COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF WAFFLE SLABS

BY

AKINSANYA DOLAPO MAlTHEWMATRIC NO: 2004/0286

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTA

A Project submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering,

College of Engineering in Partial Fulfilment of the

Requirements for the Award of Bachelor Degree (B.Eng.) in

Civil Engineering of the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta

(UNAAB).

October, 2010.

This report is dedicated to Almighty God, the author and finisher of my faith, giver of life,

I dedicate this also the Federal Republic of Nigeria, my home, my Nation, my pride.

I would like to acknowledge first the God of all creation, the author of life and the Self Sufficient

One. Without Him, there certainly will be no project to be executed.

I am grateful to my Supervisor Engr. J.O. Akinyele, who left to me is undoubtedly the best

,lecturer and supervisor any student can ask for, his thoroughness, gentleness and patience are

unlike any other.

I acknowledge also the head of the Civil Engineering Department, University of Agriculture,

Abeokuta, Prof. E.S.A. Ajisegiri for his patience and help throughout this project.

Importantly, I want to thanks my parents Pst. & Pst. (Mrs.) M.A. Akinsanya for their love and

encouragement at all times. This study was possible with their financial and moral support.

I acknowledge also every student in the October 2010 set, may God continue to bless every one

of you, if I had an opportunity to start allover with any class in further studies, I will love all of

us to still be class mates.

I also will not fail to mention Pst. & Pst. (Mrs.) Wale Akinronbi for their love throughout my

study in the University and the entire Father's house Family, I love you all tremendously.

I

ii

III

Table of contents IV

List of table vi

List of figure vii

Abstract viii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1.1 CONCRETE 1

1.1.2 COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD) 2

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 4

1.3 JUSTIFICATION 5

1.4AIMS OF THE PROJECT 6

I.S OBJECTNE OF THE PROJECT 6

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1 THE EFFECTS OF CAD 11

2.2 BENEFITS OF THE CAD SOFTW ARES 13

CHAPTER THREE: 19

METHODOLOGY 19

3.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF VISUAL BASIC 19

THEAPPLICATION ENVINRONMENT AND REQUIREMENTS 43

THESOFTWAREREQUIREMENTS 43

THEHARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 44

SYSTEMDOCUMENTATION AND MAINTENANCE 46RFIVE:

NCLUSIONAND RECOMMENDATION 46

CONCLUSION 47

RECOMMENDATION 48

CES 50

52

:~able 5: Results Of Area Of Support Reinforcement Provided (7200x7200) 34

iFlgUl'e2.2: Example of an AutoCAD designed plan of a building. 15

FJgUl'e 2.3: Microsoft Excel design of Beam. 16

FlgUl'e 2.4: Beamax analysis of Beams. 16

Figure 2.5: Microsoft Excel analysis and design of slabs. 17

FJgUl'e 3.2: The arrangement of the reinforcement and shear reinforcement in the rib 26

FlgUl'e 4.1: The Microsoft Visual Basic Programming interface. 29

Figure4.2: The Program Operation Flowchart 32

Figure 4.3: The Program input Interface. 35

. Figure 4.4: Program Span Reinforcement Provided Area Interface 36

FlgUl'e 4.5: Program Support Reinforcement Provided Area Interface 37

Figure 4.6: Program Slab Portion Reinforcement Provided Area Interface 40

ABSTRACT

. project deals with the creation of a computer application that designs watlle slabs. The

dect also aims at emphasizing the importance of computers in the solution of everyday

program developed designs and specifies the reinforcements to be used for the areas

for the slab support, span and slab portion from the formulas of the calculation of the

. This program was created using the Microsoft Visual Basic language. The Reinforced

design is based on the B88110 code.

.s report acts as a support document for the created software. It describes the program

detailand highlights the methodologies used in its development.

CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION

,1.1.2 Computer-aideddesign (CAD) is the use of technology for the design of objects, real or\

;Wtual. CAD often involves more than just shapes. As in the application of Technical Drawing::'1,, .~,

";cAD may be used to design curves and figures in 2D computer graphics (2D) space; or curves,:ii

is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive,

llbipbuilding,and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design, prosthesis, and many"

;more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special effects in movies,~:

'sing and technical manuals. The modem ubiquity and p'ower of computers means that

perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of by

of the 1960s. Because of its enormous economic importance, CAD has been a major

force for research in computational geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and

), and discrete differential geometry.

t Computer-Aided Design software packages range from 2D vector graphics-based

systems to 3D solid modeling and freeform surface modeling. Modem CAD packages

also frequently allow rotations in three dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object

any desired angle, even from the inside looking out. Some CAD software is capable of

.c mathematic modeling, in which case it may be marketed as CADD - computer-aided

is used in the design of tools and machinery and in the drafting and design of all types of

, from small residential types (houses) to the largest commercial and industrial

(hospitalsand factories).

is mainly used for detailed engineering of 3D models and/or 2D drawings of physical

ts, but it is also used throughout the engineering process from conceptual design and

of products, through strength and dynamic analysis of assemblies to definition of

. g methods of components. It can also be used to design objects.

has ·becomean especially important technology within the scope of CAx, with benefits

as lower product development costs and a greatly shorte~ed design cycle. CAD enables

to layout and develop work on screen, print it out and save it for future editing, saving

!)ccupationsthat use CAD include engineers, designers, architects, and developers.

be analysis, designs, drafting and detailing of reinforced concrete structures require extreme

ccuracyand speed. These designs if done by humans are vulnerable to errors. As a result of this,

majority of these applications are based on the Finite-Element method of analysis. This

ethod facilitates computations in a wide range of physical problems including heat transfer,

'plication of the displacement/stiffness method. The use of a computer in the finite-element

Iproachis essential because of the large number of degrees of :freedom commonly involved.

a) STADD III:

lmprehensive structural software that addresses all aspects of structural engineering- model

velopment, analysis, design, visualization and verification.

b) AXIS VM:

truetural analysis and design with an updateable database of element sections and specifications

. Ie in the market.

c) ANSYS:

-inclusive engineering software dealing with structural analysis and other engineering

.plines such as fluid dynamics, electronics and magnetism and heat transfer

d) ETABS:

. offers a sophisticated 3-D analysis and design for multi-storey building structures.

Engineers design floors that are two way spanning, that is reinforcing steel laid in two

'ODS with coffers between to reduce the volume of concrete and therefore the self weight of

floor. By using this method of design they are normally able to achieve greater unsupported

between beams and columns, hence the preference for waftle slabs for the purpose of this

sal. Some of the other reasons why waftle slabs are preferred include:

L The low self weight of the floor produces economies in columns and foundations.

Generally, the deeper the floors the greater are the savings in materials.

b. The ability to raise long unsupported spans in modem buildings, allows partitions to be

located with complete flexibility and without interfering with the usable floor area.

c. Low self weight of the floor makes the system particularly suited to high rise structures.

d. The waffle slab can be used on a wide range of buildings types. Hospitals, car parks,

airport structures, industrial buildings and modem office blocks contain complex air

conditioning and other services. The slender structural topping to the slab provides the

facility to cater for openings to accept such services. This is a significant factor from a

designer's point of view, both structurally and architecturally.

e. The fInished floor provides an attractive visual feature and is often left exposed or

perhaps painted or spray coated.

f. Often used in multi-storey car parks because of the attractive fInish to the underside.

1.4Aims of the Project

Using the Microsoft Visual basic Computer Programming Language to design a waffle slab.

1.5 Objective of the Project

The aims of this project are:

1 To write a computer program that is able to design waffle slabs.

2 Compare computer aided design with manual hand design.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEWTremendous amount of work have been done in the use of Computer Aided Designs for

Reinforced Concrete Structures. These CADs are able to do a very wide range of design

. procedure such as drafting, modelling, analysis, drawing, designing e.t.c., and are written with

different programming languages such as Fortran, Cobol, Java, C Sharp, C, C ++, which are also

compatible with a wide variety of Computer Operating Systems. Some of such written design

programs include Excel spreadsheets for analysis and design of reinforced concrete structures

such as beams, columns, slabs, staircases, column bases, Automatic Computer Aided Designs,

abbreviated as AutoCAD which are used for drawing, drafting, detailing and designs of

s1ructures, BEAMAX used for analysis of beams to determine shear forces and moments at vital

points along the sections of the beams, STAAD.Pro, which are instrumental in the analysis,

design and detailing of entire reinforced concrete and steel structural components.

All these programs aid extensively in designs where manual computations would require tedious

analysis, and for long periods of time, and eventually increase cost for draughtsmen.

Programming languages are used to send information to and receive information from

computers. Hence, programming may be viewed as communicating with a computer using

representative vocabulary and grammar. A program may be defined as a collection of code, that

, when properly executed, performs a required task.

Like almost any other "new age" programming language, Actionscript involves the use of

variables, operators, statements, conditionals, loops, functions, objects & arrays.

A combination of good use of Flash and good programming in Actionscript allows an

artistic application to be created, whether visually appealing or dynamically interactive.

ctionscriptalso has the distinct advantage of being easily understood, even to nonprogrammers,

to it's, more or less, use of English statements.

Originally software for Computer-Aided Design systems was developed with computer

languagessuch as Fortran, but with the advancement of Object-oriented programming methods

this has radically changed. Typical modem Parametric feature based modeler and Freeform

surfacesystems are built around a number of key programming language modules with their

Applicationprogramming interface. A CAD system can be seen as built up from the interaction

ofa Graphical user interface (Gill) with NURBS geometry and/or Boundary representation (8-

rep)data via a Geometric modeling kernel. A geometry constraint engine may also be employed

to manage the associative relationships between geometry, such as wireframe geometry in a

sketchor components in an assembly.

.•Unexpectedcapabilities of these associative relationships have led to a new form of Prototyping

calledDigital prototyping. In contrast to physical prototypes, which entail manufacturing time

andin the design.

Today, CAD systems exist for all the major platforms - CAD systems like QCad, provide

multiplatform support including Microsoft Windows, Linux, UNIX and Mac OS X, and

Vectorworks work on both Windows and Mac OS X, but not on Linux; and, for example,

AutoCADworks on Windows.

Right now, no special hardware is required for most CAD software. However, some CAD

systemscan do graphically and computationally expensive tasks, So good Graphics, high speed

. (andpossibly multiple) Central processing unit and large amounts of RAM are recommended.

~,- \

D wireframe is basically an extension of 2D drafting. Each line has to be manually inserted into

drawing. The final product has no mass properties associated with it and cannot have features

ctirectlyadded to it, such as holes. The operator approaches these in a similar fashion to the 2D

systems, although many 3D systems allow using the wireframe model to make the final

'engineering drawing views.

3D "dumb" solids (programs incorporating this technology include AutoCAD and Cadkey 19)

are created in a way analogous to manipulations of real world objects. Basic three-dimensional

geometric forms (prisms, cylinders, spheres, and so on) have solid volumes added or subtracted

fromthem, as if assembling or cutting real-world objects. Two-dimensional projected views can

easily be generated from the models. Basic 3D solids don't usually include tools to easily allow

motion of components, set limits to their motion, or identify interference between components.

3D parametric Solid modeling require the operator to use what is referred to as "design intent".

The objects and features created are adjustable. Any future modifications will be simple,

difficult, or nearly impossible, depending on how the original part was created. One must think

of this as being a "perfect world" representation of the component. If a feature was intended to be

located from the center of the part, the operator needs to locate it from the center of the model,

not, perhaps, from a more convenient edge or an arbitrary point, as he could when using "dumb"

solids. Parametric solids require the operator to consider the consequences of his actions

carefully.

Some software packages provide the ability to edit parametric and non-parametric geometry

without the need to understand or undo the design intent history of the geometry by use of direct

ling functionality. This ability may also include the additional ability to infer the correct

'onships between selected geometry (e.g., tangency, concentricity) which makes the editing

s less time and labor intensive while still freeing the engineer from the burden of

ding the model's software.. These kind of non history based systems are called Explicit

odelers.The first Explicit Modeling system was introduced to the world at the end of 80's by

ewlett-Packardunder the name Solid Designer.

views are able to be generated easily from the models. Assemblies usually incorporate

Is to represent the motions of components, set their limits, and identify interference. The·tool

'ts available for these systems are ever increasing; including 3D piping and injection mold

Mid range software are integrating parametric solids more easily to the end user: integrating

moreintuitive functions, using the best of both 3D dumb solids and parametric characteristics

VectorWorks,making very real-view scenes in relative few steps.

Top end systems offer the capabilities to incorporate more organic, aesthetics and ergonomic

features into designs Generative Components. Freeform surface modelling is often combined

with solids to allow the designer to create products that fit the human form and visual

requirementsas well as they interface with the machine.

Beginning in the 1980s Computer-Aided Design programs reduced the need of significantly

especially in small to mid-sized companies. Their affordability and ability to run on personal

computersalso allowed engineers to do their own drafting work eliminating the need for entire

departments. In Today's world most if not all students in universities do not learn drafting

techniquesbecause they are not required to do so. The days of manual and technical Mechanical

arealmost obsolete. Universities no longer require the use of protractors and compasses to create

technicaldrawings, instead there are several classes that focus on the use of CAD software such

asAutoCAD.

Another consequence had been that since the latest advances were often quite expensive, small

and even mid-size firms often could not compete against large firms who could use their

computational edge for competitive purposes. Today, however, hardware and software costs

have come down. Even high-end packages work on less expensive platforms and some even

support multiple platforms. The costs associated with CAD implementation now are more

heavily weighted to the costs of training in the use of these high level tools, the cost of

integrating a CAD/CAM/CAE PLM using enterprise across multi-CAD and multi-platform

environments and the costs of modifying design work flows to exploit the full advantage of CAD

tools. CAD vendors have effectively lowered these training costs. These methods can be split

into three categories:

1. Improved and simplified user interfaces. This includes the availability of "role" specific

tailorable user interfaces through which commands are presented to users in a form

appropriate to their function and expertise.

2. Enhancements to application software. One such example is improved design-in-context,

through the ability to modeVedit a design component from within the context of a large,

even multi-CAD, active digital mockup.

3. User oriented modeling options. This includes the ability to free the user from the need to

understand the design intent history of a complex intelligent model.

4. CAD software is being used on large scale basis by a number of engineering

professionals and firms for various applications. The most common application of CAD

software is designing and drafting. Here are some of the benefits of implementing CAD

systems in the companies:

CADsoftware is being used on large scale basis by a number of engineering professionals and

firmsfor various applications. The most common application of CAD software is designing and

drafting.Here are some of the benefits of implementing CAD systems in the companies:

2.3.1 Increase in the productivity of the designer: The CAD software helps designer in

visualizing the final product that is to be made, it subassemblies and the constituent parts. The

product can also be given animation and see how the actual product will work, thus helping the

designer to immediately make the modifications if required. CAD software helps designer in

synthesizing, analyzing, and documenting the design. All these factors help in drastically

improving the productivity of the designer that translates into fast designing, lower designing

cost and shorter project completion times.

2.3.2 Improve the quality of the design: With the CAD software the designing professionals

are offered large number of tools that help in carrying out thorough engineering analysis of the

proposed design. The tools also help designers to consider large number of investigations. Since

the CAD systems offer greater accuracy, the errors are reduced drastically in the designed

product leading to better design. Eventually, better design helps carrying out manufacturing

fasterand reducing the wastages that could have occurred because of the faulty design.

1.3.3 Better communications: The next important part after designing is making the drawings.

With CAD software better and standardized drawings can be made easily. The CAD software

helps in better documentation of the design, fewer drawing errors, and greater legibility.

1.3.4 Creating documentation of the designing: Creating the documentation of designing is

one of the most important parts of designing and this can be made very conveniently by the CAD

software. The documentation of designing includes geometries and dimensions of the product, its

subassemblies and its components, material specifications for the components, bill of materials

for the components etc.

2.3.5 Creating the database for manufacturing: When the creating the data for the

documentation of the designing most of the data for manufacturing is also created like products

and component drawings, material required for the components, their dimensions, shape etc.

2.3.6 Saving of design data and drawings: All the data used for designing can easily be saved

and used for the future reference, thus certain components don't have to be designed again and

again. Similarly, the drawings can also be saved and any number of copies can be printed

whenever required. Some of the component drawings can be standardized and be used whenever

required in any future drawings. (Mikell P. Groover and Emory W. Zimmers)

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450mm531mm

Breadth, 225mm407

d(mm)= mm

feu= 25 fy= 380

S«:tionDes"Span Moment(kNm)= 20.04

>SpanMwt. = 343.043 Ms.-= 20.04M/bdd= 0.22783

100As/bd= 0.12As (reqd.)= 259.34

Y 16[PROVIDE 2 mm BOTIOMI 402.124r As (prov.)=

Support. Moment

(kNm)= 30>

Support Mutt.= 145.357 ~= 30

MIbdd= 0.8049100AsIbd= 0.2529As(reqd.)= 231.562 sq.mm

y 16PROVIDE 2 mm TOP

As{prov.)= 2 sq.mm

Shear

Shear Force ,V,(kN)= 33.55

v,(N/sq.mm),VIbd= 0.36637vc= 0.082

PROVIDE Y 10 @ 250(2 legs)

centres 875.70667LINKS.

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DIMENSIONS

short span, Ix m 4.01long span, Iy m 5.45

h mm 175Top cover mm 20Btm cover mm 20

LOADING ch __

5eIf~ht kNIm' 4.20Extra dead kNlm' 270

Dead, gk kNlm' 6.90Imposed, qk kNima 1.50

Design load, n _ 12.06

MAIN STEELBsM kNmImd mmk'kZ mm

Asreq mm'lmAsmin mm'lm

As deIIeclIon mm'lm121 mm

Layer@ mm

As prov mm'lm

= '"Smax mm

SubclauseDEFLECTION

fsMod factor

PennUd

TORSION STEEL121 mm

AsreqAsprovT

Additional As T reqAsprov8

MATERIALS

feu Nlmm' £§ 1= 1.50fy Nlmm' 380 =.ll§

Density kNIm' 24 1(Normal ~ht concrete) n

EDGE CONDITIONSill(J)

Edge 1 Q C • ContInuous GJEdge 2 Q D '" Dtscontlnuous

yf= 1.40 Edge 3 Qyf= 1.60 Edge 4 Q ~

see Figute 3.8 and _ 3.5.3.5-6

LONG EDGE 1 EDGE 2SPAN Free Free0.044 0.000 0.000

8.4 0.0 0.0137.0 149.0 137.00.156 0.156 0.1560.018 0.000 0.000130.2 141.6 130.2196 0 0420 420 42019612 12 1282 L1 T2250 250 250452 452 452

0.330 0.304 0.330423 459 423(a) (a) (a)

110 0 0

SHORTSPAN x0.05911.5

149.00.1560.021141.624542024512

!U250452

0.304459(a)

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1.Qmm'1mmm'1mmm'

mm'1m

BOTH EDGES DISCONTINUOUSX Y

STATUS VALID DESIGN

E !2,EdH~

;j

EDGE 3 EDGE4Continuous Free

0.079 0.00015.3 0.0

149.0 137.00.156 0.1560.028 0.000141.6 130.2327 0420 420

12 12T1 T2250 250452 452

0.304 0.330459 423(a) (a)

183 0

ONE EDGE DISCONTINUOUSX Y

SUPPORT REACTIONS (kNlm char uno)

EDGE 1 EDGE 2

'. F·G G.2-10.363 0.29010.04 8.032.18 1.7517.5 14.0

BYDead __

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OUTPUT/SUMMARYSHORTSPANPROVIDE

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3.10EDGE 32. F-G0.54415.053.2726.3

EDGE 4F,2-10.290

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CORNER 4F2

ADDITIONAL CORNER 1TORSION STEEL F1

X directionY direction

CHECKSLx> Ly

Sum Bvx. 0.906Sum Bvy = 0.580

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGYA Visual basic program is a text file containing a sequence of commands put together according

to the laws of Visual basic grammar. This text file is known as the source file.

3.1A Brief History of Visual basic

It was designed, implemented, and developed by real, working programmers, reflecting the way

they approached the job of programming. Its features were honed, tested, thought about, and

rethought by the people who actually used the language. As a result, Visual basic attracted many

proponents and quickly became the language of choice of programmers around the world. C

grew out of the structured programming revolution of the 1960s. Prior to structured

programming, large programs were difficult to write because the program logic tended to

degenerate into what is known as "spaghetti code," a tangled mass of jumps, calls, and returns

that is difficult to follow. Structured languages addressed this problem by adding well-defined to

give programmers more tools with which to handle the complexity. The first widely used

computer language was, of course, FORTRAN. While FORTRAN was a very impressive first

step, it is hardly a language that encourages clear, easy-to-understand programs. Using structured

languages, it became possible to write moderately large programs. Although there were other

structured languages at the time, such as Pascal, C was the first to successfully combine power,

elegance, and expressiveness. Its terse, yet easy-to-use syntax coupled with its philosophy that

the programmer (not the language) was in charge quickly won many converts. It can be a bit hard

to understand from today's perspective, but Visual basic was a breath of fresh air that

programmers had long awaited. As a result, Visual basic became the most widely used structured

programming language of the 1980s.

Approaches to programming have changed dramatically since the invention of the computer. For

example, when computers were first invented, programming was done by using the computer's

. frontpanel to toggle in the binary machine instructions. As long as programs were just a few

hundred instructions long, this approach worked. As programs grew, assembly language was

invented so that programmers could deal with larger, increasingly complex programs by using

symbolic representations of the machine instructions. As Programs continued to grow, high-level

languages were developed result, Visual basic attracted many proponents and quickly became

the language of choice of programmers around the world.

3.2 Wame Slabs

3.2.1 Design procedure

Two-way spanning ribbed slabs are termed waffie slabs. The general provisions for construction

and design procedure are given in BS8110. These conditions are set out above dealing with one-

way ribbed slabs.

Moments for design may be taken from Table 3.14 of the code for slabs simply supported on

four sides or for panels supported on four sides with provision for torsion at the comers. Slabs

may be made solid near supports to increase moment and shear resistance and provide flanges

for support beams. In edge slabs, solid areas are required to contain the torsion steel.

3.2.1.1 Specification

Design a waffie slab for an internal panel of a floor system that is constructed on an 8m square

module. The total dead load is 6.5 kN/m2 and the imposed load is 2.5 kN/m2. The materials of

construction are grade 30 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement.

3.2.1.2 Arrangement of slab

Aplan of the slab arrangement is shown in below. The slab is made solid for 500 mm from each

support.The proposed section through the slab is shown also.

The proportions chosen for rib width, rib depth, depth of topping and rib spacing meet

variousrequirements set out in 888110: Part 1, section 3.6. The rib width is the

minimum specified for fire resistance given in Fig. 3.2 of the code. From Table 3.4

the cover required for mild exposure is 25 mm.

r.- '-1-· ---; ------------------- ·'--r

.J ~t-,~lliJ\l . W.~.·..;.•........., LJji:!~i~l!i ·'·-~.: ...-,.--L:L-L.~.,_."_. '. .. : .. '"'_ -' .,i .

! 125 !~

lie, from Table 3.15,Support msx=-O.031 x13.1 x82/2=-12.99 kN m

Ourerlayerd=275-25-6-6=238mmInnerlayerd=275-25-6-12-6=226 mm

,lyf 12.9'9 x 10"K" - ...•. .... .- O.lH5- bd21~... 5(X) x 23Sz x 30

z "" 238105 + ({US - 0.015/0.9)1;21:'!:l 233.l\rnmp O.95tl= 226,1 mm

12, t)t) x lO~

x 460 x

'0 Centre a/span, T-beam, d=226 mm The flange breadth b is 500 mm. The

ment of resistance of the section when 0.9x equals the depth of topping (75 mm) is

&95.4 kN m> 10.06 kN m

Theneutral axis lies in the flange. The steel area can be calculated in the same way as

forthe support steel.

As=117.l mm2 per rib

Provide two 10 mm diameter bars with area 157 mm2.

3.2.1.4Reinforcement in topping

The area required per metre width is

0.12x75xl000/l00=90 mm2/m

The spacing of the wires is not to be greater than one-half the centre-to-centre

distance of the ribs, i.e. 250 mm. Provide wrapping mesh with

area 98 mm2/m and wire spacing 200 mm in the centre of the topping.

3.2.1.5Arrangement of the reinforcement

The arrangement of the reinforcement and shear reinforcement in the rib is shown

in figure 3.2.

~-j_....,

~tthose of level soffits. Standard moulds are 225,325 and 425 mm deep and are used with toppings

Input values for slab lengthand breadth

Input values for mouldlength and breadth

Input values foconcrete height andweight of weight of

concrete i.e.24kN/m3

Input number

of moulds in apanel

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1Choice of Programming LanguageAny object oriented programming language can be used to implement our design; however, of all

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CU-:PU,,:'pU,R.iuul-:.! )OU":~\J..:Sup.p.:l%'':R •• ul ':.! iOu,:pu':Sl~R.UU1':.! )Ee .munTabCon,:%,zl. S.h::-:.d.Te • I~e.• panTeiaq~

Ca:.c~ tx As EXQ:t:p':10n•..•••••q.-.,x.Sho'J! ••• V••••• q., ., V•••• a.q.a.oxlu':':<:ln•. ov., .,.•••• a.q• .I¢aI:=on.l:zz:o%'j

End Try

t'!e.~.l,::..J).l.Vl.1.bl •• False::, E~d Sub

tI.l-'re:.:.e !'unc:.icn 13!1:-:a.:t:S1Zt'Or (:3:'//0.1 6: •• "'.lu. ;"s Dc:.<t:le} 1'1..:'15:'':::~~~DHt ':aIIlPOu.~pu.: As S:.r~nQ - 5t.r~ng.EIDp:~DirT. ):)6:Ou.:PU-:1,1_: As 5:.rinQ - S'trino ._:'l.'

D:l.lr.• ol.~~Qu..%y A.J5 S'tr~nQ • , 6:0aV&luo~~U:PU:' • COnftr:.. tOS':J:l,nqIDa':6Kan41e%.txacu: • .sulaJ: !.aU<::Qu..rv, COM.e-:~On.A<:¢e$ICOM~¢~1...::n5,:rlnq':

~:0 I f ~c:. 5:.r~ng.ZaNu,110rblp:y{t:HlpOu.:pu:.) Then:.-.... .ca:OU':PU:I.l:1: ,. " ,:-.ou:pu,:.:.5 E:-.d If

U1e:::':Ou.r~ • " aJ:aaVelua':~U,:,~u,,: • C~n·l'er:..tOS:r~CVJ!D&:&Jlan41er.lzeeU':I'Sula% {ulee:.Query, COna.e¢':1.c:n.A¢¢~.ICc:nne¢':lc:n3':r1!1q) ;It ~~c't S'tr~ng, tIHu,110rlllp:V !:-e»Ou:pu:) Then

barOu:pu.:I.11: ,. " :-.pOu,:pU:E~.j If

ull.¢:Qu.r:· .•· • " a%•• ~;.lu.:.smp¢u,:pu: • C'oft •••er,:. t~S':rl~!a.':&Hu41.r.la • .:u't.S¢.1.J: 1•• 1eo,:Qu.e:y, CenneC':lc:n .Ae¢euCOrulee:1en!':J:Ulql)1.r ~Ic: 5:;r~:1Q.IIUUllOr!mp,:V!:atpOu:.pu:) Then

~a.z:Ou::pU'::'U: ,. , :.capOu:~u:E:1d Irl

Reid',

Figure 4.1: The Microsoft Visual Basic Programming interface.

Input values for slab lengthand breadth

Input values for mouldlength and breadth

Input values foconcrete height andweight of weight of

concrete i.e.

24kN/m3

Input numberof moulds in a

panel

Input values for theminimum cover and theradius of reinforcement

Input live load and

dead load factors

Factor load of

finishes and

im osed load factor

Input moment of coefficient for the slab span and supportfrom the table of moment of coefficient BS8110 code.

Enter values for thefactor of percentage

increase for the supportand span reinforcementsand factor increase for

slab portion

It should be noted that the properties of the mould which include the length, breadth, depth,

volume of void in the mould, and the number of mould in a square metre of slab span are

specified by the manufacturer. The units of lengths and breadths are in mID.

The program thus computes and yields various results based on the number of output specified

by the user and the percentage factor of increase of the values required. It show a result interface

of values that are available from the table of areas of beams provided table according to BS 8110

specification. The program computes the areas provided and the corresponding areas of bars and

also specifies the number of bars that are requied for such areas. Therefore, the user can simple

choose from a list of bar areas according to his engineerinng discresion, and results from this can

be printed into a Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet format. Below are some slides showing computed

values of different slab parameters:

4.2.1 Slab Parameter One:

Slab length: 7200mm

Slab breadth: 7200mm

Size of moulds: 900mm x 900mm

Concrete depth: 500mm

Mould properties ( as specified by the manufacturer): volume of void per mould=

0.194m3

Minimum cover for reinforcement: 25mm

Radius of reinforcement: 10mm

Dead load factor: 1.4

Live load factor: 1.6

Imposed load factor: 5kN/m

Strength of steel (Fcu steel): 460N/mm2

Strength of concrete (Fy steel): 25N/mm2

Moment of coeffient for span: 0.024

Moment of coeffient for support: 0.032

Required percentage increase factor for span and support reinforcement is 45%.

Thus, click compute and the following results are obtained, as printed from an excel

spreadsheet.

Number Identity1 Area Required2 45% of Area Required3 Area Provided4 Area Provided5 Area Provided6 Area Provided7 Area Provided8 Area Provided9 Area Provided

10 Area Provided11 Area Provided12 Area Provided13 Area Provided14 Area Provided15 Area Provided16 Area Provided17 Area Provided

Area Value118171201226236252302314339352393402452471491550566

1Y16 4Y82Y123Y105Y86Y8

1Y20 4Y103Y127Y8

5Y102Y16 8Y8

4Y126Y101Y257Y105Y12

No Identity Area Value No & Bar Sizes1 Area Required 157 2Y102 45% of Area Required 2283 Area Provided 236 3Y104 Area Provided 252 5Y85 Area Provided 302 6Y86 Area Provided 314 1Y20 4Yl07 Area Provided 339 3Y128 Area Provided 352 7Y89 Area Provided 393 5Y1010 Area Provided 402 2Y168Y811 Area Provided 452 4Y1212 Area Provided 471 6Yl013 Area Provided 491 1Y2514 Area Provided 550 7Y1015 Area Provided 566 5Y1216 Area Provided 603 3Y16

17 Area Provided 628 2Y20 8Y10

No Identity Area Value Slab Portion

1 Area Required 2341% of Area

2 Required 23634Y6 @ 50mm Y12 @

3 Area Provided 566 200mmYB @ 50rnm Y16 @

4 Area Provided 1010 200mmY10 @ 50mm Y20 @

5 Area Provided 1570 200mm6 Area Provided 2260 Y12 @50mm

Y16 @ 50mm Y32 @7 Area Provided 4020 200mm

Y20 @ 50mm Y40 @8 Area Provided 6280 200mm9 Area Provided 9820 Y25@50mm10 Area Provided 16100 Y32@50mm11 Area Provided 25100 Y40@50mm12 Area Provided 25100 Y4O@50mm

Length: 7200 . <_,Breadth: 7200 . I_I

Sj.z•• of Hou1.dLength: 900 .t_l

Breadth: 900 .(->

concrete

Depth, h: 500 inC_l

Basi.a _igbt: 24 . nal/-.3)

Noul.dVo1.umeof voj.d/Voul.d: 0.1.94 . (.-3,

No Moul.d/Pane1.: 49 ••• Q. ~o

Varj.abl.es k COnstant.

Nl:NXIIUH COVER: 25 .•. ". 5

RADIUS OF RIl:INFORCEMEN"I': 10 .•.••. 5

(DEAD) LOAD FAC'I.'OR: 1.4 .•••. s

(LIVE) LOAD FACTOR: 1..6 .•. Il. 5

FAC'l'OR LOAD FINISHES: 1..2 .•. Il."

IMPOSED LOAD FAC'I.'OR: 5 .•. ". 5

F (au) CONCRETE: 25 ",/-.2,F (y) S'l'EEL: 460 . <M/-ZI

B (f): 1.30 . <_I

•••••••••nt of coeffioient(SPAN): 0.024 .•.••.••

•••••••••nt of coefficient (SUPPOR'I'): 0.032 .•. " .••

Aeqnired 'lr Increa ••• Factor: 45 .•. Il. 5

Sl.ab Portion 'lr Inor.a ••e Faotor: 1 .•• "."

IX.:.XII,,,,,;I'c,lll.i.M.I'IJ.I.lIl~~\I!'17','I.~Il;ltt_l\T),I"";,I,,IIPIl'i";lflllll.;.IN,I.•,.lfl,'II;;:;:£iiiI;;,.,I.,!1!";;.:I;,.,I~I..;;,I_I, •.:,Il,,.~Il)~!~~ •• ~~~1'f~l!l

II:"ti~~~=.tr~lab!. Val"" No ,;;-.;:;~~~- -.:-;.; -:;-li'j 2 '45'of Are~_~ired 171I 3 Area Provided 201I 4 Area Provided 226I 5 Area Provided 236I 6 Area Provided 252I 7 Area Provided 30218 .AreaProvided 314! 9 Area Provided 339110 Area Provided 352I 11 Area Provided 393112 .AreaProvided 402I

lY162Y123YI05Y86Y8lY203Y127Y85YI02Y16

1I1'(IL.'II'!~.l'iI,'II;I.J.•I'IlJ,;IIIIA;:UII...;l!!Ii!llllM:L.,'1I,,_11.. ,11, .11. I.,." .1I..•_,Il.....II...,I!~'ItI!lIl1'P~~,IIIl;;;I!l./JIl!II:::II;€I!!I._II,.,""1I.;~lI".I!.,!IIIII,.;.I!.;".,:!lw~!!.nJl!li'!lr!l*!!llJ.'r!~,%~~~1i!li'.,;.1ill!;Mli",{~l?il/r!ll!lyl'~!!IlI!!;~tmf',~!!l!!;,,;~~~~I~~~_~=J-suPPortlSl.ab I

No Identity Area Value [SUp;;rt 'fo Excel. J45' of Area Requir~!228Area Provided 236Area Provided 252Area Provided 302Area Provided 314Area Provided 339Area Provided 352Area Provided 393Area Provided 402Area Provided 452Area Provided 471

3YI05Y86Y8lY20 4YI03Y127Y85YI02Y16 8Y84Y126YI0

I ~~~ .!! ~ .•..I!1' of Area Requi~1236.34+~..._!rOVi~_,_,~~()~_______ Y6 & 50---.-!12_& 20~_Area Provided i 1010 Y8 @ 50- Y16 & 200nm

5 IArea Provided ---Ti570-' Y10 & 50- Y20 @ 206 jArea Provided 12260 Y12 & 5Gmm

--------------------4----~-I~i-*~::-.., -+:~:~---- ~~:--i-:: --------,. I

9 [Area Provided 19820 Y25 @ 50---- I - I 5Gmm~~---~~J;;.~;;;;------@i~--------~::: 5Gmm , .

12 __JArea__J?.E~vided 25100 Y40 @ 50-

Slablength:7000nun

Slab breadth: 3000nun

Mould properties ( as specified by the manufacturer): volume of void per mould=

O.194m3

Strength of steel (Fcu steel): 460N/mm2

Strength of concrete (Fy steel): 25N/mm2

spreadsheet.

Area No & BarNo Identity Value Sizes1 Area Required 122 45% of Area Required 183 Area Provided 204 Area Provided 255 Area Provided 326 Area Provided 407 Area Provided 50 1Y88 Area Provided 78 1Y109 Area Provided 101 2Y810 Area Provided 113 1Y1211 Area Provided 151 3Y812 Area Provided 157 2Y1013 Area Provided 201 1Y16 4Y814 Area Provided 226 2Y1215 Area Provided 236 3Y1016 Area Provided 252 5Y817 Area Provided 302 6Y8

Table 4: Results Of Area Of Span Reinforcement Provided (7000x3000)

Area No & BarIdentity Value Sizes

No1 Area Required 162 45% of Area Required 233 Area Provided 254 Area Provided 325 Area Provided 40

2 45% of Area Required 233 Area Provided 254 Area Provided 325 Area Provided 406 Area Provided 50 lY87 Area Provided 78 lY108 Area Provided 101 2Y89 Area Provided 113 lY1210 Area Provided 151 3Y811 Area Provided 157 2Y1012 Area Provided 201 lY16 4Y813 Area Provided 226 2Y1214 Area Provided 236 3Y1015 Area Provided 252 SY816 Area Provided 302 6Y817 Area Provided 314 lY20 4YI0

Table 5: Results Of Area Of Support Reinforcement Provided (700Ox30000)

No Identity Area Value Slab Portion1 Area Required 2340

1% of Area2 Required 2363.4 Y. @ 50mm Y32@3 Area Provided 4020 200mm

ye@ SOmm Y40 @4 Area Provided 6280 200mm5 Area Provided 9820 Y25@50mm6 Area Provided 16100 Y32@50mm7 Area Provided 25100 Y40@50mm8 Area Provided 25100 Y40@50mm9 Area Provided 25100 Y40@50mm

10 Area Provided 25100 Y40@50mm11 Area Provided 25100 Y40@50mm12 Area Provided 25100 Y40@50mm13 Area Provided 25100 Y40@50mm14 Area Provided 25100 Y40@50mm15 Area Provided 25100 Y40@50mm16 Area Provided 25100 Y40@50mm17 Area Provided 25100 Y40@50mm

"Prnoro ••• Tnnnt Tnt•.••••.g•••..

Table 6: Results Of Area Of Slab Portion Reinforcement Provided (7200x7200)

Page 136 j

j

j

j

rhne~I

Length: 7000Breadth: 3000

---------~~

Variab~.s ~ COnstants IJaNDaJl( COVER: 25 ·.·9· II i

RADIUS OF REDIFORCEMEIft: 10 .•. 9. II i

r 8ize of lfOu~di Lenqth: 900 .I_I

'1 Breadth: 900 .I_I

(DEAD) LOAD FAC'l'OR:

(LIVE) LOAD FAC'l'OR:

FAe'l'OR LOAD FINISHES:

IMPOSED LOAD FAC'l'OR:

F (eu) CONCREft:

F(y) S'nmL:B(f):

MOmentof coeffioient(SPAN):

lIou~d Moment of coeffioient (SUPPOll~):

:Vo~_ of void/lfOu~d: 0.194 .(lIS I Required ~ Inorea_ Faotor:

No Nou~d/Pane~: 49 .•.9. 10 Slab Portion ~ Xnorea_ Faotor:

Depth, h:

Basio Weight:

1.4 .•. 9. II

1.6 ···0· II

1.2 .•. 0'. II

5 .•.g. II

25 .111/-.21

460 . (11/-.21

130 .1-1

0.024 .•. 0'. II

0.032 ···9· II

45 ···9· II

1 .•. 0'. !l

au. d£U$';;'J1I1,.~M.;$,P!*,hii!i~!!!!~~,~!!t%"#M.~!ii!i~i!.'~~~f~r~~illJ Span [8awcn~I.-.1Ab-~-i No Xdenti.ty .kea Va1.ue No" Bar She. L __~ __!c>_~~ .1i213'415

6! 7ie1,9

110111

! 12i 13

14

! 15: 16; 17

'45' o~ Area a.qa..1red ,1.'Area-!~~.1~-==---=-=r~~=----Area Prov.1c1ed ,25

------- ..- ------------·--··i -.----=:i~:: ---.--f~--- -------_._- - -------+--------Area Prov.1c1ed 150

- _...._..._-- - - -"- ------,·T-·'···--~-·--Area Prov.1c1ed .7.Area prov.1ct.d.-- --[foi

_._--~ .._". - ----------_ ....j

Prov.1c1ed i113prov1.d..;d._===····-T!~i-= __Prov.1c1ed i 157 _Prov.1ded _... 1201Prov.1c1ed -----1226----

~-----_._--__r_------~---.Provided ,236Provided --j~!i~---Provided '302

1Y81Y102Y81Y123Y82Y101Y162Y12

----'jyiO:SY86Y8

AreaAreaAreaAreaAreaAreaAreaArea

., •• -...... ., """"}?'.','

r:t~-t; [~~ fs~pport j, shb

i No Ident1. ty Area Val.ue

I . . - •12 45% of Area Bsqn1.red 4313 Area Prov1.ded 50;4 Area Provided 78

i5 Area Provi.ded 101i6 Area Prov:lded 113

7 Area ProvJ.d8d 151,8 Area ProvJ.ded 157

9 Area Prov:lded 201i 10 Area ProvJ.ded 226i 11 Area Provided 236! 12 Area Provided 252:13 Area Provided 302

14 Area Provided 314,15 Area Provided 339! 16 Area Provided

17 Area Provided

1Y81Yl02Y8lY123Y82Yl01Y16 eYe2Y12

........... __ ._.._----_ .._- '~'-'.-"""

·3Yl05Y8

Area ProvidedArea Provided,Ar8a-p~ovided

~.' ,--,'. .' .. -.- .. -.,., --._---~._-_.,-_._~'Area ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea Provided

Portion ~ Exce~ I

566 Y6 @ 50Jnm1010 Y8 @ 50m1l1.1570 Y10 @ 50mm2260 Y12 @ 50mm4020 Y16 @ 50mm Y32 @

6280 Y20 @ 50ml1l Y40 @

9820 Y25 @ 50mm16100 Y32 @ 50mm25100 @ 50mm25100 @ 501mft

Thus, click compute and the following results are obtained, as printed from an excel

No Identity1 Area Reauired2 45% of Area

AreaValue

3146

No & BarSizes

:..:t.iirea

3 Area Provided 50 lY84 Area Provided 78 ly,n5 Area Provided 101 2Y86 Area Provided 113 lY127 Area Provided 151 3Y88 Area Provided 157 2Yl09 Area Provided 201 lYl64Y810 Area Provided 226 2Yl211 Area Provided 236 3Yl012 Area Provided 252 5Y813 Area Provided 302 6Y814 Area Provided 314 lY20 4Yl015 Area Provided 339 3Yl216 Area Provided 352 7Y817 Area Provided 393 5YlO

Table 8: Results Of Area Of Support Reinforcement Provided (6000x4000)

No Identity Area Value No & tsar ~Izes1 Area Required 42

45% of Area2 Required 613 Area Provided 78 lYlO4 Area Provided 101 2Y85 Area Provided 113 lYl26 Area Provided 151 3Y87 Area Provided 157 2YlO8 Area Provided 201 lYl64Y89 Area Provided 226 2Yl210 Area Provided 236 3YlO11 Area Provided 252 5Y812 Area Provided 302 6Y813 Area Provided 314 lY20 4YlO14 Area Provided 339 3Yl215 Area Provided 352 7Y816 Area Provided 393 5YlO17 Area Provided 402 2Yl68Y8

TABLE 9: Results Of Area Of Slab Portion Reinforcement Provided (6000X4000)-

AreaNo Identity Value Slab Portion

No123456789101112

IdentityArea Required

1% of Area RequiredArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea Provided

Area Value78

78.78566101015702260402062809820161002510025100

Y6 @ 50mm Y12 @ 200mmY8 @ 50mm Yl6 @ 200mmYlO @ 50mm Y20 @ 200mm

Y12@50mmY16 @ 50mm Y32 @ 200mmY20 @ 50mm Y40 @ 200mm

Y25@50mmY32@50mmY4O@50mmY4O@50mm

TABLE 10: Results of Area of Slab Portion Reinforcement Provided (600Ox4000)

Length: 6000 .<_I

Breadth: 4000 .<_I

Size of Iloul.dLength:

Breadth:

750750

variab1es ~ constantsMINIMUM COVER:

RADIUS OF REI:NFORCEHENT:(DEAD) LOAD FACTOR:(LI:VEI LOAD FAC~R:

FACTOR LOAD FINISHES:XMPOSED LOAD FACTOR:

F(cu) CONCRETE:F(y) STEEL:

Btf) :

I\ Iloul.dI VolWt18

Depth. h: 400 ::Ln<--t

_sic Weight: 24 . (EII/-5)

of voi.d/Ilou1d: 0.135 (-.3 ~

No llou1d/Pane1 : 50 .a·if-

MOment of coeffioienttSPAN) :MOment of coefficient (SUPPORT) :

ReqUired % Increase Factor:s1ab portion , Increase Factor:

Program Span Reinforcement Provided Area Interface

25 .e. Q. •10 .a·v· •

1.4 .fI •1.6 .•. g:- •1.2 .fI •

5 .•. g. •21 (Hh_21

380 . tH/-':,

130 .{.-}

0.024 .•. ;r. •0.032 a·if- 0

45 .•. \1. •1 ...~. •

!-~~.~_.._-~"I No

i\213!:1617isI19, 10111i 12

1

13i 14115!i 16

117

I

Area ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea ProvidedArea Provided

507S101113151157201226236252302314339352393

lYSlYl02YSlY123YS2Yl0lY16 4YS2Y123Yl05YS6YSlY20 4Yl03Y127YS5Yl0

I suPPort oroExcei·-]

2 45% of Area Required 613 Area Provided 7S lY104 Area Provided 101 2YS5 Area Provided 113 lY126 Area Provided 151 3YS7 Area Provided 157 2Yl0S Area Provided 201 lY16 4YS9 Area Provided 226 2Y1210 Area Provided 236 3Yl011 Area Provided. 252 5YS12 Area Provided 302 6YS13 Area Provided 314 lY20 4Yl014 Area Provided 339 3Y1215 Area Provided 352 7YS16 Area Provided 393 5Yl017 Area Provided. 402 2Y16 SYS

iii· WlIIfIe SIIb Desigft

Inputs span Support Slab

2 1\ of Area Required 78.783 Area Provided 5664 Area Provided 10105 Area Provided 15706 Area Provided 22607 Area Provided 40208 Area Provided 62809 Area Provided 982010 Area Provided 1610011 Area Provided 2510012 Area Provided 25100

Y6 @ 50mm Y12Y8 @ 50mmYI0 ~ SOmm @

Y12 @ 5Qmm

Y16 @ 50mm Y32 @ 20Y20 @ 50mm Y40 a 20Y25 @ SQmm

Y32 @ 50mmY40 @ 50mmY40 @ SOmm

·The documentation produced during this phase consists of the commented source code for the

manual, database manual and the other manuals.

Once the product has been deployed on the designated computer, any changes to the system

constitute maintenance. However, maintenance is not an activity grudgingly carried out after the

product has been installed on the designated computer, but on the contrary, it is an integral part

of the software process that must be planned for from the beginning. A major aspect of

maintenance phase is record of all the changes made, together with the reason for each change.

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

During the last few decades, computer software has become more and more critical in the

analysis of engineering and scientific problems. Much of the reason for this change from manual

methods has been the advancement of computer techniques developed by the research

community and, in particular, universities.

As both the Technology and Engineering industries advance, new methodologies of interlinking

and complementing the industries via computer applications will be created, with a similar

improvement in hardware capacities. This in turn will facilitate the implementation of more

efficient and professional engineering software. As these software applications advance in

functionality, one can hope that they will be more affordable so as to promote their widespread

usage amongst civil engineers at a global scale.

The following are the drawn up conclusions that have emanated from the research and

implementation of this project:

• A user-friendly program for the computer analysis and reinforced concrete design of waffle

slabs has been successfully created and does the following:

-Inputs the panel size length and breadth in mm, the size of mould in mm, concrete depth in mm

and basic weight in kN/m"'.

-Inputs variables such that includes the minimum cover, the radius of reinforcement, dead and

live load factors, factor load finishes, imposed load factors, Fcu concete, Fy steel, moment of

coefficient for the span and the support.

The program instantaneously calculates and displays the results of the area of reinforcement of

the SPan reinforcement, the support reinforcements and the slab portion.

From the areas of span and support calculated, the areas provided are specified by the program

based on a required increase factor for both the SPan and the support.

The overall ease with which a user applies this program to everyday waftle slab design tasks by

entering parameters and instantaneously receiving the results in an

understandable manner, enabling a great time saving, accuracy and hence, an optimized

design.

The final results of this project were in line with the expectations and objectives.

5.2 Recommendations

The recommendations directly affiliated with this program are given as follows:

All code developed for this plotting module has been printed in Appendix.

1. To continue developing, expanding and improving this software application hoping that

one day, it will be a full structural analysis program catering for the analysis and design

of frames, trusses and other structural elements.

11. Other general recommendations regarding the developments and advances in computer

lll. applications and civil engineering:

iv. The department should encourage conducting similar final year projects dealing with

computer applications in the future.

v. More emphasis regarding computer technology and applications to engineering should be

made at an academic level in different courses. This would broaden the intellect of

students as well as expose them to new technologies in all engineering disciplines.

1. British Standards Institution. BS 8110-1. Structural use of concrete - Code of practice

for design and construction. BSI, 1997.

2. British Standards Institution. BS EN 1992-1-1, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete

structures. General rules and rules for building. BSI, 2004.

3. Coates R. C., Coutie M. G. & Kong F. K.; "Structura I Analysis", 3rd Edition, ELBS,

1987

4. Excerpt from Analysis & Design of concrete structures (Roberts & Marshall)

5. Extracts from British Standards for Students of Structural Design", BSI, 1988

6. Ghali A. & Neville A. M.; "Structural Analysis", 4th Edition, E & FN Spon, 1997

7. Manual for the Design of Reinforced Concrete Building Structures", Institute of

8. Manual for the Design of Reinforced Concrete Building Structures", Institute of

Structural Engineers, 1985

9. Mikell P. Groover and Emory W. Zimmers; 'Computer Programming Languages for

dummies', McGraw Hill, 2004.

10. Moock C.; "Actionscript: The Definitive Guide", O'Reilly & Associates, 2001

11. Mosley N. H. and J.H. Bungey (1987), Reinforced Concrete Design, 3rd edition, Great

Britain, Camelot Press pic.

12. Mosley W. H. & Bungey J. H.; "Reinforced Concrete Design", 4th Edition, Macmillan

Press, 1990

13. Norris C. H., Wilbur J. B. & Utslu S.; "Elementary Structural Analysis", 3rd Edition,

McGraw Hill, 1976

14. Onsongo W. M.; "Statically Determinate Structures", Nairobi University Press, 1993

15.0yenuga, V.O (2001), Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design, 2nd editiOn, Lagos

(Nigeria), Asros limited.

16. Perry J. H. & Perry R. H.; "Engineering Manual", McGraw Hill, 1959

17. Reinforced. Concrete.Designers.Handbook.l Oth.Ed.Reynolds. Steedman

18. Structural Engineers, 1985

19. Swannell P.; "Revision Notes on Theory of Structures", Butterworth & Co., 1972

20. Timoshenko S. P. & Young D. H.; "Theory of Structures", 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill,

1965

21. Todd J. D.; "Structural Theory & Analysis", 2nd Edition, Macmillan Press, 1981

22. Wang Chu-Kia & Eckel C. L.; "Elementary Theory of Structures", McGraw Hill, 1957

Me.waitLabel.Visible TrueMe. Update ()Try

OutputSpanResults()OutputSupportResults()OutputSlabResults()Me.mainTabControl.SelectedTab = Me.spanTabPage

Catch ex As ExceptionMessageBox. Show (ex.Message, "vJaffleSlab", MessageBoxButtons .OK,

MessageBoxlcon.Error)End TryMe.waitLabel.Visible False

End Sub

Private Function GetBarSizeFor(ByVal areaValue As Double) As StringDim tempOutput As String = String.EmptyDim barOutputList As String = String.Empty

Dim selectQuery As String = "SELECT DISTINCT(BarSize FROM Beam WHEREOne == " & areaValue

tempOutput Convert. ToString (DataHandler.ExecuteScalar (selectQuery ,Connection.AccessConnectionString»

If Not String. IsNullOrEmpty(tempOutput) ThenbarOutputList &=" lY" & tempOutput

End If

selectQuery "SELECT DISTINC'T (BarSize) FHO~j BE~a.In ~tJHERE T\"1o = " &areaValue

tempOutput Convert.ToString(DataHandler.ExecuteScalar(selectQuery,Connection.AccessConnectionString»

If Not String. IsNullOrEmpty(tempOutput) ThenbarOutputList &=" 2Y" & ternpOutput

End If

selectQuery "SELECT DISTINCT (BarSize) FROtJi Beam \'JHEREThree == " &areaValue

tempOutput Convert. ToString (DataHandler.ExecuteScalar (selectQuery ,Connection.AccessConnectionString»

If Not String. IsNullOrEmpty(tempOutput) ThenbarOutputList &=" 3Y" & tempOutput

End If

selectQuery "SELECT DISTINCT (BarSize FR01'lBeam vvHERE Four = " &areaValue

ternpOutput Convert.ToString (DataHandler. ExecuteScalar (selectQuery ,Connection.AccessConnectionString))

If Not String. IsNullOrEmpty(ternpOutput) ThenbarOutputList &=" 4Y" & ternpOutput

End If

selectQuery "SELECT DISTINCT(BarSize) EROfVlBi:am vJHERE Five .~ " &areaValue

ternpOutput Convert. ToString (DataHandler. ExecuteScalar (selectQuery ,Connection.AccessConnectionString))

If Not String. IsNullOrEmpty(ternpOutput) ThenbarOutputList &=" 5Y" & ternpOutput

End If

selectQuery "SELECT DISTINCT(BarSize) FROt1 Beam\"JHERE Six = " &

areaValueternpOutput Convert. ToString (DataHandler.ExecuteScalar (selectQuery ,

Connection.AccessConnectionString))If Not String. IsNullOrEmpty(ternpOutput) Then

barOutputList &=" 6")''' & ternpOutputEnd If

selectQuery "SELECT DISTINCT (BarSi.ze) FROM Beam v-n·!EHESeven "&

areaValueternpOutput Convert. ToString (DataHandler.ExecuteScalar (selectQuery ,

Connection.AccessConnectionString))If Not String. IsNullOrEmpty(ternpOutput) Then

barOutputList &=" 7Y" & ternpOutputEnd If

selectQuery "SELECT DISTI (BarSize) FR.OIVJ Beam, ~"JHF~RE E',i H &areaValue

ternpOutput Convert.ToString(DataHandler.ExecuteScalar(selectQuery,Connection.AccessConnectionString))

If Not String. IsNullOrEmpty(ternpOutput) ThenbarOutputList &=" 8Y" & ternpOutput

End If

Return barOutputListEnd Function

Private Function GetSlabPortionFor(ByVal areaValue As Double) As StringDim ternpOutput As String = String.EmptyDim barOutputList As String = String.Empty

Dim selectQuery As String = "SELECT DIST i2e) FROM Slab WHEREF fty = " & areaValue

ternpOutput Convert.ToString (DataHandler. ExecuteScalar (selectQuery ,Connection.AccessConnectionString))

If Not String.IsNullOrEmpty(ternpOutput) Then-barOutputList &=" Y" & ternpOutput & "

End If

selectQuery "SELECT DISTINCT(BarSize) FROM Slab WHERE SeventyFive =

" & areaValuetempOutput Convert.ToString(DataHandler.ExecuteScalar(selectQuery,

Connection.AccessConnectionString))If Not String. IsNullOrEmpty (tempOutput) Then

barOutputList &=" Y" & tempOutput &" 75mm"End If

selectQuery "SELE,CT DISTINCT (BarSize) FROtl]Slab vJHERE OneHundred =

" & areaValuetempOutput Convert. ToString (DataHandler.ExecuteScalar (selectQuery ,

Connection.AccessConnectionString))If Not String. IsNullOrEmpty(tempOutput) Then

barOutputList &=" y" & tempOutput & " @ lOOmm"End If

OneHc:mdredAndTv;ent " & areaValuetempOutput Convert. ToString (DataHandler.ExecuteScalar (selectQuery ,

Connection.AccessConnectionString))If Not String. IsNullOrEmpty(tempOutput) Then

barOutputList &=" y" & tempOutput & " @ 125mm"End If

selectQuery "SELECT STINCT(BarSj"ze) fEOl:Jl Slab r1JHEREOneHundredAndFifty ,= " & areaValue

tempOutput Convert.ToString (DataHandler.ExecuteScalar (selectQuery ,Connection.AccessConnectionString))

If Not String. IsNullOrEmpty(tempOutput) ThenbarOutputList &=" V" & tempOutput & " '2 ~

End If

selectQuery "SELECT STINCT(BarSize)neJ-Iund.reciP",rle),Sevent " & areaValue

tempOutput Convert. ToString (DataHandler.ExecuteScalar (selectQuery ,onnection.AccessConnectionString))

If Not String. IsNullOrEmpty(tempOutput) ThenbarOutputList &=" y" & tempOutput & " @ <

End If

selectQuery "SELECT DISTINCT (BarSize) FROM S WHERE TwoHundred =

& areaValuetempOutput Convert. ToString (DataHandler.ExecuteScalar (selectQuery ,

onnection.AccessConnectionString))If Not String. IsNullOrEmpty(tempOutput) Then

barOutputList &=" V" & tempOutput & " @ 2 Omm"End If

selectQuery "SELECT DISTINCT(BarSize) FROM Slab WHEREoHundreciAndFi it y "& areaValue

tempOutput Convert.ToString (DataHandler.ExecuteScalar (selectQuery ,nnection.AccessConnectionString))

If Not String. IsNullOrEmpty(tempOutput) ThenbarOutputList &=" Y" & tempOutput & " 2 250mm"

End If

selectQuery "SELECT DISTINCT (BarSize) FROM Slab WHERE ThreeHundred.~ " & areaValue

tempOutput Convert. ToString (DataHandler.ExecuteScalar(selectQuery,Connection.AccessConnectionString»

If Not String. IsNullOrEmpty(tempOutput) ThenbarOutputList &=" y" & tempOutput & " @ 300mm"

End If

Return barOutputListEnd Function

Private Sub OutputSpanResults()Dim objTable As New DataTable("Waffle Slap")Dim objRow As DataRowobjTable.Columns .Add ("No")objTable.Columns.Add("Identity")objTable. Columns .Add ("l\,reaValue")objTable.Columns.Add("No E, Bar Sizes")

, initialize row data.Dim spanAreaValue As

Math.Round(GetAreaOfSpanReinforcementRequired(), 0)objRow = objTable.NewRowobj Row (0) "1"objRow(l) "Area Required"objRow(2) spanAreaValueobjRow(3) GetBarSizeFor(spanAreaValue) .Trim()objTable. Rows.Add (objRow)

, initialize row data.spanAreaValue = Math.Round(GetAreaOfSpanReinforcementProvided(), 0)objRow = objTable.NewRowobj Row (0) "2"objRow(l) Me.percentagelncreaseFactorTextBox.Text +" "+ "of Area

objRow(2) spanAreaValueobjRow(3) GetBarSizeFor(spanAreaValue) .Trim()objTable.Rows.Add(objRow)

For i As Integer = 1 To Convert. Tolnt32 (Me.outputTextBox.Text)• search for the next available area.For j As Integer = 0 To masterBeamList.Count - 1

If masterBeamList.ltem(j) > spanAreaValue ThenspanAreaValue = Convert.ToDouble(masterBeamList.ltem(j»Exit For

End IfNext

objRow = objTable.NewRowobjRow(O) i + 2objRow(l) "Area Provided"objRow(2) spanAreaValueobjRow(3) GetBarSizeFor(spanAreaValue) .Trim()objTable.Rows.Add(objRow)

Next

Me.spanDataGridView.DataSourceEnd Sub

Private Sub OutputSupportResults()Dim objTable As New DataTable("\r~affle S ")Dim objRow As DataRowobjTable.Columns .Add ("No")objTable.Columns.Add("Identity")obj Table. Columns .Add ("Area Value")objTable.Columns.Add("No & Bar Sizes")

, initialize row data.Dim spanAreaValue As

Math.Round(GetAreaOfSupportReinforcementRequired(), 0)objRow = objTable.NewRowobj Row (0) "1"objRow(l) "l-\rea red"objRow(2) spanAreaValueobjRow(3) GetBarSizeFor(spanAreaValue) .Trim()objTable.Rows.Add(objRow)

, initialize row data.spanAreaValue Math.Round(GetAreaOfSupportReinforcementProvided(),

objRow = objTable.NewRowobj Row (0) "2"objRow(l) Me.percentagelncreaseFactorTextBox.Text +" "+ "of Area

objRow(2) spanAreaValueobjRow(3) GetBarSizeFor(spanAreaValue) .Trim()objTable.Rows.Add(objRow)

For i As Integer = 1 To Convert.Tolnt32 (Me.outputTextBox. Text), search for the next available area.For j As Integer = 0 To masterBeamList.Count - 1

If masterBeamList.ltem(j) > spanAreaValue ThenspanAreaValue = Convert.ToDouble(masterBeamList.ltem(j»Exit For

End IfNext

objRow = objTable.NewRowobjRow(O) i + 2objRow(l) "Area Provided"objRow(2) spanAreaValueobjRow(3) GetBarSizeFor(spanAreaValue) .Trim()objTable.Rows.Add(objRow)

Next

Me.supportDataGridView.DataSourceEnd Sub

Private Sub OutputSlabResults()Dim objTable As New DataTable("\rJaff:LeS ")Dim objRow As DataRowobjTable.Columns .Add ("No")

objTable. Columns .Add ("Identi ty")objTable.Columns .Add ("Area Value")objTable.Columns.Add("Slab Portion")

, initialize row data.Dim portionAreaValue As Double

objRow = objTable.NewRowobj Row (0) "1"objRow(l) "AreaobjRow(2) = portionAreaValueobjRow(3) = GetSlabPortionFor(portionAreaValue) .Trim()objTable.Rows.Add(objRow)

1 initialize row data.portionAreaValue Math.Round(GetAreaOfSlabPortion(), 0)

GetSlabPortionPercentageIncreaseFactor()objRow = objTable.NewRowobjRow(O) "2"obj Row (1) = Me. slabPortionPercentageIncreaseFactorTextBox. Text + "

objRow(2) = portionAreaValueobjRow(3) = GetSlabPortionFor(portionAreaValue).Trirn()objTable.Rows.Add(objRow)

For i As Integer = 1 To Convert.ToInt32 (Me.outputTextBox.Text)1 search for the next available area.For j As Integer = 0 To rnasterSlabList.Count - 1

If masterSlabList.Itern(j) > portionAreaValue ThenportionAreaValue

Convert.ToDouble(rnasterSlabList.Itern(j))Exit For

End IfNext

objRow = objTable.NewRowobjRow(O) i + 2objRow(l) "Area Provj.ded"objRow(2) portionAreaValueobjRow(3) GetSlabPortionFor(portionAreaValue).Trirn()objTable. Rows.Add (objRow)

Next

Me.portionDataGridView.DataSourceEnd Sub

Private Function GetAreaOfSlabPortion() As DoubleDim PORTION_CONSTANT As Double = 0.13 / 100Return PORTION_CONSTANT * GetPanelSizeBreadth()

GetConcreteHeigth() , result is converted to ~m2End Function

Private Function GetPanelSizeLength() As DoubleReturn Convert. ToDouble (Me.panelLengthTextBox.Text) / 1000 'converted

to metresEnd Function

Private Function GetPanelSizeBreadth() As DoubleReturn Convert.ToDouble(Me.panelBreadthTextBox.Text)

:onverted to metresEnd Function

Private Function GetMouldLength() As DoubleReturn Convert. ToDouble (Me.mouldLengthTextBox.Text) / 1000 'converted

J metresEnd Function

Private Function GetMouldBreadth() As DoubleReturn Convert.ToDouble(Me.mouldBreadthTextBox.Text)

20nverted to metresEnd Function

Private Function GetConcreteHeigth() As DoubleReturn Convert.ToDouble(Me.concreteDepthTextBox.Text)

End Function

Private Function GetMinimumCover() As DoubleReturn Convert.ToDouble(Me.minimumCoverTextBox.Text)

End Function

Private Function GetRadiusOfReinforcement() As DoubleReturn Convert.ToDouble(Me.radiusOfReinforcementTextBox.Text)

End Function

Private Function GetConcreteBasicWeigth() As DoubleReturn Convert.ToDouble(Me.concreteBasicWeightTextBox.Text)

End Function

Private Function GetDeadLoadFactor() As DoubleReturn Convert.ToDouble(Me.deadLoadFactorTextBox.Text)

End Function

Private Function GetLiveLoadFactor() As DoubleReturn Convert.ToDouble(Me.liveLoadFactorTextBox.Text)

End Function

Private Function GetVolumeOfVoidPerMould() As DoubleReturn Convert.ToDouble(Me.mouldVolumeTextBox.Text)

End Function

Private Function GetNoMouldPerPanel() As DoubleReturn Convert.ToDouble(Me.noMouldPerPanelTextBox.Text)

End Function

Private Function GetFactorLoadFinishes() As DoubleReturn Convert.ToDouble(Me.factorLoadFinishesTextBox.Text)

End Function

Private Function GetlmposedLoadFactor() As DoubleReturn Convert.ToDouble(Me.imposedLoadFactorTextBox.Text)

End Function

Private Function GetBf() As DoubleReturn Convert.ToDouble(Me.bfTextBox.Text) I 1000 ' converted to m

End Function

Private Function GetShortSpan() As DoubleRet urn Math. Min (GetPanelSizeLength, GetPanelSizeBreadtb) .....

End Function

Private Function GetFCUConcrete() As DoubleReturn Convert.ToDouble(Me.fcuConcreteTextBox.Text)

End Function

Private Function GetFYSteel() As DoubleReturn Convert.ToDouble(Me.fySteelTextBox.Text)

End Function

Private Function GetSpanCoefficient() As DoubleReturn Convert.ToDouble(Me.spanCoefficientTextBox.Text)

End Function

Private Function GetSupportCoefficient() As DoubleReturn Convert.ToDouble(Me.supportCoefficientTextBox.Text)

End Function

Private Function GetVolumeOfVoidPerPanel() As DoubleReturn GetVolumeOfVoidPerMould() * GetNoMouldPerPanel()

End Function

Private Function GetVolumeOfSolidSlab()Return GetPanelSizeLength()

GetConcreteHeigth() / 1000End Function

As Double* GetPanelSizeBreadth()

Private Function GetConcreteDepth() As DoubleReturn GetConcreteHeigth()

GetRadiusOfReinforcement()End Function

Private Function GetNetVolumeOfConcretePerPanel() As DoubleReturn GetVolumeOfSolidSlab() - GetVolumeOfVoidPerPanel()

End Function

Private Function GetNetWeigthOfSlab() As DoubleReturn GetNetVolumeOfConcretePerPanel () * GetConcreteBasicWeigth () *

GetDeadLoadFactor()End Function

Private Function GetFinishes() As DoubleReturn GetFactorLoadFinishes() *

GetPanelSizeBreadth() * GetDeadLoadFactor()End Function

Private Function GetLiveLoad() As DoubleReturn GetlmposedLoadFactor() *

GetPanelSizeBreadth() * GetLiveLoadFactor()End Function

Private Function GetTotalLoad() As DoubleReturn GetNetWeigthOfSlab() + GetFinishes() + GetLiveLoad()

End Function

Private Function GetUnitLoadPerMetreRun()Return GetTotalLoad() /

GetPanelSizeBreadth()) , to KN/m per runEnd Function

As Double(GetPanelSizeLength()

Private Function GetUnitLoadPerMetreRib() As DoubleReturn GetUnitLoadPerMetreRun() * GetMouldLength() 'to KN/m per rib

End Function

Private Function GetSpanMoment() As DoubleReturn GetUnitLoadPerMetreRib () * Math. Pow (GetShortSpan (),

GetSpanCoefficient()End Function

Private Function GetConstantKSpan() As DoubleReturn GetSpanMoment() / (GetFCUConcrete()

Math. Pow (GetConcreteDepth, 2))End Function

Private Function GetAreaOfSpanReinforcementRequired()Return (GetSpanMoment() * Math.Pow(lO, 6))

Math.Pow(0.95, 2) * GetConcreteDepth())End Function

As Double/ (GetFYSteel ()

Private Function GetSlabPortionPercentagelncreaseFactor() As DoubleReturn (100 +

Convert. ToDouble (Me.slabPortionPercentagelncreaseFactor TextBox.Text)) / 100End Function

Private Function GetPercentagelncreaseFactor() As DoubleReturn (100 +

Convert.ToDouble(Me.percentagelncreaseFactorTextBox.Text)) / 100End Function

Private Function GetAreaOfSpanReinforcementProvided() As DoubleReturn Math.Abs (Convert.Tolnt32 (GetAreaOfSpanReinforcementRequi red()

* GetPercentagelncreaseFactor()))End Function

Private Function GetSupportMoment() AsReturn GetUnitLoadPerMetreRib ()

GetSupportCoefficient()End Function

Double* Math. Pow (GetShortSpan (),

Private Function GetConstantKSupport()Return GetSupportMoment() /

Math. Pow (GetConcreteDepth, 2))End Function

As Double(GetFCUConcrete()

Return (GetSupportMoment() * Math. Pow (10, 6» / (GetFYSteel() *Math.Pow(0.95, 2) * GetConcreteDepth(»

End Function

Private Function GetAreaOfSupportReinforcementProvided() As DoubleReturn

Math.Abs (Convert. Tolnt32 (GetAreaOfSupportReinforcementRe quired()GetPercentagelncreaseFactor(»)

End Function

Private Sub supportExcelButton_Click(ByVal sender As System. Object, ByVale As System. EventArgs) Handles supportExcelButton.Click

TryIf Not Me.supportDataGridView.DataSource

Me.supportDataGridView.Rows.Count <> 0 ThenTry

Clipboard.SetDataObject(Me.supportDataGridView.GetClipboardContent(»IO.File.WriteAllText(flSupportExcelSheet.xls",

Clipboard.GetText(»Process.Start("excel.exe", flSupportExcelSheet.xls")

Catch ex As ExceptionProcess.Start(fI .exe", fI lSheet.xlsfl)

End TryEnd If

Catch ex As ExceptionMessageBox. Show (ex.Message, flWaffle Slab", MessageBoxButtons.OK,

MessageBoxlcon.Error)End Try

End Sub

Private Sub spanExcelButton_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal eAs System. EventArgs) Handles spanExcelButton.Click

TryIf Not Me. spanDataGridView. DataSource

Me.spanDataGridView.Rows.Count <> 0 ThenTry

lipboard.SetDataObject(Me.spanDataGridView.GetClipboardContent(»IO.File.WriteAllText(fI .xlsfl,

lipboard.GetText(»Process. Start (flexcel.exe", flSpanExceISheet.xls")

Catch ex As ExceptionProcess. Start (flwordpad.exe", "SpanExcelSheet.xls")TryEnd

End IfCatch ex As Exception

MessageBox.Show(ex.Message,essageBoxlcon.Error)

End TryEnd Sub

Private Sub portionToExcelButton Click(ByVal sender As System. Object,yVal e As System. EventArgs) Handles portionToExcelButton.Click

If Not Me.portionDataGridView.DataSourceMe.portionDataGridView.Rows.Count <> 0 Then

Try

Clipboard.SetDataobject(Me.portionDataGridView.GetClipboardContent(»10.File.WriteAllText ("PortionExcelSheet.x15",

Clipboard.GetText(»Process.Start("excel.exe", "PortionExcelSheet.xls")

Catch ex As ExceptionProcess. Start ("wordpad.exe", "PortionExcelSheet~xl.sr,)

End TryEnd If

Catch ex As ExceptionMessageBox. Show (ex.Message, "vJaffle Slab", MessageBoxButtons .0K,

MessageBox1con.Error)End Try

End Sub

Private Sub MainForm_Load(ByVal sender As System.object, ByVal e AsSystem. EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load

Try, for beam.Dim selectQuery As String = "SELECT BarSize FROM Beam"Dim beamSizeList As ArrayList

DataHandler.ReadDataFromDatabase(selectQuery,Connection.AccessConnectionString)

For Each element As Object In beamSizeList, get all areas corresponding to each barsizeselectQuery = "SELECT * FEOlVi Beam ~'JHERE BarSize

Convert.To1nt32 (element)Dim tempAreaList As ArrayList

DataHandler.ReadDataFromDatabase(selectQuery,Connection. AccessConnectionString)

, add new areas to the master area list.For Each value As Object In tempAreaList

If Not masterBeamList.Contains(value) ThenmasterBeamList.Add(value)

End IfNext

Next, sort the area list.

masterBeamList.Sort()

, for slab.selectQuery = "SELECT BarSize FEOM S ab"Dim slabSizeList As ArrayList

DataHandler.ReadDataFromDatabase(selectQuery,Connection.AccessConnectionString)

For Each element As Object In slabSizeList, get all areas corresponding to each barsizeselectQuery "SELECT * FROJlrlSlab IvHERE BarSize

Convert.To1nt32 (element)

Dim tempAreaListDataHandler.ReadDataFrornDatabase(selectQuery,Connection.AccessConnectionString)

, add new areas to the master area list.For Each value As Object In ternpAreaList

If Not rnasterSlabList.Contains(value)rnasterSlabList.Add(value)IfEnd

NextNext, sort the area list.rnasterBearnList.Sort()

Catch ex As ExceptionMessageBox.Show(ex.Message,

MessageBoxlcon.Error)End Try

End Sub

Dim rnasterBeamList As New ArrayListDim masterSlabList As New ArrayList

End Class