SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON PARKING MANAGEMENT

by

Martin R. Parker, Jr. Research Scientist

and

Michael J. Demetsky Faculty Research Scientist

(The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this report are-those of the authors and not necessarily those of

the sponsoring agencies.)

Virginia Highway g. Transportation Research Council (A Cooperative Organization Sponsored Jointly by •he Virginia

Department of Highways g Transportation and the University of Virginia)

In Cooperation with the U. S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration

Charlottesville, Virginia

August 1980 VHTRC 81-RI0

TRThNSPORTATION PLANNING RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEE

MR. R. C. LOCKWOOD, Chairman, Transportation Planning Engineer,VDH&T

MR. E. D. ARNOLD, JR., Research Scientist, VHSTRC

MR. D. W. BERG, Assistant Public

MR. G. W. BROWN, Assistant City City Hall

Transportation Engineer, VDH&T

Manager, City of Martinsville,

MR. G. R. CONNER, Assistant Rail Div. Admin., VDHST

DR. DONALD R. DREW, Prof of Civil Engineering, VPI $ SU.

MR. JAMES C. ECHOLS, Executive Director, Tidewater Transp Commission

MR. TOM FAULKNER, JR., Civil Engineering Department, VPI g SU

MR. D. R. GEHR, Regional Transp Engineer, VDH&T

MR. J. N. HUMMEL, Chief, Planning & Engineering Division, Arlington Department of Public Works

MR. D. E. KEITH, Resident Engineer, VDH&T

MR. J. D. PAULUS; Planner I, Transportation Peninsula District Comm.

Planning

MR. J. K. SKEENS, Assistant Urban Engineer •,

VDH&T

MR. F. L. TODD, Assist Planning & Research Engineer, FHWA

ii

ABSTRACT

Two hundred th±gty-two references on parking management are listed in a•cordance with 16 subject areas to provide sources to supplement the study findings that are documented in a separate report.

iii

FOREWORD

The results of the research study entitled "Traffic Restraints" An Evaluation of Parking Controls" are reported in two documents. The primary findings and study method are described in the report "Evaluation of Parking Management Strategies for Urban Areas" by Martin R. Parker and Michael J. Demetsky, while a complete list of references by subject area is given in this repomt.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON PARKING MANAGEMENT

by

Martin R. Parker, Jr. Research Scientist

and

Michael J. Demetsky Faculty Research Scientist

There are many published documents relevant to the use, impacts, and problems with implementing parking management and support strategies. These documents have been categorized into the following subject areas to aid those who wish to obtain in- formation beyond that provided in the primary report.

Section •ubj ect Area Page A Parking Studies

................................. 2

Bibliographies on Parking 6

Parking Management Programs

Parking and Mode Choice 9

Parking Pricing ..................................

I!

Parking Strategies and Environmental Quality 12

Impact of Parking Strategies l•

H Fringe

I Parking

Parking 15

Management Planning 17

Methods of Evaluating Parking Strategies 18

K Parking Models

Loading Terminals in Urban Areas 2O

M Urban Transportation Planning 21

N Transportation Systems Management Strategies 22

0 Methods for

P Methods for

Limiting Traffic

Improving Transit Service 26

AQ Parking Studies

"The Down•own Parking System" Alexander, Laurence A., Traffic Quarterly. Vol. 23, No. 2, Eno Foundation for Transporta-•ion, Westp.or% Connecticut, April 1969.

AnnisZon Parking Authority and Downtown Action Corporation, "Short-Range Parking Needs- Analysis and Recommended Action Program for the City of Anniston, Alabama" Anniston Ala- bama, February 13, 1975.

Automotive Safety Foundation, "Traffic Control and Roadway Elements Their Relationship to Highway Safety" Washing ton, D. C., 1963.

Burrage, Robert H., and Foundation for Highway 1957.

"Parking" Eno Edward G. Mogren, Traffic Co•ntrol, Saugatuck, Connecticut

Central Missouri State University, "Parking Restrictions" Commuter Parking'", The National Traffic Law News, Vol. •, No. II, Warrensburg, Miss'6uri, Nove'm•er i97"7

Crabb, Clyde S.,.,and Michael J. Weiner, "Parking Garages Complement Downtown Revitalization" Public Works, Vol

l• No •, Public Works Journal Corporation, mdgewood, New Jersey, April 1978.

109,

DeLeuw, Cather $ Company, Parking Study", Honolulu,

"Downtown Honolulu Comprehensive Hawaii, August 1973.

District of Columbia Department Parking and Traffic Enforcement Washington, D. C., April 1977.

of Transportation in the District of

"Imp-roved C o lumb i a",

"Utah Federal Highway Administration, s Carpool Parking Newsletter, No. 12, Offices of Research and Development, ingto•, D. C., April 1977.

Survey" Wash-

Glanvi!le• John, "A Survey of Parking Traffic Engineering and Control, Vol. himi•-ed, 'London,' '•ngla•d-•- Ap•'ii 1971.

in European Cities", 12, No. 12, Printerhall

Highway Research Board, Report 87, Washington,

"Highway Capacity Manual" Special D. C. 1965.

Highway Re search Board, 125, National Academy of

"Parking Principles", Sciences, Washington,

Special Report D. C., 197"'i".

Hitchock, S. T., "Influence of Population, Sales, and ment on Parking", Highway Research Board, Pro.c.eedings. •2nd Annual Meeting, Vol. 82, Washington, 'b. C., 1958.

Employ- of the

"The Pittsburgh Parking Strike" Hoel, L A ,and E. S. Roszner, , mepomt pmepamed fom the U. S. Depamtment of Transportation,

Tmanspomtation Reseamch Institute, Camnegie-Mellon Univemsity, Pittsbumg, Pennsylvania, December 1972.

Humphmeys, Jack B., Paul C. Box, and T. Damcy Sullivan, "Safe•y Considerations. in •he Use of On-S•ee• Pa•king", T•ans- p_or•a•ion. Research Record 722, Transportation Research Board, Wash-i-ngt•n, D. C., 1979

Ihnat, George, "Cleveland Transit Highway Research Circular No. 91, Washi•gt0h •, D' C '•, 'Janua•'y i•9

and Parking Operations", Highway Research Board,

Ilschner, Ed, Jr., "Operational Efficiency in On-Street Parking in Wichita Falls• Texas" Technical Notes• Vol 3• No. 3, In stitute of Transportation Engineers, '•'lington, Virginia, October 1978.

ITE Committee 60, "Traffic Planning Considerations in Locating CBD Parking Fac±lities"• Traffic Engineering, Institute of Traffic Engineers, Arlington, V•rg•n•a, 'J•ne 1971.

Karkee•, Kenneth W., Analysis Part I, cil of Governments,

"Re Jr. •ional Parkin• InventoPy and Supply and Costs", Southeast Michigan Coun- Detroit, Michigan, March 1975.

Levin, David R., "Parking Facilities as Highway Research Board, Proceedings of Vol. 30, Washington, D. C-, i950.

Public Utilities", the 30th Annual Meeting,

Mayer, Peter A., and Woodrow W. Rankin, One-way Streets and Parking. Chapter i0 of Traffic Control a•d Roadwag'Elem'ents Their Relationship to Highway Safety, Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility, Washington, D. C., 1971.

Pignat•aro, Louis J., Traffic Engineering Theory and Practice Chapter 16 Parking StudiOs •and Chapter 27' •U.•'b-Pa•"•ng Con'trols Prentice-Hall•. rnc.• Englewood Cl±ffs• New Jersey• 1973.

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana,

"Conference on Downtown September 3, 1958.

Parking", Pmoc.e.edings,

"Parking Ralph Andersen and Associates, and D Jack-son Faustman, Needs and Financing Alternatives" City of Coronado 1976", Coronado, California, 1976.

Rankin, Woodrow W., parking Chapter i0, Traffic Control and Roadway Elements Their Relationship to Highway Safety. Revised, Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility, Washington, D. C., 1971.

San Diego Metropolitan Area Pamking Studies 1958-58",

Tmanspomtation Study, "Downtown San Diego, California, July 1958.

Schoppert, David W., "Parking Proceedings, Thirty-six Annual Washington, D. C., 19•?.

Studies by Abbmeviated Methods", Meeting, Highway Research Board,

Shoup, Donald C., and Don H. Pickmell, "Problems with Parking Requirements in Zoning 0rdinances", Traffic .(•uarterly, Eno Foundation for T•anspor•a•ion, Westport, -C•n•e•tiCUt, Octobe• 1978.

Stout, R. W., "Tmends in CBD Parking Charactemistics" i•56 1968", Highway ..Research...• Record 317, Highway Research Board, Washington, D. C., [-970.

to

Traffic Engineering Department, "Parking Meter and Curb Usage Study", Fort Worth, Texas, January 1975.

Trampln Company, "Summary. Bellevue of Bellevue, Washington, April 1976.

CBD Parking Study", City

Transportation Research Board, "Ca•-Pool Paratransit, published by the CommiTtee Se%4'i• "I•n'ovations, Washington, D. C.

Parking Meters", on Urban Transport February 1978.

Transportation Research Board, "Determining dential Parking Permits" Newsline Vol 5 D. C., Dec ember/January 197-97

the Effect of Resi- NO. I, Washington,

Voorhees, Alan M., "A Parking ning", Highway Research Board, Meeting, Vol. •i, Washington,

Study Designed for Proceedings.. of the

D. C', 1-962.

Downtown Plan- •ist Annual

Wallace Champagne Associates, Study", Albany, New York, May

"Central Business District Parking 1975.

Weant, Robert A., "Parking Garage Planning and Foundation for Transportation, Inc., Westport,

0peration", Eno Connecticut, 1978.

Wilbur Smith and Associates, "Administration and Management of the Parking Au2hority of Jersey City, New Jersey" Jersey City, New Jersey, January 1974.

Wilbum Smith and Associates, "Summamy RepomZ" An Access 0relented Pamking Strategy fore the Boston Metropolitan Area", meport pmepamed for the Massachusetts Department of Public Works, Boston, Massachusetts, July 197•.

"Parking in the City Center" Wilbur Smith and Associates, prepared under commission from the Automobile Manufacturers Association, New Haven, Connecticut, May 1965.

"Zoning Pamking Withefomd, David K ,

and Geomge E. Kanaan, , and Traffic", Eno Foundation for Transpomtation, Sauga•uck,

Connecticut, 1972.

BQ Bibliographies on Parking

Highway Research Infommation Semvice, "Parking Contmols to Reduce Aim Pollution and Congestion in Urban Areas", National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., November 25• 1975.

Highway Research Information Techniques" National Academy March 9, 1977.

Service, "Parking Management of Sciences, Washington, D.

Kessler, Mary Z., "Automobile Parking" A Selected References" Exchange Bibliography 228, Council of Librarians, Monticello, Illinois, Oht'ober 1971.

List of Planning

"Traffic Restraint- A Bibliography." Trans- Ramm, Dorothy V. portation Center Library, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, February 197•.

Transportation Research 1970" B•bliography 5•, ton, D. I•9'7"2.•

Board, "Parking" Selected References National Academy of Sciences, Washing-

C •Pamking Managemen• Pmogmams

"Parking Policy as an Instrument of Traffic Bruton, M. J., Restraint" The Journal of the Institution .o.f Highway Engi neer____•s, London', F.'ngia•d, "'J•nuar• 197 3.

"Downtown Parking and Bureau of Traffic Engineeming, tion Policy", Adopted by the City Council, Portland, February 26, 1975.

Circula- Oregon,

"Palo Alto Comprehansive City Planning Commission, 1990" Palo Alto, California, November 1976

Plan 1977-

Donahy, Barbara, "Why Is This Bus portation USA, Vol. 3, No. 2, U. Washing•on•/"'D. C., Winter 1977.

System So Popular •.'', Trans- S. Department of Transp0rt•tion•

Demetsky, Michael J., "Working Plan- Traffic Restraint" An Evaluation of PaPking Controls" VHTRC 76-WP2, Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council, charlo••esville, Virginia, October 1975.

Department of Transportation Planning, "Parking Management Policies and Auto Control Zones", Metropolitan Washington Coun- cil of Governments, Washington, D. C., February I•75.

East-West Gateway Study'-', St. Louis May 197 6.

Coordinating Council, "Parking Management Council of Governments, S•. Louis, Missouri,

"Parking Management Strategies" Special Ellis, Raymond H. Report 17_2, Transportation Research Board, Washington, •. C., 1977.

Gillen, David W., "Parking Policy, Parking Location Decisions and the Distribution of Congestion" Transportation, Vol 7, No. i, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Netherlands March 1978.

Jackson, Ralph E., "Parking Policy as an Integral Part of Urban Development Objectives" Highway• ResearCh Record No. •7•, Highway Research Board, Washington, D. C"., ••?3

"Transportat ion Keyani, Barbara I and Evelyn S. Putnam, Systems Management" State of the Art, Section 4 Parking Management" Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U S Department of Transportation, Washington, D. C., September 1976.

Los Angeles Parking Management Program, "Basic Aspects Parking Management Park-and-R±de Proposal", Draft Copy• Angeles, California, April 1977.

of the Lo s

Lueck• Curtis C. and Edward A. Beimbamn, "Empirical Analysis of the Interdependence of Pa•kin• Restrictions and Modal Use"• Transpomtation Research Record 722• Transportation Research So--ard, Wash'in,-ton, D. C ." •- i 9 •'97

May, A. D., "Parking Control" Experience London", Traffic Engineering and Control, Printerhali 'Lim'fZed, L'6"hd0n, 'England', May

and Problems in Vol. 16, No. 5, 1975.

"An Evaluation of Parking Management Parker, Martin R., Jr., Strategies for Urban Areas", Master% Thesis, University of Virginia, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Charlottes- ville, Virginia, May 1977.

Peers, John B., and Oreste M. Bevilacqua, "San Francisco Bay Area Parking Management Plan", Transportation Engineering Journal, Vol. 102, No. TE•, Ameri'ci• Society of• Civil" Engineers, New York, New York, November 1976.

Public Technology, Task Force of the Washington, D. C.,

Inc., "Parking Management", Transportation Urban Consortium for Technology Initiatives, July 1978.

Rappaport, Ann B., "Designing a Parking Management Transportation Resea. rch Record 6•, Transportation Board

Pro gram", Research

San Francisco Department of Public Works and the Department of City Planning, "Parking in San Francisco- A Study of Policies and Programs for Parking Management", San Francisco, California, December 1975.

Schoon, John C.,and Hubert S. Levinson, "New Concepts in Urban Parking" Transportation Engineering Journal, Vol I00, No TE.3, American Socmety of Cmvll Engineers, New York, New York, August 197•.

Somerfeld, Warren O., Michael Hoffman, and Thomas Studies- Madison, Wisconsin", Special Report 172, •ion Research Board, Washington, D.'•' C"', '1977-.•

Favour, "Case Transporta-

Wilbur Smith and Associates, "An Access Oriented Parking Strategy for the Boston Metropolitan Area'•, prepared for the Massachusetts Department of Public Works, Boston, Massachusetts, July 197•.

m Parking and Mode Choice

Bock, Frederick C., "Factors Influencing Modal Trip Assign- ment", National Coo.perative Highway Research Program Report 57, Highway Research Board,;Wash•ngtOn, D'•' C 1968'."

"Effect of Behnom, Jahanbakhsh, and Robert E Beglinger, Energy Shortage and Land Use on Auto Occupancy", Transporta-

i02, No. T•E2, American S6•'i-•±y tion Engineering Journal, Vol. of"•ivil Engineers, •ew" York, New York, May 1976.

"Ride Ducker, Kenneth J., Brent 0 Bair, and Irwin P Levin, Sharing" Psychological Factors", Transportation Engineering Journal, Vol. I03, No. TES, American-Socie•y"•f C'iSi'J Engineers New York, New York, November 1977.

Gillen, David W., "Parking Policy, Parking Location Decisions and the Dis'•ribution of Congestion", T•anspor•ation, Vol. ?, i, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Com•any'• A/ste•dam, Nether- lands, March 1978.

Hoey, William F and Herbert S Levinson, "Attitude Surveys, Transit Planning, and Automobile-Use Const:Paints"

• T•ansporta-

tion Research Record 625, Transportation Research Board, "Was'h'• in,ton, D' C., 1977

"Attribute Importance in Multiattribute Johnson, Michael A., Transportation Decisions", Transportation Research Record 673 Transportation Research. Board, Washi•gion,""D, C,, i'978".

Lambe, Thomas A., "The Choice of Parking Location by Workers in the Central Business District", Traffic Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 3, Eno Foundation for Transport•tion,-•-Wes•'p•rt , Connecticut• July 196 9.

Margolin, Joseph B., Marion R. Misch, and Ricardo D. Dobson, "Incentives and Disincen'•±ves to Ride-Sharing Behavior: A Progress Report", T.ransP0rta•ion.. Research Record No. 592, Transportation Research Board, Wa•h£ngton", 'D. •C'. 1'976

Pratt, Richard H., Neil J.-Pedersen, and Joseph J. "Travel Response to Transportation System Changes", for U. S. Department of Transportation, Washington, February 1977.

Mather, prepared D.C.,

Weiss, David L., "Citizen Opinions on Public Transportation Roles Service, and Financing", Transportation• Research Record No..._590• Transportation Research Board• Washing"cOn• IJ--C. i976.

Williams, Mam•in, "Factoms Affecting Mode Choice Decisions in Umban Tmavel" Tmansportation Reseamch, Vol 12, No 2, A Weaton $ Co., Ltd., London, England, 'Apmil 1978.

I0

me Parking Pricing

Brown, S. Business Pergamon

A., and T. A. Lambe, "Parking Prices in the Central District", Socio-Economic2.P.lanning Science, Vol. 8 Press, Great Britain,' 197

Frayne, Anthony, "Effectiveness of Pricing in Restraining City Traffic", Special Re•ort 188, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D. C'., '1'§76'-"

Gillen, David Modal Choice", tion Research

W., "Effects of Parking Costs on Urban Transport Transportation Research Record 6•7 Transporta-

Board, Washington, D. C., 1977.

Gillen, David W., "Effects of Changes in Parking Prices and Parking Resl:•ictions on Urban Transport Demands and Congestion Levels", Research Report No. 25, University of Toronto-York University,-:T0"ronto •, O•ta•iO,•Canada, February I•7 5.

"Can Parking Taxes Help •'' Kulash, Damian J. Research Record 528, Transportation Research D. C. •'9"7'•

Transportation Board", W•sh'•ngton,

Kulash, Damian, "Parking Taxes as-Roadway Prices" A Case Study of the San Francisco Experience", T•ansportation.. Research Record •9•, Transportation Research Board, Washing.ton, •D C- "•97'•

Kulash, Damian, "Parking Taxes for Congestion Relief" A Survey of Rela't:ed Experience", The Urban Ins't:itute, -Washington, D. C., March 1974.

Levin, David R., "Parking Meters" A Study of Their Number, Revenue, and Use", Bulletin• .8. I, Highway Research Board, Washing- •on, D. C., 195•.

"Parking Patterns. and Prices Okechuku, C and T A. Lambe, the CBD", Transportation. Research Record 51•, Transportation search Board, Washingt'oh"•" D. • 1-97-•.

in

Rhudy, Ralph H., "Free Parking in Richmond's CBD" of Techni.cal pape.rs Institute of Transportation Annual Meeting• Atlanta• Georgia• August 1978.

Compendium Engineer"s', '• 8 th

Transportation Research Board, "Parking Revenue por•ation Researc h .Ci..r..c•lar 18•, Washington, D.

Contro I" Trans C., June 19'77

Ii

F Parking Strategies and Environmental Quality

"Providing for Air Bellomo, Salvatore, Mobility", Highway Research Record •5, Board, Washington,• '•D. 'C"• , 197 •",'

Quality and Urban Highway Research

Bennett, Elizabeth, Gmeig Hamvey, Marvin Manheim, John Suhrbiem, Mabelle Bessey, and John Bain, "The Tmanspomtation Control-Planning Pmocess" Findings and Recommendations fore Impmoved Decision Making Phase I", Centem for Tmansporta- tion Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambmidge, Massachusetts, March 1975.

Demn, J., J. Cole, B. Fallon, J. Hellem, S. Hickey, J. Holmes, and R. Sanson, "Parking Management Strategies fore Reducing Automobile Emissions", pmepamed fore Environmental Pmotection Agency, Washington, D. C., September 1976.

"Pareking Management Regula- Environmental Pmotection Agency, tions", Fedemal Register, Vol. 89, No. 16•, U. S. Govemnment Printing Office, Washington, D. C., August 197•.

Environmental Protection Agency, Pamking Management Regulations", U. S. Government Printing 0ffice, 1975.

"Indefinite Suspension of Federal Register, Vol. •0, Washington, D. C., July 15,

Hunnicutt, James M., "Parking. and the Environment" Where Are We. Now?", Traffic Engineering, Vol. •.5, No. ii, Institute of .Transportation "Engineers, A•lington, Virginia, November 1975.

Ingram, Gregory K., Gary R. Fauth, and Eugene Kroch, "Cost and Effectiveness of Emission Reduction and Transportation Control Policies" Revis•a International di Economia dei TransPor• Vol. 2, •0- l,-Rome, I•i'y, April 1975.

Keefe.•, Louis E., "Transportation Control Plans" " T Round I .E. Journal, Vol. •8, No 6, Institute of

•ion Engineers, Arlington, Virginia, June 1978.

The Next Transporta-

Keefer, Louis E., "The Traffic Engineer, the Clean Air Act and Energy", ITE Journal, Vol. •9, No. 12, Institute of Trans- portation Engineers, Washington, D. C., December 1979.

Maeder, Edward C., address Management Regulations of Washington, D. C., .May I,

given at the Workshop on Parking the Environmental Protection Agency, 1975.

12

i00.

101.

102.

103.

104.

105.

Obinani, Felix C., "Air Quality Control Strategies" Public Viewpoint", Traffic_ •.Quarter!y,. Eno Foundation T•ansportation• inc.• OctobeP 1977.

The for

"Parking Regulations Peers, John B., and O Michael Beviloqua, and Their Impact on Air Pollution"•__ Tech• Notes, Vol. •, No. 7, Alan M. Voorhees and Associates, McLean, •V•r'gi'nia, April 15, 1976.

Revis, Joseph S., "Short-Term Transportation Control Strategies for Air Pollution Contmol" Highway Research RecoPd •65• High way Research Board, Washington, D. C., 1973

Seltz-Petrash, Ann, "Transportation Planners Join Battle for Cleaner Air" Civil Engineering, Vol 49, No II, America Society of Civil Engineers, New York, New York, November 1979.

Suhrbier, John H., Terry J. Atherton, and Elizabeth A. Deakin, "Improved Air Quality Through Transportation System Management", Transportation Research Record 722, Transportation Research Board, 'wa"•hington,-JJ•. C., 197•.-

Watkins, Robert O., James B. Borden, and Fred F. "Can Vehicle Travel be Reduced 20 Percent in the Air Basin •'' Transportation Research Record 492, Research Board

Kirchner, South Coast Transportation

13

G Impact of Parking Strategies

106.

107.

108.

i09.

II0.

iii.

112.

114.

115.

i16.

117.

118.

Bentfeld, G., "Effect of Parking Policies Traffic En•ineeri.ng and Control, Vol 12, Lim'i±ed ,' Lo•d'•n, England ,- November 1 • 70.

onTraffic Volumes", No. 7, Printerhall

"Parking Garages Crabb, Clyde S and Michael J. Weiner, Complement Downtown Revitalization" Public Works, Vol No. 4, Public Works Journal Corporatio'n, Ridgewood, New Jersey, April 1.978.

109,

DiRenzo, John F., "Travel and portation Control Measures", 71•, Transportation Research

Emissions Impacts of Trans- Transportation Research Record Board, Wa'shi•'g•on, D C' 19'79.

Goldstein, Gerald S., and Leon N. Travel Costs, and Urban Spatial Vol. 23, No. 3, Summer 1975.

Moses "•rans•or•••+ Controls, Structure" Public Policy,

Harrison, A. H., "Car Parking Studies Engineering and Control, Vol. Ii, No. Lond0'n • Engl•nd, Aptif' 197 o.

in Coventry", Traffic 12, Printerhalf' "•imited,

Hirst, Eric, "Transportation Energy Conservation Policies" Science, Vol. 192, No. 4234, American Association for Advance- ment of Sciences, Washington, D. C.,. April 1976.

May, A. D., "Traffic Management and Restraint by Parking Control in Greater London"• Highway Research ,Record No. •7g• H2ghway Re- search Board, Washington, D. 'C., 1'973

May, A. D., "Parking Control" Experience and Problems in London", Traffic Engineering. and Control, Vol. 16, No. 5, Printerhall himit•'@, '£$nd'o'n, 'England'•May 1975.

0"Cinneide, D., "Parking Control by the Park Traffic Engineering and Control, Vol. 18, No. Limited, ho6d.on• Engighd'," Apr'il 1977.

System in Cork", 4, Printerhall

Remak, Roberta, and Sandra Rosenbloom, Congestion- Volume i", prepared for Highway Research Progr.am, Washington,

"Peak-Period Traffic the National Cooperative D. C.• December 197•.

Remak, Roberta, and Sandra Rosenbloom, "Peak-Period Traffic Congestion" Options for Current Programs", NCHRP Report 169• Transportation Research Board, Washington, D. C., 'Y976

"Energy Conservation in U S Department of Transportation, Transportation", Research and Special Programs Administration, Washington, D. C., January 1979.

Valdes, Antonio, "Public Parking Engineering and. C.ontrol, Vol. Ii, London, England, April 1970.

Policy in Madrid" Traffic No. 12, Printerhali" Limited,

14

He Fminge Pamking

119.

120.

121.

122.

124.

125.

126.

127.

128.

129.

Abdus-Samad, U. R., "Change of Mode Parking Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1972.

Facilities",

Allen, Douglas A., "Design Guidelines for Park-and-Ride Lots", Compendium of Techn.i..cal Papers, presented at the 4gth Annual Meeting, -Institute of Transportation Engineers, Toronto, Canada, September 1979.

Brown, •emald R., "Influence of Park-and-Ride Factors in Modal Shift Planning", Transportation Research Recomd 557, Tmanspo•ta- tion Research Board, Washlngton, D. C '197•.

Demetsky, Michael J., "Analysis of Operations", VHRC 7 3-R28, Virginia Charlottesville, Vir•g'i•'ia, November

Express Highway 197•.

Bus-Fringe Parking Research Council,

Demetsky, Michael J., pplications Manual for Logit Models of Express Bus-Fringe Parking Choices" VHTRC 77-R22, Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council,•-•Haglottesville, Virginia, Sept ember 1976.

" •.v=a

Demetsky, M. J., R N Robertson, and Robert E Jalette, uation of the greenwood Drive F•inge Parking Facility", VHTRC 78-R45,_ Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council, Chari'ottesville, Virginia, Ma•ch 1978

"Con- Ellis, Raymond H John C Bennett, and Paul R. Rassam, siderations in the Design of Fringe Parking Facilities", High- way Research Record No. _47•, Highway Research Board, Washingt'6'n D. C,, 19'73

Kerchowskas, Kathy, and Ashish K. Sen, ning Manual", University of Illinois Illinois, November 1977.

"The Park-and-Ride Plan-• at Chicago Circle, Chicago,

Levinson, Herbert S., "Planning Transit Facility Parking the Boston Metropolitan Area", Transportation Research Record 601, Transportation Research Board, Was'hin•'tbN, •D. C.•-i976

"Park-and-Ride in the Miller, Gerald K and James T. McQueen, Shirley Highway Corridor", Transportation Research Record 606, Transportation Research Board", -Was'•'ihg•on, D• C.', 19"7'6 •.

Mufti, R. K., L. S. Golf in, and C. for Estimating Demand for Regional T_ransportation Research Record 644, Board, Wash•ngton,•D'. C., 1977..

D. Dougherty, "Procedure Fringe Parking Facilities", Transportation Research

!S

130. "TSM Planning Wester, Kenneth W.,•and Michael J Demetsky, for Fringe Parking Transit" Transportation Engineeri.ng Journa.l, Vol. 105, No. TE3, American Society Of 'Civil Engineers, New York, New York, May 1979.

16

I Parking Management Planning

131.

132.

133.

134.

135.

136.

137.

138.

139.

"The Downtown Parking System" Alexander, Laurence A., Traffic Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 2, Eno Foundation for Tran•p'ortaii0n, •Westport, Connecticut, April 1969.

Demetsky, Michael J., and Martin Parking in Transportation Systems at the 57th annual meeting of the Washington, D-. C. January 1978.

R. Parker, Jr., "The Role of Management" paper presented Transportation Research Board

Dern, J., J. Cole, B. Fallon, J. Heller, S. Hickey, J. Holmes, and R. Sanson, "Parking Management Strategies .for Reducing Automobile Emissions" prepared for Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., September 1976.

Federal Highway Administration, Regi..s.t.er

• Vol.

Washington, D.

Adminis.tration__ and Urban Mass Transportation "Transportation Improvement Program" Federal

40, No. 181, U. S. Department of Transportation C., September 17, 1975.

Jackson, Ralph E., "Parking Policy as-an-Integral Part of Urban Development Objectives" Highway Research Record •7•, Highway Research Board, Washington$ D.-•C','",' 19"73.

"Designing a Parking Management Program" Rappaport, Ann B. Transportation Research Record 6•, Transportation Research B6ard , 'W'as'•ing•0n 'D'. d',-,' i •7Y.

"New Concepts in Schoon, John G and Herbert S. Levinson, Urban Parking", Transportati..0.n Engineering Journal, Vol. i00, No. TE3, American s'ociety of civil Engi6eers, NeW York, New York, August 1974.

Schulman, Lawrence L., "Parking as an Element Within the Comprehensive Transportation Planning Process" Public Roads, Vol. 35, No. i, U. S. Department of Transportation7 Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D. C., April 1968.

Weant, Robert A., "Parking Garage Eno Foundation for Transportation, Press, New York, New York, 1978.

Planning and Operation", Inc., Columbia University

17

141.

142.

143.

144.

145.

146.

147.

148.

Methods of Evaluating Parking Strategies

Ellis, Raymond H., and Paul •R. Rassam, "Structuring a Systems Analysis of Parking" H±ghway Research Record •17, Highway Research Board, Washington, D. C ig70

Holland, Edward P., "Approaches for Evaluating Alternative Methods of Restraint" Transportation Research Record 494, Transportation Research Board, Wa'S•i•gtoi', D'"'C' ",' I974L

Institute of Engineering

Transportation Engineers, Studies", Fourth Edition,

"Manual of Arlington,

Traffic Virginia• 1976.,

Knoflacher, H., "A Method of Verifying the Effectiveness of Limited Parking Zones", Traffic Engineer.ing and Control, Vol. 19, No. 2, Printerhal! Limited,'"hondon', EHglan•• Pebru•ry 1978.

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C. H Hull, Statistical McGraw-Hill Book Company,

Par ker, Parking Control,

G. Brian, "A Method •of Assessment of the Effects of Policy on Traffic Movement", TPaffic EngineePing and Printerhall Limited.., London, Engiand• 'May Y973 .•

Silence, Steiner M., "Procedures for Measuring the Activity Level and the Parking Demand of the CBD", Highway• Research. Record 474, Highway R.esearch..Board, Washington, D•. C •973.

Sosslau, Arthur B., Amin B. Hassam, Maurice M. Carter, and George V. Wickstram, "Quick-Response. Urban Travel Estimation Techniques and Transferable Parameters User' s Guide", National Cooperative Highway. Research Program Report 187, Transportation-•e's'e•'rc• Board, "W•shing•o•,-D• •C-•. ," 'i'978.'"

Thomas., Edwin N., and Joseph L. Schofer, "Strategies for the Evaluation of Alternative Transportation Plans", National Cooperativ e .Highway., R.esearch.. Program Repo.rt 96, Highway Re- search Board, Washington, D. C., 1970.

18

No Parking Models

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158.

159.

"Allocation of Parking Demand in a CBD" Austin, Terence W., Highway Research. R.e.c_ord_ 444, Highway Research Board, Washing- ton, D. C i9•3

Bates, John W., "A Gravity Allocation Model for Parking Demand" Highway Research Record 395, Highway Research Board Washington D' C.",1'972'."

"A Bennett, John C Raymond H Ellis+ and Paul R. Rassom+ Guide to Parking Systems Analysis", report prepared by Peat+ Marwick+ Mitchell and Co. for Zhe Federal Highway Administration+ Washington, D. C., October 1972.

"Struc fuming a Ellis, Raymond H and Paul R. Ra.ssam, Analysis of Parking"• Highway Research Record No. 317, Research Board, Washington, D. C., 1970.

Systems Highway

"Effects of Parking Costs on Gillen, David W., Modal Choice" Transportation Research Record

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637, Transporta-

Goyal, S. K., "Two Models for Allocating Traffic Engineering and Control, Vol. 19, Limited , London, Eni-land,-February 1978.

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Kanafani, Adib K., "Location Model for Parking Facilities", Transpor_tation Engineering Journal, Vol 98, No. TEl, •erican Society of ciVil E•iin'ee'r's,-N&w •?Ork, NSw York, February 1972.

"Low-Budget Model Split Analysis" Mullen, P ,and G P Lawson, An Application of Free Fares and Parking Restraint Policy", Traffic Engineering and Control Vol. i?, No. 5, Printerhall Limited",' •Londo'n •' 'Eng'l'.a•d"", May i •76.

"A Parking Study Schulman, Lawrence L and Robert W. Stout, Through the Use of Origin-Destination Data", Highway Research Record. No....3..17, Highway Research Board, Washingtoi'•' D. C.•, I•'970.

"Forecasting Impacts Walker, E L Jr.,and John J. Cummings, of Transit Improvements and Fringe Parking Developments on Down- town Parking Needs" Highway Research Record 395, Highway Re search Board, Washington, D. C., 1972.

"U Whitlock, E.M., se of Linear Programming to native Parking Sites", Highway_ Research Record Research Board, Washington, D. C., 1973.

Evaluate Alter- 444, Highway

19

no

160.

161.

162.

163.

Loading Terminals in Urban Areas

Christiansen, .•Dennis, "Off-Street Truck-Loading. Facilities in Downtown Areas" Requirements and Design" Transpgrtation Research Rec.o.rd..66.8, Transportation Research B•ard, W•shing- ton, •D'." C'., 1978.

Crain, John, Larry Glazer, Tom Higgins, David Koffman, and Dale Ross, "Actions• to Reduce Vehicle Use in Congested. Areas", Specia.l Report 172, Transportation Research Board, Washington, b. C., 197'7.

Goettee, David-, and Ernest R. Cadotte, "Freight Movement" A Cru•±al Component of Transportation System Management" Special RePOrt 172, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D C., 1977.

..'

"Space Allocation Habib, PhilipA , and Kenneth W. Crowley, Guidelines for, Off-Street .Loading Facilities" Research Record 668, Transportation Research 5' -•C ':, 19:7 8

Transportation Boar•, Washington

2O

No Umban Tmanspomtation Planning

164.

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"Choosing Objectives in Byer, Philip H and David Saunders, Transportation Planning", Transportation .Eng_i.ng__ering. Journal, American Society of Civil Engineers, •Voi •i05, No. TEl, New York, New York, January 1979.

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Highway Research Board, "Citizen Participation tion Planning" Special. Report. 142, .Washington

in Transporta- D. C., 1973.

Hutchinson, B. G., Planning

, Scripta

Principles of Urban Transport Systems Book C-•-mp•ny, washington, • C. 1974.

JHK & Associate.s and Peat, Marwick, Mitchell g Co., "Measures of.-Effectiveness for Multimodal Urban Traffic Management", Working Papers prepared for the Federal Highway Administration• Washington, D.C., June i

Kay, Jack L., "Measures. of Effectiveness", Proceedings of the Inter•atio.na!_ Symp.osium on Traffic Control Systems, Vol. i, Berkeley, California, August I

"Urban Transportation Programs" Myths Levinson, Herbert S., and Realities", ITE Journal, Vol. 49., No. II, Institute of Transportation Engi-neer•"',•'Arlington, Virginia, November 1979.

"Framework for I.nvolving Lichteheld• John and James Etmanczyk Local Citizens in a Small Urban Area's Transportation Planning Process" T•ansportation Research Record 731• Transportation Research Boar•, wa"Shingt0•, •D. C.,' i'979

Meyer, J. Problem 1965.

R., J. F. Kain, and M. Wohl, The Urban Transportation Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts,

"The Impact of Low/No Technical Committee 6F-14, on Transportation", ITE Journal, Vol. 49, No. ii, of Transportation Engineers, A•lington, Virginia,

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21

No Transportation System Management S.trategies

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in Record t ''•, 1976.

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A Paris,

EcoPlan, "Transportation Systems Management in London" A Case Study" Transport Research Group• Draft Report• Paris France• December 1977.

EcoPlan, "Transportation A Case Study", Transport France, February 1978.

Systems Management in Milton Research Group, Draft Report,

Keynes Paris,

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"Transportation Keyani, Barbara I .and Evelyn S.. Putman, System Management" State of the Art"', report prepared for the Urban Mass Transportation Ad..ministration, Washington, D. C., September 197.6.

"'Transportation System May, Adolf D and Dick Westland, Management" TSM-Type Projects in Six Selected European Countries", Traffic Engineering .and Control, Printerhall Limited, London• Eigland',' Feb•ua•y 1979'•

Meyer, Michael, "A Review of Transportation System Management Plans Submitted in Response to New Federal Policy", Working Paper 76-3, Center for Transportation Studies, Massachusetts •nsiitute"of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, October 1976.

"Peak Period Traffic Remak• Roberta, and Sandra Rosenbloom• Congestion" Option for Current Programs", National C0..operative Highway .Research .Progr..a.m...Repo•t 1..69, Transporti•ion Research Board, Washington, D. C. 1976

"Implementing Packages of Con Remak, R ,and S. Rosenbloom, gestion-Reducing Techniques" Strategies for Dealing with Institutional Problems of Cooperative Programs", National Co- operative Highway Research Program Report 205, Tr•'h'sp•rtat'i•n Research Board, 'WaShington',' D-, C.',' "Juni •'9'7 9

Transportation Research Board, "Increase in Public Transit Keyed to Revival of City Centers", Transportation Research News, No. 67, Washington, D. C., November-Decembe• •'•97'6.

22

O Methods for Limiting Traffic

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"Potential Impact of Bone, R A M Wrigley, and 0 Pike, Traffic Restra±nt Measures on Central Area Land Uses" Colin Buchanan and Partners, London, England, 1974.

"Nottingham Zones and Cooper, B R., and R E Layfield, Collar Study-- Results of the After Surveys" Transport and Road Research Laboratory Report 3.65, Department-of-Tra-nsp0r'•, Cr•t'h'0rhe, Berks.•ire,- England, 1978.

Elmberg, Curt M., "Compartmentation as a Tool to Reduce Traffic Congestion and Improve the Environment", Gothenburg Transit Authority., Gothenburg, Sweden, August 1974.

Environmental Protection Agency, "Transportation Controls to Reduce Automobile. Use and Improve Air Quality in Cities", Office of Policy Analysis, Washington, D. C., November 1974.

Gamble, Hays B. "Automobile Restricted Zones", Transport•atio n Research Record 6134, Transportatio-n Research Board, WasHington, D,-C i977

"Summary of the Garofalo• Steve B Current Status of Knowledge on Traffic Restraint".

, University

of .Connecticut• Civ±l Engineering Department, Storrs, Connecti.• cut, July 1976.

Holland, Edward P.;, "Approaches for Evaluating Alternative Methods of Restraint"', Transportation Research R.ecord 49.4, Transportation Research Bo•ird'," washin•ton,' D.' c., 19'7'4

"Traffic Restraint Holland, Edward P., and Peter L Watson, in Singapore", Traffmc" Engmneermng" and Control, Vol. 19, No. Printerhall Limite"'d,"' Lo'Hdon, Ehgiand, January 1978

Horowitz, Joel L., "Pricing- the Environmental and Energy Goals", tion Research Board, Washington,

Use of the Automobile Speci..al R.epor.t .18.1•, D. C., 1978.

to Achieve Transporta-

Hotta, Minoru, "Implementing Comprehensive Yamagata City", The Wheel Extended, W±nter

Traffic Controls in 1975-76.

Ingram, Gregory K., "Reductions in Automobile Use in Four Major Cities as a Result of Car Pooling and "rmproved Transit" Trans- portation .R.esearch Record 650, Transportation Research Board, Washifigtoh, D. •.•, 1977.

"Traffic Free Zones Kuhnemann, Jorg, and Robert Witherspoon, in German Cities", Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Environment Directorate, Paris, France, August 1972.

23

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D. H. Hodgkinson, "A Permit System fo#"Traffic Traffic Engineeming and__Co•tmol, Vol. 17., No. 3, Limited, London, England, March 1976.

May, Anthony D., "The Restraint of Vehicular Traffic"', Tmaffic Engine..e#in$ Vol. •6, No. 2, Institute of T#anspomta- tion"-Enginee#s, Amlington, Vi#ginia, Feb#uamy 1976..-

May, A. D., "Supplementary Licensing" An Enginee#ing and Contmol, Vo.l. 16, No. 4, L0ndon, England, Ap•ii '1975.

Evaluation", Traffic Printerhall Limited,

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"Sensitivity Analysis Maximan, Robert J., and Darwin G. Stuart, of Selected Transportation Control Strategies", Transportation Research Record 677, Transportation Research Boar'S, Washington D C 1978

McDonald, J. W., "Transportation and/or nic..a_! Notes, Vol. 2, No. i, Institute of Arlington, Virginia, March 1977.

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Mikdowsky, W. T., W. L. Stanley, and B. F. Goellem,. "Effective- ness of New-Term Tactics for Reducing Vehicle Miles .Traveled: A Case Study of the Los Angeles Region". Rand Cooperation, Santa Monica, California, December 1974.

Moseley, G. W., "Implementation and Enforcement David and Charles Limited, Devonshire, England,

of Restraints", 197•.

Orksi, C. Kenneth, "Car-Free Zones and Traffic Restraints" of Environmental Management", Highway. Research Record 406, way Research Board, Washington, D.--C., 19'7'•'.

Tools High-

0verway, Marvin L., F. L. Spielberg, and W. S. Herald, "Issues in Implementation of Auto Restricted Zones" Tech Notes, Vol 3, No. 9, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Krlington, Virginia, May 15, 1976.

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"The

TPans- May

Stuart, Darwin G., and Warren D. Weber, "Accommodating Multiple Alternatives in Transportation Planning" Transportation Re- search Resor.d. 6_39, Transportation Research Board, Washi{g•o'n, b C' 1977.

Thomson, Areas", Division

J. Michael, "Methods of Organization for Economic of Urban Affairs, Paris,

Traffic Limitation in Urban Cooperation and Development• France• Sept ember 1972.

Tominaga, Seimi, "Reducing Traffic The Wheel• Extended_, Autumn 1975.

Volumes in Urban Japan",

"Pricing Metering and Vickrey, William, Urban Transportation Foacilities", Highway 476, Highway Research Board, Washington,

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25

P Methods for Improving Transit Service

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Haynes, J. J., J. N. Fox, and B. T. Williams, "Public Attitudes Toward Transit Features and Systems" Transportation Research Record 6•9, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D. C., .1.977-

Holthoff, William C., and Robert G. Knighton, "Cost Increases, Cost Differences, and Productivity of Transit Operations in New York State", Transportation Research Record 625, Transporta tion Research Board, Washington, D. C., i977.

Kraft, Walter H., and Harold Deutschman, "Bus Passenger Time Distributions" Transportation Research Record 6 25, portation Research Board, -Washington, D. C., 1977.

Service Trans-

Kumar, Ashok, and William P. Goss, "A Modal Choice Model for Fare-Free Transit", Transportation Engineering Journal, Vol. 103, No. TE2, American Ssciety -of"Civii' 'Eigi'•eers, N&w York, New York, March 1977.

Levinson, Herbert S., William F. Hoey, David B. Saunders, and F. Houston Wynn, "Bus Use of Highways" State of the Amt", NCHRP i•3, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report Trangp6rtation Research Board, Washington, D. C., 19.73.

Levinson, Herbert S., Crosby L. Adams, and William F. Hoey, "Bus Use of Highways" Planning and Design Guidelines", NCHRP 155, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D. C., ].g7's

McCrosson, Dennis F., "A TSM Traffic Management Guide for Transit", Traffic Engineering, Vol. 47, No. •, Institute of Transporta•io'•'•-Eng•n•e•s,- Arlington, Virginia, May 1977.

Meyer, Michael, "Planning Process for the Design of Integrated Fixed- and Flexible-Route Bus Service in Rochester" Trans- portation Research Record 650, Transportation Research'B6a•d, Was'•ingt6"• •' m. C. ,' 'i§'77'.'

Roth, Gabriel, "Regulation .of Buses in Cities", search.....Record No. 476, Highway Research Board,

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Schwartz, Martin L., "Consumer Reaction to Transit Marketing in Boulder'• Colorado" Transportation Research Record 6, 25 Transportation Research' 'Board •, ••i•h'ingt0n',' 'b.'"c". 1'9'77

Sherman, Roger, "Incentives for the Coordination of De- centralized Transit Choices" Highway Research Record No •7__•6,. Highway Research Board, Washmngton, D. C., i973.

Sosslav, George V. Response Research

Arthur B., Amin B. Hassam, Maurice M. Carter, and Wickstrom, "Travel EsZimation Procedures for Quick

to Urban Policy Issues", NCHRP 186, Transportation Board, Washington, D. C., 19-78'

Tob.er, Ronald J., "Impmoving Service Quality and Efficiency Through the Use of Service Standards"• Special Report 172. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D. C'•-, '"i•7•.

Wynn, F. H. and .H.S. Levinson, "Some Considerations in Appraising Bus Transit Potentials", Highway Research Record No. 19 7, Highway Research Board, Washing'ton,' "D"'."-'•.",'-1'967. Ziegler, Eldon, "Integrating Transit and Paratransit" portation Research Record 650, Transportation Research WaShihg•on, m. C., 1977.

27