by: reniel a. sales

8/14/2019 By: Reniel a. Sales

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COSMETICSCOSMETICS

By: Reniel A. Sales


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Definitions ofCosmetics :

products used for the purposes of cleansing, beautifying,promoting attractiveness or alternating one's appearance

are substances used to enhance or protect theappearance or odor of the human body. Cosmeticsinclude skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes,

lipsticks, fingernail polishes, eye and facial makeup,permanent waves, hair colors, deodorants, babyproducts, bath oils, bubble baths etc.

Something superficial that is used to cover a deficiencyor defect.

Serving to beautify the body, especially the face and hair. Serving to modify or improve the appearance of a

physical feature, defect, or irregularity: Any of several preparations (excluding soap) applied to

the human body for beautifying, preserving, or alteringthe appearance or for cleansing, colouring, conditioning,

or protecting the skin, hair, nails, lips, eyes, or teeth


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History Of Cosmetics


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An 1889 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec painting of a womanapplying cosmetics to her face

The first archaeological evidence of cosmetics usage is

found in Ancient Egypt around 4000 BC. The AncientGreeks and Romans also used cosmetics. The Romansand Ancient Egyptians used cosmetics containingpoisonous mercury and often lead, which continues to beused today. The Biblical book of Esther describes variousbeauty treatments.

In the western world, the advent of cosmetics was in themiddle ages, although typically restricted to use within theupper classes.

Many cosmetics survived the Middle Ages, and Crusaders

brought back rare Eastern oils and perfumes. In theRenaissance, cosmetics, usually white-lead powder andvermilion, were used extravagantly. From the 17th cent.recipes and books on the toilette abounded. Professionalcosmetologists began to appear, and luxuriousprescriptions often included a bath in wine or milk.Reaching its height in 1760, the use of cosmetics virtually

disappeared with the advent of the French Revolution.
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Cosmetic use was frowned upon at some points inhistory. For example, in the 1800s, make-up wasused primarily by prostitutes, and Queen Victoria

publicly declared makeup improper, vulgar, andacceptable for use by actors, only. Adolf Hitler toldwomen that face painting was for clowns and not forthe women of the Master Race.

Many cosmetics survived the Middle Ages, andCrusaders brought back rare Eastern oils andperfumes. In the Renaissance, cosmetics, usuallywhite-lead powder and vermilion, were usedextravagantly. From the 17th cent. recipes and bookson the toilette abounded. Professional cosmetologistsbegan to appear, and luxurious prescriptions oftenincluded a bath in wine or milk. Reaching its height in1760, the use of cosmetics virtually disappeared withthe advent of the French Revolution.


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Many cosmetics survived the Middle Ages, andCrusaders brought back rare Eastern oils andperfumes. In the Renaissance, cosmetics, usuallywhite-lead powder and vermilion, were used

extravagantly. From the 17th cent. recipes and bookson the toilette abounded. Professional cosmetologistsbegan to appear, and luxurious prescriptions oftenincluded a bath in wine or milk. Reaching its height in1760, the use of cosmetics virtually disappeared with

the advent of the French Revolution.

Many cosmetics survived the Middle Ages, andCrusaders brought back rare Eastern oils andperfumes. In the Renaissance, cosmetics, usuallywhite-lead powder and vermilion, were usedextravagantly. From the 17th cent. recipes and bookson the toilette abounded. Professional cosmetologistsbegan to appear, and luxurious prescriptions oftenincluded a bath in wine or milk. Reaching its height in1760, the use of cosmetics virtually disappeared with

the advent of the French Revolution.


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The year 1900 saw a revival of their use,accompanied by the manufacture of beauty aidson a scientific basis in France. Since then theindustry has grown to tremendous proportions

with products manufactured for everyconceivable use. In the United States, cosmeticsintended for interstate commerce are controlledunder the federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Actof 1938. Spearheaded by companies founded by

Helena Rubinstein, Elizabeth Arden, EsteLauder, and other women and by their malecounterparts, e.g., Charles Revson, the cosmeticsbusiness flourished throughout the later 20thcentury.

By the beginning of the 21st cent. the cosmeticsindustry was mostly run by large corporation.And cosmetics were in widespread use in nearlyall societies around the world.


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INDUSTRY TODAY


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The worldwide annual expenditures for cosmetics isestimated at U.S. $18 billion. Of the major firms, theoldest and the largest is L'Oral, which was founded

by Eugene Schueller in 1909 as the FrenchHarmless Hair Colouring Company (now owned byLiliane Bettencourt 27.5% and Nestl 26.4%, withthe remaining 46.1% are publicly traded). Themarket was developed in the USA during the 1910s

by Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and MaxFactor. These firms were joined by Revlon justbefore World War II and Este Lauder just after.

The cosmetic industry does not want to be regulatedby the government/FDA and has lobbied against thisthroughout the years.


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CRITICISM AND CONTROVERSY

The popularity of cosmetics in the 20th centuryhas increased rapidly. Especially in the UnitedStates, cosmetics are being used by girls at ayounger and younger age. Many companies

have catered to this expanding market byintroducing more flavored lipsticks and glosses,cosmetics packaged in glittery, sparklypackaging and marketing and advertising usingyoung models. The social consequences of

younger and younger beautification has hadmuch attention in the media over the last fewyears.
http://www.answers.com/topic/model-personhttp://www.answers.com/topic/model-person


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Criticism of cosmetics has come from a variety of sources, includingfeminists, animal rights activists, books, and public interest groups.There is a growing awareness and preference for cosmetics that arewithout any toxic ingredients, especially those derived from

petroleum, SLS, and parabens.

Numerous published reports have raised concern over the safety ofa few surfactants. SLS causes a number of skin issues includingdermatitis.

Parabens can cause skin irritation and contact dermatitisin individuals with paraben allergies, a small percentageof the general population. Animal experiments haveshown that parabens have a weak estrogenic activity,acting as xenoestrogens.

Synthetic fragrances are widely used in consumers

products. Studies concluded from patch testing, showsynthetic fragrances are made of many allergic reactioningredients.


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Types of Cosmetics

The various forms of makeup include: Lipstick, lip gloss, lip liner, lip plumper, lip balm, lip

luster, lip conditioner and lip boosters. Foundation, used to color the face and conceal flaws

to produce an impression of health and youth.Usually a liquid, cream, powder or mousse. Powder, or face illuminator used to set the

foundation, giving a matte finish. Rouge, blush or blusher, cheek stain used to color

the cheeks and emphasize the cheekbones. Thiscomes in powder, cream and gel forms. Bronzer, used to create a more tanned or sun-kissed

look.
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Mascara and lash extender, lash conditionerused to enhance the eyelashes. Can be ofdifferent colors and even waterproof.

Eye liner and eye shadow, eye shimmer andglitter eye pencils as well as different colorpencils used to color and emphasize the eyelids(larger eyes are a sign of youth).

Eyebrow pencils, creams, waxes, gels andpowders are used to fill in and define the brows.

Nail polish, used to color the fingernails and

toenails. Concealer, a type of thick opaque makeup used

to cover pimples, various spots andinconsistencies in the skin.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mascarahttp://www.answers.com/topic/eye-linerhttp://www.answers.com/topic/nail-polishhttp://www.answers.com/topic/concealerhttp://www.answers.com/topic/concealerhttp://www.answers.com/topic/nail-polishhttp://www.answers.com/topic/eye-linerhttp://www.answers.com/topic/mascara


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Also included in the general category of cosmeticsare skin care products. These include creams andlotions to moisturize the face and body, sunscreens

to protect the skin from damaging UV radiation, andtreatment products to repair or hide skinimperfections (acne, wrinkles, dark circles undereyes, etc.). Cosmetics can also be described by the

form of the product, as well as the area forapplication.

Cosmetics can be liquid or cream

Broadway actor Jim Brochu applies make-up beforethe opening night of a play.

Eye shadow being applied


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While there is assurance from the largest cosmetic companiesthat their various ingredients are safe, there is a growingpreference for cosmetics that are without any "synthetic"ingredients, especially those derived from petroleum. Once a

niche market, certified organic products are becoming moremainstream.

A dangerously large amount of lead and lead based productscontinue to be used in cosmetics, especially in lipsticks, by

such companies as MAC, Dior, Body Shop, L'Oreal, Revlonand Burt's Bees. This issue occurs mainly in the USA &Canada, because the FDA, or Food and Drug Administrationfails to regulate the industry to a reasonable extent, onlyrecommending that less than 1 ppm of lead is used.

Ingredients' listings in cosmetics are highly regulated in manycountries. The testing of cosmetic products on animals is asubject of some controversy. It is now illegal in theUnited Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Belgium, and a banacross the European Union is due to come into effect in 2009
http://www.answers.com/topic/animal-testinghttp://www.answers.com/topic/united-kingdomhttp://www.answers.com/topic/netherlandshttp://www.answers.com/topic/belgiumhttp://www.answers.com/topic/european-unionhttp://www.answers.com/topic/european-unionhttp://www.answers.com/topic/belgiumhttp://www.answers.com/topic/netherlandshttp://www.answers.com/topic/united-kingdomhttp://www.answers.com/topic/animal-testing


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Types of cosmetics include;

cold cream, night cream, hand cream, eye cream,astringent, after-shave lotion, hand lotion, body lotion,suntan lotion, talcum, tooth powder, bath powder, facepowder, eyebrow pencil, mascara, eye shadow, eye liner,rouge, blusher, toner, lip slicker, face slicker, lipstick, lip

rouge, lip liner, lip gloss, nail polish, powder base,moisturizer, foundation, loose powder, pressed powder,bronzer, pancake makeup, leg makeup, body paint, solidperfume, liquid sachet, toilet water, cologne, eau decologne, friction pour le bain (French), bath salts, bath oil,bath gel, royal jelly, brilliantine, pomade, hair tonic, hair dye,

hair bleach, mouthwash, liquid dentifrice, nail polishremover, moustache wax, facial pack, mud pack,toothpaste, shampoo, conditioner, cream rinse, hairmousse, styling gel, hair spray, shaving soap, shavingcream, shaving foam, depilatory, deodorant, antiperspirant.


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Assistants of Beauty


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Usually the leftovers from distilling essential oils fromaromatic substances (e.g. cinnamon bark, cloves).Used for scenting other cosmetics, but also for

washing. Comparable to rose water, orange wateretc.

Scented waters:

Made from alcohol and aromatic substances, such as

various citrus fruits, Mediterranean herbs, roses,sassafras, Asian spices (e.g. cardamom), violets.Used for scenting other cosmetics.

Scented spirits:

What kinds of cosmetics were

there?


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Aromatic oils from various plants, e.g. the onesmentioned above, linden flowers, tuberose and other

flowers. Used for scenting other cosmetics, e.g.pomads.

Essential oils:

Made from the aforementioned plants, but also elder,amber, musk. Probably for skin cleansing and/or tocompensate the soap used for washing the hair. Youknow, the acidic/basic thing.

Scented vinegars:


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such as cleansing milk, lotions, creams etc.

Various skincare and cleansing substances

Made from cleaned pork fat and wax.

Hair pomads

Decorative cosmetics. In contrast to modernfoundation, white paints are really white, red paintsreally red, e.g. scarlet. Both usually come as powder,or as pellets or in pots for ease of transport.

Whilte and red paints:


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Lip Pomads including red ones.

Washing powders, pastes and Soaps

Tooth powders and tinctures

Wig powder

Hair colourings

Mouth-wash, pastilles


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Kinds Of Cosmetics


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People use various cosmetics mainly so as to cleanse

their bodies, promote attractiveness, or alter their

appearances. Most cosmetics can be classified into

four main categories:

These include blushers, rouge, face powder,foundations, cold cream, moisturizers suntan lotionsand lip color/lipstick. This group also includes eye-makeup such as eyeliners, eye shadow, andmascaras. Beauty-baths, hair-removal substances,underarm deodorants, perfumes, shaving cream alsofall under this category.

a) Skin cosmetics


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Hair cosmeticsHair cosmetics

Hair cosmetics include shampoos, hair conditioners, hair-Hair cosmetics include shampoos, hair conditioners, hair-

gels, mousses, sprays, styling substances. These alsogels, mousses, sprays, styling substances. These alsoinclude curlers, straightness, permanent waves, and hair-include curlers, straightness, permanent waves, and hair-

coloring products such as dyes and bleaches.coloring products such as dyes and bleaches.

Nail cosmeticsNail cosmetics

The chief products in this group are nail polish and cuticleThe chief products in this group are nail polish and cuticlesofteners.softeners.

Mouth cosmeticsMouth cosmetics

a.k.a. oral cosmetics, include toothpastes, mouthwashes,a.k.a. oral cosmetics, include toothpastes, mouthwashes,teeth-whiteners and sprays for a good breath.teeth-whiteners and sprays for a good breath.


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Many of us are unhappy with certain aspects of ourMany of us are unhappy with certain aspects of ourappearance and we wish that we could alter them.appearance and we wish that we could alter them.Apart from this time too takes a toll on our looks. AsApart from this time too takes a toll on our looks. As

we grow older our body begins to degenerate slowlywe grow older our body begins to degenerate slowlyaltering the way we look. Some of us would like toaltering the way we look. Some of us would like toarrest or reverse this effect. Today it is possible to doarrest or reverse this effect. Today it is possible to doso with the help of cosmetic and plastic surgery.so with the help of cosmetic and plastic surgery.

Cosmetic and plastic surgery comprises of a numberCosmetic and plastic surgery comprises of a numberof surgical procedures to change one's physicalof surgical procedures to change one's physicalappearance and make it more pleasing. Aestheticappearance and make it more pleasing. Aestheticplastic surgery can be performed on many parts of theplastic surgery can be performed on many parts of thebody. The results and risks of plastic surgery vary frombody. The results and risks of plastic surgery vary from

person to person. You must understand the risksperson to person. You must understand the risksinvolved before undertaking this surgery. You shouldinvolved before undertaking this surgery. You shouldconsult a good plastic surgeon and for ask for detailsconsult a good plastic surgeon and for ask for detailsbefore deciding to undergo surgery.before deciding to undergo surgery.


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Given below are some of the procedures thatGiven below are some of the procedures that

you can undergo:you can undergo: Breast Augmentation (Augmentation Mamaplasty)Breast Augmentation (Augmentation Mamaplasty): In: In

this procedure uses breast implants to increase the sizethis procedure uses breast implants to increase the sizeof the breasts. This is also known as breast enlargementof the breasts. This is also known as breast enlargementor breast enlargement.or breast enlargement.

Breast ReductionBreast Reduction: This procedure reduces the size o: This procedure reduces the size oflarge and dropping breasts.large and dropping breasts.

Breast Lift (Matopexy)Breast Lift (Matopexy): This procedure lifts and gives a: This procedure lifts and gives abetter shape to breast that are sagging.better shape to breast that are sagging.

Liposuction or Lipoplasty (Suction-AssistedLiposuction or Lipoplasty (Suction-AssistedLipectomy)Lipectomy): This procedure removes the extra fat in: This procedure removes the extra fat indifferent parts of the body. The three types aredifferent parts of the body. The three types aretumescent, ultrasonic and super-wet.tumescent, ultrasonic and super-wet.


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Tummy tuck (Abdominoplasty)Tummy tuck (Abdominoplasty): This procedure: This procedureremoves extra fat and skin from the abdomen area.removes extra fat and skin from the abdomen area.

Nose Surgery (Rhinoplasty)Nose Surgery (Rhinoplasty): this procedure mends or: this procedure mends or

modifies the nose.modifies the nose. Face Lift/Facelift (Rhytidectomy)Face Lift/Facelift (Rhytidectomy): This procedure: This procedureremoves excess skin from the forehead, face and neckremoves excess skin from the forehead, face and neckin order to reduce wrinkles from developing.in order to reduce wrinkles from developing.

Eyelid Surgery (Blepharoplasty)Eyelid Surgery (Blepharoplasty): Once this procedure: Once this procedure

is done the eyes no longer look droopy and tired.is done the eyes no longer look droopy and tired. Botox InjectionsBotox Injections: These injections paralyze or freeze: These injections paralyze or freeze

the face muscles to prevent them from developingthe face muscles to prevent them from developingwrinkles.wrinkles.

Facial ImplantsFacial Implants: This procedure uses implants to: This procedure uses implants to

improve the cheeks and chin.improve the cheeks and chin. Ear pinning (Otoplaty)Ear pinning (Otoplaty): This procedure brings the ears: This procedure brings the ears

closer to the head.closer to the head. Hair RestorationHair Restoration: In this procedure hair from one part o: In this procedure hair from one part of

the head is transplanted to another part of the head.the head is transplanted to another part of the head.


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Laser Skin ResurfacingLaser Skin Resurfacing: this procedure: this procedure

decreases the wrinkles that develop on the skindecreases the wrinkles that develop on the skin

due to exposure to the sun.due to exposure to the sun. Hyaluronic AcidHyaluronic Acid: This natural substance is: This natural substance is

injected into the body to be used as skin filler.injected into the body to be used as skin filler.

Laser Hair RemovalLaser Hair Removal: This procedure removes: This procedure removes

unwanted body hair permanently.unwanted body hair permanently.

Before you decide to undergo plastic surgeryBefore you decide to undergo plastic surgeryensure that you consult a good plastic surgeonensure that you consult a good plastic surgeon

and understand the procedure and the risksand understand the procedure and the risksinvolved completely, before you make a finalinvolved completely, before you make a final

decision.decision.


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INGREDIENTS OF COSMETICSINGREDIENTS OF COSMETICS

Cosmetics ingredientsCosmetics ingredients come from a variety ocome from a variety ofsources but, unlike the ingredients of food, aresources but, unlike the ingredients of food, areoften not considered by most consumers.often not considered by most consumers.CosmeticsCosmetics often use vibrantoften use vibrant colourscolours that arethat arederived from some unexpected sources, rangingderived from some unexpected sources, rangingfrom crushed insects to rust. Many newfrom crushed insects to rust. Many newtechniques have allowed manufacturers totechniques have allowed manufacturers tosynthesise such colours and the use of animalssynthesise such colours and the use of animals

(or parts thereof) has been declining for many(or parts thereof) has been declining for manyyears and is now virtually eliminated, due inyears and is now virtually eliminated, due inlarge part to the efforts oflarge part to the efforts ofPETAPETA..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmeticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmeticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PETAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PETAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PETAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics


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Cosmetics in a variety of forms date back to earlyCosmetics in a variety of forms date back to earlycivilizations, with the need to improve ones personalcivilizations, with the need to improve ones personalappearance being an important factor in attracting aappearance being an important factor in attracting a

mate. Over the years the ingredients have changedmate. Over the years the ingredients have changeddramatically as we discovered how to manufacture ourdramatically as we discovered how to manufacture ourown scents and cosmetic formulae. The realization of theown scents and cosmetic formulae. The realization of thedangers of many common ingredients also greatlydangers of many common ingredients also greatlyimpacted the growing industry.impacted the growing industry.

Ancient EgyptianAncient Egyptian aristocracy made use of minerals toaristocracy made use of minerals toprovide colour and definition to their facial features.provide colour and definition to their facial features.During the era of the Greek Empire it was common toDuring the era of the Greek Empire it was common to

use face paints, while the Romans indulged in bathsuse face paints, while the Romans indulged in bathscontaining oil-based perfumecontaining oil-based perfume
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Common IngredientsCommon Ingredients

Castor oil and its derivatives are found in many cosmetics as itCastor oil and its derivatives are found in many cosmetics as itis "non-comedogenic" (does not exacerbate or contribute tois "non-comedogenic" (does not exacerbate or contribute toacne).acne).

Cerebrosides (cells from the nervous systems of cattle orCerebrosides (cells from the nervous systems of cattle orswine) were once used in some high-end skin-care products toswine) were once used in some high-end skin-care products to

increase moisture retention and to create a smooth skinincrease moisture retention and to create a smooth skinsurface, however the BSE controversy has put an end to thissurface, however the BSE controversy has put an end to thispractice.practice.

In many countries colours in cosmetics are listed as colourIn many countries colours in cosmetics are listed as colourindex numbers. C.I. numbers are allocated by the Society ofindex numbers. C.I. numbers are allocated by the Society ofDyers and Colourists. The scheme covers colours used in food,Dyers and Colourists. The scheme covers colours used in food,

personal care products, cosmetics, household products andpersonal care products, cosmetics, household products andfabric dyeing. So, for example you will not normally seefabric dyeing. So, for example you will not normally seetartrazine listed in lipstick ingredients, but it may be there listedtartrazine listed in lipstick ingredients, but it may be there listedas C.I. 19140. Erythrosine will be listed as C.I. 45430, and soas C.I. 19140. Erythrosine will be listed as C.I. 45430, and soon. In US and Canada colors are listed as FD & C colors.on. In US and Canada colors are listed as FD & C colors.tartrazine (E012) is FD & C Yellow 5 and erythrosine (E127) istartrazine (E012) is FD & C Yellow 5 and erythrosine (E127) is

FD & C Red 3.FD & C Red 3.


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Potential DangersPotential Dangers

The search for new ingredients and products often bringsThe search for new ingredients and products often bringscontroversy, typically over ingredients whose function iscontroversy, typically over ingredients whose function isunproven or disputed.unproven or disputed.

There are few potential dangers regarding the use ofThere are few potential dangers regarding the use ofcosmetics. One such danger is the use of old mascara. Somecosmetics. One such danger is the use of old mascara. Some

mascaras contain an ingredient that breaks down to producemascaras contain an ingredient that breaks down to produceformaldehydeformaldehyde. The formaldehyde prevents the growth of. The formaldehyde prevents the growth ofbacteria. Aged mascara, however, may no longer bebacteria. Aged mascara, however, may no longer beproducing formaldehyde, allowing bacteria to proliferate. Forproducing formaldehyde, allowing bacteria to proliferate. Forthis reason, it is often recommended to replace a tube ofthis reason, it is often recommended to replace a tube ofmascara every few months .mascara every few months .

In one well-known case,In one well-known case, Buddy EbsenBuddy Ebsen was originally cast aswas originally cast asthe "Tin Man" in thethe "Tin Man" in the The Wizard of OzThe Wizard of Oz. Aluminium dust was. Aluminium dust wasused to create a tin effect. As the result of an allergic reaction,used to create a tin effect. As the result of an allergic reaction,he was hospitalized andhe was hospitalized and Jack HaleyJack Haley replaced him. Aluminiumreplaced him. Aluminiumdust was, instead, added to a paste.dust was, instead, added to a paste.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Ebsenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Ebsenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_%281939_movie%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_%281939_movie%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Haleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Haleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Haleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_%281939_movie%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Ebsenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde


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ENDEND

by: reniel a. sales

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