by sewvanda hewa thumbellage don, meshegna shumye, owen paxton, mackenzie cook, jonathon lee,...
TRANSCRIPT
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FM Transceiver
BySewvanda Hewa Thumbellage Don,
Meshegna Shumye, Owen Paxton, Mackenzie Cook, Jonathon Lee, Mohamed Khelifi, Rami Albustami,
Samantha Trifoli
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Motivations
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Applications
• Radios• Walkie-Talkies• Spy Equipment• Security and Alarm Systems• Carleton Class room Microphones• Heart Rate monitors and Medical Applications
Without the Phone!!!
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Block Diagram
Feedback Loop
Channel Select Filter
Phase Locked loop FM
demodulator
AudioAmp
Mixer
FM modulator
LNA
PABandpass
Filter
Channel Select Voltage ControlOscillators
Frequency Synthesis
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3mm
1.3mm
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Transistor Modelling5µm Length Transistor with Original Parameter Values
Extracted data Originally Calculated Parameter fit data
VG=5V
VG=4V
VG=3V
VG=2V
VG=1VVG=0V
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Transistor Modelling 5µm Length Transistor with Parameter Fit Values
Extracted data Parameter fit data
VG=5V
VG=4V
VG=3V
VG=2V
VG=1VVG=0V
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Transistor Modelling 2.5µm Length Transistor with Original Parameter Values
Extracted data Originally Calculated Parameter fit data
VG=5V
VG=4V
VG=3V
VG=2V
VG=1V
VG=0V
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Transistor Modelling2.5µm Length Transistor with Parameter Fit Values
Extracted data Parameter fit data
VG=5V
VG=4V
VG=3V
VG=2V
VG=1V
VG=0V
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Minimum Transistor Length
5µm 2.5µm
• Minimum transistor length in the Carleton Fabrication Lab is typically 5µm• We pushed it to 2.5µm for higher speed in our circuit
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Metal Mask Reticle
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Photoresist• Machine used to spin on the photoresist in the Carleton University Fabrication Lab
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Process Variation• Variations in the fabrication of our circuits
causes variation in substrate doping and threshold voltage
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Mixer Function
• Obtain a desired frequency using two given signals (RF and LO)
RF Signal
Local Oscillator
f
Desired Frequency
100.2MHZ
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Mixer Function
10 MHZ 100 MHz 120 MHz
f1f1-f2f f1+f2f
110 MHZ
f2
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Challenges
• Getting the Required Gain– No full size resistors– Resistors made from MOSFETs
• Third Order Intermodulation Products– Side effects of the mixing process– Falls near the Output Frequency making detection
complex
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Intermodulation Products
f1 f2
2f1-f2 2f2-f1
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Schematic
Current Mirror
RF Modulation
Local Oscillator
Output Resistors
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FM modulator
PABandpass
Filter
Channel Select Voltage ControlOscillators
Frequency Synthesis
Rami [email protected]
FM POWER AMPLIFIER
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What is a Power Amplifier?
• Boosts the Output Power• The final component just before the antenna
in a transmitter
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Schematic
Large!
VDD
Vout
Vin
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Gain ≈ 25.7 dB
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2003.5
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4.5
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5.5
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6.5
Frequency (MHz)
Vout
(dBm
)With Input Power = -20 dBm
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1 dB Compression Point
Power Amplifiers trades-off efficiency & linearity
-55.00 -45.00 -35.00 -25.00 -15.00 -5.00 5.00 15.00
-25.00
-15.00
-5.00
5.00
15.00
25.00
Pin (dBm)
Vout
(dBm
)
1 dB Compression Point (-9,16.8)
Gain ≈ 25.7 dB
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How far will the signal travel?50 meters
Free Space Path Loss ≈ 46.4 dB
With Output Power ≈ 5.7 dBm
Power Received ≈ -40.7 dBm
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Owen [email protected]
PLL Frequency Synthesizer
Feedback Loop Channel Select Filter
Phase Locked loop FM
demodulator
AudioAmp
Mixer
FM modulator
LNA
PABandpass
Filter
Frequency Synthesis
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Frequency Synthesizer
CLK
Phase Frequency Detector
Charge Pump
VCO
Divide By N
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Programmable Divide By N
Challenges:• Range 80MHz-110MHz• Step Size 200KHz• Divide by 400-550
Solution:• Counter with
programmable reset
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Phase Frequency Detector
• Consists of two flip flops and a NAND gate
CLKD Q
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D Flip Flop Simulation
Time(us)
Voltage(V)
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Charge Pump
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Current Mirror Simulation
Input Voltage(V)
Current(mA)
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[1] J.W.M. Rogers and C. Plett, Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design, 2nd ed., Norwood, MA; Artech House, 2010.
[2] Adel Sedra and Kenneth Smith, Microelectronics Circuits, 6th ed., Oxford University, 2010.
[3] Erik Dahlman, 3G Evolution, 2nd ed., Burlington, Ma; 2008.
References
[4] Steve C. Cripps, RF Power Amplifiers for Wireless Communication, Norwood, MA; Artech House, 1999.
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Q&A