by Dr. Ken Leistner

Dumbbells

In a world of specialization during an era of specialization, one of the lost aspects of effective

training for powerlifters has come from the demise of dumbbell work. There are those like

Louie Simmons who combine many new, innovative approaches to training with “old school”

techniques and equipment and Louie specifically incorporates some dumbbell work into his

programs. Most do not and for those lifters who are so specialized that they take an “Eastern

European Olympic Weightlifting Approach” to powerlifting, doing only the three lifts or

some variation of them, they may never use a dumbbell in any training program. For the

powerlifters of the 1960‟s when the sport was first organized, dumbbells were a staple of

many training routines as both adjunctive and “major” exercises. As our previous installments

in this series discussed the quality, differences, construction, and most other aspects of the

barbells used in training and competition, a few descriptive words are warranted for the oft-

forgotten and recently maligned dumbbells. Allow me please to first raise the hackles of

numerous readers and many more self-appointed experts who have, in the past fifteen years,

touted the praises of kettlebells.

It is true that any training modality can be effective in enhancing the muscular size and

strength of a trainee. I have often stated that the tool used in training is far less important than

the manner in which that tool is used. I believe a single, albeit lengthy, sentence can place

kettlebells and kettlebell training in its proper perspective:

Many decades ago there was a great battle that spread across the globe, encompassing the

time and effort of thousands of individuals and leading to the overhaul of long held dogma

and activity, and in that great battle, kettlebells lost, dumbbells won.

Classic York dumbbells

It really is that simple. The fact, and it is a fact, that a balanced dumbbell allows for safer,

more efficient, more effective, and a greater variety of training made it the overwhelming

choice of those who lifted heavy objects for the purpose of providing exercise that would

make them stronger. From the late 1930‟s or at least by the end of the Second World War,

until the mid-1990‟s, you would have to trip over an elderly man‟s stored possessions in a

darkened, dusty basement to find a kettlebell in the United States. They were relics and rightly

so. The limitations placed upon the trainee were too great to make them commercially viable

in the gym business and most serious powerlifters and bodybuilders discovered that if they

were going to do exercises where their choice fell between dumbbells and kettlebells, there

was no choice, dumbbells would be used. When it became “fashionable” in the fitness

industry and allow me please, to state that again and stress the term “fitness industry,” to lift

and move heavy, awkward objects, someone‟s light bulb went on and an entire new cottage

industry was born. A series of articles in mid-1980‟s issues of Muscular Development

Magazine will indicate that I was in the forefront of what has unfortunately come to be called

“functional training” because many of my trainees were asked to traverse our lengthy

driveway while pushing what appeared to be a friction controlled lawn mower, flipping heavy

tires, carrying sections of I-beam that I had welded handles to, dragging sections of anchor or

rigging chain, and “finishing” with car or truck pushing on our street. I have never been

comfortable with the term “functional training” because all productive training is functional.

These “total body movements” were just hard work exercises done at a high level of intensity

that made me get to the brink of “total annihilation,” a way to push myself even harder than

the high rep squats might have done, thus, I adapted the types of heaving and carrying I did on

the job with my father. The comments and letters sent to Muscular Development in 1985 or so

were often of the “…what the hell is this stuff and why are you publishing it?” ilk as much as

they were complimentary relative to coming up with something “different.”

The great Sig Klein presses old fashioned but very effective dumbbells,

circa 1940's

As a high school and college student seeking to become bigger and stronger (without realizing

I would also become significantly faster), I would walk or run up the steep, long stairway to

the loft of my father‟s iron shop holding a York 100 pound dumbbell in each hand; I would

squat and then push my car up and down the street that we lived on (and to paraphrase from a

decades old article, “…to the delight and consternation of my neighbors” as I often vomited

either immediately after or while performing this specific exercise); I would farmers walk

(and I will reiterate and again negate the claim of another that I came to name that exercise, as

the name existed long before I did) various sections of beam to which I had welded handles.

All of the above movements and exercises like them can be done progressively, intensely, and

in a way that stimulates changes in one‟s physiology, they are all useful. However,

“functional training” has now come to be spoken of as if it is both a specialized and very

special, exotic means to add to one‟s levels of strength and fitness. Kettlebells are right in the

middle of this mix and more than any other “functional modality,” kettlebells have become a

“be-all and end-all” for many in the fitness field.

Sig Klein presses a kettlebell, circa 1940's

Kettlebells can certainly add variety to a session, as can any other unusual or infrequently

used object. There are some effective exercises like swings, presses, cleans, and even curls

that can be done but one could make the case that the same movements are as effective and in

many if not most cases, more effective and safer if performed with dumbbells. There is no

doubt that dumbbells are easier to handle and thus safer to handle. Kettlebell proponents will

make their case that it is the relative inefficiency of handling the implement that makes

kettlebell training effective. For any so-called advantage in performing a kettlebell movement

in place of the same dumbbell movement in order to “give work to the small supportive

muscles,” or “to add to the balance factor” one also suffers a decrease in training efficiency

and intensity as well as focus upon the targeted musculature. Let me add here that in my

opinion, one that obviously there will be disagreement with (especially from those who own

or operate “all kettlebell gyms”), kettlebells can be an enjoyable way to add variety and a bit

of fun to a workout. If a dumbbell press is a “good” exercise, a kettlebell press can be a

“good” exercise. The dumbbell is an obviously more effective and safer tool where either

implement can be used but I am not saying that “all kettlebell” training cannot be effective.

There are some true physical specimens, strong, enduring, and flexible who have done the

majority of their training with the ancient implements proving that but I would also quickly

contend that they would have done as well if not better with a more efficient tool.

Monster kettlebell

While this brief piece will set the internet chat boards buzzing and the new wave of fitness

entrepreneurs and strength gurus hollering, especially those tied to commercial interests that

sell kettlebells, kettlebell training courses, kettlebell seminars, and perhaps newly minted

kettlebell attire screaming in protest and pointing fingers in my direction while using phrases

like “know-nothing,” without the commercial and finance generated push kettlebell training

has received only since the mid-1990‟s, these objects would still be no more than a footnote to

the history of the Iron Game. What some also don‟t know is that dumbbells, like barbells and

plates, have varied in type, quality, construction, and ease of use since their introduction to the

strength and powerlifting world. As a footnote to this specific column it should be noted that

my lovely and insightful wife Kathy noted the same disadvantages of kettlebell training while

predicting it would “be the next big thing” in the commercial arena, way back in a 1987 issue

of our STEEL TIP NEWSLETTER thus the more things change, the more they remain the

same!

More Dumbbells

I could make the obvious joke and point out the knee jerk reaction of many in the strength

community who said, “Yeah, Dr. Ken wrote about dumbbells from a lot of self knowledge, he

is a dumbbell because of his adversity to kettlebells!” To me that would have been funny but

allow me to be brief and clear. There is nothing “wrong” or incorrect about doing any training

with kettlebells but it is not an efficient tool and for some applications not a safe tool relative

to the use of a dumbbell. Again, I will relate to the fact, and it certainly is an undeniable fact,

especially for those of us old enough to have lived through the so-called “Golden Age Of

Training” of the mid-1950‟s to late „60‟s, that you just never saw a kettlebell unless it was

stored in an elderly former lifter‟s basement, or stuck in a corner at the local YMCA. I can

recall reading some of the 1961 and 1962 Weider magazines when he was selling “kettlebell

handles” that could be attached to one‟s adjustable dumbbell bar.

Vintage Weider bodybuilding ad

The “science” behind the handles, and that‟s a word not to be thrown around too seriously

when it comes to the Weider pronouncements and so-called “research” circa 1960‟s, not when

the Weider Research Clinic was little more than a sign on a broom closet, was based on a

change in leverage that the handles would allow. This in turn would make the exercise more

effective. Well, if one makes a movement less efficient, yes, it can be construed as being more

difficult, especially if it drifts into the descriptive arena of “awkward” but even then, the

handles were a hard sell and had few takers. By the late 1960‟s, the only kettlebell handle

offering made by Weider was as a pair of handles included as part of the “Superior Big 16”

barbell-dumbbell sets offered and the advertising line was “Kettlebell Set for broad, he-man

shoulders.” The “sell” was the suggestion to use the handles for lateral raises or front raises,

thus the reference to broad shoulders, as their use was otherwise limited. Eventually the

handles fell both out of use and the Weider catalogue of products. Dumbbells however, could

be found anywhere that weights were lifted, including the York Barbell Club where Olympic

weightlifting ruled the day.

Dumbbells, like barbells, have varied in materials, construction, quality, and shape throughout

their history. My wife disappeared for an hour or two on a Saturday afternoon this past fall

and excitingly returned to the house with the announcement that our neighborhood was

having three simultaneous garage sales within a few blocks of our home. This was not

thrilling news to me but I more or less humored her and asked what had been such an

“exciting” find. For the grand total of fifty cents, she had purchased a pair of wooden

dumbbells that she dug out of a pile of “stuff” and the owners were more than happy to see

the dumbbells leave their premises for that princely sum. My very intelligent and industrious

wife immediately fell into the research and her exciting find proved in fact to be just that: a

pair of wooden one pound dumbbells manufactured approximately ninety years ago by

Standard Narragansett Machine Company of Providence, Rhode Island. A great discovery and

an indication that from the first use of hand held weights or dumbbells, the materials used

were limited only by the availability of what was in the locale and the imagination of the user

or maker.

Vintage wooden bumbells

Although a number of lengthy treatises have been written about dumbbells and their origins, I

have no doubt that they have been manufactured or “home made” using wood, iron, stones,

cement, and possibly old cannon balls! If one looks at the mid to late 1940‟s editions of

Strength And Health Magazine, large scale “weight training” was undertaken by the military

to hasten the troops‟ preparation for entry into combat. They utilized what we might presently

term “circuit training” and had the troops in basic training doing barbell exercises with

“barbells” made from concrete filled soup cans that were attached to the ends of a length of

pipe. I am quite certain that photos could be found of hand-held weights/dumbbells made in

the same manner. I know that many of my early dumbbells were made in my father‟s iron

shop from either scrap pieces of solid round stock or pipe to which I welded inside and

outside collars and the appropriate number of plates so that I had a rather extensive set of

permanent dumbbells.

Brian Saxton, former Atlanta Falcons, NY Giants, and Boston College tight end

presses with Dr. Ken’s homemade pipe-and-plates dumbbells

For those who have in fact made their own dumbbells, it quickly becomes obvious that one

cannot “just make dumbbells” if they want to do so safely. The first order of business would

be to accumulate enough plates to make the neccessary number of dumbbells in the desired

denominations. From seventh grade onward, I became very proficient and persistent at

dogging the guys in school whom I knew lifted weights. The standard barbell and dumbbell

sets that were sold at local sporting goods stores and the occasionally stocked department

store consisted of a five foot bar, two short dumbbell bars, inside and outside screw-on collars

for the three bars, and enough plates to construct what was advertised as a “110 Pound Set.” It

usually did not take more than a month or two before the erstwhile Man Mountain Deans

would give up their quest for Herculean size and strength, and another few weeks past that

until they were ready to recoup some of the monetary investment they had put into their

barbell set. Usually these wound up under the bed, in the rear of a closet, or stuffed behind

other little used items in the garage or basement. I would volunteer to pay next to nothing

which was at least more than their perceived worth of the set at the moment, and most

importantly, remove the weights myself. On more than one occasion, I made an indelible

impression on the citizens of Point Lookout, Lido Beach, and Long Beach as I walked up to

two to three miles from the pick up point to my house, with the loaded bar held across my

back. With anywhere between 110 and 250 pounds I would traverse the distance to my home

gym, huffing and puffing the entire journey, but determined to “get the deal done.” There was

no way my working and disinterested parents were going to invest any time into my lifting

obsession, even when I toned down my involvement with the description of my twenty-four

hour per day “jones” as a hobby. Thus, I was left to my own devices, which was limited to

walking, to get to the site of purchase, and then get the merchandise back to the house. In

retrospect, in addition to providing entertainment and a certain amount of reinforcement that

“this boy is probably crazy” to the neighborhood, any lower body power later exhibited while

playing football, running sprints on the track team, or involvement with other physical activity

no doubt was positively influenced by what had to be dozens of trips of greater or lesser

distance to buy, transport, and then stock my home gym with discarded weights. It wasn‟t

until I read a copy of the September-October 1963 edition of the original Iron Man Magazine

that I discovered the amazing story of Joe Reginer. Mr. Reginer had spent decades building

his own equipment, much of it from junk yard refuse he reconstructed into very useable,

functional equipment that was similar to many of the machines now seen in modern gyms. He

had over fifteen thousand pounds of plates and literally thousands of pounds of “stuff” that

resembled barbell plates or could be used for lifting purposes. When he moved from Chicago

to San Diego, his 7500 pounds of barbell plates wound up in Los Angeles.

The Iron Man article says it best so… “Since Joe did not own a car, he traveled to Los

Angeles each Saturday on the train, carrying two suitcases. These two suitcases were carried

back and forth to San Diego with a total of 250 lbs. of weights, 125 in each suitcase. Upon

arriving in San Diego, he would take a bus to his home and still have to carry them several

blocks up a hill to his house.”

The article noted that when much younger, he transported four 75 pound steel plates home on

a bus and with no seats available, had to stand and hold them the entire trip as they were so

cumbersome he did not believe he could pick them up once he placed them down again. This

was the same guy who while stationed on Okinawa during World War II made a 250 pound

barbell out of plywood. The only thing I could think of was “Unreal but this kind of thing

must have made him unbelievably strong” and the article written by Leo Stern as per the

observations made by him and Bill Pearl indicated that Mr. Reginer was indeed, strong! These

types of feats also made my piddling walks with up to two hundred pounds or so rather

“punky” by comparison.

Falling under the heading of “Its tough work but someone has to

do it” a photo from approximately 2001, Dr. Ken spotting

Summer Baskin. To Summer’s credit, those 20 pound York Hex

Head Dumbbells rather quickly became a lot heavier as she

trained for her first strongman competition. Summer’s brother

Whit Baskin was a top ranked strongman competitor until

injured and comatose in December of 2000. Summer decided to

enter the Northeast Strongman Championships in Massachusetts

where Whit would be honored and a fund raising donation would

be made. She made amazing progress, became quite strong and

muscular and entered a few contests over the next two years. Her

training, like that of her world class brother, consisted of

conventional barbell and dumbbell exercises and of course,

specific strongman events.

Dumbbells for Everyone

For those who saw the 1986 film “Back To School” starring the late Rodney Dangerfield,

there is a line that became a catch-all for many things in our house among the children, and

something I heard repeated on the street for a very long time; “Shakespere for everyone!” I

could entitle this “Dumbbells for everyone!” because many powerlifters miss the boat when it

comes to fully utilizing dumbbells in their training. If I may be allowed to digress, I should

note that Dangerfield was a Long Island guy, very much a local when he was starting his

career or more accurately, that should be clarified to read when he was re-starting his career.

Those who are long time readers of my articles in Powerlifting USA, MILO, Iron Man,

Muscle And Fitness, Strength And Health, STRONG, and Muscular Development magazines,

The Steel Tip Newsletter that Kathy and I published in the mid-1980's, as well as numerous

internet articles, know that my father was an iron worker, a fact I have always been very

proud of. That he taught me the basic skills of his trade so that I could cut and weld and

eventually build my own training equipment was a huge bonus. Those who actually know me

also are aware that my father worked seven days and four to five nights a week, every week

until it killed him and his second job included doing every job possible in the night club

business. Rodney Dangerfield‟s comedy career had failed as a young man and he gave it up to

do “regular work” and though I can‟t recall exactly what he was selling when he met my

father, he was in no position to give up his “day job” as a full time salesman while trying to

once again support his family as a comedian. While managing a popular club my father gave

Dangerfield work, either when he truly needed it or when asked to. We all thought he was

really funny and of more importance, he was a very nice man, unlike some of the performers

that needed to be tended to. My work at the club, from the age of eight or nine years of age

and up, was quite varied but included keeping the dressing room area stocked with food and

spirits, placing bets with the local bookmaker as some of the stars might have desired,

dishwasher, bus boy, working the stage lights, line cook, broiler man, and eventually growing

into the physical stature and age to bounce and provide personal security to the celebrities.

Some of the well known singers, musicians, comics, and dancers were absolutely abusive to

those around them, some quite nice but Dangerfield stood out as perhaps the most

appreciative, unobtrusive, complimentary, and polite. Everyone thought he was just the nicest

man, thus the continuing popularity of his movies in our family. “Dumbbells for everyone!”

would be appropriate as so many competitive lifters limit themselves to what is currently

popular or that being done by “the really big names” in the sport.” The efficacy of any

training program is measured not by what the best men and women are doing, but what the

average man or woman gets out of the routine. It also doesn‟t matter what‟s popular. One of

my favorite quotes, from statesman William Penn, is “Right is right, even if everyone is

against it and wrong is wrong, even if everyone is for it.” Applied to powerlifting, because

“everyone” is doing it does not mean that any specific individual should be doing a particular

routine or exercise. Some training related “things” are what could be termed “obviously

good” and potentially effective. Others are just as “obviously bad” or questionable though the

power of advertising and/or the praise of a superstar will give it a lot of traction in the lifting

community.

Former Boston College and pro football tight end Brian

Saxton does “dumbbell deadlifts” with heavy navy practice

bombs outfitted with handles

The dumbbell deadlift is an example of this. Look through the last six issues of Powerlifting

USA Magazine. See how many times the dumbbell deadlift is utilized as a substitute for the

actual competitive deadlift during for instance, the off-season or as an assistance exercise.

Without taking the time to look myself, I would predict that you will not locate this exercise

within the magazine‟s pages at all. Before one succumbs to the knee-jerk response that “If it

was any good, it would be used by good lifters” I would defy any aspiring lifter to actually do

the dumbbell deadlift hard, heavily, progressively, and consistently for six or eight weeks, and

then state that they did not feel they were working incredibly hard, did not enhance the

muscular size and/or strength of the involved musculature, or that it isn‟t an effective exercise

“just to get stronger.” Remember the basis of strength or weight training for any athletic

activity; you are training in order to improve or enhance “the raw material” of the body, in

this case most obviously the muscular system. One then learns the skills of their athletic

activity and applies their enhanced strength to their skill development. This is how one‟s

performance is improved, this is why an athlete trains. Powerlifting is a sport and in the same

manner as other sports, one trains to become muscularly larger, at least to the limits of their

weight class, and of course stronger. Confusion occurs because the sport itself utilizes the

barbell and consists of the performance of barbell movements in three specific planes of

motion. However, the philosophy is the same and in our specific example, using dumbbells

for the deadlift exercise can be and should be an experience that brings one close to their

physical and mental limits. Excluding technique or form as it applies to a competitive barbell

deadlift, the dumbbell version of this gives very intense work through a very complete range

of motion to the musculature involved with the competitive deadlift. Why then would this be

a negative? Yet, again allow me to ask where within the pages of PLUSA or other media

supplied training sources is this excellent exercise included?

A photo from the archives showing a very young Sol

Leistner doing DB Deadlifts that provided a very full

range of motion

Dumbbell bench pressing and incline presses which again can utilize a very full range of

motion while providing variety and the necessity to work very hard, are ignored movements.

Utilizing 150 pound dumbbells and in some cases, heavier as our training group did at

Zuver‟s Hall Of Fame Gym in Costa Mesa, California in the late 1960‟s does admittedly

require competent and strong spotters but assuming that one usually trains with competent and

strong spotters, many pressing movements with dumbbells in place of the usual barbell

provides numerous advantages.

More Dumbbells for Everyone

I was contacted by a fellow I knew in high school whose son was a patient and trainee of mine

and he mentioned that he had been reading the ongoing Titan/Eleiko series of articles and

remembered how so many of my classmates and others around school thought that walking

through town with a loaded barbell in order to accumulate free plates was “just the strangest

thing anyone could do.” Of course, lifting weights in any manner in the late 1950‟s and early

„60‟s was also considered to be “the strangest thing anyone could do” so one must maintain

the perspective common from that time period. This individual did however follow up with a

“left-handed compliment” when noting that “everyone also thought you had to be pretty

strong to do that stuff.” Call it dedication, motivation, or simply an obsession to gather as

much weight as I could if it was offered at no cost. As a youngster intent on becoming

muscularly larger and stronger so that I could improve my football and street survival skills, I

was convinced that the possibility of having “too much weight” or “too many dumbbells and

extra plates” did not exist. I have frankly stated in this series and in articles dating back to the

late 1960‟s, that the necessity of somehow getting oneself to the garage, basement, storefront

gym, or one of the few health club type of facilities that might have offered information or

individuals who lifted weights and could convey something, anything that would allow an

interested party to improve, was the only real way to get that information and then improve.

Training with weights, no matter the discipline, was very much a cult-like activity, freely and

enthusiastically shared by its participants, shunned and made fun of by those “outside of the

family” of trainees, and the only way to get into it was to literally step in personally. Reading

the magazines helped to a small extent and of course, provided contest or other training

information, months following the actual event. The limitations due to a lack of veracity

presented by those articles made one leery, and again drove one back to the “step one”

necessity of having to personally gather the desired information.

With minimal information and directions, I recall going to a warehouse on Long Island where

I was told a group of competitive and non-competitive powerlifters were training for what

was then a nascent sport. On a Friday evening I drove alone into a rather isolated and desolate

industrial area and more or less looked around for any building that had a light shining

through a visible window. I was fortunate that it took no more than three or four tries until I

located the correct door and was able to enter a stark room consisting of what was some sort

of machine shop on one side and a very basic but complete gym on the other.

The late Ray Rigby squats 826 in one of Dr. Ken’s home gyms: a

squat rack, bench, plywood for a platform, homemade dumbbells,

and lots of plates

My presence was immediately noticed but not acknowledged and not one word was said to

me. I sat in a corner and spent perhaps two hours watching a dozen very strong and serious

men throw an awful lot of weight around and it was impressive. African American and

Caucasian, the mixed group was familiar and easy going with each other but I had no doubt

they could clear any bar in short order had they been offended or otherwise angered. Only

when they were done, was I approached and asked if I could be helped in any way.

Obviously, having sat still in a corner for approximately two hours doing nothing else but

observing and mentally taking notes on everything I saw, marked me as someone seeking

information on what they were doing.

Home gym garage in Valley Stream, NY, a 25 year endeavor

complete with Sutherland electric squat rack, power rack, dumbbells,

and lots of plates and little more.

This was typical, at least for me and it brought me to the known New York City area training

sites like Mid City Gym when it was on Times Square, the rear of Leroy Colbert‟s health food

store on 84th Street and Broadway, the loft above Jack Meniero‟s Mr. V Sport Shop in

Brooklyn where I saw Larry Powers, Freddy Ortiz, and other monster bodybuilders lifting

rather impressive amounts of weight, the Olympic Health Club in Hicksville that featured the

training exploits of discus throwing champion Al Oerter, and any countless number of

unmarked storefronts and industrial spaces used for lifting weights. The most impressive

memory I have of the warehouse visit noted above was the fact that there were loaded barbells

on numerous racks and lined up in a semblance of order all over the concrete floor. As the

introduction of rubber bumper plates was still years away, there were some heavy duty

welcome-type mats scattered around to offer minimal cushion to the impact of the forty-five

pound Olympic barbell plates when the bars were brought to the floor but I did not believe

they did much to protect the bar, plates, or concrete. That they had what must have been a

dozen bars all loaded to a different “base weight” so that for example, deadlifts being done

between 225 and 315 were completed on one bar, those between 315 and 405 on another bar,

and any amount between 405 and 495 and up on yet another bar was, to me, just the coolest

thing I had seen to that point in time in a gym setting. Two or three benches and an incline

bench as well as three squat racks all had their own Olympic or standard bars and all had

“base weight” that never went below a specified amount. This made group lifting as quick,

efficient, and exciting as it could be and it became a goal of mine to have a private or public

training facility that boasted a set-up where there was an abundance of bars and plates.

Additionally, this particular warehouse gym also had many home made dumbbells lined up on

the floor against one wall.

1996 Olympic gold medal winner Derrick Adkins squats in barest of

home gym set-ups, just the squat/pull/press rack circa 1975 Dr. Ken

welded for the Malverne High School weight room, rescued and

resurrected at time of school renovation.

Before hex-head, urethane covered, or any other type of commercial dumbbell, there were

either the so-called “gym dumbbells” made from a specific company‟s plates that were

welded onto short “dumbbell bars” or there were the large, round, globe-head dumbbells

made by York and only a few other companies. Certainly there were other brands such as

Jackson Barbell that made dumbbells but the two usual types encountered in the few

commercial gyms or health spas of the day were constructed of standard plates or the casted,

large globes. As was the standard of the day, all of the dumbbells I noted in the warehouse

gym that impressed me so much, were constructed of small, one-inch holed plates that were

attached to appropriately cut and measured short bars. This was the purpose in my own quest

to gather and save as many of the unused 110 pound barbell sets that friends and schoolmates

stashed beneath their beds or in the back of their closets after minimal use. Most of the

fellows who made their own dumbbells obviously first used the dumbbell bars provided with

any barbell-dumbbell set they had purchased. When it came time to get serious and make an

entire set of dumbbells or at least enough so that any workout could flow without the

interruption made necessary from stopping to change the weight on any dumbbell, one had to

first get the bars to place the weights upon. Having access to my father‟s iron shop made this

easy for me. Typically, any inventory in the typical “mom and pop” iron shop will be hot

rolled rather than cold rolled. For the sake of simplicity, at least for this specific point, hot

rolled steel or iron is reshaped at a temperature above what is termed the re-crystallization

temperature, which will cause the molecular structure to alter and align differently than the

starting product. Cold rolled is done below this temperature and is much stronger when

finished relative to hot rolled bars. Hot rolled is fine for dumbbell bars but anyone who has

lifted more than 150 pounds on a length that is in excess of five or six foot, as per a standard

Olympic barbell, has discovered the hard way that it doesn‟t take much force or loaded weight

to bend these bars. All of the barbell stock used is cold rolled and further treated to make for

example, any of the top name Olympic or power bars extremely strong and resistant to

damage. Obviously, having gathered an inventory of short bars, one can then consider the

actual construction of their dumbbells but if they are to be strong and not break apart when

dropped more than a few times, some special care needs to be taken when welding them and

then there is the matter of the dreaded “rotating sleeve.”

Making Dumbbells for Everyone

Before getting into the construction of home made dumbbells and discussing the archaic

“revolving sleeves” that were part and parcel of every 110 pound set of standard weights sold

throughout the 1950‟s and „60‟s, I want to present an e mail from Jan Dellinger. For those

who don‟t know, Jan was York Barbell Company‟s representative from approximately 1976

into the early 2000‟s. He probably held every job the company had to offer but after John

Grimek retired, was best known for being the one guy in the office who could actually answer

lifting related questions. He remains one of the true historians of all aspects of the Iron Sports

and as the one person who worked side by side with the great Grimek, has all of the behind-

the-scenes stories. From Jan with my comments, below:

Email from Jan Dellinger 02-01-11

Loved your DUMBBELLS,MORE DUMBBELLS, DUMBBELLS FOR EVERYONE

trilogy. The remembrances of Rodney Dangerfield were priceless. I only knew your dad as a

hardcore iron worker...not that he was involved with the nightclub biz. [ From Dr. Ken: My

father was the last guy anyone would have wanted to get involved with if his mood wasn’t

“right” and he used that to his advantage in the night club business. His fifth grade

education did not in any way inhibit his street smarts and this served him well in his second

job, four to five nights per week. Between what I interpreted as a chip on his shoulder

related to his lack of formal education, lots of “street cred” as the young people refer to it,

and no doubt being less than happy about working two full time jobs during his entire life,

he was a good choice to cool people out in anyone’s night club. ]

Beyond being a recycled sales gimmick, I never quite got the latter day fascination with

kettlebells. Although I have to admit that once the weight room of the school where I work

purchased a few moderate-weight pairs of K-bells, I had to do a bit of overhead pressing and

curling with the nostalgic apparatus, mostly to say that I played with them a little. Oddly, I

much prefer the swing movement with a dumbbell.

Needless to say, I echo your "you-can-do-anything-with-a-dumbbell-that-you-can-with- a-k-

bell" sentiment. I might also add that not all of the kettlebell gurus who seem to be of the

opinion that they invented them are just on the internet. I've encountered more than a few

athletic coaches who attended a (as in "one") certification seminar with the device and now

believe they have been to the mountaintop--Olympus, I presume--and found the Holy Grail. [

From Dr. Ken: One of the better known kettlebell instructors/leaders of the movement is

no doubt a nice guy but early in his commercial venture to bring this “new and advanced”

training method to the citizens of the United States, he bad mouthed me. Running me down

verbally, in print, behind my back, or to my face comes with the territory of being a semi-

public figure. Being known in lifting circles as I am throughout the many decades I have

been training, competing, and writing and lecturing about training related matters

obviously does not compare to being a true celebrity as per political figures and entertainers

but in our small, insular world, it does make one known. This also leaves one open to

criticism. Strength training is very much like religion to many individuals or at least to a

certain personality type that strength training seems to attract and any deviation from what

they might believe is the best way to train, brings harsh reaction. It becomes “personal”

with many, not just something to be discussed, examined, evaluated, and either agreed or

disagreed upon. Thus, I never took any criticism I received seriously or personally, other

than an opportunity to review my own thoughts and philosophy which would then lead to

more study and an even better understanding of the material in question. However, this

individual did publish work which criticized me and it was based upon false information.

His comments, related to what is in fact a long list of injuries I have suffered, were made

with the assumption that all or most were weight room related and of course, to discredit

my approach to training. What he did not bother to research or even inquire about and thus

did not realize, is that almost none of these injuries were weight room related. My body was

torn up playing football, judo, and boxing more than anything else. Bouncing and

providing security for rock and roll groups also caused some significant and permanent

damage but I always attributed the work in the weight room as keeping me upright and

functional. This bit of news eventually got back to him and I received a phone call wherein

he apologized but believed “we were on to something.” To more or less quote the

conversation, I was told that “We have differing views on training and we can argue this in

print. Then we can argue in public at a seminar and at a series of seminars. We can write

articles countering each other. This will put (his product) before the public and we both can

make money from this.” Obviously, with a family, professional office, many athletes to

attend to, and community service related work, I had no time for this nor interest but please

have no doubt believing Jan’s comment that the public has been “gurued” on kettlebell

training. Without sounding too cynical, the gurus have in fact made quite a bit of money off

of what to me at least, is little more than a strictly commercial endeavor. To many, it’s the

greatest thing since sliced bread (dating myself, there was a time if you bought bread from

a store or bakery, it was not sliced, you did that yourself, at home. Being able to buy

already-sliced bread was huge to the public, thus “the greatest thing since sliced bread!”)

and in truth, kettlebells remain another tool, just another weapon in the arsenal to get one

stronger.]

Your mention of the cast iron kettlebell handles from Weider ads of long ago brought back a

number of memories. One was that Joe's sales pitch for them was right out of George Jowett's

mags, or more specifically his shoulder booklet course. This is not just Joe-bashing as York

ads from the late '30s or so did the same, and seemingly copied the graphics from said Jowett

booklet for inclusion in their ads. Thus making it clear of course, that nothing in weight

training is new, nor was it even decades ago.

Pipe and plate dumbbells, huh! Alan Calvert's Milo Barbell Company offered pipe and plate

sets in the early 20th Century, which were billed as an "economy set" as compared to ones

which featured a solid steel bar. Allow me to repeat the comment from above, “Thus making

it clear of course, that nothing in weight training is new, nor was it even decades ago.”

Of course, I learned along the way that kettlebell handles do not have to be cast iron. During

my years at York Barbell, basement inventors--"reinventors" in most cases--would send us

samples of things they hoped would strike our fancy sufficiently to want to market them.

Sometime in the 1980s, someone sent us kettlebell handles made from PVC pipe and glued

together. For their intended use they were just fine. In fact, I still have them in my basement,

although I run an 18-inch long steel bar thru them and practice one-hand deadlifts, using them

as the handle. I've been waiting for the glue to dry out and the thing to break or bend, but so

far they have stood up to 250 pounds. I wish I was younger and stronger as I would like to see

at what poundage they start to give.

Among the things the late (and very great) Vic Boff tried to impress on me about the training

habits of his generation, or maybe it was the one before, was their ingenuity at improvisation.

Basically, making what they had at their disposal work over the long haul.

Found a great example of this 10 or 11 years ago in the Philly warehouse of handbalancing

great Robert Jones, who was very identified with Milo Barbell and was a confidant of BoHo's

(Bob Hoffman) for years after he bought out Milo.

Sorry to drone on. Just wanted to offer some positive commentary about your dumbbell

installments.

Jan

Jones had a 15 or 20-pound solid dumbbell which he made adjustable weight-wise by boring a

hole in each end and threading the inside of the holes to accept a standard 5/8" bolt. Hence,

one could bolt extra plates onto the ends of the solid dumbbell to increase the resistance in

relative safety...at least by the legal standards of the day. At least, a home trainee did not have

to invest in a slew of solid dumbbells.

Another photo of the wonderful old wooden dumbbells located at a

garage sale by Kathy

In addition to the many short pieces of one-inch hot rolled stock I would cut in my father‟s

shop for my various dumbbell construction projects, I would on occasion find myself with the

numerous five-foot bars that the standard 110 pound sets came with. In time, as I collected the

unused, little used, or about-to-be-discarded sets of various friends, classmates, or less than

committed trainees I would hear about, I would have a collection of potentially unused

lengths of iron. Some were of better quality than others but all were 1/16th to 1/8th of an inch,

thicker than the round stock in my father‟s inventory. Over time, I found that the thicker

diameter bars were much more suitable than the one-inch round stock for the larger

dumbbells, arbitrarily anything over 100 pounds. The thicker bar was a bit easier to control

and the increase in diameter, no matter how seemingly minor, better dissipated the force of

that heavy dumbbell as it was held throughout the course of a set. If one examines the higher

quality dumbbell and fixed barbell offerings from companies such as Ivanko Barbell in San

Pedro, California, it can be quickly discerned that they offer a thicker handle for fixed

barbells, EZ Curl type of bars, and dumbbell sets. This is done specifically to allow for this

more efficient force distribution in one‟s hand and safer execution of the exercise. When

Kathy and I opened our Iron Island Gym on February 3, 1992, we offered three full sets of

dumbbells. Our primary set of dumbbells, from Ivanko, went from 5 pounds to 55 pounds in

two-and-one-half-pound increments, then to 200 pounds in five pound increments. All of the

dumbbells from 100 to 200 pounds had slightly thicker handles, not to offer “more grip work”

for our trainees, but rather to offer better control and more comfort. Our fixed Ivanko barbells

and fixed EZ Curl bars also followed suit with everything over 100 pounds set onto one-and-

one-quarter-inch diameter bars. This made a noticeable difference when handling heavy

weights and my early dumbbell construction dictated these equipment decisions for the gym.

Wisconsin strongman and chef extraordinaire

Tony Scrivens farmers walk, a great “finisher”

or primary exercise that can also be done with

heavy dumbbells

In last month‟s column I noted that every barbell set manufacturer offered a “rotating sleeve”

on either their barbell and/or dumbbells. As a reminder to the younger generation(s) of lifters

reading this, powerlifting was not a formal, organized sport with any type of national

championship until 1964. Olympic weightlifting was the only “legitimate” lifting sport with

bodybuilding seen as a non-athletic event fraught with the myths of numerous social ills and

evils. Thus, the inclusion of Olympic lifts and “Olympic type” of lifting or exercise

movements was seen as necessary in any course of training instruction. Your standard “basic

program,” “beginner‟s, intermediate, or advanced programs” always displayed a clean, clean

and press, push press, jerk, or snatch as part and parcel of the overall course of instruction.

With the focus upon selling more inventory, both Hoffman and Weider, even for their strictly

bodybuilding courses, included these basic, multi-joint, Olympic weightlifting or

weightlifting themed movements within the body of the instructional materials. On a non-

rotating 1-1/16” bar, many of the exercises could be painful or destructive to the wrists and/or

elbows. Though I doubt that safety was an issue or within the consciousness of either Bob or

Joe when it came to making money, a rotating sleeve placed over the shaft of the bar did in

fact make the Olympic lifting type of movements safer. Thus, included in the standard barbell

set, the rotating chrome sleeve, flimsy and absent of anything such as bearings that might

have made rotation of the bar smoother, still improved the bar movement in the trainee‟s

hands. Without a sleeve and with heavy weight on the barbell, the trainee would have to

literally open the hands a bit when cleaning the weight from the floor to the shoulders.

In 1963, the Iron Man rotating sleeve for the standard barbell set

would cost an additional $.3.30!

This action would allow the non-rotating bar to roll in the hands enough to “catch” it at the

top of the movement and avoid the physics-determined tug and pull on the wrists once the

barbell came to what amounted to a screeching halt at one‟s shoulders. The sleeve was a

chromed tube that slipped over the five or six foot length of one-inch bar, and was secured by

the inside collars that would be placed upon the bar after centering the rotating sleeve. The

bar-within-a-tube had enough clearance to allow for the barbell to spin enough to make one

think they were “almost lifting on a sort-of-real Olympic barbell.” Of course, for any trainee

that had actually lifted on a “real” Olympic barbell, the action wasn‟t close! However,

whatever “give” was available due to the presence of the rotating sleeve gave a safer option

than going with the bare bar. Of course the thin-walled tube often became distorted with even

moderate use and the threat of a “short stop” as the bar‟s rotation picked up momentum

always existed.

Former Hofstra University football star Frank Savino

demonstrates heavy one arm dumbbell row

The short length dumbbell bars also were provided with a shorter, chromed tube that allowed

the dumbbells to rotate, at least a bit. The unintended advantage of the tube or sleeve was the

added thickness these provided to the dumbbell bar, placing more stress upon the grip. That

was perhaps the only positive of its presence. Anyone who has used a “solid” dumbbell or

“gym” dumbbell where barbell plates are placed upon the dumbbell bar‟s shaft and secured

with an end cap and a variety of bolt or screw devices knows that a rotating sleeve on a

dumbbell bar is not really a necessity. One could argue the case for the longer barbell as the

aforementioned paragraph notes but few dumbbell movements are done where a rotating

sleeve is necessary. Far more important for dumbbells, especially very heavy dumbbells, is a

means of securing the plates to the bar.

Let's Make Dumbbells

Typical of the era and like almost all of the other teenaged boys I knew at that time, I had a

job that kept me busy after school, in the evenings, and/or on the weekends. With time “off”

to participate in high school sports, most of my “employment related work” was left for the

weekends although a Saturday afternoon high school football game would often be

approached after working with my father or uncle from 6 PM Friday evening, until perhaps 8

AM Saturday morning without a hint of sleep. My uncle was a respected chef who believed

that the best way to keep me from falling prey to the clutches of the street was to insure that I

had a viable trade. Thus, I had the advantage of learning the skills of an iron worker with that

of a typical saucier and broiler man. I was never stupid or arrogant enough to ever use the

word “chef” when describing my own culinary abilities. In the parlance of the day, circa

1950‟s through „60‟s, I was a decent cook, especially as a short order cook. One of the

“problems” I faced in tenth grade, perhaps the nadir of my high school academic and social

performance, was finding a way to balance a relatively well paying job (for a teenager) in a

local luncheonette with my school related responsibilities. Though it was obviously against

the rules, short-sighted, and needless to add, completely unacceptable, I would leave the

house early, begin work on the breakfast shift at the luncheonette doing every task from

assisting the primary cook to washing dishes and glasses, rush the few blocks to the high

school, check into homeroom, and then rush back to finish the latter part of the breakfast

crunch of customers as the primary grill man. Thus, while my contemporaries were learning

the finer points of the hypotenuse, I was busy serving up Western omelets and hash browns.

When the breakfast rush was done, I would dash back to the high school, justifying the mad

sprint as a means of enhancing my cardiovascular condition and walk into whatever class was

then in session on my schedule. Of course, this unorthodox approach to one‟s secondary

education was not productive nor was it well tolerated by my teachers and coaches. It was

rather common for teens to drop out of high school, at least among those I knew, in order to

begin their “life‟s work” at the age of sixteen or seventeen with a small minority moving on to

college thus I did not view my behavior as being atypical nor unusual. Unfortunately, I did

not understand that the hypotenuse of a right triangle was in fact, that triangle‟s longest side,

nor that it was even related to a right triangle and the resultant grade of 17 on my geometry

mid-term revealed my lapse in school attendance. When my father commented, “Are you

kidding me? That‟s 17 out of 100?” I could not counter with a snappy answer and there was

an immediate rearrangement of my typical week day schedule. However, I had skills in a

commercial kitchen and of course, in the iron shop and with the welding background I

developed by the age of twelve or thirteen, I could and did construct my own set of

dumbbells. Performing what seems like a rather straight forward and mundane task correctly,

like most tasks, involves more than a few simple steps if one wants and expects dumbbells to

last for a lifetime of use.

Welding cast iron plates to “regular” iron bars presents some unique problems or conditions

and I would like to convey this to our Titan Support System readers. My comments, made

after discussion with Tom Ryan, an architectural blacksmith that works in my brother‟s

Koenig Iron Works shop in Long Island City, N.Y., are general in nature and as Tom pointed

out “The final options are based upon the exact conditions of what one is welding and how it

will be used.” Tom, like my grandfather who as a young boy began his life‟s work as a

blacksmith in Poland, does things the correct way.

Koenig Iron Works Architectural Blacksmith Tom Ryan

Let me first state that cast iron isn‟t used and should not be used to carry a load as one would

in using a piece of beam. Cast iron can be used as a column as the stress/force is in

compression, but it‟s too brittle to load as per beam use and can fail. To emphasize its

brittleness, I did my training at Malverne High School when I taught and coached there. We

did not have a wrestling team when I arrived at the high school but there was what had been

the former “wrestling room,” a space the size of three large closets jammed together with half

of the floor covered by Resilite mats. The mats, a huge jump forward from the canvas covered

horsehair mats that had been the standard previously, are still made by the Resilite company.

These were manufactured specifically for wrestling and I can recall the advertising they used

that showed an egg being dropped from a rather significant height onto the mat, without

breaking or damaging the egg in any way. They were not too thick, yet they were force

absorbent. I rearranged some of these so that the underlying wooden floor served as my

“lifting platform” footing, while the mats were used to “catch” the barbell plates when the bar

was returned to the floor. During one workout I tossed a York two-and-one-half-pound plate

to the cross countery coach who served as a training partner during that year. He fumbled the

plate, it hit the mat, and cracked in half. We were amazed that a top of the line York Olympic

plate would so easily split in two. I sent the pieces to John Terpak, the President of York

Barbell Company and he indicated that if the plates “hit just right” they could, due to their

brittleness, crack. It was a lifelong lesson in cast iron dynamics for me. Even those with some

welding experience will have to practice and follow procedure to make safe dumbbells one

can have confidence in using, or there is a probability that the welds could, or will crack or

split. Many experienced welders will look at my recommendations and no doubt state, “Geez,

you don‟t have to do all of that, its easier and faster to…” but I want to give general

recommendations that make for a safe finished product.

Dr. Ken flanked by George Kasimatis and Tom O’Riordan a decade ago.

In the photo above, we have pictured one not-so-strong older guy standing with two very

strong individuals. George Kasimatis is currently the head football coach at Long Island‟s

Sewanhaka High School. For die hard football fans, Sewanhaka was the high school of former

University Of Miami and long time professional quarterback Vinnie Testaverde and George

has done a wonderful job of utilizing strength training as an integral part of their success the

past few seasons. George as a younger man, was a terrific collegiate fullback and competitive

powerlifter, certainly one of the strongest pound-for-pound lifters Long Island has ever seen.

“Tommy O” was legendary for a number of things, including his skills as a bouncer and he

parlayed his education, football ability, and physical strength into a position as a New York

City Court Officer. Television addicts will recognize him as the court officer on the long

running Judge Hatchett television show and frequent guest on “World‟s Dumbest Criminals”

type of episodes. Like George, Tommy represents the adage I have frequently used in print

and in lectures that “The strongest man in the world probably isn‟t lifting at the Olympics or

winning the Senior National Powerlifting Championships. Instead he‟s working a full time

job, has family responsibilities, and training by himself in a garage somewhere in Cleveland,”

the point being that like these two men, there are an awful lot of unbelievably strong

individuals walking around that the general public doesn‟t know about. That said, note the

Olympic barbell plates they are holding. I had a penchant for welding handles on a lot of

different odd objects, including barbell plates so that they could be carried around for strength

and cardiovascular type of work. This is another application of welding iron to cast iron as the

handles would either be round stock that varied in diameter from one-inch to two-inches, or

pipe with similar dimensions. The preparation and welding procedures as outlined within this

article were the same for these iron handles. After being bent to shape they would then have

to be welded to the cast iron barbell plates. These made excellent “Husafelt Stone type” of

carrying objects that served as effective finishers to many workouts.

Like any other welding job, insure that the rod and plates are clean and free of visible grime

or grease. An oven cleaner or degreaser works and there are products sold in automotive

stores that will take leaking oil and grease off of your concrete driveway. These will do the

job for your dumbbell project. I once degreased one of the engine blocks I planned to use for

some “strongman” and lifting activities with a can of Easy Off Oven Cleaner and my garden

hose and it worked perfectly. It usually isn‟t necessary to bevel the metal with a grinder for

this specific dumbbell application but pre-heating all of the round stock and cast iron plates is

recommended. Using what is now referred to as “old fashioned” stick welding rods, and I

returned to school and was no longer working as a full time iron worker when wire and gas

welding was first being introduced, often does not call for pre-heating but I think it helps

make a better weld. We always used a torch to about 500 degrees F if welding steel to cast

iron. Weld, brush the slag from the hot weld bead, and using a light round- head hammer,

peen with light and fast blows. This hot-peening reduces the weld stresses and adds strength

to the weld, increasing resistance to cracking. Welding will involve the last plate that is placed

on the round stock and if used, a large steel washer. That end-of-the-line plate should be

welded to the round stock and the washer if used, should be welded to both the cast iron plate

and the round stock handle. Once the welding is completed cool the cast iron at a slow,

controlled rate, as slowly as possible. This usually isn‟t done, with the completed dumbbell

most often left sitting on the welding table until its cool enough to handle. Take the time to

cover the dumbbell(s) with a welding blanket. If welding a large number of dumbbells or an

entire set, you can cover them with hot ash or sand, but use something to insulate the welded

cast iron from the cooling air. As Tom said to me, “the slower the better” so as one might

guess, if we‟re attempting to slow down the cooling off process and cover properly, the metal

will remain hot for a day or even longer. Again, I will repeat that this is almost never done

and when younger, I certainly never approached the “cooling off period” with any sense of

patience or seriousness. I believed that if I had welded properly, the specific weld would

“hold” and there were times that I was attempting to use the dumbbell in training almost

immediately afterwards while the cast iron was still hot.

As a “stick welder” often at the short end of the humorous comments about being “a really old

guy” or a very “old school iron worker,” I asked Tom about options beyond my knowledge or

day to day experience. Brazing with a brass rod and oxy-acetylene provides a very strong

weld if one does not have the appropriate/proper welding equipment. Pre-heating to 1100

degrees F (think “red heat”) should be done. Tom believes that stick welding is the most

likely to crack if for example, 150 pound dumbbells are tossed to the ground as they usually

are in most training facilities but it‟s the easiest welding option if done correctly. He noted

that “if using Ni Rods, make short one-inch welds” and of course, this would be my option as

a “pre-wire and gas guy.” For those seeking to make their own dumbbells using what many

consider to be archaic methodology, one recommendation is:

Crown Alloys Company, Madison Heights, Michigan (1-248-588-3790 or 1-800-521-7878).

For those using TIG Welding, Tom recommended the following:

TIG welding:

Precision Alloys Company

13563 Route 217 Scottown, Ohio 45678

740-886-8900

FAX 740-886-8904

1-800-321-0759

PALCO 808 Bare

For cast iron, cast iron to steel,

high strength, machinable, non-

cracking deposits. (Red Iron

Oxide)

PALCO 870 Flux-Coated

Build-up and joining, high strength

with high wear resistance. Work

hardens. For steels and cast irons.

MIG welding: Shielding gas is either pure Argon or Argon@75%/CO2 @25%

Crown Alloys Company

MADISON HEIGHTS, MI. 48071

(248) 588-3790 (800)521-7878

Typical Applications:

Royal 44-30 is excellent for making repairs on all ductile and malleable irons. Royal 44-30 is

also useful for the welding of other high-strength nodular and gray cast irons where maximum

strength and ductility are required.

(My comment: For a heavy dumbbell that will be dropped during heavy lifting sessions,

strength of weld would be the key goal and application).

The addition of manganese provides superior wetting and crack- resistant weldability on even

the most difficult cast iron applications. The Royal 44-30 is also used for surfacing to

improve wear resistance or for buildup. Also best for welding steel or stainless steel to cast

iron.

Precision Alloys Company

13563 Route 217 Scottown, Ohio 45678

740-886-8900

FAX 740-886-8904

1-800-321-0759

SPOOL WIRE:

PALCO 808

For cast iron, cast iron steel, high

strength, non-cracking

I am hopeful that this information will be useful to those who have an interest in putting

together their own dumbbells. Remember, in “my day” you couldn‟t walk into a local fitness

type of store, department or large sporting goods store and purchase a set of dumbbells. Now,

there are choices of hex head, hex head covered with urethane, “gym dumbbells” made with

standard plates with or without a urethane covering, with many other options. If you wanted

“pre-made” dumbbells you had to locate York Barbell Company or Jackson casted dumbbells,

referred to as “solid dumbbells” or construct your own. Homemade dumbbells have a great

look and to me, a great feel. That each one may have a bit of a different feel because a

different diameter handle might have been used and/or a different brand of plate just adds to

the enjoyment of training. I know in my own case, it sets me back into my earliest training

days, reminding me of the enjoyment I had then and still have when I train.