By Kristen LukaszakBy Kristen Lukaszak

Energy Law, Spring 2007Energy Law, Spring 2007

kristen.lukaszak@gmail.comkristen.lukaszak@gmail.com

HH22

Hydrogen Power: Independence Hydrogen Power: Independence From OPEC and Our Rising From OPEC and Our Rising

Global TemperatureGlobal Temperature

HydrogenHydrogen

The first element on the periodic table The first element on the periodic table The lightest, most explosive and most The lightest, most explosive and most

abundant element on Earthabundant element on Earth These characteristics make it useful for These characteristics make it useful for

lifting and as an explosive i.e. the lifting and as an explosive i.e. the Hydrogen BombHydrogen Bomb

Hydrogen PowerHydrogen Power

When hydrogen is used as an energy When hydrogen is used as an energy source, the only byproducts are water and source, the only byproducts are water and heatheat

Hydrogen is a renewable energy sourceHydrogen is a renewable energy source Once obtained, hydrogen can power Once obtained, hydrogen can power

virtually everything new powered by fossil virtually everything new powered by fossil fuelsfuels

Hydrogen as Oil’s CompetitorHydrogen as Oil’s Competitor

Estimates of cost for hydrogen production that are Estimates of cost for hydrogen production that are competitive with oil, are based on use of solar dish competitive with oil, are based on use of solar dish gensets gensets

This method uses a relatively small area of land to This method uses a relatively small area of land to provide all of the United States’ energy requirementsprovide all of the United States’ energy requirements

Hydrogen is actually more powerful than gasoline: liquid Hydrogen is actually more powerful than gasoline: liquid hydrogen has a BTU (British Thermal Unit) of 60,000 per hydrogen has a BTU (British Thermal Unit) of 60,000 per pound, where gasoline only has 18,000 per poundpound, where gasoline only has 18,000 per pound

NASA and HydrogenNASA and Hydrogen

NASA has used hydrogen as rocket fuel NASA has used hydrogen as rocket fuel since the 1940’s since the 1940’s

Primary fuel while in space and for making Primary fuel while in space and for making drinking waterdrinking water

1 pound H + O = 9 pounds water1 pound H + O = 9 pounds water This process generates a byproduct of This process generates a byproduct of

usable electricityusable electricity

Fuel Cells: Hydrogen in ActionFuel Cells: Hydrogen in Action

Invented in 1839 by Sir William GroveInvented in 1839 by Sir William Grove Generate electrical power quietly and Generate electrical power quietly and

efficiently, without pollutionefficiently, without pollution Only byproducts are heat and water, Only byproducts are heat and water,

unlike fossil fuelsunlike fossil fuels A fuel cell is an electrochemical A fuel cell is an electrochemical

conversion device: Hconversion device: H22 + O + O22 = water and = water and electricityelectricity

Fuel Cells v. BatteriesFuel Cells v. Batteries

An electrochemical device we are more An electrochemical device we are more familiar with is the battery- chemicals familiar with is the battery- chemicals insideinside

Fuel cell: HFuel cell: H22 and O and O22 constantly flow into the constantly flow into the cell so it never goes deadcell so it never goes dead

Used to power motors and a number of Used to power motors and a number of electrical appliances electrical appliances

Types of Fuel CellsTypes of Fuel Cells

Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel CellPolymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Solid Oxide Fuel CellSolid Oxide Fuel Cell Alkaline Fuel Cell Alkaline Fuel Cell Molten-Carbonate Fuel CellMolten-Carbonate Fuel Cell Phosphoric-Acid Fuel CellPhosphoric-Acid Fuel Cell Direct-Methanol Fuel CellDirect-Methanol Fuel Cell

Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)Cell (PEMFC)

Department of Energy (DOE) is focusing Department of Energy (DOE) is focusing on the PEMFC for transportation on the PEMFC for transportation applicationsapplications

Has a high power densityHas a high power density

Relatively low operating temperature Relatively low operating temperature ((140-176 F)((140-176 F)

Solid Oxide Fuel CellSolid Oxide Fuel Cell

Large scale power generators, for factories or Large scale power generators, for factories or townstowns

Operate at a very high temperature-Operate at a very high temperature- Stable, with a long operating life, when they are Stable, with a long operating life, when they are

in continuous usein continuous use Steam produced from the high heat can used to Steam produced from the high heat can used to

create more electricitycreate more electricity ““Co-generation of heat and power” ->improves Co-generation of heat and power” ->improves

the overall efficiency of the systemthe overall efficiency of the system

Alkaline Fuel CellAlkaline Fuel Cell

One of the oldest designs for fuel cellsOne of the oldest designs for fuel cells US Space Program has used them since US Space Program has used them since

the 1960’sthe 1960’s Very susceptible to contamination, so this Very susceptible to contamination, so this

cell requires pure hydrogen and oxygencell requires pure hydrogen and oxygen Very expensive and so unlikely to be Very expensive and so unlikely to be

commercializedcommercialized

Molten-Carbonate Fuel CellMolten-Carbonate Fuel Cell

Best suited for large stationary power Best suited for large stationary power generatorsgenerators

Operate at 600 degrees Celsius, so they Operate at 600 degrees Celsius, so they can produce steam to generate more can produce steam to generate more powerpower

Less expensive than SOFC because it Less expensive than SOFC because it doesn’t require as rare of materials doesn’t require as rare of materials

Phosphoric-Acid Fuel CellPhosphoric-Acid Fuel Cell

Can be used in small stationary power Can be used in small stationary power generatorsgenerators

Higher operating temperature than Higher operating temperature than PEMFCPEMFC

This means it has a longer warm- up time, This means it has a longer warm- up time, making its use unsuitable for carsmaking its use unsuitable for cars

Direct-Methanol Fuel CellDirect-Methanol Fuel Cell

Similar to PEMFC in operating Similar to PEMFC in operating temperaturetemperature

Not as efficientNot as efficient Requires a relatively large amount of Requires a relatively large amount of

platinum to act as a catalystplatinum to act as a catalyst This requirement makes these fuel cells This requirement makes these fuel cells

expensiveexpensive

DOE and the PEMFCDOE and the PEMFC

The PEMFC is what the DOE plans to use The PEMFC is what the DOE plans to use to power vehiclesto power vehicles

Uses one of the simplest reactions of any Uses one of the simplest reactions of any fuel cellfuel cell

PEMFC consists of : 1) anode 2) cathode PEMFC consists of : 1) anode 2) cathode 3) electrolyte 4) catalyst3) electrolyte 4) catalyst

PEMFC componentsPEMFC components AnodeAnode: the negative post and conductor of the : the negative post and conductor of the

electrons into an external circuitelectrons into an external circuit CathodeCathode: the positive post and the conductor of : the positive post and the conductor of

the electrons from the external circuit back into the electrons from the external circuit back into the cell the cell

ElectrolyteElectrolyte: the proton exchange membrane : the proton exchange membrane which conducts only positively charged ions and which conducts only positively charged ions and blocks electrons (must be hydrated to function blocks electrons (must be hydrated to function and remain stable)and remain stable)

CatalystCatalyst: special material that facilitates the : special material that facilitates the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen and is usually reaction of hydrogen and oxygen and is usually made of platinum nanoparticlesmade of platinum nanoparticles

How the PEMFC worksHow the PEMFC works

HH2 2 gas forced into the anode, platinum gas forced into the anode, platinum catalyst splits it into two positive ions and catalyst splits it into two positive ions and two electrons;two electrons;

Electrons are then conducted to the Electrons are then conducted to the external circuit– ** work step**external circuit– ** work step**

Electrons return into the cell through the Electrons return into the cell through the cathodecathode

Electrons bond with OElectrons bond with O2 2 and H+ to form and H+ to form HH22OO

Power of a Fuel CellPower of a Fuel Cell

The reaction in a single fuel cell produces The reaction in a single fuel cell produces only 0.7 voltsonly 0.7 volts

To bring the voltage up to a reasonable To bring the voltage up to a reasonable level, many separate fuel cells must be level, many separate fuel cells must be combined to form a fuel cell stackcombined to form a fuel cell stack

Bipolar plates are used to connect one fuel Bipolar plates are used to connect one fuel cell to anothercell to another

Efficiency of Vehicles Powered by Efficiency of Vehicles Powered by Fuel CellsFuel Cells

Potential to be 80% efficient- electrical Potential to be 80% efficient- electrical energy (pure hydrogen)energy (pure hydrogen)

Electrical energy converted into Electrical energy converted into mechanical energy-> also 80% efficientmechanical energy-> also 80% efficient

Overall efficiency of a vehicle powered by Overall efficiency of a vehicle powered by a fuel cells is roughly 64%a fuel cells is roughly 64%

Efficiency, cont’d.Efficiency, cont’d.

If hydrogen is not pure, car needs reformerIf hydrogen is not pure, car needs reformer Lowers efficiencyLowers efficiency DOE has focused on vehicles using pure DOE has focused on vehicles using pure

hydrogenhydrogen Challenges production and storageChallenges production and storage Compared to a gasoline-powered vehicle, Compared to a gasoline-powered vehicle,

a fuel cell car is far more efficienta fuel cell car is far more efficient Efficiency level of a gasoline-powered Efficiency level of a gasoline-powered

vehicle roughly 20%vehicle roughly 20%

Issues and ProblemsIssues and Problems

One Major Issue is Safety:One Major Issue is Safety:

1. legislators will have to create new 1. legislators will have to create new processes for people to follow when they processes for people to follow when they must handle an incident involving a fuel must handle an incident involving a fuel cell vehicle or generatorcell vehicle or generator

2. Engineers will have to design safe, 2. Engineers will have to design safe, reliable hydrogen delivery systems (i.e. reliable hydrogen delivery systems (i.e. fueling stations)fueling stations)

CostCost

Expensive: proton exchange systems, Expensive: proton exchange systems, precious metal catalysts, gas diffusion precious metal catalysts, gas diffusion layers and bipolar plateslayers and bipolar plates

To be priced competitively, fuel cell To be priced competitively, fuel cell systems must cost $35/kWsystems must cost $35/kW

Currently, high volume production is at Currently, high volume production is at $110/kW$110/kW

One way to lower cost -> reduce need for One way to lower cost -> reduce need for platinum or find an alternativeplatinum or find an alternative

DurabilityDurability

Cell membranes must be durable and function at Cell membranes must be durable and function at extreme temperaturesextreme temperatures

cars start and stop frequently - important for cars start and stop frequently - important for membranes to remain stable under cycling membranes to remain stable under cycling temperaturestemperatures

The membranes used now tend to degrade The membranes used now tend to degrade when fuel cells are turned on and offwhen fuel cells are turned on and off

HydrationHydration

Membranes need to stay hydrated to Membranes need to stay hydrated to functionfunction

This requirement poses a problem at sub-This requirement poses a problem at sub-zero temperatures, high temperatures and zero temperatures, high temperatures and in environments of low- humidityin environments of low- humidity

InfrastructureInfrastructure

Must be hydrogen generation and delivery Must be hydrogen generation and delivery infrastructureinfrastructure

Includes production plants, pipelines and truck Includes production plants, pipelines and truck transport, and fueling stationstransport, and fueling stations

The DOE hopes that the development of a The DOE hopes that the development of a marketable fuel cell vehicle will drive the marketable fuel cell vehicle will drive the development of an infrastructure to support itdevelopment of an infrastructure to support it

Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production

Methods for hydrogen production are Methods for hydrogen production are currently not cost-effective for bulk currently not cost-effective for bulk productionproduction

Various methods: some clean, others notVarious methods: some clean, others not Issues regarding hydrogen production Issues regarding hydrogen production

involve cost, emission free methods, and involve cost, emission free methods, and renewable technologiesrenewable technologies

Methods of Hydrogen ProductionMethods of Hydrogen Production

Fossil Fuel Based Hydrogen ProductionFossil Fuel Based Hydrogen Production Steam Reforming of Natural GasSteam Reforming of Natural Gas Water-Based Hydrogen Production: Water-Based Hydrogen Production:

Electrolysis, Photoelectrolysis, Electrolysis, Photoelectrolysis, PhotobiologicalPhotobiological

Other Methods of Hydrogen Generation: Other Methods of Hydrogen Generation: Biomass Gasification and PyrolysisBiomass Gasification and Pyrolysis

Fossil Fuel Based Hydrogen Fossil Fuel Based Hydrogen Production Production

Produced from coal, gasoline, methanol Produced from coal, gasoline, methanol and natural gasand natural gas

The fossil fuel that has the best hydrogen The fossil fuel that has the best hydrogen to carbon ration is natural gas or methane- to carbon ration is natural gas or methane- CH4CH4

Steam Reforming of Natural GasSteam Reforming of Natural Gas

Steam reforming of natural gas involves 2 Steam reforming of natural gas involves 2 stepssteps

11stst Step: Expose natural gas to high Step: Expose natural gas to high temperature steamtemperature steam

22ndnd Step: Expose carbon monoxide to high Step: Expose carbon monoxide to high temperature steamtemperature steam

The resulting hydrogen and carbon dioxide The resulting hydrogen and carbon dioxide is sequestered and stored in tanksis sequestered and stored in tanks

Most commonly used methodMost commonly used method

Issues with Natural Gas in Issues with Natural Gas in Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production

Not emission freeNot emission free The cost of natural gas has tripled in The cost of natural gas has tripled in

recent yearsrecent years Will have to rely on imports to supply the Will have to rely on imports to supply the

natural gasnatural gas Natural gas is not renewableNatural gas is not renewable

Reformers: Natural Gas and Reformers: Natural Gas and GasolineGasoline

Reformers: technologies within a fuel cell Reformers: technologies within a fuel cell vehicle that convert the fossil fuel into vehicle that convert the fossil fuel into hydrogen, so the hydrogen can then enter hydrogen, so the hydrogen can then enter the fuel cell the fuel cell

Natural Gas: reformer usually a smaller Natural Gas: reformer usually a smaller variation of steam reforming of natural gas variation of steam reforming of natural gas

Gasoline: the efficiency f these has not Gasoline: the efficiency f these has not been satisfactory and the DOE has been satisfactory and the DOE has ceased funding research in this areceased funding research in this are

ElectrolysisElectrolysis

Using electricity to split water into its constituent Using electricity to split water into its constituent elements elements

This is accomplished by passing an electric current This is accomplished by passing an electric current through waterthrough water

Produces very pure hydrogen (used in the electronics, Produces very pure hydrogen (used in the electronics, pharmaceutical, and food industries)pharmaceutical, and food industries)

Very expensive, relative to steam reformation due to the Very expensive, relative to steam reformation due to the electrical inputelectrical input

However, when coupled with a renewable energy source However, when coupled with a renewable energy source (for the electrical input) electrolysis can provide a (for the electrical input) electrolysis can provide a completely clean and renewable source of energycompletely clean and renewable source of energy

PhotoelectrolysisPhotoelectrolysis

The direct conversion of sunlight into The direct conversion of sunlight into electricityelectricity

A photoelectrolyzer is placed in water and, A photoelectrolyzer is placed in water and, when exposed to sunlight, begins to when exposed to sunlight, begins to generate hydrogen generate hydrogen

The photovoltaics and the semiconductor The photovoltaics and the semiconductor power the electrolyzer by generating power the electrolyzer by generating electricity from the sunlight electricity from the sunlight

Hydrogen is then collected and storedHydrogen is then collected and stored

Biomass Gasification and PyrolysisBiomass Gasification and Pyrolysis

Biomass is first converted into a gas through Biomass is first converted into a gas through high-temperature gasifying, resulting in a vaporhigh-temperature gasifying, resulting in a vapor

The vapor condensed into oils, which are steam The vapor condensed into oils, which are steam reformed to generate hydrogenreformed to generate hydrogen

The feedstock can consist of woodchips, plant The feedstock can consist of woodchips, plant material, and agricultural and municipal wastesmaterial, and agricultural and municipal wastes

When biological waste is used as a feedstock-When biological waste is used as a feedstock-completely renewable, sustainable method of completely renewable, sustainable method of hydrogen generation hydrogen generation

Research for Future Production Research for Future Production MethodsMethods

The DOE has set a goal for 2015: to have ready The DOE has set a goal for 2015: to have ready to operate a zero-emissions, high-efficiency co-to operate a zero-emissions, high-efficiency co-production power plant that will produce production power plant that will produce hydrogen from coal along with electricityhydrogen from coal along with electricity

Technology: partial oxidation of coalTechnology: partial oxidation of coal Among other necessary improvements, the Among other necessary improvements, the

technology requires advancements in carbon technology requires advancements in carbon dioxide capture and sequestration to be cleaner dioxide capture and sequestration to be cleaner and emission-freeand emission-free

Hydrogen StorageHydrogen Storage

Hydrogen storage is the main technological Hydrogen storage is the main technological problem with the hydrogen economyproblem with the hydrogen economy

Due to its poor energy density per volume Due to its poor energy density per volume (although it has good energy density per weight), (although it has good energy density per weight), hydrogen requires a large storage tankhydrogen requires a large storage tank

If the tank is the same size, more hydrogen will If the tank is the same size, more hydrogen will be compressed into the tank making it heaver be compressed into the tank making it heaver AND losing energy to the compression stepAND losing energy to the compression step

Liquid HydrogenLiquid Hydrogen An alternative is to store hydrogen in its liquid An alternative is to store hydrogen in its liquid

statestate Liquid hydrogen’s boiling point of -423.1888 Liquid hydrogen’s boiling point of -423.1888

degrees Fdegrees F Low Temperature -> high energy lossLow Temperature -> high energy loss The tanks must be well-insulated to prevent boil-The tanks must be well-insulated to prevent boil-

offoff Ice may form around the tank and corrode it Ice may form around the tank and corrode it

further if the insulation failsfurther if the insulation fails Such insulation is usually expensive and delicateSuch insulation is usually expensive and delicate

Ammonia StorageAmmonia Storage

Provides high storage densities in its liquid form, Provides high storage densities in its liquid form, with mild pressurization and temperature with mild pressurization and temperature restraintsrestraints

In its liquid form, it can be stored at room In its liquid form, it can be stored at room temperature and pressure when mixed with temperature and pressure when mixed with waterwater

A large infrastructure for making, transporting A large infrastructure for making, transporting and distributing ammonia already existsand distributing ammonia already exists

Ammonia Storage, cont’d.Ammonia Storage, cont’d.

No harmful wasteNo harmful waste It can be mixed with existing fuels and It can be mixed with existing fuels and

burn efficientlyburn efficiently Under compression, it is a suitable fuel for Under compression, it is a suitable fuel for

slightly modified gasoline enginesslightly modified gasoline engines Problems: Very expensive to make, the Problems: Very expensive to make, the

existing infrastructure would have to be existing infrastructure would have to be greatly enlarged, toxic at normal greatly enlarged, toxic at normal temperature and pressuretemperature and pressure

Prospects for Hydrogen StorageProspects for Hydrogen Storage

Technical University of Denmark: method of Technical University of Denmark: method of storing hydrogen in the form of ammonia storing hydrogen in the form of ammonia saturated into a salt tablet, claims it will be safe saturated into a salt tablet, claims it will be safe and inexpensiveand inexpensive

Proposals to use metal hydrides and Proposals to use metal hydrides and synthesized hydrocarbons as hydrogen carriers synthesized hydrocarbons as hydrogen carriers rr

Hydrides pose safety issues and hydrocarbons Hydrides pose safety issues and hydrocarbons require a reformer which adds another costrequire a reformer which adds another cost

Why Hydrogen?Why Hydrogen?

Because of the problems associated with our present-Because of the problems associated with our present-day fossil fuel economy:day fossil fuel economy:

1. Economic Insecurity: America imports 55% of it 1. Economic Insecurity: America imports 55% of it oil and prices will rise in the futureoil and prices will rise in the future

2. National Safety: America’s oil dependency 2. National Safety: America’s oil dependency compromises the safety of the nation, as many of the oil-compromises the safety of the nation, as many of the oil-producing nations are politically unstable or hostileproducing nations are politically unstable or hostile

3. Pollution and Global Warming: In the last 3. Pollution and Global Warming: In the last century, the air temperature near the earth’s surface has century, the air temperature near the earth’s surface has raised approximately 1.3 degrees F; predictions of an raised approximately 1.3 degrees F; predictions of an increase from anywhere between 2 and 11.5 degrees F increase from anywhere between 2 and 11.5 degrees F by the year 2100by the year 2100

The Hydrogen EconomyThe Hydrogen Economy

Attractive solutionAttractive solution Relieve dependency on climbing petroleum Relieve dependency on climbing petroleum

pricesprices Eliminate the US’s dependency on foreign Eliminate the US’s dependency on foreign

countries for oilcountries for oil Emission free and, combined with clean Emission free and, combined with clean

hydrogen production, is a renewable and clean hydrogen production, is a renewable and clean energy sourceenergy source

Distributed production: hydrogen production is Distributed production: hydrogen production is not limited to certain parts of the worldnot limited to certain parts of the world

Moving Toward a Hydrogen Moving Toward a Hydrogen EconomyEconomy

February 2003, President Bush’s Hydrogen Fuel February 2003, President Bush’s Hydrogen Fuel Initiative to develop domestic energy sources Initiative to develop domestic energy sources

$1.2 billion was designated to development of $1.2 billion was designated to development of clean hydrogen production and commercially clean hydrogen production and commercially viable fuel cell powered vehiclesviable fuel cell powered vehicles

Established the US as the international leader in Established the US as the international leader in hydrogen and fuel cell researchhydrogen and fuel cell research

The 2005 Budget: $228 million for the Hydrogen The 2005 Budget: $228 million for the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative and a 43% increase from 2004 for Fuel Initiative and a 43% increase from 2004 for funding to develop Hfunding to develop H2 2 technologytechnology

Energy Policy Act of 2005Energy Policy Act of 2005

Signed into law on August 8, 2005Signed into law on August 8, 2005

The Act’s provisions:The Act’s provisions:1. loan guarantees for ‘innovative technologies’ 1. loan guarantees for ‘innovative technologies’

such as renewable energy like hydrogensuch as renewable energy like hydrogen2. authorizes subsidies for alternative energy 2. authorizes subsidies for alternative energy

sourcessources3. provides tax breaks to those making energy 3. provides tax breaks to those making energy

conservation improvementsconservation improvements4. authorizes $1.25 billion for the DOE to build a 4. authorizes $1.25 billion for the DOE to build a

nuclear reactor to generate both electricity and hydrogennuclear reactor to generate both electricity and hydrogen

What the Act Doesn’t Say…What the Act Doesn’t Say…

An authorization to spend means nothing An authorization to spend means nothing until there is an actual appropriationuntil there is an actual appropriation

A provision of the bill that did not survive A provision of the bill that did not survive to the enacted legislation was a provision to the enacted legislation was a provision requiringrequiring increased reliance on non- increased reliance on non-greenhouse gas-emitting energy sources greenhouse gas-emitting energy sources (i.e. hydrogen), much like a requirement of (i.e. hydrogen), much like a requirement of the Kyoto Protocolthe Kyoto Protocol

The US and the Kyoto ProtocolThe US and the Kyoto Protocol

US was not a party to the Kyoto ProtocolUS was not a party to the Kyoto Protocol Alienates the US from the global movement for clean energyAlienates the US from the global movement for clean energy

Our ability to cultivate a hydrogen economy independently doesn’t Our ability to cultivate a hydrogen economy independently doesn’t obliterate all obligations to the international communityobliterate all obligations to the international community

Research and development of hydrogen technology is a world-wide Research and development of hydrogen technology is a world-wide effort with a global impacteffort with a global impact

Kyoto Protocol provides a mechanism for developed nations to Kyoto Protocol provides a mechanism for developed nations to “buy” emissions credits from developing nations“buy” emissions credits from developing nations

Clean energy is on a global scale economicallyClean energy is on a global scale economically

Progress or Pretext?Progress or Pretext?

Speculation that the domestic legislation Speculation that the domestic legislation regarding clean energy is merely pretextual, regarding clean energy is merely pretextual, particularly due to the Act of 2005’s non-binding particularly due to the Act of 2005’s non-binding naturenature

Does the Act really just offer a tax break to the Does the Act really just offer a tax break to the oil companies?oil companies?

To become independent from OPEC, must be To become independent from OPEC, must be independent from petroleum and cooperate with independent from petroleum and cooperate with other nations with the same goalsother nations with the same goals

But There is Hope (Even With the But There is Hope (Even With the Bush Administration)...Bush Administration)...

Since 2001, the Bush Administration has Since 2001, the Bush Administration has spent nearly $10 billion to develop cleaner spent nearly $10 billion to develop cleaner and more reliable energy sourcesand more reliable energy sources

The President’s Advanced Energy The President’s Advanced Energy Initiative provides for a 22% increase in Initiative provides for a 22% increase in funding for clean technology research at funding for clean technology research at the DOE, specifically the use of fuel cells the DOE, specifically the use of fuel cells using hydrogen from domestic feedstocks using hydrogen from domestic feedstocks

International CooperationInternational Cooperation Common interest among several nations to Common interest among several nations to

reduce the need for fossil fuelsreduce the need for fossil fuels The International Energy Agency (IEA) was The International Energy Agency (IEA) was

established in 1974 to implement an established in 1974 to implement an international energy programinternational energy program

The IEA seeks to develop and integrate The IEA seeks to develop and integrate alternative energy sourcesalternative energy sources

In 1977, the IEA established the Hydrogen In 1977, the IEA established the Hydrogen Implementing Agreement to promote Implementing Agreement to promote international cooperation on research and international cooperation on research and development of hydrogen technologiesdevelopment of hydrogen technologies

Hydrogen Production and Storage: Hydrogen Production and Storage: R & D Priorities and GapsR & D Priorities and Gaps

This is a publication prepared by the HCGThis is a publication prepared by the HCG The paper discusses various technologies for hydrogen The paper discusses various technologies for hydrogen

production production

Conclusion: for all hydrogen production processes there Conclusion: for all hydrogen production processes there is a need for greater plant efficiency, reduced capital is a need for greater plant efficiency, reduced capital costs, and increased reliabilitycosts, and increased reliability

Prediction: water electrolysis and natural gas reforming Prediction: water electrolysis and natural gas reforming are the technologies most promising in the current and are the technologies most promising in the current and near-term future; they are proven technologies that can near-term future; they are proven technologies that can be used in building a hydrogen infrastructure for the be used in building a hydrogen infrastructure for the transportation sectortransportation sector

International Partnership for the International Partnership for the Hydrogen EconomyHydrogen Economy

Established in 2003 as an international Established in 2003 as an international institution to accelerate the transition to a institution to accelerate the transition to a hydrogen economyhydrogen economy

The IPHE provides a forum for advancing The IPHE provides a forum for advancing policies, and common technical codes and policies, and common technical codes and standards standards

Member statesMember states: Australia, Brazil, Canada (our : Australia, Brazil, Canada (our no. 1 petroleum importer), China, European no. 1 petroleum importer), China, European Commission, France, Germany, Iceland, India, Commission, France, Germany, Iceland, India, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, Norway, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, United StatesUnited States

IPHE Stakeholder OutreachIPHE Stakeholder Outreach

IPHE communicates about its activities to IPHE communicates about its activities to any and all interested parties any and all interested parties

The Liaison Group of Stakeholder The Liaison Group of Stakeholder Associations: group that has agreed to Associations: group that has agreed to inform their members of IPHE activitiesinform their members of IPHE activities

The group has established a database of The group has established a database of interested parties– any individual from any interested parties– any individual from any country is eligible to registercountry is eligible to register

Hydrogen Power, Inc.Hydrogen Power, Inc.

Hydrogen has also stirred the interest of big Hydrogen has also stirred the interest of big businessbusiness

Hydrogen Power, Inc. (changed its name from Hydrogen Power, Inc. (changed its name from Hydrogen Power International Inc.) is a Seattle-Hydrogen Power International Inc.) is a Seattle-based company that has developed and based company that has developed and patented a process for producing hydrogen patented a process for producing hydrogen called ‘Hydrogen Now’called ‘Hydrogen Now’

The process safely generates pure hydrogen The process safely generates pure hydrogen using aluminum, water, and an environmentally using aluminum, water, and an environmentally friendly catalyst friendly catalyst

HPI, cont’d.HPI, cont’d. Novelty to the technology: can produce Novelty to the technology: can produce

hydrogen on-site and without electricityhydrogen on-site and without electricity Primary market segments: battery replacement Primary market segments: battery replacement

products and portable powerproducts and portable power Secondary market segments: stationary power Secondary market segments: stationary power

and transportationand transportation HPI trades its common stock on the Over the HPI trades its common stock on the Over the

Counter Bulletin Board Counter Bulletin Board HPI’s goals for 2007 are to develop and market HPI’s goals for 2007 are to develop and market

viable commercial applications for its hydrogen viable commercial applications for its hydrogen technologytechnology

Hydrogen is HotHydrogen is Hot Hydrogen power is demanding more and more attention, Hydrogen power is demanding more and more attention,

from politicians, scientists, environmentalists, from politicians, scientists, environmentalists, entrepreneurs and investors entrepreneurs and investors

The hydrogen economy is the door to a new world free The hydrogen economy is the door to a new world free of pollution and economic and political instabilityof pollution and economic and political instability

With technological advancements and expansion of the With technological advancements and expansion of the hydrogen economy, the dream of a world free of fossil hydrogen economy, the dream of a world free of fossil fuels can become a realityfuels can become a reality

Yet to achieve these goals, the United States cannot Yet to achieve these goals, the United States cannot isolate itself but must cooperate with nations seeking the isolate itself but must cooperate with nations seeking the same end resultsame end result

Hydrogen Power Has Even Made Hydrogen Power Has Even Made Its Way to YouTube…Its Way to YouTube…

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHKCjaqhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHKCjaqFJw0FJw0

The EndThe End