By: Paige, Grace, Abeer, and Simran

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

Psychological Disorders- harmful dysfunctional.

Atypical disturbing maladaptive unjustifiable

DEFINING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

• History of disorders: Two centuries ago people with disorders were not accepted

-evil forces, caged, therapies given to demons, beaten, burned

• Medical Perspective: Philippe Pinel from France

-madness was not a demonic possession but a condition caused by stress and inhumane conditions

-Treatment: unchaining subjects, activity over isolation, gentleness over brutality

UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGICAL

DISORDERS

● Syphilis infects the brain and distorts the mind, this is when health reformers began working on physical

causes for disorders and treatments ● mental health movement: mental illness needs to be

diagnosed on the basis of its symptoms and cured through therapy, including treatment in psychiatric

hospital● medical model- psychological disorders are illnesses

● hospitals replaced asylums

UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGICAL

DISORDERS

• behavior, normal or disordered, comes from nature and nurture

• core symptoms of schizophrenia and depression include irrationality and incoherent speech

• anorexia and bulimia occur more in western cultures• taijin-kyofusho- social anxiety about appearance • susto: anxiety, restlessness, fear of black magic

UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGICAL

DISORDERS

• Psychiatrists use the Diagonostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) for name/describing disorders

• Neurotic disorders-usually distressing, but allows one to think rationally and function socially

• Psychotic disorder- person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL

DISORDERS

BASIC CONCEPTS:• Once we label a person, we view that person differently. • Labels create perceptions that can bias our perceptions and our interpretations• Labels change reality and can serve as self fulfilling prophecies

DAVID ROSENHAN EXPERIMENT (1973)• Gave false complaints, names ,and occupations but answered all questions truthfully.• All eight men diagnosed as mentally ill.

STEWART PAGE EXPERIMENT (1977)• Called 180 people in Toronto who were advertising rooms for rent• When asked if room was available BUT claimed she was being released from mental hospital, jail or

was mentally ill, ⅔ times answer was no• Because of stereotypes, psychologically disordered people are viewed as violent, a criminal and

homicidal9/10 people with disorders are NOT dangerous. Instead, anxious, depressed and withdrawn.

LABELING PSYCHOLOGICAL

DISORDERS

By: Grace Kuperman

ANXIETY DISORDERS

Key Terms:

Generalized Anxiety Disorder- unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy

Panic Disorder- Episodes of sudden dread

Anxiety- automatic nervous system arousal (racing heart, clammy hands, stomach butterflies)

Panic Attack- an episode of extreme anxiety where you feel a shortness of breath, choking sensations, and dizziness.

GENERALIZED ANXIETY AND PANIC DISORDER

• Phobias focus anxiety on a specific object, activity, or situation.

• Some irrational fears produce phobias like height, blood or tunnels.

• Social Phobias, or an intense fear of being scrutinized by others, is shyness taken to the extreme.

PHOBIAS

Obsessive thoughts and compulsive behavior cross the fine line between normality and disorder when they interfere

with everyday life.

OBSESSIVE- COMPULSIVE DISORDER

• Centered around themes

• Fear of dirt and germs

• Need for symmetry

• Fear of making mistakes

• Constant arrangement of items

• Attention to detail

Learning Perspective:

Fear Conditioning- Anxiety develops from fear (classical conditioning)

Stimulus Generalization- Conditioned fears may remain long after we have forgotten the experiences that produced them.

Reinforcement- avoiding or escaping the feared situation

Observational Learning- observing others’ fear

Biological Perspective:

Evolution- modern fears may come from our biological past.

Physiological- genetics. If a family member has an anxiety disorder, then a direct relative is more likely top have one.

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=crash%20copurse%20anxiety&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCQQyCkwAA&url=h

ttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DaX7jnVXXG5o&ei=Ke00Vba4EtbgoATE8IDwDA&usg=AFQjCNH2WdKwMfH

naJ6G3AKJatz8j3m-QQ&bvm=bv.91071109,d.cGU

EXPLAINING ANXIETY DISORDERS

• Phobias focus anxiety on a specific object, activity, or situation.

• Some irrational fears produce phobias like height, blood or tunnels.

• Social Phobias, or an intense fear of being scrutinized by others, is shyness taken to the extreme.

PHOBIAS

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

MOOD DISORDERS

By: Paige Bowman

Definition: a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods and feelings of worthlessness• Diminished interest or

pleasure in most activities • A response to past and current

loss, while anxiety is a response to threat of future loss

• Different the being sad!-sad is like being out of breath of a few min after run, depression= chronically short of breath

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

Definition: Person alternates between hopelessness of depression & overexcited state of mania• Afflicts as many men as women• Common among creative

artists(Hemingway and Walt Whitman)

• Manic episode: disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Over talkative

Overactive

elated

BIPOLAR DISORDER

Peter Lewinsohn summarized the facts that any theory of depression must explain:

• Behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression

• Depression is widespread• Compared with men, women are twice as

vulnerable to depression • Major depressive episodes last less than six

months• Stressful events often precede depression

EXPLAINING MOOD DISORDERS

• Genetic influences Twins Family members Search for genes that put

people at risk for depression• The depressed brain Neurotransmitters Norepinephrine-increases

arousal and boosts mood=overabundant during mania/ scare in depression

Serotonin= scarce in depression

Exercise/drugs= treatment

THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

• Negative thoughts feed negative moods

-Depressed people explain bad events in terms that are stable, global & internal• Negative moods feed negative thoughts

-Thoughts are less negative before/ after depression

-Joseph Forgas demonstration-mood effect• Depression’s Vicious Cycle

- Negative stressful events pessimistically interpreted create depressed state that hampers the way people think and act that fuels more negative experiences.

THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

SCHIZOPHRENIA

By: Simran Sutaria

• split mind- brain is split between reality that shows itself in disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions,

and inappropriate emotions and actions• delusions: thinking of a person with schizophrenia is

distorted by false beliefs • psychologist believe disorganized thoughts result from a

breakdown in selective attention • we can give our undivided attention while patients with

schizophrenia cannot

SCHIZOPHRENIA: DISORGANIZED THINKING

• perceive things that are not there• hallucinations: sensory experiences without sensory

stimuli • less common- people see, hear, feel things that are not

there• the voices might tell them to hurt themselves, or say

that they are bad• patients do inappropriate things, or act in ways a

normal person would not• motor behaviors- senseless, compulsive acts such as

rocking or rubbing an arm • disrupt social relationships• occupied with unreal images and voices- unlogical

DISTURBED PERCEPTIONS

positive symptoms: hallucinations; deluded in their talk, laughter, tears, rage

negative symptoms: toneless voices, expressionless faces • may be caused by a long history of social inadequacy or a

reaction to stress• schizophrenia due to reaction to stress can most likely be

cured

Subtypes of schizophrenia: paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, residual

TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

• dopamine overactivity- excess of receptors • brain activity- abnormally low brain activity

• enlarged, fluid filled areas and a corresponding shrinkage of cerebral tissue

• thalamus is smaller than normal- difficulty filtering sensory input and focusing attention

• often times children who are adopted have a higher risk of getting schizophrenia if biological parent has the

disorder

UNDERSTANDING SCHIZOPHRENIA

• parent with schizophrenia that’s long lasting• birth complications

• separation from parents• Short attention span or poor muscle coordination

• disruptive behavior• emotional unpredictability

• poor peer relations

WARNING SIGNS

By: Abeer Dhanani

PERSONALITY DISORDERS AND RATES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

CLUSTERS OF DISORDERS1. Expresses anxiety

-avoidant personality disorder2. Expresses eccentric behavior

-schizoid personality disorder3. Exhibits dramatic or impulsive behavior

-histrionic personality disorder-narcissistic personality disorder-borderline personality disorders

-anti personal Personality Disorder lie here. (Sociopath or psychopath)

PERSONALITY DISORDERS

● Serious psychological disorders is doubly high among those below the poverty line.

● Those who experience a psychological disorder usually do so by early adulthood.

RATES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS