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a·ustER NEVADA .PROVING GROUNDS OCTOBER-NOVEMBER 1951

t:trf'tY~

fiiCUssla =~--.-THERMAL AND BLAST EFFEC-TS ON IDEALIZED FOREST FUELS

Best Available

Copy

'

..„'««fc««'

UM;LASS;Iw

?Z)V^

ijlBSTRI^ED DAJA ".■ft" /

it contains restricted data as de- Atdrfr|c Energy Act of 1946. Its

This fined1, transliSKRl or the'discilofure of it^ contents in any manner to an unautJ^rized person is pro- hibited.

Thi.s dojt&imerifc contains information aff^J.ing theöiglpnal defense of the United State aMwftn the U. S,^. Sections 793 and 794. The transmis sioqi *r the revelation of its contents in any

:ized person is prohibited mawprJ&xSUjyitBMrtter

mmta

ty Authority of

ilNClASSro 0PER1TI0I BBS 151

This doeoMnt eoxudit« of 47 pin« 4 P«gM (eotrnting frtlla- lB«ry FMM)

Ko.2 05of 352 oopiM, SWIM A

PROJECT 2.2

1HEBMAL AND BLAST EFFBCTS ON IDEALIZED FOREST FDBL3

^

A. A* Brown, Projaot Offiotr R. !• Arnold W. L. Fons F. M. Sauor

29 April 1962

DiTision of Fir« Rosoaroh Foroat Sonrioe, Ü. 8. Department of Agrleolture

for

Operations Researeh Off lee v U, 8. Aray

UNClASSIFe

Bsproduoed Direct from Manuacrlpt Copy bj ABC Technical Infonution Scrrlo«

Oak Ridge, TmuiM»—

• ■ ■ %

CONTENTS

▲BBBACT . Til

Chapter

1 OBJECTIVB 1

1*1 0«n«ral 1 1.2 Military Oignifioaao« 1

Z HISIORIC1L AND OHEORETICAL S

2,1 0«n«ral • S

S PREPARATIONS AND MBEODB 4

S*l Prepared Pveli. *•••••••••••••••• 4 5*2 Natural Fuels 10 8*5 Other Data IS

4 RBSULK 14

4.1 General 14 4.2 Fuel Moieture 18 4*3 Comparison of Laboratory and Field Data • . . . • 21 4*4 Kffeot of Blast Winds on Ignition 22

5 CCNCLUSIGMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 24

5*1 Conolusions ...•• 24 5.2 Reooamendations • • 26

APFBKDU At Ignition of Forest Fuels by thermal Radiation • . • 27

ill

ILLDSBULHO»

8.1

3.«

1*8

8*4

8.8

8*8

8.7

8.8

8*9

8.10

4.1

4«t

4*8

Pia» I««dl« PMI B«d

Madron« L»af (lartaoed) Pa«l Bad • •

OntM (WkMitatn») Pu«l B«d

Whit« Pir Ptok Pu«l B«d

8«dg* Ftt«l B«d • • • •

Whit« Fir tvaakj Log

An«iig«B«iit of Pa«l Bad« at Stationa

Batural Orasi Clvap Shoving DanM Mat of Pino Loarot at Bas» •••••••••••••••!

Natural Brash Cluap«

Josfaaa Trao Shoving Bark Charaotarlstios and Bun Folloving Shot Charlio

Joshua Tro« and Sodg« 7,000 Ft from Ground Xsro Burning Af tor Shot Charlio •• ••«

Joshua Tro« Bum 8,000 Ft f rou Ground Zoro Folloving Shot Charli«

ILast-VaTS Winds and loooapanyisg Sand Blast 8,000 Ft fron Ground Zoro Folloving Shot Bakor • • • •

11

11

It

18

17

18

lv

HHJB

2*1 Caleulatsd Rff«ot of Molttur« Content and Thieknoss on Eadlua of Ignition from a 20 KT Atom Bomb 8

5.1 Dosorlption of Proparod Pvsl Bod« 4

8*2 Aotual Horiiontal Diitanoti and Slant Rangoi fro» Boab Bunt« to Station«. 8

8*8 Natural Fuol« Found at th« I««t Sit« 10

4*1 Biennal Sffoet« of BUSIER Shot« on Natural Puol« — Fiold Obaenratlon« 14

4*2 Ihoimal Kffoot« of BUSTER Shot« on Proparod Fuol« Bxpo««d Horltontally • 16

4*8 Ihoxval Bffoot« of Shot Easy on Proparod Fuol« Sxposod Nonaal to Inoidono« of Thonaal Radiation • • • • 18

4*4 Weathor Condition« Prior to Shot Ti»e 19

4*8 Fuol Hoistur« Content at Shot Time 20

4,8 IM»I<«W Enorgy Rtquiraaontt for Por«i«tont Ignition mm Fuol« Sxposed During Operation BUSIER •••••••• 22

AfiSISACT

Projaot 2.2 was designed aa part of an orer-all stady of atoaio •zplosion offaots on forast«» Bii« projaot studiad fraquanoy of par* slitant oonbustion in praparad and natural fuala at various distaaoas from ground saro and appraised ohangas in parsistant oonbustion assooi- atad vitii Tariations In density# thioknass, and moisture oontant found in those fuels«

Praparad fuel bads of grass, punky wood, pine needles, and hard- wood learas ware exposed at aaoh of six stations — 2,000, 4,000, 5,000 7,00U, 9,000, and 12,000 ft from ground saro. Three fuel bads at aaoh station were covered until 16 minutes before shot time to keep fuel moisture oontent as low as possible. Biioknass and density of fuel particles were determined prior to the test» Fuel moisture and fuel temperature at shot time were measured in duplicate fuel bade, similarly located but outside the test area. Naturally occurring fuels at the test site mm brush, grass clumps, and Joshua bark — ware studied before the tests and examined after each shot.

Post-test fuel examinations showed that punky logs and Joshua bark ignited and ware oonsuaed by fire at distances from ground sero where total thermal energy was approximately 3 cal/sq cm. These distances varied from 6,300 ft slant range for Shot Baker to 18,000 ft slant range for Shot Easy. Natural grass olumps ignited and were consumed by fire where total thermal energies approximated 4 oal/aq em* Slant ranges varied from 10,660 ft for Shot Dog to 13,000 ft for Shot Easy. Other fuels exposed to a total thermal energy of 6 to 7 oal/sq am ignited and ware consumed by fire when the bad was exposed normal to the incidence of themal radiation. Similar fuel beds exposed horisontally ware only oharrad«

Conclusions based on results and observations from Operation BDSBRt

1. Under fire weather oonditionsi/ in a forest area, atomic ex- plosions oan be axpaoted to ignite punky and fine grassy fuels whenever total themal energy exceeds S oal/sq cm. For Operation BJSBSR, Shot Easy «aximam ignition distance was 16,000 ft slant range.

V y Relative humidity less than 40 per cent, air temperature greater than 36° F, fuel moisture less than 16 per cent.

Til

IINCIASSIFIED

2* For any giT«n total onargy Irrol abor* 8 oal/gq OB a largor bomb is won llkoly to produo« ignition than a mallar one, baoaus« larger bombs produo« a giTsn thamal energy farther from ground lero aad combustion progresses farther before the blast wave arrires.

?. Fuel beds exposed perpendicular to the incidence of thermal radiation ignite farther from ground tero than fuel beds exposed horl- lontally. This phenoaonon is due primarily to blast winds and moTing sand which tend to wipe off any flame which has appeared on horisontal beds« but tend to drive similar flame into inclined beds* Difference in shape factor of the beds to the fire ball appears to be secondary to the sand blast effect*

4» Moisturs content, density, and thickness appear to be critical factors which affect probabilities of forest fuel ignition following atomic explosions over forest areas*

5* Bomb-induced conreotion does not produce surface winds follow« lag blastHTind effects and need not be considered in the prediction of subsequent fire behavior*

Based on the above conclusions, as well as observations and data from «hioh they were derived, these recommendations can be madei

1* Future effects tests with atom bonhst

a* Detonation time should be s^t between 1200 and 1500 hours to allow hygroscopic fuels to reach a low moisture con- tent*

b* One of the conditions for postponement of shots should be relative humidity greater than 20 per cent for 2 hours prior to shot time* (this should be an Important condition for most materials exposed to thermal effects*)

c* Forest fuel beds for test purposes should be exposed perpendicular to the incidence of thermal radiation*

d* Pure forest fuel 'types, similar to those exposed at Opera- tion BUSTER, should be used again in conjunction with natural fuels*

2* Offensive use of atomic weapons in forest areas when thermal effects are important!

a* Weather conditions in general should be dry and warm to insure that moisture content of fine, dead fuels is below IB per cent*

Till

b. Drop days and tiats iho«ld b« ■•l«ot*d for Mil— lurfM« wind Tolooity and raporadiabati« lapa« rate»

•• Drop tlM shoald eoineido with or follov olightly aftor ■iniHDa rolatlTo hmldity for tho day.

d. Potslbilitlo« of ooordinatiag aapaln or othor inooadlaxy bonb attaoks with atoalo bomb attaoks ohoald bo InTOoti* gated«

JMCSUli*« fttfi BUMK^HOa Fl

CHAPIER 1

OBJBCHVK

1.1 QBTgRAL

ProJ«et 2*2, Operation BOSIBR, «as an integral park of a study of eonsoquonots of atoalo «xplosions on forosts« Bils projoot was daslgnod to fit into tti« or«i«all study in tbos« wayst

1* lb prorid« a fiold ohook for prior analytieal work whioh sought to datondn« th« fraquoney and pattern of porsistont oombustion in an idoalisod fuel subjoet to various radiation onsrgias and to «ztrapolata tbssa data to aetual fuels as they ooour in nature»

£• To proride a field oheok against whioh subsequent laboratory source tests «ay be soaled*

S* To provide prelladnary eraluations of effects of moisture con- tent, fineness or thickness, and density on the probability of ignition«

4» To study end experience problems associated with exposure of forest fuels to atonic explosions in order to design more intensive and effectiTC field tests should laboratory and analytical studies indicate their necessity*

8* Tb study the effect of blast-waTc winds on persistence of ig- nition«

More specifically, this project approached the aboT» general ob- ject! TOS by providing tests which indicatedt

1» Saergiet (distance from ground sere) at which sanpla fuel beds of coaaon forest fuels wer» ignited by radiation following atonic ex- plosions*

£• Effects of blast-Induced winds on continued burning of ignited fuels«

i« Effects of fuel-aoisture content on ignition and continued burning«

1*2 MIUHRY SISHIFICAHCB

Siaulteneous persistent ignition of forests oier large areas centered around an atauio explosion nonally will give rise to a fire

1

atom uhlok ooaplttoly dtstroj« aiqrtlüJSr r—iali^ after baab aaaisiaa ara dlaaipatad« HaraoTar, oonfUcration-typ* flraa whioh mj apraad from Initially l^nitad araaa ara llaitad only by ftial aad waathar oon- ditlona. A foraat araa approxiaataly 0*8 alia la diaaatar with faal eoaaantratLoB of 100 toaa par aarat aa foaad la haary bruah eoTar« en bamlag would ralaaaa aaarsy •4>>A1 to tha total aaaify of a 10 IT atoada boab* Coaaaqpantly, data froa tfala projaet ara laportant to offaaaiwa aad dafaaalTa allltary opaimtlona ia wlldlaad araaa*

m

CHAPTER 2

HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL

2.1 oarKRAL

Pr«Tiotn works' on thoraal affoot« of atoaio •xplosions on forests •nalyxod ignition of thin forest fuels by the mal radiation« Tmo types of ignition wars reoognlsed in the analysis* "Spurious" or transient ignition disappears «hen the exteroal souroe of heat is remored, and is of interest only for the aaall aaount of heat it adds to that oontrlb- uted hy the themal souroe. The other type was defined as oomplete or persistent ignition resulting in sustained ooabustion after the external souroe of heat is ranored*

This previous analysis gare a preliminary estiaate of the thensal , energy required to ignite leaTes and grass up to thiolmes« of 0*026 oau«'

The following table shows for oertaln idealised forost fuels -the ealeulated effeet of aoisture content and thiokness on radius of ig* oltlon in feet from ground sero when exposed to themal radiation fron a 20 ET atonic explosion for rlsual range of 12 adlest

TABLE 2*1

Calculated Effect of Moisture Content and Thiokness on Radius of Ignition fro» a 20 ET Atom Bomb

Fnel* Radius of Ignition in Feet fron Qround Zero j

Moisture Content, Per Cent of Dry Weight

0 10 20 80 !

Leaf j (0.0167 en thiek)

Leaf (0*0088 en thick)

Qmss Blade | (0*008 en thiek)

7800

8900

7800

7100

8800

7700

8700

8180

7660

6400

7860

7860

• AbeorptlTity usedt Learss, 0*8| grass blade, 0*5.

2/ Operations Research Office* Prelinlnary Study of the Consequences ef an Atenle Ixplosion Chrer a Forest* QR0~T-108. Washington, 1980* Joftpp* 3/ Appendix A contains basic assxaaptlons and fonmlae for this analysis*

3

CHAPTER S

PREPARATIOMS AND METBOOS

S.1 PREPARB) FOBg

Praparsd fu«l« for Operation BUSIER war« ■•l««t«d to obtain a wid« rang« of thloknosi and spoelfie gravity* A dotorlption of tiio«« fuols it found in Ikblo 5*1 and Figurti 5.1 through 3»6.

TABLE S.l

Dosoription of Proparod Paol Bods

FMI Dosoription Ihiokness (Cn)

Density (da/oo}

Pino noodles Pinus pondorosa« on th« ground 1-5 years

.088 0*51

Eardffood loares Madron«. Artvtas awnsiesli. freshly fallen

•028 0.48

Grass Wheats traw, Tritiona aestlTon« leaTOs and heads reaored

.037 0.88

Pink White fir. Abies eonoolor, snail chunks of rotted heartwood

~ 0.28

Sodgo olunps

.017 0.88

Pnnky logs White fir. Abies ooneolor. logs 6" to 6H in diSHOter with finely shreaded rotted sapwood on outside

"

0.08

Pine needles, hardwood loares. grass, and punk were arranged in trays 2*z4*n4*, the tops of which were flush with the ground to approx- laate natural fuel condition*. lUo-inoh mesh ohioken wire secured orer each Aiel bed prerented blast winds fron blowing sway the fuels. Pre- lininary tests indicated that this relatiroly small area of wire does

Figure 8.1 Pine Needle Fuel Bed

Figure 5*2 Madron« Leaf (Herdirood) Fuel Bed

Figure S»3 Oraes (Wheatstraw) Fuel Bed

Figure 3.4 White Fir Punk Fuel Bed

^JtlK

Figare 8,6 Sedge Fuel Bed

Figure 8«6 White Fir Funky Log

mot affMt IsBltioB or •ontlauad temlag* Ite «llaiaat« tha peaaiblUly of Am fondng OB all fvola, to protoot thm in «aa« af lala, an« to vary «olatura ooBtoata (doir poiat pomlttlag) aoaa fool boda at oaak atatioB war« ooTarod with a «atarpnof window ahado whioh waa raloaaod by alam alook 18 alnatoa bofora aohodolod ahot tiaa*

Sodgo waa tianaplantod in oluapa to S-gallon oana, 1B tu» oxpoaod In group« of too foxmlng a fual bad 9 inohot by 18 laohoa.

Pönky log«, 8 to 8 Inohoa in dlaaotar, wora out 8 foot long» Sap- wood OB thaao loga waa woatly rotten, f Int shroadod wood.

Praparod fuola woro «xpo««d at als atatlona*

HBU 8*t

Aotual Horltontal Diatanoo« and Slant Bang«« fron Bonb Btarat« to Statlona

Shota

Bim CHA] RLH DOO BAST Station Diatanoo fro» 88 Ikigot (Foot)

111 l«6

3s- *•* 4» « 4*

III •H

ji •H «h lil lii Iß

8,000 8,140 8,410 8,165 2,440 2,087 8,600 4,880 4,880

4,000 4,140 4,890 4,188 4,820 4,087 4,300 8,660 6,680

8(000 6,140 8,260 8,185 8,288 5,057 8,880 7,560 7,670

7,000 7,140 7,880 7,188 7,880 7,057 7,800 9,600 8,888

9,000 9,140 9,810 9,165 8,880 9,087 9,180 11,480 11,520

12,000 18,140 12,180 12,165 18,220 12,067 12,148 14,400 14,450

l'i«ure a.T A.J'raD«ement of Fue l Beda at Stations

:NOTih J'our Fuel Bcd.a Covered by Window Sb.ade9 'l'o Be ]lelee.sed by Clook Mechanism

z.t xiiusAL roiu

UBLB 8.8

Xatmral Pa«l« Potmd at th« T«it Sit«

PMI Daieriptlon Ihioknast (Cm)

Daniitar

■atatml gntst

Bnwh

Joibva baric

Dasart naadlasrass. Stipa spaaioaa. danta aat ef fina daad laaTt« at basa«

- Laara*

- Stalk»

Ihlta bonaiea. Fruuaria doaoaa, ■any daad tvlgs ipanaly arrangad»

Jointfir, Sphadra spp.( aaay daad twigs.

Craoeota bath. CoTillia tridantita.

•007

•OM

•087 "•101

.078 -.119

•884

.888

«887

fair daad tvigg, ipan« graan laarat.

Joihaa traas. T«aea brarifolia. 18 to tO ft high aith thick, oork- lik» bark aoraiad by aid daad laaras«

feata faals wara distribatad idaally for study of Ignition fi thamal «ffaets of atomio axploaiem* IndiTidaal brush and grass eluaps wars far enough apart so that firs would not sprsad froa oua to tha otfasr.

Ihiok olxmp» of grass stalks, 6 to 11 inohas high, protidad soaa protsotion froa blaat winds for ths fina, daad grass laaras olustarad at thsir basas*

Ihamal oharaetaristies of bnrsaga snd Jointfir wars slsilar anough that thay aould ba araluatad as on» foal typo. Thay oaaurrsd in spans clasps about It to 24 inohss high. Approxlwataly thrsa eluaps par aara Imd snough daad watarial andar ths« to fbm a littar which woald carry fira. Sinea eraasota bash did not axtsad orar th» antira araa atadlad, it was not usad as an indiaator of -thanaal »ffacts.

10

Figur« 3*8 Hataral Grass Cliunp Showing Dense Hat of Fine LeaTes at Base

Figure S.9 Hatural Brash Clump

11

Figur« 8*10 Joshua Tree Showing Bark ChanetcristleB •ad Bum Following Shot Charlie. Figure 4*1 Shows This Baric Burning

12

Joihua tr»«s w*r* apAovd 60 te 800 f««t apart« thmit coan« oortc» lite bark platas war» oerarad by daad laava« «hieb war« friagad witti fin«, daad, balsy aatarlal ahlob icaitad ratbcr aaaily* Abaat 10 par aant of th« Josbua traas war» rottau along tbo aala staa and tbosa rotten «pots providad pmdqr aatarials tiailar to tbooa of praparod ptmky lego«

8.8 OTBB JiKfk

A. doplioata oat of fuolo was aspoood to abooapharie oonditlona ahloh approsiaatod aa oloaoly aa poaalblo liioao of tho taat aaaploi« At abot tiaa faol taaporatura «aa datamlnad and fual aoiatara oaaploa war» takaa from tfaaaa daplioata faola and fro« nataral faala«

A pra-taat photograph waa aada of oaeb faol bad and of aaeh Tarl» ation of nataral fual typa* Boat-taat photoa war» takaa to lllaatrato any aignifloant tbanal affaeta on thoao faola«

Ibotograpby daring tba toat «ai proridad by th» Ö, 8« Maral Badio- logioal Dofonao Laboratoiy, San Fraaelico« At tho 7,000-foot and 9,000- foot itatlona two K-28 oaaaraa operating at one frame par 0«6 aac« and eight (BAP oamera« operating at 64 fnwea per aee« reeorded Ignition and eoabaation bebavlor daring and after th» abet«

13

CHAPBBR 4

RBSÜLS

4*1

Offioial thoaal atttdloi woro mU» om Shots Bücor and. Dog. Honr- oror, natural rasatatloii aad faola aaaffoatod by tbo proTf.oua ahot vora amdnad aftar Shots Charlia and Eaay, thus gi-rlog data orar a ranga of four dotoaatlons« Data for all shots, fovnd la Tablas 4.1, 4«t, and 4*8, ara ecnparabla «ha» allovaaaa Is aada for dlffaraneaa ia fnal ■eiatsra oontaat« Puügr lags azpoaad at Shot Charlla prorldad tha only axeaptien, for thay had prarloualy baan azposad to Shot Bakar and had all tha fIna, rottan aatarlal aaad-blaatad freat tha». Thia lack of fiaa aatarlal on tha lag anrfaoa partly aoeotmts for tha faot thmt thaaa laga did not bam at any dlstanaa aftar Shot Charlla.

4.1

Tha mal Iffaota of BDBTBl Shots on Vataral Puals —> Fiald Obaarratlona

Faal Slant lang« 1» Faat

HlniM lhamal

(Cal#! a») mn CHABLH DOG IAST

latnral graaa bamad

0 0 6,460 to 10,600

6,140 to It,980 4

latnral graaa aharrad

4,640 7,760 10,790 lt,980 —

Bruah bamad 0 0 6,460 to ^SOO*

6,140 to It,980*

—

Brnah aharrad 8,670 7,890 9,820 - —

Joshna bark bamad

4,160 7,090 9,010 16,040 t«6

•Pro» •BDSnai lhan»l Prallalnaiy Data for UM In Program 11 laporta." *Bmah bmmad only »han ignitad by sontiguens grass alwpa.

14

TÄ.BLB 4.2

DwxKal Kffaets of BÖSTER Shots on Proparod Fuols Bxposod Horisontally

Slant Bang« Shot

fctal Thamal

Sioraal I !ff«otb

(Faat) Siorgy* (Cal/sq em)

Pin« Vaodl««

Uirdt LOATtS Crass Puak S«ds«

Rtnky Log

I 2,410 BUBI 18 SC Bum SC Bum Char Char 2,440 CHAHLTB 86 Bam SVB Char ■M. Mi Char 2,800 DOG 88 Bam .. Bam Char .. mm

4,880 BAST 81 Char mm Char — — — II 4,280 Mm 8.1 rvB SC SC Bam Char Bam 4,820 CHARLI8 18 SC SC SC Char mm

4,800 DOG 28 SC Char Char Bam Char Char 8,880 1AST 16 Char Char Char mm ■mm mm

III 8,280 BIDB 8.2 BVB MVB HVB HVB SC Bam 8,868 CHARLIK 12 B7B SC SC Char Char mm

8,280 D00 18 SC Char Char Bam Char Bam 7,870 KiSi 12 Char Char Char Bam .~ mm

IV 7,280 EUUDOt 1.6 HVB BVB HVB HVB HVB HVB 7,280 CHABLIK 6.4 mm HVB HVB BVB Char Char 7,200 DOG 9.4 SC SC Char Bam Char Barm 8,890 8181 7,8 Char Char Char Bam _ mm

71 9,210 BAHR mm mm .. mm BVB BVB BVB 9,280 CHABLIB 4*0 mm mm mm mm HVB HVB 9,180 DOG 8« 6 mm HVB SC SC Char Bam

11,820 BAST 8.0 — SC SC SC Bum Bam 711 12,180 B4KBB mm mm «MB mm mm BVB BVB 12,220 QHABLIB 2.8 mm — mm mm mm mm

12,148 DOG 8.2 BVB HVB HVB BVB BVB Bum 14.480 BAST 8.2 mm HVB — — HVB Bam

*Fro« "BOS IBB lbs mal Proliainary Data for Us« in Program 11 R«ports." ^Bum - Fa«l coapl«t«ly eonsustsd hy fir«

Char - Fa«l partially ham«d b«fore boiag «xtingalshed by blast^mT« winds

SC - Fuol slightly oharrad HVB - Ho risibl« «ff«ct

18

Figur« 4*1 Joaboa Tree and Sedge 7,000 ft fnm Groond Zero Burning After Shot Charlie

16

fipre '•! J oshua Tree Burn 6•000 tt trcm Gro\Uld lero Followin& Shot Charlie

UBLE 4.8

Bwnnal Iff Mt« of Shot laiy en Proparad Fuals Bxpoaad lonMil to Znoldonoo of Ihonial Badiatlon

Qw

OB

ill Ibtal

fix« mal

(Cal/sq en)

Thaiml Sffaet |

PlM loadloa

Hardpood LoaTag Orass |

6,680 16 Bun Bam Bam {

1 7,870 18 Bam Bam Bam 1

8,690 7.8 - Bam Bum |

11,880 8.0 — Bam Bam

*Pro« •BÖSTBR Thsnaal Prsltnlnary Data for Oss in Progm 11 Bsports."

4.2 rag. MOISTDBl

Doad forsst fasls ars hygrDSooplo sad rsaot to otaaagss in rslatlvs Inalditjr with changss in fasl aolstar« towards squlllbrlaa aoisturs eontont« Fuol sols tarsi for saoh shot, Ikbls 4« 6, approsdoats squill- brioai aoistars eontont for rslatirs humidity oonditions as girsn ia Äbls 4.4.

DLffieoltiss assosiatsd with noisturs-eontsnt dstsmiaation for ssapls fasls sxpossd to atonic dstonatioa ars illostratsd ty *• proba- bility Ibat data for Shot Baker ars too low» Dos to soil difforsaess, surfaos soil noistare fro» rain 80 hours bsfors «as lewsr at ths fasl ssapls sits than along **>s Ihsnaal lins at ths tsst sits. Rslatirs hunldity just aboTS th«? ground, ttisrsfors, was lowsr at Ihs fusl-saapls sits and asasursd nois ^rs oentsnts thsrs wsrs lowsr ttuua thoss of aatsrlals on ths thsxual lins*

18

auajt 4.4

WMithtr Conditions Prior to Shot Tim»*

B4KB CEiBLIB DOO EAST

Tim (Bonn) A' RoLEw.

00 RoUEnu Tmp*

(•F) Rol.Eun« Tup* Rol^Sau

B - • 44 60 87 60 48 88 86 *l

E - • 44 8f 86 62 44 86 84 42

E - 4 44 66 88 90 48 89 84 42

E - S 48 61 88 66 42 87 46 41 |

B - 1 42 62 82 100 48 89 80 86

E - 1 42 66 81 100 46 89 84 80

H-* 88 100

E 66 68 40 80 88 80 88 27 ,1

Nootter oonditiont apply along tho tbonud Uno 2 ft aboT« tho ground. Data WOP» oMainad fro« hygrottiamograph raadlnga cloooly ohookod by sliag poyahro^tor at H - 9 hour« ond B + 6 hours. Rolatira humidity data ars subjaet to orrors of 1 8 par oont.

Faal ■oiatura affoota war« ohookod in tho fiold aftar oach shot. Piftoon aintos aftar Shots Bakar and Charlia light faals suoh aa aadga, graas, and pina aaadlos would not oontinne to bun ahon ignitad by natch flam* Aftar Shot Dog oosparabla tasts prodaead slew tat paraiatant eoBbastioa. Aftar Shot Easy thasa fuals banad rapidly following ig- nition by natah flow. Moistara aontant difforaneas partially axpUin why glass alunps wars not ignitad daring Shots Bakar and Charlia bat wwra raadily ignitad 10,800 ft and 12,680 ft fro» groond saro during Shots Dog and Easy, rospaatiTsly.

19

OLBLB 4.6

Pu«l Mölstnrt Content at Shot TlaiA

PB«1 Moistaro Contont in Psr Coat

BAIBb CEAILH DOO UST

Pin« n««dl«s (eoT»r«d) 10 10

Pin« n*«dl«f (tneoTind) 10 10 T

Hardwood IMTOS (oororod) 10

Eardvood loaros (unooTorod) 11 11 7

Orasi (oororod) •

Ora» («neoTorod) 10

Pudc (oororod) 11 •

Ponk (anoerorod) 11 10

fodc« 10 11

It 10 •

latuxal grass 10 IS 4

Borsago 11 14

Joshua l>artt •

'Puol aolsturo data aro sabjoot to orzors of i 2 por oont« ^Rooordod aoistars oontonts probably 8 to 4 por «ant I«««

Puol taaporataros approxiaatod air toaporataro at shot tlao.

20

Ihanal «fftots t«sta should aTold »arly morning shot tin*« if poiiibl«. Not only are fuel moistures near their diurnal maximum« but determination of fuel moisture is most dlffioult when relative humidity is changing as muoh as 10 to 20 per oent in 90 minutes and solar irradi- ation is Just beginning to heat surface layers of fuel« If, as during Shot Charlie, there is a strong inrersion layer near the ground, rela- tive humidity applicable to exposed fuels must be measured adjacent to those fuels« Lower relative humidity and thus lower fuel moisture in Joshua baric 10 feet above the ground and above the inversion layer partly account for the burning of Joshua bark at Saot Charlie when punky logs in higher relative humidity under the inversion layer did not bum« Maximum thermal effoots might have been produced during these tests had shot time been set between 1200 and 1600 hours when relative humidity often was 10 per eent or lower.

Window shades used to cover fuels until 15 minutes before shot time did not lower fuel moisture signifioantly in terms of ignition and fire behavior. In fact, the one recorded effeot of covers was on Shot Bhker where covered pine needles and covered grass at Station X were charred slightly more than comparable uncovered fuels. Bad window shades been used on Shot Charlie, however, fuel moisture undoubtedly would have been considerably lower for covered fuels since the dew point was reached for several hours prior to shot time.

4.8 COHPARISOM OF LABORATORY AND FIELD DATA.

Fuels exposed at Operation BÖSTER have been exposed to the Labora- tory Source at the University of California, Los Angeles, under con- tract by the Forest Service.

Data in Table 4.6 indicate that more energy Is required to ignite forest fuels by the Laboratory Souroe than by atomic bomb soorceo«

Since the Laboratory Souroe operates at 6,000° F, the average absorptivity of fuels in relation to thermal energy fron it is lower than comparable average absorptivity from bombs. This factor combined with differences in pulse shape may aeeount for differences illustrated in Table 4.6.

Actually the only true minimum energy requirements obtained in the field were for natural grass and Joshua bark« Other fuels were exposed a« 1,000- to 2,000-ft intervals, and energies are not necessarily minimum valves« Ponderosa pine in a vertical position was not exposed to less than 12 ealories.

21

ÜBLE 4.«

MUiaMi KB#rgy R»qulrwi«nt« for P«r«l«t«nt Ignildoa — Fuel« Bxposod During Op«ration BöSTKR

Fnol Fuol Moltturo Contont

(For Cont)

Mlnlana B&oigy for Ignition (Cal/iq om)

BOBTKB Shot« Laboratory Sonroo

Pin« noodloi

Hardwood loaroo

Orait

Pank

Sodg«

Poolgr log

Hataral gras«

Joshaa bark i——

7

7

6

11

5

12

4

8*

6*

5*

6*

4

2.6

10.4

8

7.«

9.2

4.0

4.«

*Trao ninlaai onorgloo aay bo los« th«a thooo Talmoo boeauoo thoso faols vor» not oxposod to mltor total onoxglos.

4.4 vnof or BUST um» m lOMinoir

Prior to «io«o toot« it bad boan asaanod that roughnooo of foroot fuol bod anrfaeoo would oonponiato for aifforonoo» in aboorbod thoraal onoxgy nbioh would arloo botwon fuol bod» porpondioular to inoidoaoe of thonMtl onorgy and fuol bods plaood horUontally. Howoror, othor than punk ond punky logo ihoro was no oonslotont poroistont Igaitlon of foot on proparod fuol« oxpoood horliontally to Shot« B«k«r, Charlio, «nd D05. A« a ohook «ono duplloat« fuol bod« woro oxpoood poxpondioular to tht Inoidonoo of thomal mdlatlon on Shot Basy. In orory oaso, a« «homi In Thblo 4« 8, fuol bod« oxpoaod porpondioularly ignitod and 00»- plotoly bumod whilo oonparablo bods oxpoood horisoatally woro olttior oharrod or partially bumod. It is probablo that tho <»'1«i^1

j4r^a*"

assunptlon wa« iaralld whon appliod to fuol bod« Iwtoad of ^J1*»1

fuel parkioloo. Al«o probably »or« important io tho offoot of bloot-

22

waTe w1a4a and aoooapu~ .ucl blaat whioh ted to wipe 1.n1 ti&l name ott horiaoat&lly expoae4 beda while clriT~ it into perpeadioularly expoaed becla.

On Shot Dog grau olaape were ~nited beta-een alant rus•• ot 81 460 t\ aad 10,800 tt trca sround aero. Pa."llare ot gran to bum oOIIlpletely bel• the :la.l:wr liait h auooi&ted with 1 •~~gth ot bumiJ:as tbae befoH bl&at wind• arriT• and with blut41nd Telooity. Jlatural graae ohmpe barned up in abov:t 6 .. oonda atter igllition b7 utoh tl .. e. 'lhua, gra11 olapa be10%ld 7,000 tt were ooapletel;y oouu.ed bJ tire beton the blaet ftTe arr1Ted.

Fi&'lre 4..a Blast-Wan Wiada and .Aooo~ Sa.ad Blaat 1,000 tt trom Growad Zero Pollowins Shot Baker

CHAPT» •

CCNCLOBIQIIS AMD RSCOMMBiMIIOB

1.1 OOBGUSBimB

1* %d«r fir« w«ath«r ooadltlontir in • forvst art» atoaie plMloni e«n b« «xpsotad to ignit« MBky «ad fin« grast/ fatls «haatrtr

8 eal/iq eat total tlMiaal «nargy •xo»«di 8 eal/tq eat For Oparation mTBi, Skat laqr aaxiaua Ignition dlitaaea wa» 16,000 ft slant rang«* Qadar ■laik r eoBditieu partlitcnt ignition« in hoaty grass sad hardaood laaras «sa b« sapaotsd «hsasrsr total thoraal «sofgj anoads 0 ealorlas* Bio lattsr snsrgy Isrsl is not Important, for aoarlj all forsst arsas hart «ouidarabla pa&kgr or fin« grasay osttrial «hloh ah«a igaitad «praad flaa« to oHitr faal«*

!• For say giron total «n«xf y lor«! abor« 8 cal/sq «a a larger boab is aor« likoly to prodno« ignition than a aukllar on«, booauso Hi« lafgsr boab ptodaras roquir«d thoxatl «A«igy farther fr«« gromd «sro sad ooabastioa progrosso« farth«r b«for« th« blast «aTS arriras»

8* Fual b«ds «zposod poipondioular to th« inoidano« of thonal radiation igaito at loaar total thtraal ««igy than fu«l b«da a^pasod horisoatally*

4* Melstaro oontont, donsity, aad thiekaass appaar to ba eritioal factors whioh affaat probabilitia« of forost fosl igaitiea fallaarlag atoado ««plosions ovor fortst arsai* Moiitara oontont is probably tbs ■ost iaportsat rariabl« affooting ignition of ooasoa forost fuols* Jkv*tj is laportaat as aa indioator of thosaal ooaduotiTity,^ «hlls thi«ka«s« of th« fu«! partiol« dataniaos th« Mad— taaparatara to ahieh th« fu«l surfaoa oaa riso daring ttv« th«nal pals«» Fuols of thio]ar*f loss than 0*001 inch (satoral grass laaras) rsspond as though thoir tasiaal «oadastiiüy vor« infitAt«.

4/ BolatiT« hnaidity la«« thu 40 par o«t, air taaparataia grsatar than 88° F, fa«l aolstur« l«ss than 18 per e«nt* t/ 0. 8. Dapt« of igziealtara, Forast 8«rfi«o( OlTi«i«B of Fir« tosoarah* Ih«aMil Qondaotiflty of 8a— Ogggg» Forost y»ols» Mass Kapart for Oparation« Kas«ar«h Qffie«, &« TaSSs Bopklas UaiTarslty* Ootobar 1181« 10 pp«

84

5* Boab-lndu««d oonr^otion does not produo« surfao« winds follow- ing blast^rlnd of foot« and nood not b« oonsldorod in the» prediction of ■ubaoquont fire boharlor* Ihis phenomenon was studied by obserrlng

>ke and sand aortnent and «as oonfimsd by motion pietorei.

6. Attenuation of blast winds by forest oorsr will have an in« portent effeot on persistenoo of ignition* If thera is oonslderabls attenuation there will be loss blowing-out of initial Ignition points. On the other hand, attenuation will reduce breakage of liabs, and there will be less fuel on the forest floor to burn.

6.2 MCOMMKEMTIOIB

Based on the'preoeding eonolusions, as wall as obsermtions and data fron whioh they were derired, these reoomtondations can be madet

1» Future effects tests with atom bombst

a* Detonation time should be set between 1200 and 1500 hours to allow hygroscopic fuels to reach a low moisture oontent*

h. One of the conditions for postponement of shots should be relative humidity greater than 20 per cent for 2 hours prior to shot time* (This should be an important oondition for most materials exposed to thermal effects«)

o. Forest fuel beds for test purposes should be exposed perpondloular to the incidence of thermal radiation*

d* Pure forest-fuel types, similar to those exposed at Operation BUSTER, should be used again in conjunction with natural fuels*

e* Complete surface weather data and continuous records of fuel moisture should be made at the actual test site.

f« A more critical study of hliat effects on persistenoo of ignition should be made*

2* Offensive use of atomic weapons in forest areas when thenoal effects are Important t

a* Weather eondltiens in general should be dry and wane to Insure that moisture content of fine, dead fuels is below 16 per cent*

25

«~,

h* Drop days and tlats «hovld b« t«l*«t«d for •urfaoo^rlnd Toloolty and sapormdlatetio lap«« rat««

«• Drop ti»» should eoinoido with or foil«« slicktly aftor ■<"4—■« roIatlTo hnddltj for tho day«

Posiibilitlos of eoordinatlac napalm or othor ia- ooadiaxy boab attacks with atoaio bomb attaoka should b« iaT«atlgat«d*

£6

APPBDH A

laHTICM OF PDRB8T FHSLS BT THEBMAL RADIATIOI

k.l gggRAL

TSyt following aaalysi« «as oxtmetod from a prollminaxy analytical •tmtgi/ «hloh «a« aado to ostiaato «aoiglot roquirod to ignlto thin foroot fttol» neh as loaros and grass«*. For hoarlar fuol«, inoluding ptmlgr logs, a onl-diroctlonal boat flow aquation was giron with ap- propriat« boundary oondltions* By tnoMrloal oonputations an «stiaato of «norgiss roquirod to ignit« hsarior fuol« by themal radiation is aad« possibls«

A.2 iSSUMPnO»

Ths analysis for thin fools was basad on thoso assumptions»

1. Fuols will be in the fom of thin flat plates.

£• The moisture oomponent in the fuol will have all the properties of free water.

8« Volatile substanoes will eonstltote 70 per cent of the dry weight of the fuel and will be treated as a single substanoe baring a boiling tsnperatnre of 628° I and a latent heat of vaporisation of 100 oalories per gnuu

4. Themal cinduotivity of the laminar fuel is infinite, henoe no tenperature gradient exists within the fuel and heat is lost fro« both sides at equal rates«

8« Speclflo heat of the fuel will be different in different stages of the heating process, but remains constant when the mass of the fuel is not ohanglng«

6* Beating by radiant energy is suffieisntly rapid that no appreeiable amount of water or folatile produots is lost by diffusion, but only by boiling aotion.

^ Operations Research Office. Preliminary Study of the Consequences of an Atomic ftcploslon Orer a Forest. 0R0-T-108, Appendix I, pp 80-88. Washington, i960* "*"

27

7. Ignition oeours «han rcsidaal oarbon rMiobtt 900° K*

Aasiaqptlon 1 It rMtsonabl* for that oonponost of a hotorogonoova fual whloh Is most lUcoly to ignita. Aasunption t is a aloso approx- laation If tho Boiitura oontant M Is laoroasad by .02 (!•••• by S par eant). Bits procadnra oaqpansatas for astra haat raqairad to saparata bound «atar fre« wood. For this raason, tho trua aoistara oontant will ba £ par cant lass than the Taluas of M (axoapt soro) «sad in this analysis* Aasuaption S is not quita as good as astnaption t« bat battar infomation on latant haat of vaporisation of Tolatila produeta should aaka it as good as assunption 2* Thors is oonaidarablo Tarlation in tho boiling tnaporaturas of volatilo prodnots of wood« and thair latont haata of vaporisation rsnga fro« about 70 oal/g for turpontine to «ors than 200 oal/g for so«o of tha alcohols« Howarar, for nost of tha produots those valuas araraga about 100 ealorios per grnu Assunp> tion 4 is not vary good aran for thin fuols booausa of thair low tharml oonduotivity« lorortholoss, thora aro oonponsating factors which nake it oonsldorably batter then tha tonperaturo gradients within even thin faols would indicate« For example, tha «can temperature of an irradiated leaf is auch loss sensitive to variation in thenal conductivity than is tho temperatu iiffcrcncc between the two surfaces* Also« transient ignition which a», occur on the hotter side of the loaf famishes a ■nail anount of heat which ooapensatas for the higher ate of heat lees in an irradiated leaf of low the mal conductivity* Aasuaption 4 is best for partially transparent fuels, like thin grass blades, because the penetration of radiation gives «ore uniform heating* Assunption 9 is undoubtedly good if the «san epecific heat over a given tanporatar« range is knouxu Because of the short effective life (about 8 eceondc) of the fireball, assunption 6 should ba a good approximation*

A*8 IHILIBIS

The aaount of heat required to bring a fuel sample of nass £▼(!•♦*) up to the ignition tanperature is

q - 6l{ct (V'o) + « K + M V'o)] ♦ Ar ♦ (!-') Co < V*ir)) (^D

whom.

Of ■ specific heat of oven dry fuel (0*80 oal/g dag C)

Cy ■ 1 ■ specific heat of water

C, - specific heat of oarbon (0*20 cal/g dag C)

f m 0*70 ■ fmotion of dry weight of fuel which will volatilise

1^ » latent heat of vaporisation of water (840 oal/g)

28

M

e

\

V

<f

Ihlt «quAt •ratw« of ponding on bo ooaoolia

lotont hoot of -ntporltotion of ToUtilo prodnoti (100 ool/s)

■olstoro oontont of fool oqprotiod a« a fraction of tho ovon dxy woifht

quantity of boat In oalorios

900° I ■ ignition tonporatnro

800° I ■ initial tonporatturo of futl and ««rroundingt

878° I ■ boiling t«ttparmtvu'o of water

828° I ■ boiling tamporatar« of Tolatilo prodaota

TOlWO

0*60 ■ doniity of oron dry faol

on giT»i th» not anoant of boat naeossaiy to raiao tho top» a faol sanplo fron T0 to tho ignition tonporaturo T^. Do- tho intonaity of radiation, tho aotaal anount of boat will groator oaring to loasoa fro« radiation and oonrootion«

Por that tiM in ahlob tho ftaol 1« not boiling off -wolatlk a, tho tbonal onorgy balanoo for a loaf of Aroa A, absorbing onoigy at rato I, la

Ä . fl-f^(T)jA dt

«horo (f (T) is a fonotion raprosonting rata of boat loss por anlt araa of ono aid* of tho thin faol of thioknoas / • If ono assanos infinit« hoival oondnotirLty, tho rato of boat gain.

dt dt

S'-: y bo writton aa

honaa

cfZcg - I- t^(T) dt

(A.2)

lha apooiflo boat C takss on difforont -walnos in tho intorvala 1, - T09

*r - V •»* Ti - V

Bio fane t ion ^(l) la

S9

^(1) - h (T - T0)8/i ♦ ö-^Ct* - I0

4)

«her« h (T - T0)6/4 it th« rat« of h«at loss asiadag tw Miraetira

only, 2/ „j ö'£(T4 - TQ* is th« rat« of h«at los • by radiation. Sino« th« absorbod irradiano« I is a funetion of tla«, «quation A,S oanaot b« int«grat«d dir«etly. HoiroTor, th« foaotion </(T) «an b« approxiaatad olosoly by a 8«ri«e of straight lin« ssgmsnt«, th« equation of any en» of «hloh is

(fit) - li T - K,

«h«r« Kj and I2 arc «onstants representing «l«p« and int«ro«pt of straight line« tangent to heat loss enrr««

Han««« along any on« s«gmntt eqnation k»t nay be «xpr«ss«d a«

f/C .g - I - (Ij T - I£) ox

or as

g -i- aT - bl + « (A.S)

«her«

a • _ ?■ , b ■ }. . and e ■ _ ?

1 «olntion of «qnation A*S is

T - ¥«-»*[P(t) - F(t0)] ♦ 1 [l - «-*(*"*•) J ♦ T0«-*(t"t«>) (1,4)

iih«r«

F(t) - F(t0) - / «•* Idt *;

2/ Boelter, L.M.X., Cheny, T.H., and Johnson, H.A. Heat Transfar I«t«». UniTersity of California Syllabus Series (2nd ed.). Berkeley, 1941.

SO

At tfa« bsglnnlag of any jftfta litnklSht-liA« ■•ga«nt on th« hoftt- loia ourro, t ■ t0 and I - ^. At tfa« «nd of th« ■•gaont, t ■ t and T ■ T* For a nalghboring ••gment th« valnai of a and o will ohang«, ■inoa thay dapand on K^ and 12« For raloas of T batman 800° X and 878° K, th« funotlon ^(T) oan^M approxlaatad by a «iagla straight- llaa ««gnaut, and «olvtiom oan ba raadily found fro» aquation A« 4« Thi« approxlaation aay b« na«d for ooaputlng th« diitan«« fresa ground taro that graan follaga would ba killad» Iben T is larg«, t«T«ral straigfat-lin« ssgasnts must b« ussd» and oomputations by naans of «qua* tion A«4 baocn« quit« laborious»

Xba assuaption of infinit« thormal conduotirity rostriots th« aboTa analysis to a ranga of fuel wajghts from about 0*008 g/sq om of frontal surfae« araa to 0*010 g/sq om* Iran in this rsstriotad rang«» an ap- praeiabl« taoparatur« dlffsrono« will «xist batw««ii tfa« two surfao«« of a flat fual saapla* TO datamlna this t«ap«ratura at any glran tia«, as wall as tfa« toBporatur« at any point within th« fual layar, it is n«o«ssaiy to so ITS the unl-dir«otlonal haat flow aquation»

whora K is tfaa thansal oonduotiTity* Th« boundary conditions arst

I i^l) - I - (fit) at X - o (A.t)

and

I (^|) - ^(T) at X -^ (A.7)

Iha initial «onditiens arat

I ■ I. whan t ^ a «

li -. «han t ■ o

■y- --n "r vl*'

Solutions of oquatlon A. 6 oould bo obtainod by tho «so of dlffop- •DOO oquations« Tho problom la ooa^lloatod »aowhat by distillation of wator «ad rolatllo products and tho rosultant obaago in <f , 0# and K* Ihoso ohangoa «111 not ooonr slaultanoously throughout ths fuol laysr but will start first on tho Irradiatod aid« and prograss through tha fuol layor.

in altoraato aothod uhleh nay bo doaorlbod aa tho roolproolty aothod la auOh a]jq>lor to uso. It should bo «aphasltod« howoror, that tho roolproolty ooneopt la valid only for fuola «hloh aonfom to tho Inflnlto 1iion«l oonduotAvlty ooneopt*

52

DISTRIBUTION

ABMI ACTIVITIES

Copy No.

Aset. Chief of Staff, G-l, Department of the Arny, Washington 25, D. 0. 1

Aset. Chief of Staff, G-2, Department of the Anqy, Washington 25, D. C. 2

Asst. Chief of Staff, G-3, Department of the Army, Washington 25, D. C. 3-6

Asst. Chief of Staff, G-^, Department of the Army, Washington 25, D. C. 7- 11

Chief of Ordnance, Department of the Pinny, Washington 25, D. C. 12- Ik Chief Chemical Officer, Temp. Bldg. T-7, Room G-522, Gravelly

Point, Va. I5- 18 Chief of Engineers, Temp. Bldg. T-7, Room G-U25, Gravelly

Point, Va. 19- 21 The Quartermaster General, Second and T Sts. SW, Room 1139A,

Washington 25, D. C. 22- 26 Chief of Transportation, Temp. Bldg, T-7, Room G-816, Gravelly

Point, Va. 27- 28 Chief Signal Officer, Department of the Army, Washington

25, D. C. 29- 31 The Surgeon General, Main Navy Bldg., Room I65I, Washington

25, D. C. 32- 3^ Provost Marshal General, Main Navy Bldg., Room IO65, Washington

25, D. C. 35-37 Chief, Army Field Forces, Fort Monroe, Va. 38- kl President, Army Field Forces Board No. 1, Fort Bragg, N. C. k2 President, Amy Field Forces Board No. 2, Fort Knoi, Ky. k3 President, Army Field Forces Board No. 3, Fort Benning, Ga. kk President, Army Field Forces Board No. k, Fort Bliss, Tex. 45 Commandant, The Infantry School, Fort Benning, Ga. 46- 47 Commandant, The Armored School, Fort Knox, Ky. k&- 49 President, The Artilleiy School Board, Fort Sill, Okla. 50- 51 Commandant, The AA&GM Branch, The Artilleiy School, Fort Bliss,

Tex. 52- 53 Commandant, Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa. 54- 55 Commandant, Command and General Staff College, Fort Leaven-

worth, Kans. 56- 57 Commandant, Anny General School, Fort Riley, Kans. 58

33

DISTRIBUTION (Continued)

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Commanding General, First Army, Governor's Island, New York U, N. Y. 59- 60

Commanding General, Second Army> Fort George G. Meade, Md. 6l- 62 Commanding General, Third Army, Fort McPherson, Ga. 63- 64 Commanding General, Fourth Army, Fort Sam Houston, Tex. 65- 66 Commanding General, Fifth Army, I66O E. Hyde Park Blvd.,

Chicago 15, 111. 67- 60 Commanding General, Sixth Army, Presidio of San Francisco,

Calif. 69- 70 Commander-in-Chief, European Command, APO 403, c/o Postmaster,

New York, N. Y. 71-72 Commander-ln-Chief, Far East, APO 500, c/o Postmaster, San

Francisco, Calif. 73- 7^ Commanding General, U. S. Army, Pacific, APO 958, c/o Post-

master, San Francisco, Calif. 75" 76 Commanding General, U. S. Army, Caribbean, APO 834, c/o Post-

master, New Orleans, La. 77- 78 Commanding General, U. S. Army, Alaska, APO 942, c/o Post-

master, Seattle, Wash. 79- 80 Director, Operations Research Office, 6410 Connecticut Ave.,

Chevy Chase, Md. 8l- 83 Commanding Officer, Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen

Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Md. 84- 85 Commanding Officer, Engineer Research and Development Labora-

tory, Fort Belvolr, Va. 86- 87 Commanding Officer, Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, Fort

Monmouth, N. J. 88-89 Commanding Officer, Evans Signal Laboratory, Belmar, N. J. 90- 91 Commanding General, Army Chemical Center, Md. ATTN: Chemical

and Radiological Laboratory 92- 93

NAVY ACTIVITIES

Chief of Naval Operations, Department of the Navy, Washington 25, D. C. ATTN: Op-36 94- 95

Chief, Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy, Washington 25, D. C. 96- 99

Chief, Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy, Washington 25, D. C. 100

Chief, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Department of the Navy, Washington 25, D. C. 101-102

Chief, Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy, Wash- ington 25, D. C. 103-104

Chief, Bureau of Supplies and Accounts, Department of the Navy, Washington 25, D. C. 105-106

Chief, Bureau of Yards and Docks, Department of the Navy, Washington 25, D. C. 107-109

34

DISTRIBUTION (Continued)

Copy No.

Chief of Naval Personnel, Department of the Navy, Washington 25, D. C. no

Commandant of the Marine Corps, Washington 25, D. C. 111-113 Commander-in-Chief, U. S, Pacific Fleet, Fleet Post Office,

San Francisco, Calif. 11^1 Commander-in-Chief, ö. S. Atlantic Fleet, Fleet Post Office,

New York, N. Y. 115 President, U. S. Naval War Collego, Newport, B. I. 116 Commandant, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, Va. 117-118 Chief of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, Washington

25, D. C. 119-120 Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Silver Spring 19,

Md. 121 Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Silver Spring 19,

Md. ATTN: Aliex 122 Director, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington 25, D. C. 123 Commanding Officer and Director, U. S. Naval Electronics

Laboratory, San Diego 52, Calif, 12k Commanding Officer, U. S. Naval Radiological Defense Labora-

toiy, San Francisco 2k, Calif. 125-128 Commanding Officer and Director, David Taylor Model Basin,

Washington 7, D. C, 129 Commander, Naval Material Laboratory', New York Naval Shipyard,

Naval Base, New York 1, N. Y. 130 Officer-in-Charge, U. S. Naval Civil Engineering Research and

Evaluation laboratory, U. S. Naval Construction Battalion Center, Port Hueneme, Calif. 131-132

Commanding Officer, Q. S. Naval Medical Research Institute, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda Ik, Md. 133

Commander, J. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Inyokern, China Lake, Calif. 13^

AIR FORCE ACTIVITIES

Assistant for Atomic Energy, Headquarters, United States Air Force, Washington 25, D. C. 135-136

Director of Operations, Headquarters, United States Air Force, Washington 25, D. C. ATTN: Operations Analysis Division I37-I38

Director of Plans, Headquarters, United States Air Force, Washington 25, D. C. ATTN: AF0PD-P1 139

Director of Requirements, Headquarters, United States Air Force, Washington 25, D. C. 140

Director of Research and Development, Headquarters, United States Air Force, Washington 25, D. C. 141-1^2

Director of Intelligence, Headquarters, United States Air Force, Washington 25, D. C. ATTN: Phys. Vul. Branch, Air Targets Division 143-144

35

DISTRIBUTION (Continued)

Copy No.

Director of Inatallations, Headquartere, United States Air Force, Washington 25, D. C. 1^5

Asst. for Development Planning, Headquarters, United States Air Force, Washington 25, D. C. 1^6

Asst. for Materiel Program Control, Headquarters, United States Air Force, Washington 25, D. C. lU?

The Surgeon General, Headquarters, United States Air Force, Washington 25, D. C. 1U8

Commanding General, Strategic Air Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebr. 1U9-151

Commanding General, Air Research and Development Command, P.O. Box 1395> Baltimore 3, Md. 152-161

Commanding General, Air Materiel Command, Wrifht-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 162-163

Commanding General, Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio. ATTN: Air Installations Division 164-165

Commanding General, Tactical Air Command, Langley Air Force Base, Va. 166-166

Commanding General, Air Defense Command, Ent Air Force'Base, Colo. 169-171

Comnanding General, Air Proving Ground, Eglin Air Force Base, Fla. 172-173

Commanding General, Air Training Command, Scott Air Force Base, Belleville, 111. 174-176

Commanding General, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, Ala. 177-179

Commanding General, Special Weapons Center, Kirtland Air Force Base, N. Mex. 180-102

Commanding General, 1009th Special Weapons Squadron, 1712 G St. NW, Washington 25, D. C. 103

Commanding General, Wright Air Development Center, Wright- Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 184-187

Commanding General, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, 230 Albany St., Cambridge 39, Mass. 188-189

Commanding General, U. S. Air Forces in Europe, APO 633> c/o Postmaster, New York, N. Y. 190-191

Commanding General, Far East Air Forces, APO 925, c/o Post- master, San Francisco, Calif. 192-193

Commanding General, Air Force Missile Center, Patrick Air Force Base, Cocoa, Fla. 194

Commandant, USAF School of Aviation Medicine, Randolph Air Force Base, Randolph Field, Tex. 195

Asst. to the Special Asst., Chief of Staff, united States Air Force, Washington 25, D. C. ATTN: David T. Grigge 196

The RAND Corporation, 1500 Fourth St., Santa Monica, Calif. 197-198

36

UNCLASSIRED DISTRIBUTION (Continued)

AFSWP ACTIVITIES Copy No.

Chief, Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, P.O. Box 2610, Washington 13, D. C. 199-207

Commanding General, Field Command, Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, P.O. Box 5100, Albuquerque, N. Mex. 208-210

Commanding Officer, Test Command, Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, P.O. Box 5600, Albuquerque, N. Mex. 211-213

OTHER ACTIVITIES

Chairman, Research and Development Board, Department of De- fense, Washington 25, D. C. 21k

Director, Weapons System Evaluations Group, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Washington 25, D. C. 215

Executive Director, Committee on Atomic Energy, Research and Development Board, Department of Defense, Washington 25, D. C. ATTN: David Beckler 216

Executive Director, Committee on Medical Sciences, Research and Development Board, Department of Defense, Washington 25, D. C. 217

U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Classified Document Room, 1901 Constitution Ave., Washington 25, D. C. ATTN: Mrs. J. M. O'Leary 218-220

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Report Library, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, N, Mex. ATTN: Helen Challenger 221-223

Sandla Corporation, Classified Document Division, Sandla Base, Albuquerque, N. Mex. ATTN: Wynne K. Cox 224-243

National Bureau of Standards, 3715 Industrial Bldg.» Tiashincton 25, D. 0. ATTII: A. F. Robertson 2*'.J,

Director, Forest Products Laboratory, North ./alnnt St., "iiclison 5, Wis. ATTN: II. D. Brucs ^ 2l5~7j£

California Forest SbcDGrimental Station, U. 3. Forest Gorvice, P.O. Box 245, Berkeley, Calif. ATTII: Keith Arnold 247-24C

Chief, Research Division, Room 3214 South Lidc,, ,J« 3» Depart- ment of Agriculture, l/ashington 25, D. C. ATTII: A. A. Brosm" 249-250

Massachusetts Inctituto of TechnoloEy, Gaihrid^e, Ihcs, ATT": H. C. Hottel 251

Weanon Test Reports Grouo, TE 252 Surplus in TISOR for DIIA 253-302 Surplus in TBQR for AFSWP 303-352

37

ABC, Oak Rldg«, Tm., A2t013

UNCLASSIFIED