Medieva

l Europe

MEDIEVAL

TIMES

By: Mrs. Hammel

Shintoism - the Japanese people believed in kami, or spirits of objects & people. According to the traditional religion of Japan, kami is in everything. Isolationism - a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, esp. the political affairs of other countries. emperor (through Old French empereor from Latin imperator) is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of a realm. Daimyo- Subordinate only to the shogun, daimyo were the most powerful feudal rulers from the 10th century to the middle 19th century in Japan, largest group off land owners in Japan.

JAPAN VOCABULARY

DaimyoShinto Shrine

Vassals - a person in the past who received protection and land from a lord in return for loyalty and service. Feudalism - the dominant social system in medieval Europe and Japan, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection. Shogun - hereditary commander-in-chief in feudal Japan. Because of the military power concentrated in his hands and the consequent weakness of the nominal head of state (the mikado or emperor), the shogun was generally the real ruler of the country until feudalism was abolished in 1867. Samurai Warrior - member of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan, esp. a member of the class of military retainers of the daimyos. Zen Buddhism - Japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition.

JAPAN VOCABULARY

Samurai

Zen Buddhism

GEOGRA

PHY

OF

JAPAN

Japan

China

Russia

Korea

Sea of Japan

Pacific OceanEast China Sea

Hokkaido

Honshu

Shikoku Kyushu

Country Water Island

Why did emperors send scholars to China and Korea? The rulers of Japan decided to send representatives to China and Korea to gather information about their cultures and they also invited people from China and Korea to move to Japan. The emperors hoped that these people could teach the Japanese new ways of working and thinking.

INFLUENCES FROM CHINA AND KOREA

How did language change? One of the first things the Japanese learned from China and Korea was language. The early Japanese didn’t have a written language. Therefore, many learned to write in Chinese. They continued to speak in Japanese, however, which is very different from Chinese.

How did religion and philosophy change? They taught them about Confucianism and Buddhism spread across Japan. Confucianism changed family life. Buddhism changed the way people worshipped and shrines were built. Lower class mostly Shinto, upper class new religions.

How did government change? Wanted Emperors to gained power, clans opposed so emperors did not gain power. Emperor is a figurehead, and the shogun holds power as his regent.

THE ARTS OF EARLY JAPAN

Emperor

Shogun

Daimyo & Samurai

Peasants

The emperor was a figurehead for the powerful shogun

A powerful military leader who ruled in the emperor's name.

Daimyo, powerful lords who led armies of samurai.Samurai, warriors who served the shogun.

Most Japanese were poor peasants who had no power.

JAPANESE SOCIAL STRUCTURE

EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE

Topo

graphy

- : th

e art

or

scien

ce of

makin

g maps

that

show

the he

ight, s

hape,

etc., o

f

the la

nd in

a par

ticula

r area

such a

s mou

ntains

and r

ivers

Eurasia - landmass of

Asia & Europe —chiefly

used to refer to the two

continents as one

continent

GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE

Why did so many different ways of life

develop in Europe? Different climates (hot

most of year, freezing

most of year, wet or dry)

Different land types (rivers, oceans, mountains)

GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE

N. Eu

rope.

Plain

Ural mountains

English C

hannel

Alps Mtn

Scan

dinavi

a Pen

.

Italian Pen.

Mediterranean Sea

Black Sea

Norw

egian

Sea

Atlantic Ocean

North Sea

GEOGRAPHY SHAPES LIFE

N. European Plain, rivers

Mild, cool, wet, freezing in winter

Forest Near rivers

Coastal plains, river valleys, mountains

Warm sunny, dry summers

Grapes, olives, trees & shrubs

Coastal plains, river valleys

Surrounded by seas, mountains

Snowy, freezing, cold

Few plantsCoastline

CHAOS & INVASION78

9

Norm

ans

take

con

trol

of

Eng

land

1215

100

year

s war

King died 3 different men claim thrownNorwegians

North

Stamford BridgeEnglish

October 14

William of Normandy

HastingsNormans

English king died in battle, English nobles surrender, William of Normandy became king of England

Hierarchy - System where the people are placed in levels with different importance or status Obligations - Something you must do because it is right Allegiances - Loyalty to a person country, group or belief Monarch - A person such as a king or queen who rules kingdom or empire Lords - An owner in property who has gotten that as payment for allegiance to a person of higher status Manorialism - An estate under a lord who has rights over the land and the tenants including the peasants and serfs

FEUDALISM OF EUROPE VOCABULARY

Manor or

Manorialism

Vassal - A knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land Feudalism - A system of promises that governed the relationship between lords and vassals Manor - The large estate owned by a knight or lord Peasants/Serfs - Workers who were tied to the land on which they lived Chaos - Complete confusion and disorder, no one is in control Knights - Warriors who fought on horseback and swore loyalty to the king

Feudalism or

Allegiances

FEUDALISM OF EUROPE VOCABULARY

Kings & Queens

Nobles

Knights

Peasants/serfs

Kings & queens were the greatest lords of Europe, all nobles & knights were their vassals.

Nobles were vassals of kings & queens. Many were also lords of lower-ranking nobles & knights.

Knights served their noble lords in exchange for land.

Peasants owned no land, were not part of feudal system. Many worked on land owned by nobles or knights.

Why were Frankish kings unable to defend their empire against invaders?Their army was too slow to defend against the lightning-fast attacks of their enemies.

What led to the creation of feudalism?Because they couldn’t depend on protection from their kings, nobles had to defend their own lands. As a result, the power of nobles grew, and kings became less powerful.

How could a noble be both a lord and a vassal?A noble could receive land from a lord or king & in turn grant land to a lower-ranking noble.

FEUDALISM AND MANOR LIFE

Monks -- Religious men who lived apart from society in isolated communities Monasteries -- Religious community where Christians called monks gave up their possessions and devoted their lives to serving God. Benedict -- Italian monk who wrote a set of rules that created the Benedictine Order of monks. Charlemagne -- brilliant warrior and a strong king who led the Franks in building a huge empire. Theology -- The study of a set of religious beliefs. Scriptorium -- A copying room in a monastery used by scribes in the Middle Ages to copy holy books. Monastic -- A way of life where men and women withdraw from the world in order to devote themselves to their faith. Book of Kells -- Created by monks, it is an illumination of the four books of Mathew, Mark, Luke, and John made in medieval Europe. Franciscan -- Founded by St. Francis; order of monks who stressed vows of poverty and gentleness to all. Dominicans -- Founded by St. Dominic: friars, lived and preached among the people instead of secluding themselves in monasteries. Missionaries -- Sent by the Pope to northern Europe to convert people to Christianity in places like Britain, France and Germany. Friars -- a member of a religious order who lived and worked among the people.

MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY VOCABULARY

LATER MIDDLE AGES

Samurai and Knights: Were the Similarities Greater than the Differences?

For years the knights of Europe and the samurai of Japan have been confused as having very similar ideas and having the same principles. However that's never been the case. The protection of a country is important to some people. Those people are the ones that will put their life on the line for our protection. The fall of Rome is where our story begins. Rome was already weak since it was such a huge empire and had . The army of Rome was not big enough to defend the land. When Rome was threatened with invaders, it became even more susceptible to damage and as all good things must, the Roman Empire came to an end. Briefly a European empire rose but it too collapsed. The Japanese Imperial Court (which was on the other side of the world) was also challenged by the rise of the clans. Both medieval societies were in pieces due to the clans. The king in Europe and the emperor in Japan were not able to defend their nations so, the people started a to protect their own lands. Yet even this proved hard for the people of Europe and Japan and therefore feudalism was born. Feudalism is a system that governed the relationship between lords and vassals. Vassals are samurai or knights that guard the land of either daimyo or lords. Feudalism is what kept the relationships between lord and vassal from blowing out of proportion. It created boundaries. Although they have the same concept, the differences between knights and samurai are greater than their similarities.

Samurai and knights had more differences in their social position. While the samurai were higher up on the social pyramid in their culture, the knights, if in the Japanese pyramid would have been below the samurai. The samurai had no legal document to show their agreement to the lord whom they were servicing while the knights did have a legal code to show that he had agreed to become a vassal and protect the land of a lord. After a samurai agreed to become a vassal, he, his son, and his grandson must all work for the lord, his son, and his grandson. If the samurai tried to run away from this service or tried to discontinue the business, it would cause disgrace or physical damage. However a vassal's son could discontinue the document if he wanted and it would not cause disgrace or physical damage to any of his family. "It became common to speak of the samurai's allegiance to his lord as lasting the duration of three lives...his past life, his present life, and the next one...The life of a samurai was not his own but his lords, and it was the duty of a samurai to consider this at all times...Not only the life of a samurai was at disposal of a feudal lord but also his wife and children." (Doc B) Although they have the same concept, the differences between samurai and knights are greater than their similarities.

Samurai and knights had more differences in their military training and armor. Samurai began their military training as a child in school. Their school was a mixture of physical and spiritual training. Also they learned about poetry. By the time they were fourteen years of age, the young men became samurai in a special ceremony called..... The samurai then lived by the code of Bushido, the honor code of the samurai. The knights began their training at the ages of four and five when they learned to ride a pony. At the age of seven or eight, the child would become a page(explain later) where they would practice fighting with wooden swords and they would begin spiritual enlightenment. At the age of fourteen they became a squire to a knight where they wood dress, feed, and care for the knight. Also they would take care of the knights horses and by the time they were twenty-one, if they were approved by the knight they took care of, they would become a knight. "The rigorous training (of samurai)...began in childhood...(S)chocolate was a unique combination of physical training...Poetry and spiritual discipline. " (Doc C) The samurai armor was made of iron scales which were tied together and bound into armored plates with silk cord before being lacquered. In the samurai armor, the right arm was left uncovered so that the samurai could

SAMURAI & KNIGHTS DBQ

draw their bow to shoot. This armor was effective but if the silk got wet the armor was very heavy to carry around. The early armor of knights was chain mail, tiny metal rings linked together to form armor. This was effective for a length of time but as the use of the crossbow became more and more common, the chain mail was no longer useful and became in a way, extinct. Knights soon developed a newer, more effective, plate armor. The plate armor was a full suit of metal armor that could weigh in at up to almost seventy pounds. "Not only was the entire body covered, but knights also wore helmets, gloves, and shoes of steel. Even their horses wore armor." (Doc D) although they have the same concept, samurai and knight's differences were greater than their similarities.

Samurai and knights had more differences in their ideas about honor and death. Written in the 1600s, the Bushido code of honor for the samurai, states the morals by which a samurai must live his life. A samurai is faced with many things throughout his life which he must do. He must always devote himself to his duty above all other things. Even though a samurai might have a wife and children, he still must confine himself to practice The Way. If a samurai goes against his moral principles and dishonor the Bushido code, he is severally punished for it. He is punished physically and he is a disgrace to his family name. Samurai were very strict about following moral principles and keeping the code of honor. To besmirch the code was to commit the greatest crime of all. When a knight became a knight he had to take the vows of knighthood. The vows of knighthood were being loyal to the king, giving mercy to those who ask it, being helpful to ladies, and to fight in no wrongful quarrels. These vows were written in the code of chivalry, the knights code of honor. If the knights went against the code of chivalry and their moral principles, they were not punished physically but they were disgraced. To a warrior however, ignominy was above all a terrible thing. It was worse than being beaten. "To dishonour knighthood, was the greatest disgrace;to prove themselves worthy of knightly honour, by strong, brave, courteous, loyal bearing, under great difficulties, was the highest end of living. " (Doc E). The samurai's ideas about death were basically them accepting that they are going to die and not really believing in the afterlife. However, the knights were Christians and would accept their death but they would ask forgiveness from God. They believed in an afterlife and hoped that they would be allowed into Heaven. "God, I acknowledge my guilt and I beg for Thy mercy for all the sins, greater and lesser, which I have committed from the hour of my birth until this day when I lie here overcome by death. "

Although they have the same concept, samurai and knight's differences are greater than their differences. For years samurai and knights have been confused with being the same but from different countries. Well that's never ever been the case. In fact samurai and knights are very different. They may have similarities in the sense that they do some of the same things. Still, samurai and knights are different in how they fight, believe, train, and live life. Their cultures are also very different. Their armor is different, their moral principles, their codes of honor. Samurai and knights, although they have the same concept, are north and south, night and day, up and down, and black and white. Although they have the same concept, samurai and knight's differences are greater than their differences.

SAMURAI & KNIGHTS DBQ

EUROPE 1000 A.D.

Scotland

EnglandWales

France

Norway Swede

nDenma

rk

PolandRussia

Hungary

Bulg

ariaSerbia

Croatia

Burg

undyNavarre

Leon

Barcelona

Caliphate of Cordoba

AFRICA

POPES AND KINGS

POPES AND KINGS

What words indicate Pope Gregory's view that the church has more power than monarchs?"... the priests of Christ are to be considered as fathers and masters of kings ..."

Who wrote the two letters and when were they written?Pope Gregory VII 1081 and Emperor Henry IV 1076

To whom were they written?Henry ➡ ️ Pope GregoryPope ➡ ️ Bishop of Metz

Why do the writers matter to history?Debate over who was more powerful, kings or church, will affect the future power of Europe.

What causes Gregory and Henry's power struggle? Henry thought that he should be able to select Bishops; Gregory thought only the Pope should be able to select them.

POPES AND KINGS

Why did Leo IX believe that all church officials should answer to him? The first Pope, St. Peter, had been the leader of the whole Christian Church.

What might have happened if Leo IX had not excommunicated the bishop of Constantinople? The Pope's power might have been weakened.

What compromise solved the conflict over who had the right to choose bishops? Church officials would appoint all bishops, bishops would still have to obey the emperor.

Byzantine emper

or

Pope called on E

uropean Catholic

s to

fight against Mus

lims

8

Holy land

Jerusalem

Crowded city with

many buildings, h

ad fortress wall t

hat invaders

needed to climb

over

They increased t

rade and knowled

ge of other cultur

es

THE CRUSADES

7th crusade

2nd & 3rd crusades

1st crusade

2-4 years

7th

4th

2nd & 3rd

THE CRUSADES

THE CRUSADES

VOCABULARYMagna Carta -- a document listing the rights that the king of England could not ignore, beginning of democracy in England. Latin for "Great Charter".

Parliament -- a council of nobles created to advise the king that developed to make laws governing England today. Membership was open to knights and town leaders.

Hundred Years War -- English king invaded France, which began a long conflict between England and France

Black Death/Plag

ue -- a medieval

pandemic that sw

ept through Asia

and Europe. It rea

ched Europe in

the late 1340s, k

illing an estimate

d

25 million people

. The Black Death

lingered on for

centuries,

particularly in ci

ties. Outbreaks

included the Gre

at Plague of

London (1665-66

), in which one i

n

five residents di

ed.

Heresy -- religious ideas that oppresses accepted church teachings and people who hold these ideas are called heretics

Reconqui

sta -- Spa

nish

word for

reconque

st, this

is when t

he Christ

ians

were figh

ting the M

oors

(Muslims

) to take

back

Spain.

Spanish Inquisition -- an organization of priests that looked for and punished anyone in Spain suspected of secretly practicing their old religion, not Roman Catholic religion

ENGLAND: POLITICAL CHANGE

ENGLAND:

POLITICAL

CHANGE

1. 1000s kings felt they could do as they please

2. King's attitude upset many nobles

3. Kings create new taxes for peasants, nobles, merchants, and clergy.

4. Kings begin taking the nobles' property.

5. Nobles want to limit the king's power to protect their own rights.

6. The nobles decide to force the king to respect their rights: property, arrest for no reason, etc.

DOCUMENT REQUIRED KING TO HONOR CERTAIN RIGHTSRIGHTS:1. Right of habeas corpus: meant people could not be jailed without reason.2. Person had to be charged with a crime & convicted at a jury trial, before sent to prison.

3. Everyone had to obey the laws -- EVEN THE KINGBecame the basic principles of English government

Created Parliament: House of Lords (nobles & knights)--House of Commons (town leaders)

Independent judicial system is key step in bringing democracy to England

BLACK

DEATH

BLACK DEATHUniversity of Paris Medical Report

To let people know about the plague and how to avoid getting sick.

Very scary and confusing. Everything you do can cause you to get the plague, even breathing. You would want to go hide and hope you survive.

The sun caused the ocean to turn to vapors, killed the fish and people near it, then carried the plague on the winds across the oceans.

He claims to know what causes the plague.

Ibn al-Wardi, a philosopher

Terrifying and sad. You would do whatever it took to stay alive and away from everyone.

He knows where the sickness started & what some are using to treat or avoid the plague and it's spread.

He was a historian describing the effects of the plague on Allepo, Syria where he lived.

He named India as the beginning, China, Persia, Crimea, Egypt, Gaza, Beirut & he says it killed 1000 or more in Damascus alone. Describes what people did in Allepo to prevent or treat the plague.

BLACK DEATH: "FLEAS ON RATS"

CHRISTIANS' REACTIONS

Trials, tortures & prison

Pope Innocent III called for crusade against heretics in France

20 year war that destroyed towns & killed thousands of people

Muslim leaders fighting between themselves

Castile wins victory against Moors that inspires others to fight

Muslims are pushed out of European territories

Christians believe Jews were responsible for death of Jesus & should be punished.

Jews are killed in the crusades & Spain & blamed for the Black Death

France & England: king arrested all Jews & forced them to leave the country

Jews in Holy Roman Empire forced to flee for lives because they were not Christians

THE RENAISSANCE BEGINS