotal estimated project cost 13685000 13685000

Time schedule for project implementationTime schedule for project implementationYearYear 20092009

YearYear 20092009

YearYear 20102010

YearYear 20102010

YearYear 20112011

YearYear 20112011

YearYear 20122012

YearYear 20122012

YearYear 20132013

YearYear 20132013

NoNo activityactivity JanJan-- JuneJune

JulyJuly-- DesDes

JanJan-- JuneJune

JulyJuly-- DesDes

JanJan-- JuneJune

JulyJuly-- DesDes

JanJan-- JuneJune

JulyJuly-- DesDes

JanJan-- JuneJune

JulyJuly-- DesDes

11 Design and survey Design and survey works of dams, works of dams, canals, roads and canals, roads and railway. railway.

22 Construction of two Construction of two earthearth--fill gravity fill gravity dam on Baraka dam on Baraka river. river.

33 Land consolidation Land consolidation (bushes removal).(bushes removal).

NoNo activityactivity JanJan-- JuneJune

JulyJuly-- DesDes

JanJan-- JuneJune

JulyJuly-- DesDes

JanJan-- JuneJune

JulyJuly-- DesDes

JanJan-- JuneJune

JulyJuly-- DesDes

JanJan-- JuneJune

JulyJuly-- DesDes

44 Land preparation Land preparation

55 Construction of canals Construction of canals with a total length a with a total length a bout 70 km. bout 70 km.

66 Construction of Tokar Construction of Tokar --Port Sudan asphalt Port Sudan asphalt road. road.

77 Construction of Construction of TokarTokar--Atbara railway. Atbara railway.

88 Construction of silos Construction of silos in Tokar city.in Tokar city.

The longThe long--range Goals of the project:range Goals of the project:

1. Conserve the environment and natural 1. Conserve the environment and natural resources sustainability.resources sustainability.

2.Improve irrigation water quality of the Tokar 2.Improve irrigation water quality of the Tokar county.county.

3.Increase the agricultural food production.3.Increase the agricultural food production.

4. Increase the house hold4. Increase the house hold’’s income.s income.

5. Improve crop production in Tokar county. 5. Improve crop production in Tokar county.

The short Term Goals of the project:The short Term Goals of the project:

1. Reduce poverty of population in this area.1. Reduce poverty of population in this area.

2. Increase the quantity of irrigation and domestic 2. Increase the quantity of irrigation and domestic water use.water use.

3. Increase in crop area and production.3. Increase in crop area and production.

4. Availability of drinking water.4. Availability of drinking water.

5. Conservation of soil. 5. Conservation of soil.

The expected results and outputs by the project:The expected results and outputs by the project:

1. Contribute in solving food deficit problems.1. Contribute in solving food deficit problems.

2. Reduce the shortage of irrigation and domestic 2. Reduce the shortage of irrigation and domestic water use.water use.

3.Helps house holds to increase their income3.Helps house holds to increase their income

4.Connect Tokar city with other parts of Sudan.4.Connect Tokar city with other parts of Sudan.

5. Reduce food price.5. Reduce food price.

6. Increase agricultural production and reduce 6. Increase agricultural production and reduce poverty in this area.poverty in this area.

7. Recommendation to improve food security.7. Recommendation to improve food security.

8. Contribute in water harvesting program in 8. Contribute in water harvesting program in Sudan.Sudan.