GENETIC ENGINEERING

By: Elise MerrillSarah TitusAislyn Vaughan

WHICH ONE IS GENETICALLY ENGINEERED?

QUESTIONS

How can scientists genetically alter a plant or animal?

Is it harmful or beneficial to humans? Which countries use genetic

engineering technology the most? What is the future of genetic

engineering?

WHAT IS GENETIC ENGINEERING? “Genetic engineering physically

removes the DNA from one organism and transfers the gene(s) for one or a few traits into another.”

HISTORY

Genetic Engineering started in the early 1900’s by Gregor Mendel.

1953 Watson & Crick discovered structure of DNA.

1973 Cohen & Boyer recombinant DNA technique.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3H-Uzts108

HISTORY CONTINUED…

First transgenic animal is a mouse. 1982 The U.S Food and Drug Administration

approved the first genetically engineered drug, Genentech’s Humulin.

1987 the first field tests of genetically engineered crops (tobacco and tomato) are done in the U.S.

GENETIC ENGINEERING

TYPES OF FOOD

Tobacco Petunia Corn (first plant) Carrots Potatoes Tomatoes Cabbage.

Starlink

XENOGRAFTING

Use of human DNA to supplement animals.

Use of animals DNA to supplement humans.

CLONING

Using DNA of one animal in other animals.

MUTATION

Changing of DNA

GENETIC ENGINEERING PROCESS IN PLANTS

DNA Extraction

Gene Cloning

Transformation

Backcross Breeding

NATURAL TRANSFORMATION

Plant tissue can re-differentiate. Process is easy.

ELECTROPORATION

Jolt of electricity punctures self-repairing holes in protoplasts.

DNA gets in through these holes. Costly.

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6520950-0-large.jpg

CLONING Cloning in plants is harder because they have

fewer vectors to choose from. Ti Plasmid Some plants that can be cloned: carrots,

tomatoes, potatoes, petunias, and cabbage.

http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbio/plantplasmidtechn.JPG

COUNTRIES INVOLVED

United States Japan UK Developing Countries associated with

Genetic Engineering New Energy Research: Biomass Energy

GE COMPANIES

AVENTIS = Hoechst + Rhone Poulenc (France)Agrochemical Ranking: # 2 -- $4,675Seed Ranking: not ranked - $134 millionPharmaceutical Ranking: # 2 -- $13,650 (combined sales of Hoechst MarionRoussel and Rhone-Poulenc Rorer)

MONSANTO (USA) + PHARMACIA & UPJOHN=(pending - not finalized)Agrochemical Ranking: # 3 -- $4,030Seed Ranking: # 2 -- $1,800Pharmaceutical Ranking: # 9 -- $9,000 (combined sales of Pharmacia &Upjohn + Searle)

Company Global Rankings by Sector (in U.S. millions-based on 1998 revenues)

DUPONT (USA)=Agrochemical Ranking: # 4 -- $3,155Seed Ranking: # 1 -- $1,835Pharmaceutical Ranking: # 42 -- $1,109

COMPANIES CONTINUED…

SYNGENTA *= Novartis + AstraZeneca (pending - not finalized)Agrochemical Ranking: # 1 -- $7,050Seed Ranking: # 3 -- $1,000Pharmaceutical Ranking: (pharmaceutical companies did not merge)# 4 AstraZeneca $12,750# 7 Novartis $11,175

DOW CHEMICAL (USA)=Agrochemical Ranking: # 7 -- $2,130Seed Ranking: not ranked - $162 millionPharmaceutical Ranking: N/A

AquaBounty Technologies: Salmon Eggs

ENERGY AND RESEARCH COST

ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF GENETIC ENGINEERING

Implications

Economic Impact

MYTHS You can trust Scientists that GE food is good for you and

the world. GE crops will save the world from famine. GE crops will reduce the use of pesticides and herbicides. Farmers will benefit from growing GE crops. GE foods vary from non-GE foods only in the

characteristic that has been modified. GE foods have more nutritional value then normal foods.

MORAL ISSUES

Religion Environment Health Consumer Protection

* Food Safety Assessment* Labeling

"Our current knowledge does not provide us with the means to predict the ecological long-term effects of releasing organisms into the environment. So it is beyond the competence of the scientific system to answer such a question...” "Fears raised over DNA survival in soil". Dominion Post (Wellington); April 25, 2003, quoted by GMWatch.

RULES FOR SAFETY ASSESSMENT

GRAS 1991 Bush Administration FDA Testing Labeling

What we need to protect our health- Scientifically proven to be safe for all.

GENERAL ADVANTAGES

GENERAL DISADVANTAGES

Larger animals = more meat product

Sustainable crops Farmers can gain loans. Hardly any advantages

for consumer.

Release of altered genes in environment

Horizontal Gene Transfer Super weeds (herbicide

resistant weeds) GE crops may threaten

beneficial insects Human health Unexpected harmful substances Farmers- Terminator Technology Productivity and profitability Decreased nutritional value

FUTURE

Speed up healing Proteins circulate reporting to glands Bone and muscle mass increase or decrease Salty substance move through the lungs Amount of immune cells should be made How fast hair should grow Abuses with this technology Athlete’s muscle mass increase for strength Army with most genetic drugs in their body win

the war Abuses outweigh positive aspects

“FRANKENFISH”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4UmPcNcrqw

“FRANKENFISH”

Crossing of two or more fish species. The fish tend to be oversized and

aggressive. FDA claims its safe, but there is a

hormone found in the fish that causes various types of cancers.

Farm raised V.S. Wild Very Controversial.

What did you find most interesting about your research?Economic Impacts and the prohibiting human cloning.

How has what you have discovered and learned changed the way you view your life, the direction of society, or mankind?Look out for GE products because not they are in so many different products. Realization of implications: Destroy ecosystems.

Based upon your research and your new knowledge what changes would you make or expect society to make in order to sustain the quality of life or the quality of the biosphere as a whole?Bring awareness to the population.

What is your career track? Would you pursue a career in your topic area or just keep current with new developments as we pass into the future?Marketing. Current. Know what stance to take regarding GE products.

Aislyn

What did you find most interesting about your research?Regulation process of the FDA.

How has what you have discovered and learned changed the way you view your life, the direction of society, or mankind?Depletion of resources. Diversity, not solely rely on GE as a population.

Based upon your research and your new knowledge what changes would you make or expect society to make in order to sustain the quality of life or the quality of the biosphere as a whole?Expect society to put more testing into products that are put on the shelves. Honesty with consumer via label.

What is your career track? Would you pursue a career in your topic area or just keep current with new developments as we pass into the future?Physical Education/Health Coaching. Current. Advocating to others to make a healthier choice.

Sarah

What did you find most interesting about your research? The different ways scientists alter plants and animals.

How has what you have discovered and learned changed the way you view your life, the direction of society, or mankind?It has made me fearful of what my future children will one day be eating.

Based upon your research and your new knowledge what changes would you make or expect society to make in order to sustain the quality of life or the quality of the biosphere as a whole?I would like the government to be more truthful to the consumers. I would like to go back to small farms and produce less food; so much waste. Have Americans become more self reliant and grow their own fruits and vegetables.

What is your career track? Would you pursue a career in your topic area or just keep current with new developments as we pass into the future?Education. I would keep current and follow along with GE engineering and introduce the topic to fellow faculty and older students.

Elise

Questions?

QUESTIONS How can scientists genetically alter a plant or

animal?• Cloning, Mutation, Electroporation,

Xenografting, and Natural Transformation Is it harmful or beneficial to humans?• Harmful: Disease, hormones, allergens, etc. Which countries use genetic engineering

technology the most?• US, UK, Japan What is the future of genetic engineering?• Modified, larger animals, more sustainable

crops; better quality foods.

REFERENCES

http://historyofsciences.blogspot.com/2008/09/history-of-genetic-engineering.html

Http://www.govhs.org/vhsweb/Gallery.nsf/Files/Genetic+Engineering,+a+group+project/$file/animal.html

http://bioenergy.asu.edu/photosyn/courses/bio_343/lecture/geneng.html http://www.netlink.de/gen/fagan.html http://frankenfish.com/ http://www.anh-usa.org/action-alert-genetically-modified-frankenfish/ http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://3.bp.blogspot.com http://www.pfamhealth.net/filecabinet/spring01gemedsam.pdf http://www.helium.com/items/842310-assessing-the-economic-impact-of-genetic-

engineering http://library.thinkquest.org/04apr/00774/en/txt/mythandfact.html http://www.prorev.com/genetic.htm http://gcep.stanford.edu/research/factsheets/engineering_cellulose.html http://www.organicconsumers.org/ge/fivegeco.cfm "Fears raised over DNA survival in soil". Dominion Post (Wellington); April 25,

2003, quoted by GMWatch.