buv [iuwv vdewvdxyp]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
��� ��� ������ ������������������������������! "�$#%��&� '�(�)�*����+�&,��+������! %�-�����#��/.0�������"�*����������#��12�$�����3���)�����4&5�$���6����#879��&� �:;&<�����>=?�@+A����B��#������� �&C��&5�������
D5EGFIHKJ6ELH�MONQPRHS�PRT�FIUWVYX8PZH*V�[]\�^�PR[(_W`RELPRH�`ZPR_RacbKVdF]VdPfe?H�ELgIPRUY_WELVihj[]\lk?PZmonp[(UWqjF]VAbKVY[(Hrhts@UW[u[(q
buv�[IUWV�VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p���l�p�����8�$��}������@�"�!�'�"{2�@�$�/�����l�5��������{�p�$�"��{(�$�!�c�����I���
�@�r���*�i�"�]�6��� �r¡
![Page 2: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
¢
£¥¤/¦Z§ ¨�©�ªI§r« ¬ Ho�®|vrhK¯�UYEL°!X8P±Vdv�[K°²Ey_³°�PZgIPRxy[ITcPZ°!\´[(Uµ`�FIxL`R¶�xyF]VdELH�M·_WhKHrVdv�P±VdEy`_YPZEy_WX8[(MIUdFIX³_�EyHrg([(xwgKEyH�M¸Vim"[]¹i°�ELX8PZH�_YEL[(H�FIx5xL[u`RFIxyELºRPZ°»v6PZVdPZUY[(MIPRH�PZ[(¶�_�_%VdUY¶6`ZVd¶6UYPR_Z¼�½�v�P2vrhK¯�UYEL°X³PZVdv6[u°8Ey_pF¾`Z[(XO¯�ELH�F]VdEL[(H³[I\5FIH�FIxLh*VdEL`?FIH�°¥H*¶�X³PRUWEy`�F]x�X8P±Vdv�[K°�_Ra*m�ELVYv8VYv�PH*¶�X³PRUWEy`�F]x¿X³PZVYv�[K°À´Á H�ELVYP8°�EwÂ,PZUYPZH�`RP�þFIT�T6xyEyPZ°QELHQVYv�PÄv�P±VdPZUY[(M(PZH�PR[I¶�_OUYPZM(Ey[IHQ[(H6xLhÅFIH�°0FIH�FIxwhKVYEy`RFIx�X8P±Vdv�[K°�_[(¶6VY_YEL°�PI¼�^�PRH6PRUdF]xyEyºZPR°»UdF�hjVdv6PR[(U%ht_Y[(xL¶6VdEL[(H�_�\´UY[(XÆF8_YPZEy_WX8EL`f_W[(¶�UW`RP¾FIUYPf¶�_YPZ°ÇVd[³EyH6ELVdEyF]VdPAVdv�PÁ H�EwVdP¾°�ELÂcPRUWPRH�`ZPO`�FIxL`R¶�xyF]VdEL[(H�a¿FIH�°È_WPREL_YX³Ey`fUYPR_WTc[IH�_YPZ_;F]V�Vdv6POÉ�FIUWVYv�ÊË_�_Y¶�U%\ÌFI`RPµF]UYP2[I¯6VÍFIELH�PR°\´UY[IX|Vdv6P Á H�ELVYP±¹i°6ELÂcPRUYPZH�`RP;[(¶uVdT�¶6V?¯rhtFIT6T�xLhKEyH6MOVdv�PfÎ�EyUW`Ív�v�[IÂÏVYv�PR[IUWh(¼�NQPfFIT�T�xwh¥Vdv�P;vrhK¯�UYEL°X³PZVdv6[u°ÇFIH�°Ç_%Vd¶�°uhQ�®Ðm�F�gIPOT�UY[IT�FIMrF]VYEy[(H»H�PRFIU?VYv�P2¯¿[IVWVd[(XÑ[I\3Vdv�P¾XÄFIHrVYxyPI¼?Ò\�T�FIUWVYEy`R¶6xGFIUPRX³T�v�F]_YPR_�FIUYP;Vdv�P¾_Yv�PRFIUgIPRxy[K`REwViht_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_;FIH�°9Vdv�P¾EyHrVdPZUdFI`±VdEy[IH9[I\@�®om@F�g(PR_�m�EwVdv»Vdv�PZ_YPg(PZxy[K`REwVihÈ_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_OFÓVfVYv�P³¯�FI_YP³[I\"Vdv�P³XÄF]H*VYxyP¸¯¿PRH�PRF]VdvÅVdv�P³`RPZHrVdUdF]x"Ô/FI`RE Á `8FIH�°Õbu[(¶6VYv¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`�[u`ZP�FIH�_Z¼�½�v�Pf[(¯�_WPRUWgIPR°0�®�m@F�g(PR__dFIX³T�xyELH�MOVdv6PR_YPfVim@[8UYPZM(Ey[(H6_?[]\3Vdv6P¾`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxyP¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh·_Yv6[�m×gIPRU%hQ°6ELÂcPRUYPZHrV2`Ív�F]UdFI`±VdPRUWEy_%VdEy`Z_2F]`RUY[I_Y_;Vdv�P³PRT�EL`RPZH*VYUdFIx�°�EL_WVdFIH�`RP³UdF]H�M(P³[I\Ø(ÙIÚ ¹ÍÛ Ü ØIÚ ¼�½�v6P³�®�m@F�g(PR_?_dF]X8T�xLEyH�MOVYv�P;`R[(UWP±¹'XÄFIHrVYxyP�¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUWhj¯¿PRH6P�F]VYv»VYv�P;`RPRHrVYUdFIx$Ô3F]`RE Á `_Yv6[�m!F�xyEyH6P�FIUWxLh¾EyH�`ZUYP�F]_YEyH6M�°�PRxyF hO[I\,Ý;_WPR`R[IH�°�_�\´UY[(X1Þ Ø Ú Vd[µÛ Ü Ø Ú aKFIH6°³°6Ey_Y`ZPRUWH�Ey¯�xLP��ßÖ2T6v�FI_YPZ_¶�TÈVd[tF]HÈPRT�EL`RPRHrVYUdFIxl°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZPO[I\?Û Ü ¢]Ú ¼;½�v�Pj�®àm@F gIPR_fT�UY[IT�FIMrF]VYEyH�M8Vdv�UW[(¶�M(vÏVYv�P¸¯�FI_WP¸[I\Vdv6P³X8FIHrVdxLP¸¯cPZH�P�FÓVdvQVYv�PÄbu[(¶6VYv ¬ VYxGFIHrVdEL`¸[u`ZP�FIH,a/[(H·Vdv6P³[]Vdv�PZUfv�FIH�°�a$P±Juv�EL¯�ELV¾FjxyELH�P�FIUWxLhEyH6`RUYPRFI_YELH�M¥°�PZxGF�hÏ[]\�Û Ü¥_YPZ`R[(H�°6_;\´UW[(XáÞ ØIÚ VY[ÈÛ Ü ØIÚ a�°�EL_Y`RPZUYH�EL¯�xyP¾XO¶�xwVdEyT6xyPµ�ßÖtT�v�FI_WPR_�m�ELVYvF8_YFIX³P2_YxL[ m�H�PR_W_�FI_AVYv�P2°6EyUYPZ`ZV¾�®om@F�g(PR_�¶6TÇVd[9Û Ü ØIÚ a,FIH6°ÏUdFIT6Ey°9g]FIUWEGF]VYEy[(H6_?[]\lm�F�gIPZ\´[(UWX8_FI`ZUY[(_W_�_YX8FIxyx5PZT�Ey`ZPRHrVdUYFIx3°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZPR_R¼�bKhKHrVdv�P±VdEy`¾VdPR_%Vd_�ELH�°�EL`�F]VYPfVYv�F]V�a¿m�v�EyxLPfVYv�P2[I¯�_YPZUWg]F]VdEL[(H�__dF]X8T�xLEyH�MµVdv6PO`RPZH*VYUdFIxlÔ3FI`ZE Á `O`RFIHϯ¿POP±JuT�xyFIEyH6PR°Ï¯rhÈF8H�PRMrFÓVdELgIPO_Yv6P�FIUgIPRxL[u`ZELVih»M(UdF]°�EyPZH*V[I\Ùrâ À UYPZxGF]VYELg(P�VY[ÄÔ�ã?É"äÇÃ?F]V�VYv�P¾¯¿[IVWVd[(X Ù Ü(ܸqKXÑ[]\3Vdv6P¾X8FIHrVdxLPIa6VYv�[(_YPf_dF]X8T�xLEyH�M¸VYv�P¾bu[(¶6VYv¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`O[u`ZP�FIHÈUWPRå*¶�ELUYPµF Ù Ü(Ü¥q*X-VYv�Ey`Íq9¯c[]VYVd[IX-¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUWhÇxGF�h(PZU�m�ELVdvÅF¥xyFIUYM(PZUH�PZMrF]VYELg(Pg(PZxy[K`REwVih¥M(UYFI°�EyPZHrV À ¶�TjVd[tÛ Ü â Ã�F]H�°t_WVdPZPRT�xwhj°�ELT�T�EyH6M¸PR°�M(PZ_R¼p½�v�P;H�PRM(F]VdEwg(P�g(PZxy[K`REwVih¥M(UYFI°�EyPZHrVF]V"Vdv�P�¯�FI_YP�[]\�XÄFIHrVYxyP?¯cPZH�P�F]VYv¥Vdv�P�bu[(¶6VYv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEy`?[K`RP�F]Hj`�FIH¥¯¿P�¯¿PR_%V�P±JuT�xyFIEyH�PZ°¥¯rhÄT�FIUWVYEGFIxX³PRxLV;°6UYELgIPRHQ¯*hÅFt`R[IX8T¿[(_YEwVdEL[(H�FIx/`Ív�FIH�M(P³T�UW[u°�¶6`RPR°QEyHÈVdv6P8PRFIUYxwh·É�FIUWVYv�Êæ_fv�EL_WVd[IUWh·FIH6°ÕFg(PZUWVYEy`�F]x/Vdv6PRUYX8FIx$M(UdF]°�EyPZH*VAm�ELVYv�EyH»Vdv�POxyF�h(PRUZacm�v�ELxyPfVdv�F]V¯cPZH�P�FÓVdvÏVdv6PO`RPZH*VYUdFIx3Ô3FI`ZE Á `2XÄF�hUYPRFI_Y[IH�FI¯�xwhj¯cP;FÓVYVdUWEy¯�¶uVdPR°jVY[8T�¶6UYP�Vdv�PZUYX8FIx�P±Â,PZ`ZVd_�m�ELVYv�EyHtF¸Vdv6PRUYX8FIx�¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWh¥xGF�h(PZUR¼
![Page 3: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ù
çpèÅé �@�6���?�;+�&,�� ��@�
½�v�P8`R[(UWP±¹iX8FIHrVdxLP¸¯c[I¶�H�°�FIU%h·UYPZM(Ey[(HÅT�xyF hK_¾Ft\´¶6H�°�FIX³PRHrVÍF]x�UY[(xLP³ELHQX8FIHrVdxLPµFIH�°Q`R[(UWP°6hKH�FIX³Ey`Z_³êë_WPRPjì�íIîÈï±ðíIñwòyalÛ ÞIÞ Ø ac\´[IU;FtUWPZgKEyP±m�ó�¼µô'V;EL_�H�[ m1m�Ey°6PRxLhÇUYPZ`R[(M(H6EyºRPZ°ÅVYv�F]V�VYv�PRUWPP±JuEL_WVAH�[IVA[(H�xLhtxyFIUYMIP;g]FIUWEGF]VYEy[(H6_�[I\�_YPZEy_WX8EL`;gIPRxL[u`ZELVdELPR_?¯�¶6VFIxy_W[8UYFIT�EL°9VdUYFIH�_WELVdEL[(H�_�[I\3_YPREL_YX³Ey`_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_fEyHÈVdv�F]VfUYPRMIEy[(H�¼¸äÇFIHrh·_YPZEy_YX³Ey`¸_%Vd¶�°6EyPR_;ELH�°�Ey`RF]VdP¾Vdv�F]V;VYv�PµXÄFIMIH�ELVY¶�°�PR_�[]\"VYv�P_YPZEy_WX8EL`�g(PRxL[u`ZELVihOg]FIUWEGF]VYEy[(H6_lXÄF�h¸PÖJu`RPRPZ°ÏÛ Ü â \´[(U�õÈm@F gIPR_@FIH�°³TcPZUYv�FIT6_ Ù Ü â \´[(U�_Yv6P�FIU�m�F�gIPR_H�PRFIU?VYv�P2`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxLP�¯c[(¶6H�°�FIU%h0êöPI¼ËM�¼wap÷�íIø±ù,ï±ødútï±ð�íIñwòya�Û ÞIÞ Ù6û,ü úÓø±ý"íIù¿þ8®fï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±øKa5Û Þ(Þ�� û��ï��Iï±ù¿í����ÈíIù¿þ ü ï±îrï±øua/Û Þ(Þ� û�� ýÌþríIñyï³íIù¿þÄ®¾ïYþ6ñ ý ù$alÛ Þ(Þ Ø6û�� ï±ù íIù¿þÄ®fï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±øKa3Û�Þ(Þ Ø ¯6ó ¼bu[(X³P?_YPREL_YX³Ey`�[(¯�_WPRU%gIFÓVdEy[IH�_�FIxL_Y[fUYPZåK¶6EyUYP?Vim@[Ó¹l[(U�Vdv6UYPRPÖ¹i°�ELX8PZH�_YEL[(H�FIx�_WPREL_YX³Ey`�_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_;êöPI¼ËM�¼wa� ï±ù²íIù¿þ»®¾ï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±øKa�Û Þ(Þ Ø6û�� ï±ù�ï±ð�íIñwòya ¢ Ü(Ü6ÛRó ¼µN�v�EyxLP³[I¶�UfFI¯�EyxLELVih»Vd[9`R[(H�_%VdUYFIEyHůc[]VdvVdv6P³MIPR[(X³PZVYUWhÈF]H�°ÈVdv�PµX8FIM(H�EwVd¶�°�P2[I\@_WPREL_YX³Ey`¸_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_;m�EyxLx3¯�UWEyH�Mj_WEyM(H�E Á `�F]H*V;T6UY[(M(UWPR_W_EyHŶ�H�°6PRUY_%VÍFIH6°�EyH�M9Vdv�P8[(UYELM(EyH·[I\"Vdv�[(_WPÄ_WPREy_WX8EL`³FIH�[(X8FIxyELPR_³êöPI¼ËM�¼wa � ï±ù!ï±ð�íIñwòya ¢ Ü(Ü6ÛZó�a�Vdv�PP±JuEL_WVdPZH�`RP¾[I\$Vdv�UWPRPf°�EyX³PRH�_WEy[(H�FIx�_YPZEy_WX8EL`�_WVdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYPZ_�FIH6°»VYv�PRELU�xGFIUWM(P;FIH�°»UdFIT6Ey°tgIF]UYEGFÓVdEy[IH�_�[I\_YPZEy_WX8EL`¾T�UW[(T¿PRUWVYEyPZ_FIxL_Y[8Tc[(_WP¾_WEyM(H6E Á `RFIHrV`Ív�F]xyxyPZH�M(PZ_AVd[8[(¶�U?X8[K°�PZxyEyH6M³P±Â,[IUWVd_Za,F]_AVdUYFI°�PÖ¹i[IÂc_P±JuEL_WV;FIX³[(H�M8M(PR[IX8P±VdUWhIa�X8FIM(H�EwVd¶�°�P]a,F]H�°ÏVdv�P2°�PZVdFIEyxLPR°Ç°6Ey_WVYUYEL¯�¶6VdEL[(HÇ[]\�_YPREL_YX³Ey`2FIH�[(X8FIxyELPR_Z¼½�v�PZUYPfEy_�FIHt[(¯rgKEy[(¶6_?°6PRX8FIH�°j\´[(U�H�P±moVdPZ`Ív�H�ELåK¶6PR_?`�FIT�F]¯�xyP;[I\/`�FIxL`R¶�xyF]VdELH�MO_WPREy_WX8EL`�UYPZ_YT¿[(H�_WPR_Vdv6UY[(¶�MIvÏVdv�P¸_%VdUY[IH�M(xLh9v�P±VdPRUW[(M(PZH�PR[(¶6_�UYPRMIEy[(H�_EyHÏVdv6PO°�PRPZT·XÄFIHrVYxyPIa�FI_m"PRxyx3FI_�_WhK_%VdPRX8F]VYEy`_WVY¶�°�ELPR_�[I\/EyHrVdPZUdFI`±VdEy[IH»[]\3_WPREy_WX8EL`�m�F�gIPR_Am�EwVdvjVdv6PR_YPfUdF]T�Ey°�xwh8g]FIU%hKEyH�Mµ_YPZEy_WX8EL`�_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_R¼
NQPAv�F�gIPA°�P±g(PZxy[(T¿PR°ÄF;Vim"[]¹i°6EyX³PRH�_WEy[(H�F]xcõ��' � v*hK¯�UWEy°³X8P±Vdv�[K°µ\´[(U�`�FIxL`R¶�xyF]VdELH�M�_WhKHrVdv6PZVdEL`_YPZEy_WX8[(MIUdFIX³_\´[(U�_WPREy_WX8EL`2m@F gIPR_fT�UY[IT�FIMrF]VYEyH�M¥VYv�UY[I¶�M(v·xy[K`�FIxLEyºZPR°Ïv�P±VdPZUY[(M(PZH�PR[I¶�_¾X³PR°6Ey¶�XF]V�xyFIUYMIP2°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RPZ_³ê � ï±ù íIù¿þÄ®¾ï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±øKa3Û ÞIÞ Ø ó ¼��?hK¯�UYEL°ÈX8P±Vdv�[K°�_�F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯�ELH�F]VdEL[(H�_A[I\H*¶�X³PRUYEL`�FIx�F]H�°ÏFIH�FIxLh*VdEL`�X8P±Vdv�[K°�_Za�m�EwVdv9HK¶6X8PZUYEy`RFIx5X³PZVdv6[u°�_AFIT�T6xyEyPZ°tEyHtVdv�Pfv�PZVYPRUW[(M(PRH6PR[(¶�_UYPZM(Ey[IHÏ[(H�xwh(¼;½�v�P¥õ��' � vrhK¯�UYEL°ÅX³PZVYv�[K°Ïv�FI_�¯¿PRPZHQF]T�T�xyELPR°ÇVY[j_WVY¶�°6hÏX8FIHrhÏ_WPREL_YX³[(xy[(MIEy`�F]xT�UW[(¯�xyPZX8_Za�_Y¶�`ÍvÏFI_�Vdv�Pf°�ELÂcUdF]`ZVdPZ°9¯¿PRv�F gKEL[(UA[]\@��;��'�õ�þ��;ÄT6v�FI_YPZ_¸ê � ï±ùÅíIù¿þ³®fï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±øuaÛ Þ(Þ Ø6û ®fï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±ø?ï±ð/íIñwòyaKÛ Þ(Þ Ø a ¢ ÜIÜ(Ü]ó a]Vdv6P�T�UYPZ`R¶�UW_Y[(UW_lVd[¾õ���õÇT�v�FI_WPR_?ê � ï±ù¥íIù¿þ�®fï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±øuaÛ Þ(Þ Ø ¯ û�� ï±ù/a ¢ ÜIÜ(Ü û�� ý ÈíIù¿þ � ï±ù$a ¢ Ü(Ü6ÛRó a�FIH�°tVdv6P¾_WPREy_WX8EL`�_Y`RF]VYVYPRUYELH�M³EyHjVdv�PfÉ�FIU%Vdv�ÊË_AELH�H�PZU`R[IUYPÄê � ï±ùQíIù¿þ � ý �a ¢ Ü(ÜuÛRó�¼pNÕP;\´[K`R¶�_?v�PRUWP¾[IH9Vdv6P¾°�P±g(PZxy[(T�X³PRHrV[I\�FIH·�®Ðvrhu¯6UYEy°9X8P±Vdv�[K°
![Page 4: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ý
FIH�°ÅFj_WVY¶�°6h·[I\pELH*VYPRUYFI`ZVYEy[(HÈ[I\?�®<m@F�g(PR_fm�ELVYvÅ_WPREL_YX³Ey`O_%VdUY¶6`ZVd¶6UYPR_fH�PRFIU�Vdv�Pµ`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxyP¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh(acm�ELVdvÏF¥T�FIUWVYEy`Z¶�xGFIU?PRX³T�v�F]_YEy_A[(HÏVdv6[(_YP¸¯¿PRH�PRF]VdvÏVYv�PO`ZPRHrVdUYFIx�Ô3F]`RE Á `¸FIH�°Åbu[I¶6Vdv¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`¾[K`RPRFIH�_R¼?NÕP¾T�UYPZ_YPZH*V�VYv�P¾VYv�PR[IUWh»[I\��®ov*hK¯�UWEy°ÏX³PZVYv�[K°ÇEyH9_YPZ`ZVdEL[(H ¢ a¿Vdv�P¾_YPZEy_YX³Ey`[(¯�_WPRU%gIFÓVdEy[IH�_�_dFIX³T�xyELH�MOVdv6P¾`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxyP�¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWh¥UYPRMIEy[(H»¯cPZH�P�FÓVdv9VYv�P;`RPZH*VYUdFIx$Ô/FI`RE Á `2F]H�°bu[(¶uVdv ¬ VYxGFIHrVdEL`A[K`RPRFIH�_�ELHÄ_WPR`ZVYEy[(H Ù a6F]H�°�auVYv�P_%Vd¶�°uhÄ[I\5VYv�PELHrVdPRUYFI`ZVYEy[(H8[I\5_WPREy_WX8EL`f�®�m�F�gIPR_m�ELVYv»g]FIUWEy[(¶6_?_WPREL_YX³Ey`;_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_�FÓVAVYv�P¾¯�FI_YPf[I\3VYv�PfXÄFIHrVYxyP;EyH»_YPZ`ZVdEL[(HÇÝ6¼"NQPfVYv�PRHÏPÖJuT�xy[(UWP_YPZEy_WX8EL`fX³[K°�PRxL_�FIT�T�UW[(T�UYEyF]VdP�\´[(U?P±JuT�xyFIEyH6EyH�MOVYv�P2_WPREy_WX8EL`;°�F]VÍFµ_dF]X8T�xLEyH�MOVYv�P2`ZPRHrVdUYFIx$Ô3FI`ZE Á `FIH�°Qbu[I¶6Vdv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEy`2[u`ZP�FIH�_;ELHÈ_YPR`±VdEL[(H!�ua�FIH�°ÅTc[I_Y_YEL¯�xyP2EyHrVdPZUYT�UWPZVÍFÓVdEy[IH�_�[I\�Vdv�PZ_YP³_YPZEy_YX³Ey`_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_?EyHt_YPZ`ZVYEy[(H#"6¼$�è � %Q.0�'&]�; %� �$���� ��"����##(*) +à���� ��-, ���������/.0�"�1� %�� W��01 �$���$����#% 325�$�54��5�6%0�����"���87�9t %�� i�6�;:o 3<2�����/��&5�872�����6=4 %��&¿������<%0�����p���
½�v�PA`R[(H�`ZPRT6V�[I\5vrhK¯�UYEL°¥X8P±Vdv�[K°ÄEL_pVYv�P?_dFIX³P�FI_pEyH � ï±ùÇíIù¿þ¾®¾ï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±ø8ê Û Þ(Þ Ø ó a*P±Ju`RPZT6VVdv�F]V¾�®�m@F�g(POT6UY[(T¿[(MrF]VYEy[(HtEL_?`Z[(H�_WEy°�PZUYPR°ÇEyHtVdv�PfT�UYPZ_YPZH*V�`�FI_WPI¼�½�v�Pµ�®�m�F�g(P2T�UY[(T�FIMrF]VYEy[(HT�UW[(¯�xyPZXÑEy_�EyxLxy¶�_%VdUYF]VdPZ°»ELH?>/EyM�¼�Û�F6a�m�v�PRUWP¾m"POFI_W_Y¶�X³PfVYv�P¾ÉpF]UWVdvA@�F]VWVdPRH6EyH�M8FIT�T�UW[�J6ELXÄFÓVdEy[IH�¼½�v�P¸v�P±VdPZUY[(M(PZH�PR[I¶�_¾UWPRM(EL[(HÏEL_�¯c[I¶�H�°�PZ°Q¯rhÈF¥¯¿[�Jca�m�v�PRUWP8F Á H�ELVYPO°�ELÂcPRUWPRH�`ZP¸VdPR`Ív6H�Eyå*¶�PµEy_FIT�T6xyEyPZ°�¼¥½�v�P8M(PRH6PRUdF]xyEyºZPR°QUdF�h·Vdv�PZ[(UWh À ^;ã3½?Ã�_Y[Ixy¶6VYEy[(H�_fFIUWPÄELH*VYPRU%\ÌFI`RPZ°Qm�ELVYvQVYv�P Á H6ELVdP°�EwÂ,PZUYPRH6`RP À >lS;Ã"`RFIxy`Z¶�xGFÓVdEy[IHjEyHjVdv�P;_Wv�FI°�PZ°ÇUYPZM(Ey[IH�_�EyH#>3EyM6¼,Û�¯�¼�½�v�P;m@F gIP Á PZxy°�_?FIUWP;[(¶6VdT6¶6V\´UY[IX-Vdv6P Á H6ELVdP¸°6ELÂcPRUYPZH�`RPµ`RFIxy`Z¶�xGF]VYEy[(HÈELHÈVdv�P¸Vd[ITÅ[]\@Vdv6P Á H�ELVYP±¹i°6ELÂcPRUYPZH�`RPµUWPRM(EL[(H�a�m�v�EL`ÍvFIUWP¾ELH�°�Ey`RF]VdPZ°Ç¯rh»[(T¿PRHÇVYUYEGF]H�M(xyPZ_R¼�½�v6P2_Y[Ixy¶6VYEy[(H�_?EyH»_Y[IxyEy°tVdUWEGFIH6M(xyPZ_AF]UYPf`�FIxL`R¶�xyF]VdPZ°Ç°�ELUYPR`±Vdxwh¯rh9VYv�P2MIPRH�PZUdFIxLEyºRPZ°ÏUdF�htVdv6PR[(U%h(a�_WEyH�`ZP¾Vdv6[(_YPOUWPRM(EL[(H�_FIUYP2F]Â,PZ`ZVYPR°ÈxyEwVYVYxyP�¯rh9VYv�P2T6UYPR_WPRH�`ZPµ[I\v�P±VdPRUW[(M(PZH�PREwVdEyPZ_R¼�½�v�P;_%huHrVYv�PZVYEy`R_?F]V�VYv�P�_Y¶6UW\ÌFI`ZP�[I\�Vdv�P;É�FIU%Vdv»FIUYP�[I¯6VÍFIELH�PR°j¯rh¥FIT�T�xwhuELH�MOVdv6PÎ�EyUW`Ív�v�[IÂQX8P±Vdv�[K°ÇVY[¥EyHrVdPZUW\ÌFI`ZP2Vdv6PO[(¶6VYT�¶6V�[]\�UYPR`ZPREwg(PRUW_ À VdUWEGFIH6M(xyPZ_AELHB>3ELM�¼�Û FrÃ�m�EwVdvÅ^;ã3½^�UYPRPZH�ÊË_;\´¶6H�`ZVYEy[(H�_Z¼2ôiHrVdPZUW\ÌFI`ZEyH�MI_�[I\�Vdv�PZ_YPµX8[]VdEy[IH�_�FIUWP¸°�Ey_W`R¶�_W_YPZ°QELHÈ_Y¶�¯�_WPR`±VdEy[IH�_ ¢ ¼LÛ³FIH6°¢ ¼ ¢ ¼
![Page 5: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
�C «ED�«GFIH�J�KMLON/PRQ¿§TS*¨�U�©�ª�V�QXW
½�v�P»_WVdFIM(M(PZUYPR°K¹iM(UWEy° _Y`Ív6PRX³P9EL_¸¶�_YPZ°~\´[(U Á H�ELVYP»°6ELÂcPRUYPZH�`RELH�MÈVdv�PÈ�®×m@F�g(P9PRå*¶�FÓ¹VdEL[(H�_¾ê � ý øÖý�ï�ZY$a�Û Þ Ø ÝIó�¼�>3ELH�ELVYP±¹i°6ELÂcPRUYPZH�`RP�MIUYEy°6_AF]UYP;EyxLxy¶�_%VdUdFÓVdPR°jELH?>/EyM�¼�ÛR¯�a�m�v�PRUWPfVdFIH�M(PZH*VYEGFIxg(PZxy[K`REwVdEyPZ_�FIUWPOEyH6°�Ey`RF]VdPZ°Ï¯rhÏ`RELUY`ZxyPR_Za5FIH�°È_Wv�P�F]U�_WVdUWPR_W_YPR_fFIUWPOUYPZT�UYPZ_YPZH*VYPR°Q¯*h9VdUWEGFIH�MIxyPR_AFIH�°_Yå*¶�F]UYPR_Z¼¥½�v�P Á H�ELVYPµ°�ELÂcPRUWPRH�`ZP8M(UWEy°�_;F]UYP³°�ELgKEy°6PR°ÅEyHrVd[jVdv6UYPRP³UYPZM(Ey[IH�_Ra�_YPZT�FIUYF]VdPZ°0¯rhÈVdv�P°�FI_Wv�PR°BxLEyH�PZ_OEyH[>/EyM�¼pÛ�¯�z À Û�Ã;Vd[IVdFIx�a3m�v6PRUYP¥VYv�P¥Vd[]VÍFIx�m�F�gIP Á PRxy°6_µFIUYP¥`RFIxy`Z¶�xGFÓVdPR° û VYv�Pv�P±VdPRUW[(M(PZH�PREwVihÈEy_�[(H6xLhÏT6UYPR_WPRHrV¾EyHÏVdv6Ey_�UYPZM(Ey[IH û À ¢ ÃAUWP\@�PZ`ZVYPR°�a$m�v�PRUWP³UWP\@�PZ`ZVYPR°Qm@F�g(P Á PRxL°�_FIUWPf`RFIxy`Z¶�xGFÓVdPR° û Vdv�P;UYP�@�PR`±VdPZ°Çm�F�gIPR_�FIUWP;°�P Á H6PR°ÈFI_�VYv�P¾UWP\@�PZ`ZVYEy[(H�_�\´UW[(X Vdv6P¾v�P±VdPZUY[(M(PZH�PR[I¶�_UYPZM(Ey[IH À E ¼æP]¼La�PZH�PRUWMIhÏT6UY[(T�F]MrF]VdELH�MĶ6T*m@FIUW°�Ã�°�¶�P2VY[¥Vdv�P¸ELH�`REL°�PRHrVm@F�g(P û FIH6° À Ù ÃA_W`�F]VWVdPZUYPR°,am�v�PZUYP¥_W`�F]VWVdPRUWPR°Õm@F�g(P Á PZxy°�_2FIUYP³`�F]xy`R¶6xGF]VYPR° û _W`�F]VWVdPZUYPR°0m@F�g(P Á PRxy°6_OFIUWP8°�P Á H�PZ°BFI_¾VYv�P_Y`RF]VYVYPRUWEyH�M³°�¶�P�Vd[µVdv6PfT6UYPR_WPRH�`ZP2[I\/Vdv�P;v�P±VdPZUY[(M(PZH�PREwVdELPR_ À E ¼æP]¼La�PZH�PRUWMIhtT�UY[IT�FIMrF]VYEyH�M¸xLPZ\ Vim@FIUY°�à û\´[(U�FIH»[(H�PÖ¹i°�ELX8PZH�_YEL[(H�FIx¿X³[u°�PZx�aKVdv�PZ_YP;m�F�g(P Á PRxL°�_?FIUYP�ºZPRUW[�¼
D5PZV?Vdv�PfEyH6`REy°6PRHrV�m�F�g(P Á PRxL°9¯¿P^]R_�a�Vdv6P¾[(H6P±¹i°6EyX³PRH�_WEy[(H�F]x�_Y[(xL¶6VdEL[(Ht[I\3VYv�P;m�F�g(P Á PRxL°9¯¿P`�_ auVdv6P�UYP\@�PR`ZVYPR°tm�F�gIP Á PZxy°j°�¶6P�Vd[OVdv6P�[(H�P±¹'°�EyX³PRH6_YEy[IH�FIx¿X8[K°�PRxc¯cP�ab_�a6Vdv6P�Vd[IVdFIxcm@F�g(P Á PRxL°¯¿P�`¾auVdv�P�UWP\@�PZ`ZVdPZ°9m@F�g(P Á PRxL°t¯cP�aCFIH�°jVdv6P�_Y`�FÓVYVdPZUYPZ°»m@F�g(P Á PRxL°»¯¿P^c�¼*]�de`�dfaOa�F]H�°#c~FIUWPPREwVdv�PZU?gIPRxL[u`ZELVih À�g Ã�[(UA_%VdUWPR_Y_WPR_ À h\ifj a hRklj ñ¼@½�v�PRUWPOFIUWP¾M(PZH�PRUYFIx$UYPRxyF]VdEL[(H�_Wv�EyT�_�F]X8[(H6MIcmdM]�de`faFIH�°#aOa�H�F]X8PZxLh(a
`onp]\_mqra û [(U�asnt`vu[]\_ ûcwnt`vuw`�_ û [(Ux`ynpc?qz`�_ ûcwnyapu[a�_ û [(U{a|nsc#q}a�_ ¼
½�v�P Á H�EwVdP;°�ELÂcPRUWPRH�`ZP;_Y`Ív�PZX8PZ_�FIUWP¾F]T�T�xyELPR°t°�ELUYPR`±Vdxwh¥EyHtVdv6[(_YP;UYPZM(Ey[IH�_Ra�_WEyH�`ZPfm@F�g(P Á PRxL°�_EyHjVYv�[(_YP;UWPRM(EL[(H�_�_dF]VYEy_%\ hÄVdv6P;m@F�g(P¾PRå*¶�F]VYEy[(H�_�ELH�°�ELgKEL°�¶�FIxLxLh(¼$½�v�PfP±JuT�xLEy`REwV�H*¶�X³PRUYEL`�FIx5_W`Ív�PRX³PR_[I\�\´[(¶�U%VdvÈ[(UW°�PRU�ELHÈ_YT�F]`RPµFIH�°·_WPR`R[IH�°·[(UY°�PZU�EyHÏVYEyX³POFIUWP¸FIT�T�xLEyPZ°ÈEyHÇVYv�P¸EyHrVdPZUYEL[(U[I\�VYv�[(_YPUYPZM(Ey[IH�_Ra*m�v�PRUWP�FI_�VYv�[(_WP[I\�_WPR`R[IH�°j[(UY°6PRU@ELH¥_YT�FI`RP�F]H�°ÄVdELX8P¾ê � ý øÖý�ï�ZY$acÛ Þ Ø Ý]ó,F]UYP¶6_YPR°¥\´[IU"Vdv6PM(UWEy°jT¿[(EyHrVd_�ELH�°�EL`�F]VYPR°j¯rhj_Y[IxyEy°Ä_WhKXO¯¿[(xy_�ELH~>3EyM�¼cÛ�¯�a6m�v6PRUYP;_WTcPZ`REGF]x,VdUWP�F]VYX8PZH*VY_�FIUYP�UWPRå*¶�ELUYPR°,¼>�[(U�P±J6FIX³T�xLPIa�EyHt[(UW°�PRU�VY[8`RFIxy`Z¶�xGF]VYP�Vdv�PfUYP�@�PR`±VdPZ°9VÍF]H�M(PRHrVYEGFIx�gIPRxy[K`REwVdELPR_ À�g Ã�F]Vfù�n Ù À _W[(xyEL°`RELUY`ZxyPR_dñarVdv6PUYP�@�PR`±VdPZ°j_Yv�PRFIU"_%VdUWPR_Y_WPR_ À hRklj ÃpFÓVù�n Ù À _W[(xyEL°8_Wå*¶�FIUYPZ_ÍÃpFIUYP?UYPZåK¶6EyUYPZ°�¼�½�v�PA_Yv�PRFIU
![Page 6: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
"_WVYUYPZ_Y_YPZ_ À hRklj Ã�EyHÈVdv�[I_YPµTc[I_YELVYEy[(H6_Ra�v�[ m"PZgIPRURalFIUYPOVYv�P¸Vd[IVdFIx3m@F gIP Á PZxy°�_fFI_�°6P Á H�PZ°0FI¯¿[ g(P]¼Ò�HÏVdv�P2[IVdv�PZU�v�FIH6°�a�EyHÇ[(UY°�PZUVd[j`RFIxy`Z¶�xGFÓVdP¾VYv�P2VY[IVÍFIx$_Yv6P�FIU�_%VdUYPZ_Y_WPR_ À�h\klj Ã?F]V¸ù#n Ù À _Y[IxyEy°_Yå*¶�F]UYPR_dña¿Vdv�P;Vd[IVdFIx5g(PZxy[K`RELVYEyPZ_ À�g Ã�F]Vfù~n Ù À _Y[IxyEy°»`RELUY`ZxyPR_dÃ�FIUYPfUYPZåK¶6EyUYPZ°�¼�½�v�Pfg(PRxL[u`ZELVYEyPR_ gF]V�VYv�[(_WP¸Tc[(_WELVYEy[(H�_Za�v�[ m"PZg(PZURa/FIUYP¾Vdv�P¸UWP\@�PZ`ZVdPZ°Åm@F�g(P Á PRxL°�_;FI_�°6P Á H�PZ°ÕF]¯c[ g(P]¼O½�v�POVY[IVÍFIxg(PZxy[K`REwVih À�g ÃAF]H�°ÈUYP�@�PR`±VdPR°·_Wv�P�FIU_WVdUWPR_W_ À�h\k3j Ã�`�FIHȯ¿PO[(¯6VdFIEyH6PR°Ï¯rh9¶�_YELH�MÄVdv6P¸FI¯¿[�gIP2Vdv6UYPRPUYPZxGF]VYEy[(H6_Yv�ELT�_?FIX8[IH�M�]�dfaGdfc�a�F]H�°?`f¼�½�v�P2PÖJuT�xyEL`RELV Á H6ELVdP;°�EwÂ,PZUYPZH�`RPf\´[(UYXO¶6xGF]VYEy[(H�_�FÓVAVYv�[(_YP_YT¿PR`ZEGFIx5UWPRM(EL[(H�_�FIUWP�T�UYPZ_YPZH*VYPR°ÏELHjVdv�PfFIT�T¿PRH6°�EwJc¼
C « C «GFIS�QXS*¨�©���V���S���H¥©��}J��XS��¿¨T�]R_TdMa�_�acFIH�°#`�_�`RFIHϯ¿P¾`RFIxy`Z¶�xGF]VYPR°»¯rh9VYv�P¾MIPRH�PZUdFIxLEyºRPZ°ÇUYF htVYv�PR[(U%hÕê ®fï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±øua5Û Þ Ø(Ù ó ¼
N�ELVYvÈ_YX8FIxyx/X8[K°�E Á `�F]VYEy[(H6_?\´[(U�FtxLEyH�P¾_Y[(¶6UY`RP]a5Vdv�P¸T¿[IVdPZHrVdEGF]xy_\´[(U�FtUWPR`ZPRELgIPRU;EyH·F¥X³PR°6Ey¶�Xm�ELVYv»Fµ_%VdUYF]VdE Á PR°tg(PZxy[K`RELVihÄ_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWP2FIUWP
� n�� _ÝZ��� ê��� À�� Ã������e�� Z¡ � c*¢ � g�£�À � Ã�ó�¤ À Û Ã
m�v�PZUYP
g�£�À � Ã�n Û� ꦥ�§ �� ]�¨ À Û© £^ª À¬« ÃZ « � à § ó�d« EL_;UdF�h·T�FIUYFIX8P±VdPZURa��ÏEy_;°�PZH�_YEwVih(a � _¾Ey_f_YPZEy_YX³Ey`¸X³[(X³PRHrV�a�®!EL_f_Wv�P�F]U¾g(PZxy[K`REwVih(ao�� À�� Ã�Ey_\ÌFIU�¹ Á PZxy°ÇVYEyX³Pf\´¶�H6`ZVdEL[(H�a�¯ À¬« Ã�Ey_�T6UY[K°�¶�`ZV�[I\�Vdv�P¾VdUdF]H�_YX³Ey_W_YEy[IHÈFIH�°ÏUWP\@�PZ`ZVYEy[(HÈ`Z[uP�°8`ZEyPZH*VY_Ra± Ey_�VYv�P;HK¶6XO¯cPZU�[I\3`Z[(HrVdUWEy¯�¶6VYEyH�M¸UYF�hu_Za¿FIH�°�a © £ n À ®'² � u « � Ã�³´ ¼
½�v�Pj[(UWEyPZH*VdF]VdEL[(HÕ`Z[(H�_%VÍFIHrVd_ ¡ � FIH6° _Y[(¶�UW`RPjUYFI°�EGFÓVdEy[IHQT�FÓVYVdPZUYH�_µc*¢ � a�FIUYPÄ°�P Á H6PR°EyHÏ®fï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±øjê Û Þ Ø(Ù ó ¼�>�UY[(X Vdv�P;UWPRxGFÓVdEy[IH�_Yv�ELT�_�¯¿PZVim"PRPZHÏ_WVYUYPR_W_YPZ_�FIH�°»°�EL_YT�xyFI`RPZX8PZH*VY_Rz
h\ifj n ¶ À\· g·�¸ ÃhRklj n ¶ À · g·�¹ Ã
m�v�PZUYP g EL_�Vdv�P;VÍFIH6M(PRHrVdEyFIx�`Z[(X8T¿[(H�PZHrVA[]\3°�EL_YT�xyFI`RPZX8PZHrVF]H�°#¶ÅEy_�_Wv�P�F]UAX³[u°6¶�xy¶�_Z¼�ã?PZ`RPZELg(PZU\´¶�H�`±VdEL[(H�_�\´[(U�`R[IH*gIPRU%VdEyH6M8T¿[IVdPZHrVdEGF]xy_@VY[µgIPRxL[u`ZELVdELPR_�FIH6°9_%VdUYPZ_Y_WPR_�F]UYP
![Page 7: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
>�[(U�g(PZxy[K`REwVdEyPZ_
a|n º � «>�[(U�_WVYUYPZ_Y_YPZ_
»¼½ ¼¾ a�¿EÀEÁlÂOn º � ¶ « �a�¿EÀEà  n Ä�º � ¶ « © £ºEy_�VYv�PD�FIT6xGFI`ZP�VYUdFIH6_W\´[(UWX gIF]UYEGF]¯�xyP û Ä�n Û�\´[(U�¶�T�M([(ELH�MfUdF�h³FIH�°µÄ�n;ufÛA\´[(U�°�[ m�H�MI[(EyH�M¾UdF�h(¼
½/FIH�M(PZH*VYEGFIx$g(PZxy[K`RELVYEyPZ_A`RFIxy`Z¶�xGF]VYPR°Ï¯rh9Vdv�Pµ^;ã3½@¹l>lS1EyHrVYPRUW\ÌF]`REyH6M¥FIH�°ÏVYv�[(_WP2\´UY[(X ^;ã3½\´[(UµFIHBELH�`REL°�PRHrVj�®�m@F gIP9¶6_YEyH6M·VYv�Pt[(H�PÖ¹i°�ELX8PZH�_YEL[(H�FIx@Ô�UWPRxLEyX³EyH�FIU%hQÉpF]UWVdv²ã�PZ\´PZUYPRH6`RPä9[K°�PRx À Ôpã?ÉpäÏÃ2êÆÅbÇRý�ï�È@úÓùÊÉfËÓý�íIù¿þÍÌù¿þKï±øMÉ úÓù$a5Û Þ Ø ÛZó�_Yv�[ mCFIH9P±Ju`RPZxyxyPZHrV�FIMIUYPRPZX8PZHrVELH9¯¿[IVdvm@F gIPR_Wv�FIT¿P2FIH6°tFI¯�_Y[Ixy¶6VYP�FIX³T�xyEwVd¶�°6P À >3EyM�¼ ¢ ÃÖ¼l½�v�P�xyP±\ V�FIH6°jUYEyMIv*V�T�FIH�PZxy_�_Wv�[ mo`Z[(X8T�FIUYEL_Y[(H�_[I\$_WhKHrVdv6PZVdEL`R_�\´[(U�UWPR`ZPRELgIPRUW_?ELH�°�EL`�F]VYPR°j¯rh¥_WåK¶�FIUYPZ_AF]H�°jVdUYEyFIH�M(xLPR_ZauUWPR_YT¿PR`±VdEwg(PRxwh(¼ ¬ xLxcVYUdFI`ZPR_�FIUWPT�xL[IVYVYPR°9VY[8VYv�P2_YFIX8P¾_Y`RFIxyP]¼?½�v6P Á UW_WV�T6v�FI_YPZ_�FIUWP2°�ELUYPR`±V¾�®Ðm@F gIPR_ À xGFI¯¿PRxLPR°9FI_�b�Ã?FIH�°»Vdv�P_YPZ`R[(H6°ÇT�v�F]_YPR_AFIUWP�Vdv�P;`R[IUYP±¹'UYP�@�PR`±VdPR°Q�ßÖ8m@F�g(PR_ À xyFI¯¿PRxyPZ°»FI_?bu` b6ñ¼
½�v�PÇg]FIxLEy°�EwVih [I\�VYv�PB>3S-VdPZ`Ív�H�Eyå*¶�PÏF]\ VdPZU8Vdv6PÈ^;ã3½@¹3>lSáEyHrVdPZUW\ÌFI`ZEyH�MQEy_µ\´¶�UWVYv�PRU°�PZX8[(H6_WVdUYF]VdPZ°Ç\´UY[IXÆ_YH�F]T�_Yv�[]Vd_�[I\@�®Ðm@F�g(P Á PRxL°�_\´[(U?X8[K°�PZxy_�m�ELVYvÏF8UWEy°�MIP±¹i_Wv�FIT¿PR° À >3ELM�¼ Ù ÃFIH�°ÕF9¯¿[�J6`RFIU%¹'_Yv�F]TcPZ° À >/EyM�¼5Ý*Ã�xL[�m1g(PRxL[u`ZELVih·_%VdUY¶6`ZVd¶6UYPR_Z¼t½�v�PÄELH*VYPRUYFI`ZVYEy[(H·[I\��®Cm@F�g(PR_m�ELVYvÅVYv�P³X8[K°�PRx�MIPR[(X³PZVYUWhÅFIH�°ÅVdv�P³`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyP¸¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUWh·EL_f`ZxyPRFIUYxwhÈ_YELXO¶�xGFÓVdPR°·ELHÅVYv�PÁ H�EwVdPÖ¹i°�EwÂ,PZUYPRH6`RP2`RFIxy`Z¶�xGFÓVdEy[IH À >3EyM(_Z¼ Ù aæÝrñ¼ ¬ ¯c[�Ju`�F]U�xy[ m<g(PZxy[K`REwVih9_%VdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYP¸F]xy_Y[8M(PRH6PRUdFÓVdPR__WVYUY[(H6M8XO¶6xLVdELT�xyPAT�v�FI_WPR_?EyH�_WEy°�P�VYv�P;¯c[�Ju`�F]U À >3EyM6¼6Ý*ÃÖ¼C «ÏÎ5«^Ð#V̨Ӫ��Ñ�X��Ò|P\Qc§TS*¨ÓU'©�ª�VEQ�W
>�[(U�FIHrh¥Vim"[³\´¶6H�`ZVYEy[(H�_Za�ÔÏFIH6°#Õ¾a6Vdv�PZUYP;P±JuEL_WVd_?FµUYPZxGF]VYEy[(H�_Wv�EyTÖØ× À Ô · Õ
· ± uwÕ · Ô· ± Ã �Ù n ÖtÖTÚ À Ô�Û � Õtu[ÕrÛ � Ô,Ã ¡ À ¢ Ã
m�v�PZUYP�� EL_"PZH�`RxL[(_YPZ°j¯rhÝÜ�a ± Ey_p[(¶6Vim@FIUW°j°�EyUWPR`ZVYPR°¥H6[(UYX8FIx�Vd[ÍÜ�a �Ù EL_pVYv�P�xLEyH�P�EyHrVYPRM(UYFIx¿FIxy[(H6MÜ�a�FIH�° ¡ Ey_�Vdv6P¾F]UYP�F]x�EyHrVdPZM(UdF]x�EyHA�Ǽ
![Page 8: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ø
½�v�P�m@F gIP Á PRxL°³T¿[IVYPRHrVdEyFIx À�Þ Ã/\´[(U�F�_YPZEy_WX8EL`�® m@F gIP�T�UY[(T�FIMrF]VYEyH�M�ELHµFVim@[Ó¹i°�ELX8PZH�_YEL[(H�FIxm�v�[(xLP�_YT�F]`RPf_dF]VYEy_ Á PR_
Û �fß n Ûà � · � ß· � �m�v�PZUYP à Ey_��®Bm�F�g(PT�UY[(T�FIMrF]VYEy[(H�F]x6g(PZxy[K`RELVihI¼l½�v�PAD�FIT�xGF]`RP�VdUdF]H�_W\´[(UWX [I\�VYv�PAFI¯c[ gIPAPZåK¶�F]VdEL[(H[ g(PZU?VYEyX³PhKEyPRxL°�_
À Û � u º �à � Ãmáß noܽ�v�P2^;UWPRPZH�Êæ_�\´¶�H6`ZVdEL[(H À áâ Ã"\´[(U?F¸xyEyH6P�_Y[(¶6UY`RP]a�¯*h¥°�P Á H6ELVdEL[(H�a�_YF]VdEL_ Á PZ_
À Û � u º �à � ÃÑáâ n|ã À ¸ u ¸�ä Ãåã À ¹ u ¹Zä à À Ù Ã
ôiH�_WPRUWVYEyH�M;áâ FIH6°æáß ELH*VY[ À ¢ ÃÖa6m@P;v�F�gIP
ÖT× À áß · áâ· ± u5áâ · áß· ± Ã �Ù n|ç{ç Ú À áß Û � áâ uèáâ Û � áß Ã ¡n ç{ç Ú áß ã À ¸ u ¸ ä Ãåã À ¹ u ¹ ä Ã ¡
Vdv�F]V�Ey_Za
áß À ¸ d ¹ Ã�n Ö × À áß · áâ· ± uèáâ · áß· ± à �Ù À ÝrÃ
ôiHÈVdv�EL_�_WVY¶�°6h(a5VYv�PµEyHrVdPZM(UdF]VYEy[(HÇEy_�FIxL[(H�MtFj_WVYUdFIELM(vrV�xyELH�P{éW¶�_%VfFI¯¿[�gIP¸Vdv�P¸ELH*VYPRU%\ÌFI`RP]a âEy_A`�FIxL`R¶�xyF]VdPZ°Ï¯rh·^;ã3½�acFIH�° ß EL_AVYv�PÄ�®àgIPRxL[u`ZELVih»[(¶6VYT�¶6V�\´UW[(XáVYv�Pµ^;ã3½@¹3>3S1EyHrVdPZUW\ÌFI`ZEyH�M\´[(U�UYPZM(Ey[IH�_�EyH�°�EL`�F]VYPR°»¯rh9[ITcPZH»VYUYEGF]H�M(xyPZ_Ra�FIH6°9\´UY[IX Vdv�PfM(PZH�PRUYFIxyELºRPR°»UdF�hjVYv�PR[(U%hj\´[(U�UYPZM(Ey[(H6_EyH6°�Ey`RF]VdPZ°»¯rhj_W[(xyEL°¥VdUWEGFIH�MIxyPR_�ELH~>3EyM6¼,Û(¼
½�v�P"Tc[(ELHrV�_Y[(¶�UW`RP"_Y[(xL¶6VdEL[(H;`�FIH¾¯cPp[(¯6VdFIEyH�PZ°¾¯rh;`Z[(UYUWPR`ZVYEyH�M?Vdv�PpxyELH�P�_Y[I¶�UY`ZP"UWPR_YT¿[(H�_WP�êöPI¼ËM�¼wa�ðiïYírþjíIù¿þµ®¾ï±ñ ÿ � ï±ø��Kï±øKa�Û Þ ØIØ ó�z
ê�ë Ú § ¥Rì n ¢í avq í ¸Ûí � � � êÑî § ¥Øï À �IÃ
m�v�PZUYPða FIH6° ¸ FIUYP�Vdv6P;VY[IVÍF]x5FIH�°tv�[(UWEyºZ[(HrVÍFIx�°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZPR_Ra�UWPR_YT¿PR`±VdEwg(PRxwh(¼
![Page 9: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Þ
NQP2`Ív�PZ`Íq9Vdv6P¾g]FIxyEL°�ELVih¥[I\lVdv6P2vrhK¯�UYEL°ÏX8P±Vdv�[K°Ç¯rh9`R[(X³T�FIUWEyH�M³T¿[(EyHrVW¹'_Y[(¶6UY`RPf_WhKHrVdv6PZVdEL`R_`�F]xy`R¶6xGF]VYPR°Ï¯rh9°�ELÂcPRUWPRHrV�X³PZVdv6[u°�_A\´[(U¾»FIH6°0�ßÖtT�v�FI_WPR_;F]V�FÄ°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RPOUYFIH�M(PO[]\ Ø Ü Ú ¹dÛ(Û Ü Ú ¼¥EL_�Vdv�Pf°�EyUWPR`±V¾�®ÐFIUWUYEwgIF]x�\´UY[(X VYv�Pf_Y[(¶�UW`RPfVd[µVdv�PfUYPZ`RPREwg(PZUFIH6°Q�ßÖ¥EL_�Vdv�PfUYP�@�PR`±VdPR°ÇT�v�FI_WP\´UY[IX Vdv6P?`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxLP�¯c[(¶6H�°�FIU%h À >3ELM�¼��Iñ¼"�®Bm@F�g(PZ_@_WVdFIUWV�VY[;°�ELÂcUdFI`±VpFIxy[IH�M�Vdv�P�`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxyP¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWhÕF]V¸FI¯¿[(¶6VOFIH0PZT�Ey`ZPRHrVdUYFIx@°�EL_WVdFIH�`RPÄ[I\?Þ�� Ú À >3ELM�¼Ñ�ualH�[IVYPÄVdv�F]V2VYv�P¥°�EwÂ,UYFI`ZVYEy[(H°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RPµEy_�¯¿[IVYvÅX³[K°�PRx ¹?FIH�°·_Y[I¶�UY`ZP8°�PZT6VdvK¹i°�PZTcPZH�°�PRHrVÍñ¼Ä½�v6P³`Z[(X³T�FIUYEL_Y[(Hȯ¿PZVim"PRPZHÕVdv6P_WhKHrVdv6PZVdEL`R_�\´[(UAFÄT¿[(EyHrVA_Y[(¶6UY`RP2`�FIxL`R¶�xyF]VdPZ°9¯rhÏ^fã3½4F]H�°ÇVdv6P2vrhK¯�UYEL°ÏX8P±Vdv�[K°ÇhKEyPZxy°�_AFÄM([K[K°FIM(UWPRPZX8PZH*V À >3ELM�¼�"rñ¼�s@[]VdvÄVYv�PVdELX8ELH�M¾FIH�°¥Vdv6P�FIX³T�xyEwVd¶�°�P?[I\�8FIH�°9�ßÖ|T6v�FI_YPZ_�XÄFÓVd`Ív¥m"PRxyx\´[(U�_%huHrVYv�PZVYEy`R_?`�F]xy`R¶6xGF]VYPR°t¯rh¥Vdv�P�Vim"[Ä°�EwÂ,PZUYPZH*V?X³PZVYv�[u°6_ À >3ELM�¼�"rÃÖ¼ñ�è =?�$ ���� %&óò���6���� ��3�� %�"����=?���õô�#% W��0������ó.Õ�/�@�6����#879��&� �:;&<�����=?�"+A����� ��#����@�� �&óò�&5�������
NQP�\´[u`Z¶�_l[(¶�U3°�PZVdFIEyxLPR°O_%Vd¶�°�ELPR_�[(HOVYv�P�_WPREy_WX8EL`�®0m@F�g(P�T�UW[(T�FIMrFÓVdEy[IH2EyHOVYv�P�`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxyP¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh·UYPZM(Ey[IHů¿PRH6P�F]VYvQVdv6P8`ZPRHrVdUYFIxpÔ3FI`ZE Á `8FIH�°Õbu[(¶6VYv ¬ VYxGFIHrVYEy`µ[u`ZP�FIH6_R¼Ä½�v6PR_YP³Vim@[UYPZM(Ey[IH�_�FIUWP2°�P±g([(EL°Ï[I\�_W¶�UW\ÌF]`RPO_W¶�¯c°6¶�`ZVYEy[(HÇ\´[IU�F8xL[(H�M8TcPZUYEy[K°Ç[]\�VdEyX³P8êö��ý�ßYíIøYþ9ï±ð?íIñwòya�Û Þ(Þ Ù6û� ï±ùÏíIù¿þ�Ìù¿þKï±øMÉ úÓù/a�Û ÞIÞ��Óó ¼3½�v�PA`RPRHrVYUdFIxcÔ3FI`ZE Á `AEy_�m@PZxyx�_dF]X8T�xLPR°8¯*hµVYv�PP±g(PRHrV%¹i_WVdF]VdEL[(H¥T�F]EyUY_\´UY[IX °6PRPRTjPRFIUWVYv�å*¶�FIq]PR_�EyHÄVYv�P�>/E÷éWE�_Y¶�¯¿°�¶�`±VdEL[(HjºR[(H6PVd[O_WPREL_YX³Ey`?_WVÍFÓVdEy[IH�_@ELHjkA[(U%Vdv ¬ X8PZUYEL`�F6¼½�v�P¥T�F]Vdv�_¾_dFIX³T�xLEyH�MtVdv�P8xy[ m"PRUYX³[(_%VOX8FIHrVdxyPµ¯¿PRH�PRF]Vdv0VYv�PjbK[(¶6Vdv ¬ VdxGF]H*VYEy`³[u`ZP�FIHÕv�F�g(P¯¿PRPRHÈ_WEyM(H6E Á `RFIHrVdxLhtPÖJuT�FIH�°�PZ°QELHÇUWPR`RPZHrV�h(P�F]UY_�m�ELVYvÇVdv6P2°�PZT�xy[ hKX8PZHrV�[I\�_YP±g(PZUdFIx�Ô ¬ b�bÊø ¬ D_YPZEy_WX8EL`OP±JuT¿PRUYELX8PZHrVd_;EyH·_Y[I¶6Vdv�PZUYH ¬ \´UWEy`�Fu¼2½�v�PZ_YP8VYPRX³Tc[IUdFIU%hÇ_WPREy_WX8EL`OH�P±Vim@[(UWq*_2UYPZ`R[(UW°�PR°v�ELM(vtåK¶�FIxyEwVih¥_YPZEy_WX8EL`�°�F]VdFµ\´UW[(X °�PZPRT»PZgIPRHrVd_AEyHjVdv�P¾bu[I¶6Vdv ¬ X³PRUWEy`�F]H»_W¶�¯¿°�¶�`ZVYEy[(HtºZ[(H�PI¼
NQPf_WPRxLPR`ZV?VÍF]H�M(PRHrVYEGFIx�°6Ey_YT6xGFI`ZPRX³PRHrVd_�UYPZ`R[(UW°�PR°9EyH9FµÔ ¬ b6b�ø ¬ D0_WPREy_WX8EL`;FIUYUYF�h(acäÏÒ;ä ¬ aEyHÏVYv�PµP�FI_%VdPZUYHQeAH�EwVdPR°QbKVdF]VdPZ_Ra�Vdv�P¸½$UYELH�PZV;_WPREL_YX³Ey`¸H�P±Vim@[(UWqÈEyHÈ_W[(¶6Vdv6PRUYHùø�FIxLEL\´[(UWH�EGF6a,FIH�°F»\´P±m�_YPZEy_YX³Ey`³_WVdF]VdEL[(H�_fEyHÅVdv�P¥^;xL[(¯�FIx�bKPREy_WX8EL`Äk?PZVim"[(UYq�al\´[(U;Vdv6UYPRP8°�PRPZT0PZgIPRHrVd_¸ELHQVYv�P>3EúéWE$_W¶�¯¿°�¶�`ZVYEy[(HȺZ[(H�PµFIH6°Ï[(H�POELHÇVdv6PµäÇFIUWEGFIH�F8_Y¶�¯¿°�¶�`±VdEy[IHȺR[(H�P À ½/FI¯�xyP8Û�ñ¼�½�v6PO_YPZEy_YX³Ey`°�F]VdF³UWPR`Z[(UY°�PZ°Ç\´[(U�Vdv6UYPRP�>3E÷éWE,PZg(PZHrVd_ À Þ��uÛ Ü(Ü��ua�Þ� IÜIÞ(ÜIÝ�a�FIH6°ÏÞ� IÜ��IÜ Ù Ã@_YFIX8T6xyP�Vdv�Pfxy[ m"PRUWX8[(_%V
![Page 10: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Û Ü
X8FIHrVdxyP�¯¿PRH6P�F]VYvÄVdv�P�`ZPRHrVdUYFIx,Ô/FI`RE Á `AFIH�°µVdv�P?°�F]VdFfUWPR`R[IUY°�PZ°Ä\´[(U�Vdv�PäÇFIUWEGFIH�F;P±g(PZH*V À Þ��]Ü Ør¢IÙ Ã_dF]X8T�xLPOVdv�P¸`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxLP¸¯c[(¶6H�°�FIU%hÈUYPZM(Ey[(Hȯ¿PRH6P�F]VYvÅVYv�PµH�[(UWVYv�PRUWHÕÔ/FI`RE Á ` À >3ELM�¼� Iñ¼¸½�v�P�®�þIý û<T�v�FI_WPR_O_Wv�[ m °�ELÂcPRUWPRHrVO`Ív�F]UdFI`±VdPRUWEy_%VdEy`Z_2¯¿PZVim"PRPZHBVYv�[(_WPÄ_dF]X8T�xLEyH�MtVdv6PÄxy[ m"PRUWX8[(_%VX8FIHrVdxyP³¯¿PRH�PRF]VdvÕVYv�PÄH6[(UWVYv�PRUWH Ô3FI`ZE Á ` À >3ELM�¼ Ø FrÃ;FIH�°QVdv�[(_WPÄ_YFIX8T6xyEyH6M»VYv�PÄ`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxyP¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWhÅUYPZM(Ey[(HÕ¯cPZH�P�F]VYvÕVdv6P¥`RPZH*VYUdFIx@Ô3FI`ZE Á ` À >3ELM�¼ Ø ¯�Ãּǽ�v�PÇcþIý ûàT�v�FI_WPR_¸_dF]X8T�xLEyH�MVdv6P¸xy[ m@PZUYX³[(_WV�XÄFIHrVYxyP2¯¿PRH6P�F]VYv·VYv�P¸H�[(U%Vdv�PZUYHÅÔ3F]`RE Á `O_Yv�[ m1_YEyX³T�xLP2T�¶�xL_YPÖ¹ixyELqIPfm�F�g(P±\´[(UYX³_FI`ZUY[(_W_Vdv�P³äÇÒfä ¬ FIUYUYF�h À >3EyM�¼ Ø F(ñ¼fÒ�HÇVdv6PO[IVdv6PRU�v�F]H�°�a,VYv�PÄcþIý û�T�v�F]_YPR_�_YFIX³T�xyELH�M8VYv�P`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyP�¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWhtUWPRM(EL[(Hj¯¿PRH�PRF]Vdv»Vdv�P;`RPZHrVdUdF]x�Ô3FI`ZE Á `;P±Juv�EL¯�ELV?Fµ°�EL_Y`RPZUYH�EL¯�xyP�_WPR`Z[(H�°�FIU%hT�v�F]_YP�¶�TjVd[µFO°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZP�[I\pÛ(Û Ü6¼Æ� Ú À T�v�FI_WP�xGFI¯¿PRxLPR°jFI_ ¢ a�>3EyM6¼ Ø ¯�ñ¼�½�v�EL_�_YPZ`R[(H�°�FIUWhjT6v�FI_YP;v�F]_`R[IX8T�F]UdFI¯�xLP;FIX³T�xyEwVd¶�°�PZ_�FIH�°9Fµ_YX8FIxyxLPRU�_Wxy[ m�H�PR_W_A`Z[(X³T�FIUYPZ°»VY[¸Vdv�Pf°�EyUWPR`±V��®Ðm@F�g(PZ_ À T6v�FI_YPxGF]¯cPZxyPR°·F]_³ÛIaÑ>/EyM�¼ Ø ¯�ñ¼µ½�v�PjcþIý ûÐT�v�FI_WPR_¾FIxy[IH�Mt¯c[IVYvÈVdv�PZ_YPµVim@[»T�F]VYv�_¾_Wv�[ m×FtxyELH�P�FIUWxLhEyH6`RUYPRFI_YELH�M¥VdUYF�g(PRx�VYEyX³PO°�PRxyF�hÏ[I\@FI¯¿[(¶6V�Ýt_YPZ`R[(H6°�_2F]`RUY[I_Y_�Vdv�P³FIUWUdF�h(a5m�EwVdvÈUYPZ_YT¿PR`±V¾VY[tVYv�PT�UWPR°�EL`ZVdEL[(H�_�¯�FI_WPR°9[(HÇX³[u°6PRx5ô ¬ buÔ�Þ6Û(¼@½�v6P³�®oFIH�°·�ßÖ¥T6v�FI_YPZ_�F]V?`Zxy[(_WPRU�°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RPfUdFIH�MIPR_°�[8H�[IV?_Yv�[ m4xyF]VdP¸�ßÖ¥T6v�FI_YPZ_�F]V?Vdv6P¾°�EL_WVdFIH�`RPfUdF]H�M(P;[I\�Þ(Ü Ú ¹iÞ�" Ú À >3ELM�¼ Ø `�ñ¼ ¬ xLVdv6[(¶�M(vtVdv�PZUYPEy_�_W[(X³P³¯6UY[rFI°6PRH�ELH�Mt[I\@m@F�g(PZ\´[IUYX�_Yv�FITcPµ\´[(U�UWPR`R[IUY°�ELH�M(_fF]V�Vdv6P8°�EL_WVdFIH�`RPµUYFIH�M(Pµ¯¿PZVim"PRPRHÞ6Û Ú ¹�Þ�" Ú a�H�[µ°�EL_Y`ZPRUYH6Ey¯�xLP�_YPR`Z[(H�°�F]UWhtT�v�F]_YPR_AFIUWPf[I¯�_YPZUWg(PZ°ÏF]V�VYv�Ey_�°�EL_WVdFIH�`RP;UYFIH�M(P]¼
½�v�P8_YPREL_YX³Ey`¸m@F gIPR_O_YFIX³T�xyELH�MjVdv�P³xy[ m"PRUYX³[(_%V2X8FIHrVdxLP³¯¿PRH6P�F]VYvQVdv6Pjbu[(¶uVdv ¬ VYxGFIHrVYEy`[K`RP�F]H�a�v�[ m@P±g(PRUZa,_Wv�[ m<g(PRU%h»°�ELÂcPRUWPRHrV?`Ív�FIUdF]`ZVdPZUYEL_WVdEL`R_�\´[(U�UYPZ`R[(UW°�EyH�MI_A¯¿[IVdv9F]V�Vdv6P¾°�EwÂ,UYFI`ZVYPR°°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RP¸UYFIH�M(P À Þ ØIÚ ¹dÛ(Û Ü Ú Ã�FIH�°QF]V;Fj`Zxy[(_WPRU�°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RPµUdF]H�M(P À Ø(¢]Ú ¹iÞ�" Ú Ã±¼ ¬ V�VYv�Pµ°�ELÂcUdFI`±VdPZ°°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RP¸UYFIH�M(P¸[I\@Þ ØIÚ ¹ÍÛIÛ Ü Ú À >3EyM(_Z¼�Þ(Fua5ÞI¯ û UYPZ`R[(UW°�EyH6M(_�\´[(U�PZgIPRHrV¾Þ� IÜ(ÞIÜ ¢ EyHÏVYv�P¸H�[(U%Vdv�PZUYHFIH�°·_W[(¶6Vdv6PRUYH·T�F]UWVd_�[]\pVYv�PµFIUWUdF�h(a5UWPR_YT¿PR`±VdEwg(PRxwh û _WPRP³FIxL_Y[~>3ELM�¼� 8\´[IU�M(PR[IM(UdFIT6v�Ey`OxL[u`RF]VdEL[(H�__dF]X8T�xLPR°�ÃÖzÛ�Ã�Vdv6PRUYP¾Ey_?F8xLEyH�PRFIUYxwh¥ELH�`RUWP�FI_WEyH�M³VdUdF�gIPRx�VdEyX³P;°�PRxyF�ht[I\�FI¯¿[(¶6V¾Û ܳ_YPR`Z[(H�°�_�FI`RUW[(_Y_Vdv6P³_WPREL_YX³Ey`µFIUWUdF�h û�¢ ÃVdv6PRUYP³FIUWPµ`RxyPRFIU�XO¶�xwVdELT�xyPO_WPR`Z[(H�°�FIU%h·T�v�FI_WPR_;m�ELVYvQ_YFIX8PµX³[ g(PR[I¶6Vd_FI_VYv�P Á UY_WV�FIUYUWELg]FIxy_ û,Ù Ã�Vdv6P2m�F�gIPZ\´[(UWX `R[IX8T�xLP±JuELVYEyPZ_?g]FIU%h9UYFIT�EL°�xLh»FI`ZUY[(_W_�_YX8FIxyx�PZT�Ey`ZPRHrVdUYFIx°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RPZ_R¼t½�v�PÄ`Zxy[(_WPR_%V2_%VÍF]VYEy[(HÅ_YPZT�FIUdFÓVdEy[IHÕ¯¿PZVim"PRPRH0VYv�P³H�[(UWVYv�PRUWH0FIH6°0_Y[(¶uVdv�PZUYH0T�F]UWVd_[I\"Vdv�P³FIUWUdF�hÈEy_µÛ(Û Ù q*X À >3EyM�¼� (ñ¼8kA[]VdP¸Vdv�FÓV�Vdv�Pµm�F�gIPZ\´[(UWX>`Z[(X³T�xyPÖJ6EwVdELPR_�FIUWPµXÄFIUWqIPZ°�xLh°�EwÂ,PZUYPRHrVf¯¿PZVim"PRPRHQVdv�P¸Vim"[ÇM(UW[(¶�TÅ[I\@[I¯�_YPZUWg]F]VdEL[(H�_ À >/EyM(_Z¼5Þ(F6a5Þ]¯�ñ¼ ¬ V¾Ft`Zxy[(_WPRU;°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RP
![Page 11: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Û(Û
UdF]H�M(P¸[I\ Ør¢]Ú ¹�Þ�" Ú À >3ELM�¼�ÞI` û UWPR`Z[(UY°�ELH�M(_�\´[(U�P±g(PZH*V2Þ� uÛIÛ ¢IØ6û _YPZP³FIxy_W[#>/EyM�¼¦ Ä\´[(U�M(PR[IM(UdFIT6v�Ey`xy[K`�FÓVdEy[IH�_�_dF]X8T�xLPR°�ÃÖz8Û Ã�VYv�PRUWP8EL_fF»`Ív�F]H�M(P³[I\@VYUdF�g(PZx�VYEyX³P¸¯cPZv�F�gKEy[(UW_f\´[(U�VYv�PµUYPR`Z[(UY°6EyH�M(_FI`ZUY[(_W_Vdv�P2_YPREL_YX³Ey`¾FIUYUYF�h(acm�EwVdvÏ_WPREL_YX³Ey`¾m@F�g(PZ_�¯c[IVWVd[(X³EyH6M Ù ÜIÜÄq*X FI¯¿[ g(P2VYv�PO`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxyP¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh³_Yv�[ m�ELH�MOH�[¾UYPRxyF]VdEwg(P�VdUYF gIPRx¿VdEyX³P�°�PRxyF�hu_@FI`RUW[(_Y_"Vdv�PFIUYUYF h À xyELM(vrVpVYUdFI`ZPR_dÃ@FIH�°³Vdv�[(_WP¯¿[IVYVY[(X8ELH�Mµxy[ m"PRUYX³[(_%V Ù ÜIܳq*X [I\lVYv�P2X8FIHrVdxLPfPÖJuv�Ey¯�EwVdELH�MÄF³xyELH�P�FIUWxLhÄEyH�`ZUYP�F]_YEyH6M³VYUdF�g(PZx/VdELX8P°�PZxGF�ht[I\�FI¯¿[(¶6V��³_WPR`Z[(H�°�_�F]`RUY[I_Y_�Vdv�P2FIUYUYF h À v�P�F�g*h»VdUdF]`RPR_dà û�¢ Ã�VYv�Pµ�ßÖjT�v�FI_WPR_A_Yv�[ mCxGFIUWM(PVdELX8P;_WPRT�FIUYF]VdEL[(H�_�\´UY[(X|Vdv�P¾°�EyUWPR`ZV?m@F gIPR_�F]H�°ÏF³UdFIT�EL°9ELH�`RUWP�FI_WP2[I\3UYPZxGF]VYELg(P¾FIX³T�xyEwVd¶�°6P�\´UY[(XØ(Ù Ú VY[ÄÞ�� Ú ¼
½�v�PZ_YP�VdUYF�g(PRx*VdELX8Pp°�PZxGF�hK_lFIH�°¾m�F�g(P±\´[(UYXC`R[IX8T�xLP±JuELVYEyPZ_$`RFIH�H�[]Vl¯¿P@`�F]¶�_YPZ°¸¯*hfX³Ey_Wxy[K`�F]VYEy[(H[I\�Vdv6P�P�FIU%Vdv�å*¶�FIq]PfFIH�°jVdv�P_YPREL_YX³Ey`�v6PZVdPZUY[(MIPRH�PZELVdELPR_�ELHÄVdv�P�_W[(¶�UW`RP±¹'_YEL°�P�XÄF]H*VYxyP]¼�ä9Ey_Wxy[K`�F]VYEy[(H[I\�F]H8PRFIUWVYv�å*¶�FIqIP�FIH�°8VYv�PP±Â,PZ`ZVY_@[I\�VYv�P?_Y[(¶�UW`RPÖ¹i_YEL°�PX8FIHrVdxLP�v�PZVYPRUY[IM(PRH�PZELVYEyPR_�m"[(¶�xy°8UYPZ_Y¶�xwV@ELHFµ¶�H�EL\´[IUYX|VYUdF�g(PZx$VYEyX³P�°�PZxGF�h»FIH�°»_YELX8ELxGFIUpm�F�g(P±\´[(UYX `Z[(X8T6xyP±JuEwVdEyPZ_�FI`ZUY[(_W_?VYv�P¾_WPREL_YX³Ey`;FIUWUdF�h(aFI_�Vdv6PR_YPµ_WPREy_WX8EL`Om�F�gIPR_fT�UY[(T�FIMrF]VYPµFIxy[(H6MtFIxyX³[(_WV�Ey°�PZH*VYEy`RFIx3UYF hÏT�F]Vdv6_fELHÈVdv�P¸_W[(¶�UY`ZP±¹'_YEy°6PX8FIHrVdxyP]¼�½/FIqIPfVim@[Äm@F�g(P±\´[(UYX³_UWPR`R[IUY°�PZ°ÈF]VA_WVÍFÓVdEy[IH�_A_YF�" Ù À >3ELM�¼�Þ(FrÃ�FIH6°Ï_dF Ù Þ À >3EyM�¼�Þ]¯�Ã�\´[IUP±J6FIX³T�xLPIa�T�v�FI_YP ¢ [(¯6_YPRU%g(PZ°0F]V�_YF�" Ù °�[KPR_�H6[IV�P±JuEL_WV;EyHÏVYv�POUWPR`R[IUY°�ELH�MtF]V�_YF Ù ÞtFIH�°ÈT�v�FI_YPÙ [(¯6_YPRU%g(PZ°ÕF]V_dF�" Ù Ey_A°�ELÂcPRUWPRHrV�\´UY[IXáT6v�FI_YP ¢ [(¯�_YPZUWgIPR°ÅF]V�_YF Ù Þ À >3EyMI_R¼cÞ(F6acÞI¯�ñ¼��APRUWP¸FIUWPM(PZ[(M(UdF]T�v�Ey`�_WPRT�F]UdF]VYEy[(H�_�[]\/VYv�PRELU�UdF�hKT�F]Vdv6_AELHtVYv�P;XÄF]H*VYxyP]z
S�PRTuVdv _YPZT�FIUdFÓVdEy[IH_Y[I¶�UY`ZP±¹i_WEy°�P;Ý�Û�ܵq*X Ü6¼æÜ ÙIÚ_Y[I¶�UY`ZP±¹i_WEy°�P^"� ]ܵq*X Ü6¼æÜ ØIÚ_Y[I¶�UY`ZP±¹i_WEy°�Pðø�äÇs Û(¼Æ ¢ ÚUYPZ`RPZELg(PZU%¹'_YEy°6P�ø�ä9s Û(¼ Ø(ÙIÚ
½�v�P³_Y[(¶6UY`RPÖ¹i_WEy°�P8_YPREL_YX³Ey`¸v�P±VdPZUY[(M(PZH�PREwVdELPR_fEyH·Vdv�PµVdUYFIH�_YEwVdEL[(H·ºR[(H�P³UYPZM(Ey[IH·m"[(¶�xL°Õ¶�H6xyEyq]PRxwhM(PZH�PRUYF]VdP¸°�EwÂ,PZUYPZH*V�m@F�g(P±\´[(UYX�`Z[(X8T6xyP±JuEwVdEyPZ_¯¿PZVim"PRPZHQVdv6POVim@[tUYPZ`R[(UW°�EyH6M(_Ra�FI_�VYv�PZhÏv�F�g(P³FT¿PRUYEL[u°»[I\lFI¯c[I¶6V Ù _YPZ`R[(H6°�_Rac¯�¶6VAT�UY[(T�FIMrF]VYPfm�EwVdv�ELH9F³°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RPfUdFIH�MIP¾[I\lÜ6¼æÜ Ù Ú ¹iÜ6¼æÜ Ø Ú EyHtVdv6P_Y[I¶�UY`ZP±¹i_WEy°�P�VYUdFIH�_WELVYEy[(HjºZ[(H�PI¼
![Page 12: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Û ¢
½�v�Pfm�F�g(P±\´[(UYXá`R[IX8T�xLP±JuELVYEyPZ_?`RFIH�H�[]V¯¿P2F³UYPZ_Y¶�xwV[I\�F8`R[IX8T�xLEy`RF]VdPZ°»PRFIUWVYv�å*¶�FIq]PO_Y[(¶6UY`RP\´[(U�Vim"[ÄUWP�FI_W[(H�_Rz"FrÃ"VYv�P�m�F�g(P±\´[(UYX `Z[(X8T6xyP±JuEwVdEyPZ_�EyHjVYv�P�Vim@[8M(UY[(¶6T�_?FIUYP;X8FIUYq]PR°�xwh¥°�EwÂ,PZUYPRHrV ûFIH�°,a,¯�Ã?VYv�P2m@F�g(PZ\´[IUYX [I¯�_YPZUWg(PZ°ÕFÓV�[IVYv�PRUA_WVÍFÓVdEy[IHÈF]V�F8_YEyX³EyxyFIU�PRT�EL`RPZH*VYUdFIx/°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RP¾m�v6Ey`Ív_dF]X8T�xLPR_µF·°�ELÂcPRUWPRHrVµT�F]VYv²VYv�UY[I¶�M(vBVdv�PtX8FIHrVdxyP]a�°�Ey_WT�xGF�hK_µFÅ_WEyX³T�xyPÄT�¶�xy_WP±¹'xyEyq]P¥_Yv�FITcP]aEyH6°�Ey`RF]VdELH�MjF¥_YELX8T6xyPO_W[(¶�UY`ZP¸VdEyX³P¾\´¶6H�`ZVYEy[(H²ê � ï±ù²ï±ðíIñwòya ¢ Ü(Ü6ÛRó ¼Ok?P�FIU�¹i_%VÍF]VYEy[(HÏP±Â,PZ`ZVY_2FIH6°Vdv6PO¶�T�T¿PRU�X8FIHrVdxLP¾_%VdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYPO¯¿PRH6P�F]VYv ¬ \´UYEL`�F¥F]T�TcPRFIUAVY[¥`R[IH*VYUYEL¯�¶6VdP¾xyEwVYVdxLP�Vd[ÄVYv�PO[(¯�_WPRU%g(PR°VdELX8Pf°�PZxGF�hK_;FI`RUW[(_Y_VYv�P¸_YPZEy_WX8EL`2FIUWUdF�h(a,¯cPZ`�FI¶�_WP¸UYPZ`R[(UW°�EyH�MI_\´[(U�F]HÈP�FIU%Vdv�å*¶�FIq]P³F]V�F¥`Zxy[(_WPRU°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RPAUdFIH�MIPA_Wv�[ mÐxLELVWVdxyP�VYEyX³P�gIF]UYEGFÓVdEy[IH8F]`RUY[I_Y_@VYv�P_WPREy_WX8EL`?FIUYUYF hÇê � ï±ùÈï±ð�íIñwòya ¢ Ü(ÜuÛRó�¼3½�v�P`R[IX8T�xLP±JuELVYEyPZ_@FIH6°jxGFIUWM(PAVYEyX³PA°�PZxGF�hK_�FIUYPH�[IV�`RFI¶�_WPR°t¯rh¥_YPZEy_WX8EL`_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_�ELHÄVdv�P�X³Ey°K¹ixy[ m"PRUX8FIHrVdxyP;¯¿PRH�PRF]Vdv ¬ \´UWEy`�FµPREwVdv�PZURa�_YELH�`RPfVdv�Pµ�®ÐT�v�FI_WPR_�¯¿[IVWVd[(X³EyH�M¸X³[(UWP;VYv�FIH Ù Ü(ܵqKXáFI¯¿[ g(PVdv6PÄ`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyPµ¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh·\´UY[(X�P±g(PZH*V¸Þ� uÛ(Û ¢]Ø À >3EyM�¼�Þ]`Ia3xLEyM(vrV;VdUYFI`RPZ_ÍÃÖalP±Juv�EL¯�ELVf_YELX8T6xyPm@F gIPZ\´[(UWX8_fFIH6°ÅxLELVWVdxyPfUYPZ_YEL°�¶�FIx3VYEyX³P¾g]FIUWEGF]VYEy[(H�_FI`RUW[(_Y_�VYv�PµFIUYUYF�h(¼2½�v6PR_YP³T�v�F]_YPR_fFIH6°·VYv�P°�ELUYPR`±VO�®�þIý û�T�v�FI_WPR_;EyHÏP±g(PZH*V¾Þ� ]Ü(Þ(Ü ¢ _YFIX³T�xyP2F¥_YEyX³EyxyFIU�UYPZ`RPZELg(PZU%¹'_YEy°6P¸X8EL°u¹ixL[�m"PRU?X8FIHrVdxyP]¼ä9[(UWPR[ g(PZURa6VYv�P?[(¯�_YPZUWg]F]VYEy[(H�_p\´UY[(X×[]Vdv�PZU"P±g(PRHrV%¹i_WVdF]VdEL[(H¥T�F]EyUY_�\´UY[IX Vdv�P�bu[(¶6VYv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`A[K`RPRFIHFIH�°·Vdv6P¸_Y[(¶6VYv0buFIH�°6m�EL`ÍvÕôi_YxyFIH�°�_�VY[jVdv�P³É�¶�UY[ITcPRFIHu¹%ä»PR°�EwVdPRUWUdFIH6P�FIHQFIUYPRF6a5m�v�Ey`ÍvÅ_dF]X8T�xLPVdv6P8_YFIX8P³`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyPµ¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh·UYPZM(Ey[IHQ¯�¶uV2°�EwÂ,PZUYPZH*V¾T�FIU%Vd_f[I\@VYv�P³X8EL°u¹ixL[�m"PRU�X8FIHrVdxLPIa_Yv6[�m4PÖJ6FI`ZVYxLhjVdv6P¾_YFIX8P�VYUdF�g(PZx$VYEyX³P�¯cPZv�F�guEL[(UY_�\´[(U�Vdv6P³�ü´cþIý û~T�v�FI_WPR_FI_?VYv�[(_WP¾UWPR`R[IUY°�PZ°ÏEyH_Y[I¶6Vdv�PZUYH ¬ \´UYEL`�F9ê � ï±ù0ï±ð�íIñwòya ¢ ÜIÜ6ÛRó a�`R[(H Á UYX³EyH�MµVdv�F]V?¯c[IVYv»VYv�P;VdUdF�gIPRx5VdELX8P�°�PZxGF�hK_F]H�°9VYv�Pm@F gIPZ\´[(UWXÑ`R[(X³T�xLP±JuELVYEyPR_�[I¯�_YPZUWg(PZ°ÏEyHjVYv�P;_Y[(¶6VYv�PRUWH ¬ \´UYEy`RFIH»FIUYUYF�htFIUYP�`RFI¶�_WPR°Ï¯rhtFIH6[(XÄF]xy[(¶�__YPZEy_WX8EL`f_%VdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYPZ_�EyHtVdv�P¾xy[ m"PRUYX³[(_%V Ù ÜIܳq*X [I\lVYv�P¾X8FIHrVdxLPI¼O>/EyH�FIxLxLhIa6Vdv�PZUYP¾Ey_?xyELVWVdxLPVdUYF gIPRxVdELX8P°�ELÂcPRUWPRH�`ZP�¯cP±Vim@PZPRHQ�®�þIý û�FIH�°È � þIý û²T�v�FI_YPZ_?\´[(U"Vdv�EL_�PZgIPRHrV�a�_Y¶6M(M(PR_%VdELH�M¸Vdv�F]V�X³[(_%V�[I\Vdv6P¾P±Â,PZ`ZVd_FIUYP;`RFI¶�_YPZ°Ï¯rhtEy_W[IVdUW[(T�Ey`�g]FIUWEGF]VYEy[(H6_�[I\l_WPREL_YX³Ey`�g(PZxy[K`RELVihI¼@½�v�EL_�Ey_�`R[(H6_YEy_%VdPZH*V?m�ELVYvVdv6POFIH�EL_Y[IVYUY[(Trh»_WVY¶�°6h9EyH»Vdv�EL_AUWPRM(EL[(H êÆý/ú��ßf�·ï±ð�íIñwòya�Û Þ(Þ(ÞÓó�¼�NQP¾\´[K`R¶�_Za,EyH»Vdv�P¾H�P±JKV�_WPR`±VdEy[IH�a[(H·°�P±VÍFIELxyPR°·_%Vd¶�°�ELPR_;[I\pVdv�PµELH*VYPRUYFI`ZVYEy[(HÈ[I\"_YPZEy_WX8EL`Ä�®4m�F�gIPR_¾m�EwVdv·_YPZEy_WX8EL`O_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_fEyHVdv6POxy[ m"PRUYX³[(_%V Ù Ü(ÜÄq*X-[I\�Vdv�POX8FIHrVdxLPI¼�ô'V�m�ELxyx/FIxy_W[¥¯¿PR`R[IX8PO`ZxyPRFIUVdv�F]V�¯¿[IVdvÏVYv�P¸xyELH�P�F]UYxLhEyH6`RUYPRFI_YELH�M;VdUdF�gIPRxcVYEyX³P�°�PRxyF�hÄF]H�°8m@F�g(PZ\´[IUYX `R[(X³T�xyPÖJuELVdELPR_�[(¯6_YPRU%g(PZ°»ELH³VYv�P_W[(¶6VYv�PRUWH ¬ \´UWEy`�F]HFIUWUdF�hÅ`�FIH0[IH�xLhů¿PÄP±JuT�xyFIEyH6PR°Õ¯rhQX8[K°�PZxy_;m�ELVdvÕxGFIUWM(Pµ_Yv�PRFIU2g(PZxy[K`REwVihQUWPR°�¶6`ZVdEL[(H�_¾EyHQVYv�P
![Page 13: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Û Ù
xy[ m"PRUWX8[(_%V Ù Ü(ܸq*XÑ[I\/VYv�PfXÄFIHrVYxyPIa6`R[(UWUY[(¯¿[(UdFÓVdPR°jm"PRxLx�m�EwVdv»FIxLx,Vdv�P;_WPREy_WX8EL`;[(¯�_YPZUWg]F]VYEy[(H�_�m"P°�EL_Y`R¶6_Y_AFI¯c[ gIPI¼
þ è (*) ÿ �5 @�C7Å��� ô��*0p�3�� ��"�)�������"+�0@��� � �/.[&Ó @�$#���&� i�I���B���K�6�@��B�@+���������� � �5�"�$�
NQP9v�F�gIP9PÖJ6T6xy[(UWPR°�_WPZgIPRUdF]xAv*¶�H�°6UYPR°�X8[K°�PRxL_O\´[(U¸_WVY¶�°6hKEyH6MQVdv6P9_WPREy_WX8EL`¥g(PZxy[K`RELVih_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_FIH�°tVdv�PfEyHrVdPZUdFI`±VdEL[(Ht[I\@�®�m@F�g(PR_Am�ELVdvtVdv6PR_YP;g(PZxy[K`REwVihj_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_�FÓV?VYv�Pf¯�FI_YPf[I\Vdv6P¾X8FIHrVdxLPI¼@NQP2T�UWPR_WPRHrV�_Y[IX8P;P±J6FIX³T�xLPR_[]\l_WhKHrVdv6PZVdEL`2_WPREy_WX8[IM(UdFIX³_�Vd[8MrFIEyH»_Y[IX8PfEyH�_WEyM(vrVY_EyHrVY[»VYv�PÄELH*VYPRUYFI`ZVYEy[(HÅ[I\�_WPREy_WX8EL`j�®1m@F�g(PR_¾m�ELVdvQ_YPZEy_YX³Ey`µ_%VdUY¶6`ZVd¶6UYPR_OF]V¾VYv�Pį�FI_YP8[I\�Vdv6PX8FIHrVdxyP]¼�Ò\�T�FIUWVYEy`R¶6xGFIU�PZX8T�v�FI_YPZ_�FIUWP?VYv�PAP±Â,PZ`ZVY_@[I\�F¾H�PZMrF]VdEwg(P�g(PZxy[K`RELVihOM(UdFI°6EyPRHrV@F]V�Vdv�P?¯�FI_WP[I\�VYv�P2X8FIHrVdxLP2FIH6°ÏELVY_M(PZ[(X8P±VdU%h9[IHÇVdv�P¾_YPZEy_YX³Ey`;VdUYF�g(PRx/VdEyX³PR_Za¿m@F�g(P±\´[(UYX³_Ra,FIH�°Ïg]FIUYEyF]VdEL[(H�_[I\lm@F�g(P±\´[(UYXá`R[(X³T�xLP±JuELVYEyPR_?FI`ZUY[(_W_�F³_YX8FIxyx5PZT�Ey`ZPRHrVdUYFIx/°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZPI¼�NÕPf\´[u`Z¶�_?[(HÇVdv6P8�®�m�F�gIPT�UW[(T�FIMrFÓVdEy[IHÏF]VAVdv�PO°6ELÂcUdFI`±VdPR°Ç°�Ey_%VÍFIH�`ZP2UYFIH�M(PO[]\pÞ Ø Ú ¹ÍÛ Ü Ø Ú Á UW_WV�a,FI_�_WPREy_WX8EL`¾m@F�g(PZ\´[IUYX³_�F]VVdv6Ey_@°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZPUdF]H�M(P�F]UYP_WPRH�_WELVYELg(P?Vd[O¯¿[IVYv8Vdv6P�UdFI°6EGFIx�gIPRxy[K`REwVih³M(UdFI°6EyPRHrV@FIH�°ÄVYv�P�M(PZ[(X³PZVdU%hµ[I\Vdv6P2_YPZEy_WX8EL`f_%VdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYPZ_�EyHtVdv�P¾¯c[]VYVd[IXÑ[I\3VYv�P2X8FIHrVdxLPI¼@NQPOFIxL_Y[³°�Ey_W`R¶�_W_AVYUdFI°�PÖ¹i[IÂc_?¯cP±Vim@PZPRHVdv6P8X8FIM(H�EwVd¶�°6P¸[I\�_WPREy_WX8EL`¸g(PRxL[u`ZELVihÈUWPR°�¶6`ZVdEL[(HQFIH�°QVYv�P³M(PR[(X³PZVYUWhÈELHQT6UYPR°6Ey`ZVYEyH�Mt_WPREy_WX8EL`UYPZ_YT¿[(H�_WPR_AF]V�Vdv�P;°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RP;UdF]H�M(P�[I\ Ø(Ù Ú ¹�Þ�� Ú ¼
½�v�Pµ[(H�xwhÏT�xyFI¶�_WEy¯�xLP2m�F�hÈVY[»MIPRH�PZUdF]VYP8FjxLEyH�PRFIUYxwhÇELH�`RUWP�FI_WEyH�M¥VYUdF�g(PZx�VYEyX³PO°�PZxGF�hÈ[I\AÛ Ü_YPZ`R[(H6°�_�FI`ZUY[(_W_?VYv�P¾°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZP¾UYFIH�M(Pf[I\�Þ Ø Ú ¹dÛ Ü Ø Ú Ey_�VYv�F]VA_YPREL_YX³Ey`¸�®�m�F�gIPR_�PZH�`R[(¶6H*VYPRUF Ù Ü(Üq*XÑVdv�EL`Íq»xyF�h(PRU?m�ELVYvÇxGF]UYM(P;H�PZMrF]VdEwg(P¾_Yv�PRFIUAgIPRxy[K`REwVihtUYPZ°�¶�`ZVYEy[(H6_�F]V?Vdv�P¾¯�FI_WP2[I\lVYv�P2X8FIHrVdxLPI¼½�v�P¸X8FIM(H�EwVd¶�°6P2[I\�Vdv6P2VdUYF gIPRx3VYEyX³P2°�PZxGF�h9UYPRå*¶�ELUYPZ_�_Y¶�`ÍvÅxGFIUWM(P¾gIPRxL[u`ZELVih9UYPR°6¶�`ZVYEy[(H�_EyHÏVdv6P¯¿[IVYVY[(X×[I\�VYv�PX8FIHrVdxLP�VYv�F]VpVdv�PA°�EyUWPR`±V@_WPREy_WX8EL`?m@F�g(PZ_@m@[I¶�xy°¥T6UY[(T�F]MrF]VdPAFIxL[(H�M;Vdv�P�Vd[(TÄ[I\�Vdv6Pxy[ màgIPRxL[u`ZELVihtFIH6[(XÄF]xLh(¼@ôiH9Vdv6Ey_?`�FI_WPIa�Vdv�PfVdUdF�gIPRx�VdEyX³P�°�PZxGF�h»Ey_�`R[(HrVYUY[(xLxyPR°»¯rhtVdv�PfVdv�EL`ÍqKH6PR_Y_ZaUdFÓVdv�PZUfVYv�FIHÕVYv�P8gIPRxy[K`REwVih·UYPZ°�¶�`ZVYEy[(H6_Ra3[]\�Vdv�P8¯c[]VYVd[IX�¯c[(¶6H�°�FIU%hQxyF�h(PRUZ¼9ä9[u°6PRxy_;m�ELVYv0F_YX8FIxLxyPRU�VYv�Ey`Íq*H�PZ_Y_�`RFIH�H�[IVT�UY[K°�¶�`ZP¸F8xLEyH�PRFIUYxwhjEyH6`RUYPRFI_YELH�M8VYUdF�g(PZx$VYEyX³P¾°6PRxGF�h»[I\�Û�Ü8_YPZ`R[(H6°�_RaUYPZMrFIUW°�xyPZ_Y_�[I\$Vdv�P�g(PZxy[K`REwVih¥UYPZ°�¶�`±VdEy[IH�_�EyH�_WEy°�P�VYv�P;xGF�h(PZU À PI¼ËM�¼wa�>3EyM�¼cÛ ÜrÃÖ¼
![Page 14: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Û�Ý
¬ H6PRMrF]VYELgIP2_Yv6P�FIU?g(PRxL[u`ZELVih»M(UYFI°�EyPZHrV[I\ Ùrâ FI`RUW[(_Y_?Vdv�P¾¯c[IVWVd[(X Ù Ü(Ü8q*Xá[I\lVdv6P2X8FIHrVdxyPT�UW[u°�¶6`RPR_fF¥xLEyH�PRFIUYxwhtEyH�`ZUYP�F]_YEyH6M¥VdUdF�gIPRx3VYEyX³P2°�PZxGF�hÏ[I\pÝj_WPR`R[IH�°�_fF]V�VYv�P¸°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RP¸UdF]H�M(PO[I\Þ Ø Ú ¹ÍÛ Ü Ø Ú À >3ELM�¼�Û(Û Ã±¼pS�PRT¿PRH�°6EyH�M³[(HtVdv�P;M(PZ[(X8P±VdU%hj[I\3VYv�P;_YPZEy_YX³Ey`;_%VdUY¶6`ZVd¶6UYPIa5�ßÖÄT�v�FI_WPR_AFIUYP_Y[IX8P±VdEyX³PR_"guEL_YEL¯�xyP�¶�TjVY[8F]H9PZT�Ey`ZPRHrVdUYFIx5°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RP�[I\"Û Ü ¢]Ú ¼�½�v�PR_WP³�ßÖ8T�v�F]_YPR_?v�F�g(P¾F¸_YX8FIxyxLPRU_YxL[ m�H�PR_W_�Vdv�FIH9Vdv�F]VA[I\�VYv�P2°�ELUYPZ`ZV�F]UYUYEwg]FIxy_ À >/EyM(_Z¼$ÛIÛ F6a$Û(Û�¯�ÃÖ¼s@[]VdvÇVYv�P2UWPRxGFÓVdELgIPOFIX³T�xLELVd¶6°�PFIH�°8VdEyX³EyH6M¾¯¿PZVim"PRPZHtVYv�P¾�ßÖµT6v�FI_YPZ_�FIH�°8Vdv�P�°6EyUYPZ`ZV�FIUYUWELg]FIxy_Za*FIH�°¥VYv�PAVYPRUYX³EyH�F]VdEL[(H8°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZP[I\¿Vdv�P��ßÖ¾T�v�F]_YPR_�_%VdUY[IH�M(xLh2°�PRT¿PRH6°8[(H¸VYv�P�M(PR[(X³PZVYUWh2[I\cVYv�P�_YPZEy_WX8EL`�_WVdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYPZ_R¼ ¬ _Wv�FIxyxL[ m@PZUPR°6M(P�°�EyTµM(PZH�PRUYF]VdPZ_p_%hKH*VYv�PZVYEy`Z_pm�EwVdv³F�xGFIUWM(PRU@�ßÖfVdPZUYX³EyH�FÓVdEy[IH2°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RP]auF�xL[(H�M(PZU@�ßÖ(¹d;VdELX8P_YPZT�FIUYF]VdEL[(H�a�FIH6°ÇF¸_WVYUY[(H6M(PRU�UYPZxGF]VYELgIPO�ßÖ¥FIX³T�xLELVd¶6°�P À >/EyM(_Z¼,Û(Û Fua�Û(Û�¯�a5ÛIÛ�` ÃÖ¼pä9[u°6PRxy_�m�EwVdv»FIHEyHrm@FIUY°È°6EyT�T�ELH�M¥M(PZ[(X³PZVdU%hÇT6UY[K°�¶�`RP¸_WEyX³T�xyPfm�F�gIPZ\´[(UWX8_;FIH6°·F¥_YX8FIxyxLPRU?xyEyH6P�FIUWxLhtEyH6`RUYPRFI_YELH�MVdUYF�g(PRx5VYEyX³P�°�PRxyF�h À >3ELM�¼,ÛIÛ�°�ñ¼
¬ H·ELH�`RUWP�FI_WPO[I\�Vdv�P¸H6PRMrF]VYELgIP2g(PZxy[K`RELVih9M(UYFI°�EyPZHrV�Vd[~" â F]V�VYv�PO¯¿[IVYVY[(Xá[I\�Vdv�POX8FIHrVdxLPT�UW[u°�¶6`RPR_;_WPZg(PZUdFIx�H�[]VdEy`ZP�FI¯6xyPOP±Â,PZ`ZVd_f[(H·_WhKHrVdv6PZVdEL`R_ À >/EyM�¼/Û ¢ ñz2Û�ÃAVdv�P¥�ßÖ»T�v�FI_YPZ_¾v�F�gIP8FX³[(UYP�_WEyX³EyxGF]U"_Wxy[ m�H�PR_W_AVY[µVYv�P;°�EyUWPR`±VF]UYUYEwg]FIxy_ û�¢ Ã@_%VdUY[IH�M»�ßÖ8T�v�F]_YPR_AFIUWP;gKEL_YEy¯6xyPVYv�UY[(¶6M(v�[(¶6VVdv6POm�v�[(xyP¸°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZP¸UdFIH�MIPO[I\"Þ ØIÚ ¹ÍÛ Ü Ø]ÚZû$Ù ÃA¯¿[IVYv·VYv�POVdUYF�g(PRxlVYEyX³P2°�PZxGF�hK_;FIH�°ÈVdv6P¸UYPRxyF]VdEwg(P�ßÖÅFIX³T�xyEwVd¶�°6PR_2ELH�`RUWP�FI_WPjEyHÕVYv�P¥_%huHrVYv�PZVYEy`R_Z¼ Þ ¶�FIxLELVdF]VdEwg(PRxwh(a$m@Pj_WPRPj_YELX8ELxGFIU;P±Â,PZ`ZVd_¸[]\`Ív�FIH6M(EyH�MÄX8[K°�PRx$M(PZ[(X8P±VdU%hÇ[(HÇ_WhKHrVdv�P±VdEy`Z_;FI_�ELH >3EyM6¼$ÛIÛ(¼ ¬ _Wv�FIxyxL[ m@PZUPR°6M(PO°�ELTÏM(PRH6PRUdFÓVdPR__WhKHrVdv6PZVdEL`R_�m�ELVYvÈFÄxL[(H�M(PZU¾�ßÖ(¹djVYEyX³P¾_WPRT�F]UdF]VYEy[(H·FIH6°ÈF¥_WVYUY[(H�MIPRU�UWPRxGFÓVdELgIP8�ßÖ»FIX³T�xLELVd¶6°�PÀ >/EyM(_Z¼3Û ¢ FualÛ ¢ ¯�a3Û ¢ ` ÃÖ¼³ä9[K°�PRxL_�m�ELVdvÅFIHÅEyHrm@FIUY°·°�ELT�T�ELH�MjM(PR[IX8P±VdUWhÏ_WVdELxyx/T�UY[K°�¶�`ZP³_WEyX³T�xyPm@F gIPZ\´[(UWX8_AFIH�°»Fµ_YX8FIxyxLPRU"xyEyH6P�FIUWxLh8EyH�`ZUYP�F]_YEyH6MµVYUdF�g(PZx�VdELX8P�°6PRxGF�h À >3EyM6¼,Û ¢ °�ñ¼
buP±g(PRUYFIx?`Ív�FIUdF]`ZVdPZUYEL_WVdEL`R_³¯cPZM(EyHBVd[ÅPRX³PRUWM(PtEyHBVdv�P»_WhKHrVdv6PZVdEL`R_³\´[(UµX8[K°�PRxL_Om�ELVYv�F_WVYUY[(H6M»H6PRMrF]VYELgIP¸_Yv�PRFIU�g(PZxy[K`RELVihÇM(UdF]°�EyPZH*V;[]\@Þ â F]V�VYv�Pµ¯c[]VYVd[IX-[I\�VYv�PµXÄFIHrVYxyP À >3EyM6¼3Û Ù ÃÖ¼Û�Ã;½�v�P¥T�UWPR°�EL`ZVdPZ°0xyELH�P�F]UYxLh·ELH�`RUWP�FI_WEyH�M»VdUYF gIPRxpVdEyX³P³°�PRxyF hQFIT6T�UY[rF]`Ív�PR_¸F]¯c[(¶uV Ø _WPR`R[IH�°�_À >/EyM(_Z¼5Û Ù F6a5Û Ù ¯�a5Û Ù `�à ûc¢ Ã@Vdv�PZUYP¾FIT�T¿P�FIUW_F]HÏFI°�°6ELVdEL[(H�FIx/�ßÖ¥T�v�F]_YP;\´[(U�X8[K°�PRxL_�m�ELVdv»_WVYPRPZT�xLh°�ELT�T�EyH6M¥PR°�MIPR_ À T�v�FI_YPZ_fxyFI¯¿PRxyPZ° ¢ a�>3ELM�¼$Û Ù ` à û$Ù Ã?Vdv6PR_YPµXO¶6xLVdELT�xyPµ�ßÖ»T�v�FI_WPR_;v�F�g(P³FIxLX8[I_WVVdv6P2_dF]X8PfX8[ gIPR[(¶6VY_�FI_�Vdv6P2°�ELUYPR`±V�F]UYUYEwg]FIxy_ û Ý*Ã�_%hKH*VYv�PZVYEy`2m@F�g(P±\´[(UYX³_�FIUWP¾_WPRH�_WELVYELg(PfVd[8_YX8FIxyxFIH�MIxyPOg]FIUYEyF]VdEL[(HÏ[I\"PR°6M(Pµ°�EyT À >/EyM(_Z¼lÛ Ù ¯�a3Û Ù ` ÃÖ¼ ¬ xyx$Vdv�PZ_YP³`Ív�FIUYFI`ZVYPRUYEL_WVYEy`R_;UWPR_YPZXO¯�xLPµm�v�F]V
![Page 15: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ÛÓ�FIUWPO[(¯�_WPRUWgIPR°·EyH9Vdv�PO_WPREL_YX³Ey`2°�F]VÍFÄ_YFIX³T�xyELH�M³VYv�Pµbu[I¶6Vdv ¬ VYxGFIHrVdEL`2[K`RPRFIH À >/EyM(_Z¼,Þ(Fua,ÞI¯�ñ¼ ¬xGF]UYM(P�xLEyH�PRFIUYxwh8ELH�`RUWP�FI_WEyH�M¸VYUdF�g(PZx�VYEyX³P�°�PZxGF�hjEy_�MIPRH�PZUdF]VYPR°�a�¯¿PR`�F]¶�_YP;Vdv�P;°�ELUYPZ`ZV?_YPZEy_YX³Ey`�m@F�g(PZ_°�EwÂ,UYFI`ZV�FIxy[(H6M¾Vdv6PVd[(TÄ[I\5Vdv�Pxy[ m�g(PZxy[K`RELVih³xyF hIPRU�°6¶�PVd[¾Vdv�P�T6UYPR_WPRH�`ZP�[I\5Vdv6P�_WVYUY[(H�M¸H6PRMrF]VYELgIPg(PZxy[K`REwVihµM(UdFI°6EyPRHrVR¼l½�v�P�F]°�°�ELVYEy[(H�FIx,�ßÖOT6v�FI_YPAEy_pFfVYUYELT�xyEL`�F]VYEy[(HO[]\�Vdv�P?UYP�@�PR`±VdPZ°jT�v�FI_WP[IÂtVdv6P`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyP�¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWh¥[(¶6Vd_WEy°�P�VYv�P;¯c[(¶6H�°�FIU%hjxGF�h(PZU À _WPRPfT�F]Vdv6_?ELHjVdv�P;¯¿[IVYVY[(X [I\m>3ELM�¼,Û Ù ` ñ¼s@[IVYvÏVdv�P¾VdUYELT�xyEL`�F]VYPR°9T�v�FI_WPR_fFIH�°ÏVYv�POm�F�gIPZ\´[(UWX _YPZH�_YEwVdEwguEwVih9VY[¥Vdv�P¸_WXÄF]xyx$FIH�M(xLP2g]FIUYEyF]VdEL[(H[I\pVdv�PµPZ°�M(P³°�EyTÅFIUWPOVdv�Pµ`R[IH�_YPZåK¶6PRH�`ZPR_¸[I\pVdv�Pµ_%VdUY[IH�M9H6PRMrF]VYELgIPOg(PRxL[u`ZELVihÈMIUdFI°�ELPRHrV�¼¸½�v6PZhEyH6°�PRT¿PRH�°6PRHrVdxwhÇT�xyFI`RP2Fį¿[(¶�H�°Ï[IHÇVdv�P¾X8ELH�EyX8FIx�H6PRMrF]VYELgIP2g(PZxy[K`RELVih»M(UYFI°�ELPRHrV�FÓVVdv6PO¯�FI_WP2[I\Vdv6PfX8FIHrVdxLPI¼
¬ xwVdv�[I¶�M(v²FÈH�PRMrFÓVdELgIPjg(PRxL[u`ZELVih MIUdFI°�ELPRHrVµ[I\¾Û ¢(â T�UY[K°�¶�`ZPR_³åK¶�FIxyEwVÍF]VYELg(PZxLhQ_YELX8ELxGFIUm@F gIPZ\´[(UWX `Ív�FIUdF]`ZVdPZUYEL_WVdEL`R_fFI_fFtH�PRMrFÓVdELgIP¸g(PRxL[u`ZELVihÈMIUdFI°�ELPRHrV;[I\�Þ â À >/EyM�¼/Û�Ý*ña5VYv�P8°6PZVÍF]Eyxy_[I\�VYv�PRELU�m�F�g(P±\´[(UYX \´P�FÓVd¶�UWPR_2X8FIq]P8Vdv6PR_YP³Vim@[9VihuT¿PR_¾[I\�X³[u°6PRxy_;UWPR_Y[IxLg]FI¯�xLPI¼j½�v�PZUYPÄPÖJuEy_WVVdUYFI°�PÖ¹i[IÂc_�¯cP±Vim@PZPRHÇVYv�P¾X8FIM(H6ELVd¶6°�P�[I\3VYv�PfH�PRMrFÓVdELgIP�g(PRxL[u`ZELVihjMIUdFI°�ELPRHrVAFIH�°»Vdv�PfFIH�MIxyP;[I\$Vdv�PPR°6M(P¾°6EyTtEyHtT�UWPR°�EL`ZVdELH�M¸Vdv�P�VYEyX³P�_YPRT�FIUdF]VYEy[(Ht¯¿PZVim"PRPZHÇVdv�P¸�ßÖÄT�v�FI_WP2FIH6°»VYv�P;°�EyUWPR`ZVAFIUWUYEwgIF]xÀ P]¼æM6¼Lam>3EyM�¼3Û Ù F»FIH�°w>/EyM�¼�Û�ÝI¯�ñ¼js"¶6V2°6ELÂcPRUYPZHrV¾gIPRxy[K`REwVih·M(UdF]°�EyPZH*VY_2F]xy_Y[tT�UWPR°�EL`ZV¾°�ELÂcPRUWPRHrVUYPZxGF]VYELgIP8�ßÖ»FIX³T�xyEwVd¶�°6PR_ À PI¼ËM�¼wa�>3ELM�¼�Û Ù F¥F]H�° >3ELM�¼�Û�Ý(¯�ÃÖ¼�½�v�POPÖJ6EL_WVYPRH�`ZP¸[I\�Vdv�P¾VdUYELT�xyEL`�F]VYPR°T�v�F]_YP³FIH�°ÈVdv6P³UWPRxyF]VdEwg(P2VYEyX³EyH�MjF]H�°ÅFIX8T6xyELVY¶�°�P2FIX8[IH�Mj°�ELÂcPRUWPRHrVfT�v�FI_WPR_fFIUWP¸_YPRH6_YELVYELgIPµVY[¯¿[IVdvÇVYv�POX8FIM(H�EwVd¶�°6P¾[I\�VYv�P2H6PRMrF]VYELgIP2g(PZxy[K`RELVih»M(UYFI°�ELPRHrV�FIH6°ÇVdv�P2M(PR[(X³PZVYUWh»[I\�VYv�PO_YPZEy_WX8EL`_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_ À `]¼Ë\�¼wa�>3EyM6¼,Û Ù ` û >3EyM6¼,Û�Ý(`�ña
½�v�Pfm�F�g(P±\´[(UYXÑ\´PRF]Vd¶�UWPR_FIH�°9VYv�PRELU�UdFIT�EL°»g]FIUWEGF]VYEy[(H6_�[(¯�_YPZUWgIPR°ÈEyHtVdv6P2FI¯¿[ g(P¾_WhKHrVdv�P±VdEy`Z_FIUWPf¶6H�Eyå*¶�P;`R[IH�_YPZåK¶6PRH�`ZPR_�[I\/_WVYUY[(H6M8H�PZMrF]VYELg(P�gIPRxy[K`REwVihjM(UYFI°�EyPZHrVd_�F]V�Vdv6Pf¯�FI_YP;[I\$Vdv�PfX8FIHrVdxyP]¼ä9[K°�PRxL_pm�EwVdv³¶�xLVYUdFÓ¹'xy[ m²g(PRxL[u`ZELVihµºZ[(H�PR_"PRXO¯¿PR°6°�PR°Äm�EwVdv�ELHÄFf_YX8FIxyx�H6PRMrF]VYELgIP?gIPRxy[K`REwVih¸M(UYFI°�EyPZHrVÀ Û â ¹ Ùrâ Ã�T�UY[K°�¶�`ZP¾_WPREy_WX8EL`�UYPZ_YT¿[(H�_YPZ_°�EwÂ,PZUYPZH*V?\´UY[IX Vdv�[I_YPf[(¯�_YPZUWgIPR°Ç\´[(U�VYv�P;_YEyX³T�xLP�X8[K°�PRxL_m�ELVYvÇ_%VdUY[IH�M¥H�PZMrF]VdEwg(Pfg(PRxL[u`ZELVih»M(UYFI°�EyPZHrVd_ À PI¼ËM�¼wa¦>3ELM(_R¼�Û Ù a/Û�ÝrÃ�ELHÇ_YP±g(PZUdFIx3FI_YT¿PR`±Vd_ À >3EyM�¼�ÛÓ�IñzÛ�ÃAVYv�PZh·`RFIHQ[IH�xLhÇT�UY[K°�¶�`ZP8FjxLEyH�PRFIUYxwhÇELH�`RUWP�FI_WEyH�MjVdUYF�g(PRxlVYEyX³PO°�PZxGF�hÈ[I\@FI¯¿[(¶6Vð�j_YPR`Z[(H�°�_ û¢ ÃAVYv�PZhÈT6UY[K°�¶�`RPj�ßÖ9T�v�FI_WPR_�m�ELVYvÅFt°6ELÂcPRUYPZHrV¾_Wxy[ m�H�PZ_Y_;\´UY[(XáVdv�P¸°�ELUYPZ`ZV�m@F gIPR_ û�Ù ÃAVdv6PZh`�F]H�H�[IVAT�UY[K°�¶�`ZPOFµVdUYELT�xyEL`�F]VYPR°tT�v�F]_YP û Ý*Ã�Vdv�P±h9MIPRH�PZUdF]VYP¾g(PZUWh9`R[(X³T�xLEy`�FÓVdPR°tm@F gIPZ\´[(UWX8_?m�ELVYv
![Page 16: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ÛT"X8FIHrh8X2¶�xLVYEyT�xLPR_�EyH6_YEy°6P?VYv�PxyF hIPRU@FIH�°ÄT6¶�xy_WP±¹ixLEyq]PA°�ELUYPZ`ZV@FIUYUWELg]FIxy_ À >3EyM�¼�ÛT�(ña*°�EwÂ,PZUYPRHrV"\´UY[(X×Vdv6Pm@F gIPZ\´[(UWX-`Ív�FIUdFI`±VdPZUYEy_%VdEL`R_?[(¯�_YPZUWgIPR°ÈEyHtVdv6P2_YPZEy_WX8EL`f°�F]VÍF À >3ELM(_R¼�ÞIF6a¿ÞI¯�Ã�FIH�°9VYv�Pf_WhKHrVdv�P±VdEy`Z_`�F]xy`R¶6xGF]VYPR°¥¶�_WEyH�M2X8[K°�PRxL_"m�EwVdvj_WVYUY[(H6MOH�PRM(F]VdEwg(PgIPRxy[K`REwVihÄMIUdFI°�ELPRHrVd_ À PI¼ËM�¼wa�>3ELM(_R¼¿Û Ù FuacÛ Ù ¯�a,Û Ù `FIH�°#>3ELM(_R¼cÛ�ÝrF6a�ÛRÝ(¯�a5Û�Ý(`�ñ¼
½�v�PjXO¶6xLVdE ¹iT�FÓVdv�PZ°²�ßÖ·T�v�FI_YPZ_³[I¯�_YPZUWg(PZ°BEyH0_W[(X8PÄ_WhKHrVdv�P±VdEy`Z_ À P]¼æM�¼wa�xGF]¯cPZxyPR°0FI_ ¢ a>3ELM�¼�Û�Ý(` Ã?FIxy_W[¥EyH6°�PRT¿PRH�°6PRHrVdxwhÇUWPRå*¶�EyUWP¸FÄ`ZPRUWVdFIEyH9Vdv�EL`ÍqKH6PR_Y_;[I\�VYv�POH�PZMrF]VYELg(Pfg(PZxy[K`RELVih9xGF�hIPRUR¼ô'V;Ey_�`ZxyPRFIU\´UY[IX-Vdv6PREyUUdF�hÈT�F]VYv�_ À P]¼æM6¼LaX>3ELM�¼3ÛRÝ(` ÃAVYv�F]VfFÄVdv6EyH·xGF�h(PZU�m@[I¶�xy°·H�[IV�FIxyxL[�m4VYv�PXO¶�xwVdE ¹iT�F]VYv�PR°Q�ßÖÇT�v�FI_YP¸Vd[»_YPZT�FIUYF]VdP¸\´UY[IX-Vdv6P³°6EyUYPZ`ZV�m@F�g(PR_Z¼¥b*huHrVYv�PZVYEy`R_;VdPZ_WVY_fELH�°�EL`�F]VYPVdv�F]V�a�FÓV?VYv�Ey_�T�FIUWVYEy`R¶6xGFIU"°�Ey_%VÍFIH�`ZP;UdFIH�MIPIa�FOVdv�EL`Íq*H�PR_W_A[I\3F]V�xLP�FI_%V ¢ �IÜOq*XÆEy_�UWPRå*¶�EyUWPR°»_Y[µVdv�FÓVVdv6POVdUYELT�xyEL`�F]VYPR°Å�ßÖ9T6v�FI_YPZ_�T�UY[K°�¶�`ZPR°·¯rhÏVdv6PO_WVYUY[(H�MtH�PZMrF]VYELg(P¾g(PRxL[u`ZELVih9M(UdF]°�EyPZH*V�FIH�°ÏVdv6P_WVYPRPZT�xLht°�ELT�T�ELH�M¸PR°�MIPR_?`R[(¶�xL°t_Y¶Ê°³`RELPRHrVdxwht_YPZT�FIUdFÓVdP;\´UY[(X Vdv�P;°�ELUYPR`±VAFIUYUWELg]FIxy_ À >3ELM�¼,ÛT"(ñ¼pkA[IVYPFIxL_Y[8VYv�F]VAVdv�P¾T�UYPZ°�Ey`±VdPR°9VdUdF�gIPRx/VYEyX³P¾°6PRxGF�h»Ey_AFIxL_Y[Ä_WXÄF]xyxyPZU�Vdv�FIH9Vdv�[(_WP2T�UWPR°�EL`ZVYPR°Ïm�ELVYv Ù ÜIÜq*X Vdv6Ey`Íq¥xyF hIPRUW_ À `I¼ë\�¼La�>/EyM�¼cÛ�Ý*ñ¼
¬ V8FÅ`Zxy[(_WPRUµ°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RPtUdF]H�M(Pt[I\ Ø(Ù Ú ¹iÞ�� Ú a@v�[ m"PZgIPRURa�VYUdFI°6P±¹i[]Â,_¸PÖJ6EL_WV³¯¿PZVim"PRPRH~Vdv�PX8FIM(H�EwVd¶�°�P³[I\�_WPREy_WX8EL`³gIPRxL[u`ZELVihÅUYPZ°�¶�`ZVYEy[(HBF]H�°ÕVdv6P¥M(PR[IX8P±VdUWhÅ[I\�_WPREL_YX³Ey`³_WVdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYP¥\´[IUT�UWPR°�EL`ZVdELH�Mt_Y[(X³P¸\´P�F]VY¶�UYPZ_;[I\@_WPREL_YX³Ey`¸UYPZ_YT¿[(H�_WPR_Ra/PR_WTcPZ`REGF]xyxLh9Vdv�Pµ°�EwÂ,PZUYPZH*VYEGFIx/VdUdF�gIPRx�VdELX8PZ_¯¿PZVim"PRPRH~ÏFIH6°²�ßÖ»T�v�F]_YPR_Z¼ ¬ X³[u°6PRx3m�EwVdvÅFj_WVdUW[(H�M»H�PRM(F]VdEwg(POg(PZxy[K`REwVihÈM(UdF]°�EyPZH*VfF]H�°ÅF_WVYPRPZT�xLhÅ°�ELT�T�EyH6MÇPR°6M(PÄ`Z[(¶�xy°QT�UY[K°�¶�`ZP8VYv�PÄ_YFIX8P8°�ELÂcPRUWPRHrVdEyFIx��ßÖz�fÇVdUdF�gIPRx"VYEyX³PR_fFI_2FX³[u°�PZx¿m�EwVdvÄF2_YX8FIxyxLPRU�H�PZMrF]VdEwg(PgIPRxL[u`ZELVih³M(UdF]°�EyPZH*V@FIH�°tF¾X8[(UWPA_Wv�FIxLxy[ m�xLhµ°�ELT�T�ELH�M2PZ°�M(P À PI¼ËM�¼La>3ELM�¼�ÛÓ (ñ¼?½�v�POUWPRxyF]VdEwg(Pµ�ßÖ»FIX8T6xyELVY¶�°�PZ_AF]`RUY[I_Y_VYv�P2°�EL_WVdFIH�`RP2UdFIH�MIP2X³EyM(vrV?_WVYEyxyx�¯¿P2¶�_WPR°ÏVY[UYPZ_Y[(xwg(PfVdv�PfXÄF]M(H�ELVY¶�°�P;[I\/Vdv�P¾H�PRMrFÓVdELgIPfgIPRxL[u`ZELVihtM(UYFI°�EyPZHrV�a¿FI_AF8_WVYUY[(H6M(PRU?H�PRM(F]VdEwg(P;g(PRxL[u`ZELVihT�UWPR°�EL`ZVd_AFµX8[(UWP;UdFIT�EL°tEyH�`ZUYP�F]_YPf[I\lUWPRxGFÓVdELgIP¸�ßÖjFIX³T�xyEwVd¶�°6P\´UY[(X ØIÙIÚ Vd[8Þ�� Ú À P]¼æM�¼wa >3EyM6¼�ÛÓ (ÃÖ¼NQPf_Wv�[(¶�xL°�a�v�[ m"PZg(PZURacTc[(ELHrV�[(¶6V�Vdv�F]V?`�FI¶6VYEy[(HtEL_�UYPRå*¶�ELUYPZ°9Vd[µ¶�_WP¾UWPRxyF]VdEwg(Pfbu`�b9FIX³T�xyEwVd¶�°6P�FI_FIHjF]°�°�ELVYEy[(H�FIx�`R[(H6_WVdUYFIEyHrV"Vd[2VYv�Pg(PZxy[K`REwVih8_%VdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYPZ_Ra�FI_"Vdv�PAUYPRxyF]VdEwg(P�bu` b¥FIX³T�xLELVd¶6°�PR_pF]V"Vdv�EL_°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RP¾UdFIH�MIP¾m"[(¶�xy°ÇFIxy_W[į¿POF]ÂcPR`±VdPZ°Ï¯rhǶ�H6`RPRU%VÍFIELHrVdEyPZ_AELHÇPRFIUWVYv�å*¶�FIqIP2UdFI°�EyF]VdEL[(H»T�F]VYVYPRUWHFIH�°»_YPZEy_WX8EL`�_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_PZxy_WPZm�v�PZUYP À >3ELM�¼��(ÃÖ¼
![Page 17: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ÛÓ ��è =?�$ ���� %& , �����$#��! %�-����� � �/.Õ�$�����p�K�t, ���@��#��1¾�/�����3���-�����
.Õ�/�@�6����#879��&� �:;&<����� =?�"+A��� �B��#%���@�� %& ò~&5�$�����½�v�P¸[(¯6_YPRU%g(PZ°ÅVYUdF�g(PZx3VdELX8P¾°�PRxyF hK_;FIH6°Ïm�F�g(P±\´[(UYX-\´P�F]VY¶�UYPZ_�`�FIHȯ¿PO¶�_WPR°·Vd[j`R[IH�_WVYUdFIELH
_YPZEy_WX8EL`�_WVdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYPZ_�¯¿PRH�PRF]Vdv»Vdv�P;`RPZHrVdUdF]x3Ô/FI`RE Á `fFIH�°ÈbK[(¶6Vdv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`f[K`RPRFIH�_AF]V�Vdv�Pf¯¿[IVYVY[(X[I\"Vdv�PµX8FIHrVdxyP]¼µ½�v�P8UYFIT�EL°Åg]FIUWEGF]VYEy[(H�_[I\@m@F�g(PZ\´[IUYX�`R[IX8T�xLP±JuELVihÈFI`RUW[(_Y_f_YX8FIxyx3PRT�EL`RPRHrVYUdFIx°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RPZ_¾[(¯6_YPRU%g(PZ° EyH·Vdv�Pµ_Y[I¶6Vdv�PZUYH ¬ \´UYEL`�FIHÅ_YPZEy_YX³Ey`µF]UYUdF�hÅFIxL_Y[»T�UY[ gKEy°6P8F]H0FI°�°6ELVdEL[(H�FIx`R[IH�_WVYUdFIELH*V�VY[³VYv�P;_YPZEy_YX³Ey`X8[K°�PRxL_�¯cPZH�P�FÓVdvtVdv�P¾bu[(¶uVdv ¬ VdxGF]H*VYEy`�[K`RPRFIH�¼
½�v�P¸[(¯6_YPRU%g(PZ°ÅVYUdF�g(PZxlVdEyX³PR_FIH�°Ïm@F�g(PZ\´[IUYX³_;\´[IUAVdv6P¥�®àm@F gIPR_f_dFIX³T�xLEyH�M³Vdv�PO`ZPRHrVdUYFIxÔ3F]`RE Á ` À >3EyMI_R¼ Ø ¯,a Ø ` Ã@_W¶�M(M(PZ_WVAX8[K°�PRxL_�m�ELVYv9Fµ_YX8FIxLx,H�PZMrF]VdEwg(P�g(PZxy[K`REwVihjM(UdF]°�EyPZH*V?FÓV�Vdv�Pf¯�FI_WP[I\$Vdv�PfX8FIHrVdxyP]¼�ôiH�°�PZPR°�a�Vdv6Pf[I¯�_YPZUWg(PZ°Ï_YxL[ m�H�PR_W_[I\$Vdv�P¸�ßÖ8T�v�FI_WPR_FIH�°jVdv�PZEyU�°�EL_dFIT�T¿P�F]UdFIH�`ZPF]V"xGFIUWM(P�°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RP À >3ELM�¼ Ø ¯�Ã�`�FIHįcP?P±JuT�xyFIEyH�PZ°Ä¯rh8F¾X³[u°6PRx�m�ELVYv¥FfH�PRMrFÓVdELgIP?gIPRxL[u`ZELVihµM(UYFI°�EyPZHrV[I\ Ùrâ F]VfVdv�P³¯c[]VYVd[IX Ù Ü(ÜtqKX [I\"Vdv�P8XÄF]H*VYxyP À >3EyM�¼ Ø P ñ¼ ¬ H�PZMrF]VdEwg(Pµg(PZxy[K`RELVihÏM(UdFI°6EyPRHrV[I\ Ùrâ FIxL_Y[tP±JuT�xyFIEyH6_�Vdv�Pµ[(¯�_WPRU%gIFÓVdEy[IH�_;_dFIX³T�xyELH�M¥Vdv6P³`ZPRHrVdUYFIxpÔ3FI`ZE Á `³F]V;`Zxy[(_WPRU;°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RPZ_À >/EyM(_Z¼ Ø `]a Ø \dñ¼2Ò�¶6U�UYPZ_Y¶�xwVd_fFIUYP2`R[(H�_WEy_%VdPRHrV;m�ELVYvÈT�UYP±gKEy[(¶�_�_%Vd¶�°6EyPR_8êÆ��ý ð É ï±ÿ³íÈï±ðAíIñwòya3Û ÞIÞ� û� îÓÉ ïfÉfɱý�úÓù~ï±ð�íIñwòyalÛ Þ(ÞIÞ]ó�¼³½�v�P³[(¯�_WPRUWgIPR°Bb��×m@F�g(P±\´[(UYX³_2_YFIX8T6xyEyH6MÄVdv�P³H�[(U%Vdv�PZUYHÕÔ3FI`ZE Á `À >/EyM�¼ Ø FrÃ@`�F]H9¯¿P;UYP�F]_Y[(H�F]¯�xLhÄP±JuT�xGF]EyH�PZ°9¯rhtÔ�ã?É"ä À >/EyM�¼ Ø °�ñ¼
½�v�P¸`Ív�F]UdFI`±VdPRUWEy_%VdEy`Z_�[I\�Vdv�P¸[I¯�_YPZUWg(PZ°ÅVdFIH�M(PZHrVdEGF]x3°�EL_YT�xyFI`RPZX8PZH*VY_�_dFIX³T�xLEyH�M³Vdv�P³bu[I¶6Vdv¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`8[K`RPRFIH�a�[(HÕVYv�P¥[IVYv�PRU¾v�FIH�°,a�_Y¶�M(MIPR_WVOP±JuEy_%VdPRH6`RPj[I\?FÇ_%VdUW[(H�MÏH�PZMrF]VYELg(P8g(PRxL[u`ZELVihM(UYFI°�EyPZHrV À�� Þ â ÃF]VVYv�PO¯¿[IVYVY[(X Ù Ü(ÜÄq*X-[I\�Vdv�P2XÄFIHrVYxyPI¼A½�v�PRUWPµFIUYP2_YPZgIPRUYFIxlEyH6°�PRT¿PRH�°6PRHrVxyELH�PR_µ[I\APZgKEL°�PRH�`ZPÇELH�°�Ey`RF]VdELH�M·F·`Ív�FIH�M(P9[I\?g(PRxL[u`ZELVihB_%VdUY¶6`ZVd¶6UYP9F]V Ù Ü(Ü·qKX F]¯c[ g(PtVdv6P`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyP¾¯c[(¶6H�°�FIU%hÈFIH�°ÏVYv�P¸P±JuEL_WVdPZH�`RPµ[I\"F¥_%VdUY[IH�MtH�PRMrFÓVdELgIP2g(PZxy[K`REwVihÇM(UYFI°�ELPRHrV;F]V�VYv�P¯�FI_WP;[I\/VYv�P;XÄF]H*VYxyP�¯¿PRH�PRF]VdvtVdv6P2bK[(¶6Vdv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`�[u`ZP�FIH�z
Û(¼�½�v�PZUYP¾Ey_?F8`Ív�F]H�M(P2[]\3VdUYF�g(PRx�VdELX8P;¯¿PRv�F�gKEy[IU?\´[(U�VYv�P¾_WPREL_YX³Ey`�m�F�gIPR_�[(¯�_WPRU%g(PR°ÈELH9P±g(PZH*VÞ� KÛ(Û ¢IØ a�m�EwVdvÏxLELVYVYxyP�VYUdF�g(PZx3VdELX8P;°�PZxGF�hK_\´[(U?_YPREL_YX³Ey`fm�F�g(PZ_�¯c[]VYVd[IX8ELH�M Ù Ü(Ü8q*X-FI¯c[ gIPVYv�PO`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyPf¯c[I¶�H�°�FIU%h9FIH�°·FÄxLEyH�PRFIUYxwhjEyH�`ZUYPRFI_YELH�MÄVdUYF�g(PRx$VdELX8Pf°�PRxyF�h»\´[IU_YPZEy_WX8EL`m@F�g(PR_;Vd¶6UYH�ELH�Mjm�ELVdv6EyHÏVdv6P³¯¿[IVWVd[(X Ù Ü(Üjq*X)[I\�Vdv6P³X8FIHrVdxLP À >/EyM�¼,ÞI` ÃÖ¼O½�v�PµP±J6FI`±VdxLh
![Page 18: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Û Ø
_YFIX8P¸`Ív�FIH�M(Pµ[I\pVdUYF gIPRxlVYEyX³PO¯cPZv�F�gKEy[(UW_fEL_;FIxy_W[j[(¯�_WPRUWgIPR°Å\´UY[(X-[IVdv�PZU;PZg(PZHrVW¹i_%VÍF]VYEy[(HT�F]EyUY_?_dF]X8T�xLEyH�M¸VYv�P2_YFIX8PfUYPZM(Ey[IH�_A[]\lVdv�P¾`R[(UWP±¹'XÄFIHrVYxyP;¯c[I¶�H�°�FIU%h(a¿¯�¶6V°�ELÂcPRUWPRHrV�T�F]UWVd_[I\$Vdv6PfX³Ey°K¹ixy[ m"PRU�X8FIHrVdxLPµê � ï±ùÕï±ð@íIñwòya ¢ Ü(ÜuÛRó�¼
¢ ¼�½�v�P2[(H�xLhtT6xGFI¶�_WEy¯�xLP¾X³[K°�PRx5Vd[ÄP±JuT�xGF]EyHÏF8xyEyH6P�FIUWxLhjELH�`RUWP�FI_WEyH�M³VdUdF�gIPRx/VYEyX³P¾°6PRxGF�h»[I\�Û Ü_WPR`R[IH�°�_?[(¯�_YPZUWgIPR°ÈFI`ZUY[(_W_?VYv�P;°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RP;UdFIH6M(P;[I\lÞ ØIÚ ¹dÛ Ü ØIÚ À >3EyM�¼6ÞI¯�Ã�Ey_�F Ù ÜIܵq*XÆVYv�Ey`Íq¯¿[IVYVY[(X ¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWh¥xGF�h(PZU�m�EwVdvt_WVYUY[(H6M8H�PZMrF]VYELg(P�gIPRxL[u`ZELVihjUWPR°�¶�`±VdEL[(H�_ À P]¼æM�¼wa�>3ELM�¼,Û Ü(ñ¼
Ù ¼�½�v�P¾[(¯�_WPRUWgIPR°ÏPÖJuEy_WVYPRH�`ZPO[I\/Vdv�P;VdUWEyT�xLEy`�FÓVdPR°tT�v�FI_YPZ_ À xyFI¯¿PRxyPZ°ÇF]_ ¢ a >3ELM�¼�Þ(F(Ã�UWPRå*¶�EyUWPR_AF¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUWhjxyF�h(PRU�m�EwVdvt_WVYUY[(H�M¸gIPRxy[K`REwVihjM(UYFI°�EyPZHrVd_�FIH�°9FOVdv�EL`Íq*H�PR_W_[I\3F]V�xyPRFI_WV ¢ �IܸqKX»¼
Ý�¼�½�v�Pf[(¯�_WPRU%g(PR°ÈEL°�PRHrVYEy`�F]x5X8[ g(PÖ¹i[(¶uVd_?[I\3VYv�P¾X2¶�xLVYEyT�xLP2�ßÖ¥T�v�FI_YPZ_AVd[µVdv�F]V?[I\3VYv�P¾°6EyUYPZ`ZVFIUWUYEwgIF]xy_�_W¶�M(M(PZ_WVAF¸xGFIUWM(P�H�PRM(F]VdEwg(P�g(PZxy[K`RELVihÄM(UdF]°�EyPZH*VR¼
�u¼�½�v�Pj[I¯�_YPZUWg(PZ°~UYFIT�EL°Õg]FIUYEyF]VdEL[(H�_f[I\�m�F�g(P±\´[(UYX FI`RUW[(_Y_¸_WXÄF]xyxpPRT�EL`RPRHrVYUdFIx"°�Ey_%VÍFIH�`ZPR_À >3EyM(_Z¼¿Þ(F6a¿ÞI¯�Ã�UYPRå*¶�ELUYP¾X8[K°�PRxL_AT6UY[K°�¶�`RELH�MÄ_%hKH*VYv�PZVYEy`Z_�_YPZH�_YEwVdELgIP2Vd[ÄFÄ_YX8FIxLx5`Ív�FIH�M(P2[I\X³[u°6PRx�T�FIUYFIX8P±VdPZUY_R¼?½�v�EL_A_WPRH�_WELVdEwgKELVih»`�FIHǯcP¾P�FI_WEyxLh»F]`R`R[IX8T�xLEy_Wv�PR°tm�v�PRHÏVYv�P2¯¿[IVWVd[(X¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUWhjxyF�h(PRU�v�F]_AF¸_%VdUY[IH�MµH�PRMrFÓVdELgIP�g(PRxL[u`ZELVihjMIUdFI°�ELPRHrV À P]¼æM6¼La�>3ELM�¼,ÛRÝ*ñ¼
"6¼ ¬ xLVdv6[(¶�M(v0VYv�PRUWP»PÖJuEy_WV¸VYUdFI°6P±¹i[]Â,_¸¯¿PZVim"PRPZH�X8FIM(H�EwVd¶�°�PÄ[I\AVYv�PjH�PZMrF]VdEwg(P¥gIPRxy[K`REwVihM(UYFI°�ELPRHrV�FIH6°ÈX8[K°�PRx$M(PZ[(X8P±VdU%h9ELHÏP±JuT�xyFIEyH6EyH�M³Vdv�PO°6ELÂcPRUYPZHrVdEGF]x�VYUdF�g(PZx3VdELX8PZ_¯¿PZVim"PRPZH�ßÖ9FIH�° »T�v�F]_YPR_¾F]V�VYv�P¸°�EL_WVÍF]H�`RP¸UYFIH�M(P¸[I\ Ø(Ù Ú ¹�Þ�� Ú À >/EyM�¼$ÛÓ (ÃÖa�Vdv�P¸UYFIT�Ey°ÈELH�`RUWP�FI_WP[I\A�ßÖÇUWPRxyF]VdEwg(P³FIX³T�xyEwVd¶�°�PZ_�[(¯�_WPRU%g(PR° ELHÈVdv�P³_YPZEy_YX³Ey`¸°�F]VÍF»F]V;Vdv�EL_�°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RP³UdFIH�MIPÀ >3EyM�¼,ÞI` ÃEL_�X8[IUYP¸`R[IH�_YEL_WVdPZHrVfm�EwVdv·X³[u°�PZxy_m�EwVdv·xGF]UYM(POH6PRMrF]VYELgIPµgIPRxL[u`ZELVihÏMIUdFI°�ELPRHrVd_À >3EyM�¼cÛÓ (ÃÖ¼
½�v�P;`Ív�FIUYFI`ZVYPRUWEy_WVYEy`Z_�[I\�Vdv�PO�®�m@F�g(PZ_A[(¯6_YPRU%g(PZ°ÏF]V�VYv�P�°�EwÂ,UYFI`ZVYPR°t°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RP�UdF]H�M(P À FOxLEyH�PRFIUYxwhEyH6`RUYPRFI_YELH�MÏVdUYF�g(PRx"VdEyX³P¥°�PZxGF�hQ[I\fÛ ÜÈ_YPR`Z[(H�°�_³FI`ZUY[(_W_OVdv�Pj_WPREL_YX³Ey`jFIUWUdF�h û VYv�PjP±JuEy_%VdPZH�`RP[I\�FtVdUWEyT�xLEy`�FÓVdPR°ÅT�v�F]_YP û VYv�PÄEL°�PRHrVdEL`�FIx�_Wxy[ m�H�PR_W_O[I\�X2¶�xLVYEyT�xLP¥�ßÖÈT�v�FI_WPR_2VY[ÇVdv�F]V2[]\�Vdv�P°�ELUYPR`±Vm@F�g(PR_ û Vdv�P¾UYPZxGF]VYELg(P;VdELX8ELH�M³FIH�°ÈF]X8T�xLELVY¶�°�PfFIX³[(H�M³°�ELÂcPRUWPRHrV�T�v�FI_YPZ_ û FIH6°ÇVdv�P¾UdFIT6Ey°g]FIUYEyF]VdEL[(H�_�[]\/m@F�g(PZ\´[IUYX FI`ZUY[(_W_?VYv�P;_YX8FIxyxcPRT�EL`RPRHrVYUdFIx5°�EL_WVdFIH�`RPZ_ û >3ELM(_R¼6Þ(F6a�ÞI¯�Ã�F]H�°»VYv�P;UdFIT6Ey°
![Page 19: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Û Þ
EyH6`RUYPRFI_YP�[]\�UYPRxyF]VdEwg(P2�ßÖ³F]X8T�xLELVY¶�°�PA\´UW[(X Ør¢]Ú ¹�Þ�� Ú `�FIHj¯¿P�¯cPZ_WV�PÖJuT�xGFIELH�PR°j¯rh¥F Ù Ü(ÜOq*X|VYv�Ey`ÍqxGF�hIPRUm�EwVdvÈFÄ_%VdUW[(H�M¥H�PZMrF]VYELg(P¾g(PRxL[u`ZELVih»M(UYFI°�EyPZHrV\´UY[IX ¢Iâ À Vd[(T�Ã�Vd[ÏÛ�ÜÓ¹ÍÛ ¢Iâ À ¯¿[IVYVY[(X¥Ã�FIH�°_WVYPRPZT�xLh»°�ELT�T�EyH6M8¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUYELPR_�FÓVAVYv�P¾¯�FI_YPO[]\lVdv�PfX8FIHrVdxyP À >/EyM(_Z¼�ÞI°�acÞIPIa¿Þ]\dñ¼�½�v�Pf\´UYPRå*¶�PZH�`Zh`R[IH*VYPRHrV�[I\5VYv�P�°�ELUYPZ`ZV�F]UYUYEwg]FIxy_�[(¯�_WPRU%g(PR°tELH8Vdv6P�_Y[(¶uVdv�PZUYHjT�FIU%V�[I\,Vdv�P�_WPREL_YX³Ey`AFIUYUYF h À >3EyM�¼KÞI¯�ÃEy_A`R[(H6_YEy_%VdPZH*Vm�ELVdvÏFÄ_Yv�F]UYTÈ°�PZ`RUYPRFI_YP¸[]\�_Yv�PRFIUg(PZxy[K`REwVihÇFÓVVdv6P2Vd[(TÇ[I\�Vdv�P2¯c[(¶6H�°�FIU%h9xyF�h(PRUZ¼½�v�P¾xyEyH6P�FIUWxLh¥ELH�`RUWP�FI_WEyH�MµVdUYF�g(PRx�VdELX8P�°6PRxGF�ht[I\@Û Ü8_WPR`Z[(H�°�_AEy_AFIxy_W[8PÖJ�F]`ZVdxwhtT�UYPZ°�Ey`±VdPZ°Ç¯rhtVdv�EL__Yv�FIUYT·°�PZ`RUYPRFI_YP¸[]\"_Wv�P�F]U�g(PRxL[u`ZELVihÇF]V Ù Ü(Ü¥q*X)FI¯¿[ g(P2VYv�P¸`R[(UWP±¹'XÄFIHrVYxyP2¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWh À >/EyM�¼cÞI°�a>3ELM�¼KÞ(Frñ¼/NÕP�_Wv�[(¶�xL°�a6v6[�m"PZgIPRUZa�FI°�°tF2`RFI¶6VdEL[(H�FIU%h³H�[IVdPAVdv�F]V@H�[IV�FIxyx�Vdv�P[(¯�_YPZUWgIPR°jm�F�gIPZ\´[(UWX\´P�FÓVd¶�UWPR_�FIUWP¾PÖJuT�xGFIELH�PR°Ç¯*h»[(¶6UAVim"[]¹i°�ELX8PZH�_YEL[(H�FIx5X³[K°�PRxL_FIH6°ÇVdv�UWPRP¾°�EyX³PRH�_WEy[(H�FIx�PZÂcPR`ZVY_�[I\m@F gIP¾T6UY[(T�F]MrF]VdEL[(Hj`R[I¶�xy°»¯cP�ELX8T¿[(U%VÍFIHrV�¼
��èÅé �@�6�$��ô������6�3�� ��"���½�v�P Ùrâ H�PRM(F]VdEwg(P2gIPRxy[K`REwVihÇMIUdFI°�ELPRHrV�¯¿PRH�PRF]VdvÈVYv�P¸`RPZH*VYUdFIxlÔ3FI`ZE Á `µF]VVdv�P¸¯�F]_YP¸[I\�VYv�P
X8FIHrVdxyP;X8F�hjUYPRFI_Y[(H�FI¯�xLht¯¿PfP±JuT�xGF]EyH�PZ°Ç¯rh»T�¶�UYP;Vdv6PRUYX8FIx�PZÂcPR`±Vd_A[I\�FµVdPRX³T¿PRUdFÓVd¶�UWP¾M(UYFI°�ELPRHrVFI`ZUY[(_W_�F³VYv�PRUWXÄFIx$¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh»xGF�h(PZUR¼ � ï±ù ï±ð?íIñwòlê ¢ Ü(Ü6ÛRó/v�F�g(P2P±JKVdPZH�_YEwg(PRxwhÇ°6Ey_Y`Z¶�_Y_WPR°Èg]FIUYEL[(¶�_T�UW[(Tc[I_dFIxL_\´[(U�PÖJ6T6xGFIELH�EyH�M³Vdv�P¸_WPREL_YX³Ey`2`Ív�FIUdFI`±VdPZUYEy_%VdEL`R_�[(¯�_WPRU%g(PR°ÅEyHÏVYv�P¸¯¿[IVYVY[(X-¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWhxGF�hIPRU�¯cPZH�P�FÓVdvtVdv�P2bu[(¶6VYv ¬ VYxGFIHrVYEy`�[K`RPRFIHÇF]H�°»VYv�PRELU�°�ELÂcPRUWPRH�`ZPfm�EwVdvjVdv6[(_YPfEyH6\´PZUYUWPR°t¯cPZH�P�FÓVdvVdv6P�`RPZH*VYUdFIx,Ô3FI`ZE Á `]¼�½�v�P�X8FIM(H�EwVd¶�°�P?[I\5VYv�P�H�PZMrF]VdEwg(P?g(PRxL[u`ZELVih8M(UdF]°�EyPZH*VRaKVYv�P�_%VdPRPZT�xLh8°�ELT�T�EyH6MPR°6M(PR_ZacF]H�°»VYv�P;¶�H�ELåK¶6PfT6UYPR_WPRH�`ZP2[I\$Vdv6Pf¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWh¥xGF�h(PZU?¯¿PRH6P�F]VYv»VYv�PObK[(¶6Vdv ¬ VYxGFIHrVdEL`�[u`ZP�FIH`�F]Hǯ¿Pf¯¿PR_%VPÖJuT�xGFIELH�PR°»¯rhtT�FIU%VdEGF]x5X8PZxLV�°�UWELgIPRHǯrh9Fµ`R[(X³Tc[I_YELVYEy[(H�FIxc`Ív�FIH�M(P¾T�UY[K°�¶�`ZPR°ÇPRFIUYxwhEyH9Vdv�PµÉ�FIU%Vdv�ÊË_�v�Ey_%Vd[(U%h9FIH�°ÅF8Vdv6PRUYX8FIx/M(UdFI°6EyPRHrVAm�ELVdv6EyHÇVYv�P¸¯c[I¶�H�°�FIU%hÇxyF�h(PRU³ê � ï±ù²ï±ð?íIñwòya¢ Ü(ÜuÛRó�¼�NQP¾\´[K`R¶�_Av�PRUWPO[(HÏv�[ m4T�F]UWVdEyFIx�X8PZxLV?`R[I¶�xy°ÏPÖJuT�xGFIELH9VYv�P2H�PZMrF]VYELg(Pfg(PZxy[K`RELVih»M(UYFI°�ELPRHrV[(¯�_WPRU%g(PR°·m�ELVYv�EyH9Vdv�P2VYv�PRUWX8[Ó¹i`Ív�PZX8EL`�FIx$¯c[I¶�H�°�FIU%hÏxyF hIPRU�F]H�°ÈTc[I_Y_YEL¯�xyPfVdv�PZUYX8FIx3`Z[(H�°�EwVdEL[(H�_m�v�EL`Ív9m"[(¶�xy°»`R[IH�_YEL_WVdPZHrVdxLhtPÖJuT�xGFIELH»VYv�P;_YPZEy_YX³Ey`;_%VdUY¶6`ZVd¶6UYPR_A¯cPZH�P�FÓVdv9VYv�Pf`RPRHrVYUdFIx$Ô3F]`RE Á `2FIH6°bu[(¶uVdv ¬ VdxGF]H*VYEy`�[K`RPRFIH�_Z¼
ôiHQVYv�PÄT�FIUWVYEGFIx ¹iX³PRxLV_Y`ZPRH�FIUWEy[»m�ELVdv6EyHQFtVYv�PRUWX8[]¹'`Ív�PRX³Ey`RFIx�¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh·xGF�hIPRURa/X8PZxLVYEyH�MF]V;Fj`Ív�PZX8EL`�FIx/¯c[I¶�H�°�FIU%hÈ[(U�FÓV�Vdv�PµPZ¶6VdPZ`ZVdEL`OVdPZX8T¿PRUYF]Vd¶�UWP¸UYPZ_Y¶�xwVd_�EyH·F]HQF]¯�UY¶�TuV�°�PR`ZUYPRFI_YP
![Page 20: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
¢ Ü
[I\�g(PZxy[K`REwVihÈF]V Ù Ü(Ü¥q*X�FI¯¿[�gIPOVdv�P¸`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxLPO¯c[I¶�H�°�FIU%h(a�FIH6°QF]HÅELH�`RUWP�FI_WP¸[I\p¯c[]Vdv·X8PZxLV\´UdF]`ZVdEL[(H0F]H�°0VdPZX8T¿PRUYF]Vd¶�UWPÄT�UW[u°6¶�`RPZ_µFÇ_WVYUY[(H�MÇH�PRMrFÓVdELgIPÄg(PZxy[K`REwVihQMIUdFI°�ELPRHrV2VY[ m�FIUW°0Vdv�P`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyP¸¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUWhI¼ÄNÕP³_Yv6[�m F]HQPÖJ�F]X8T�xLP¸\´[(UfF9vrhKTc[IVYv�PZVYEy`RFIx�¯�EyH�FIUWh·`Z[(X8T¿[(_WELVdEL[(H_WhK_%VdPRX \´[IU2Vdv�Pt`RFI_YPj[I\APR¶uVdPR`±VdEL`jT�FIUWVYEGFIx"X8PZxLVYEyH�M À >3ELM�¼@Û Ø Ã±¼ ä9FIHrVdxyPj`Z[(X³Tc[(_WELVYEy[(H0äEyHrVYPRUY_WPR`±Vd_?PR¶6VYPR`ZVYEy`fX8PZxLVYEyH�MOVYPRX³TcPZUdF]VY¶�UYP;F]V Ù ÜIܵq*X FI¯¿[ g(P;Vdv�P;`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxyP�¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWh»F]H�°_WVdFIUWVY_?VY[8T�FIUWVYEGFIxLxLh³X8PZxLV�m�EwVdv9F³X³PRxwV�\´UdFI`±VdEy[IH ¸ �� À ¸ q Ã�FIH6°ÇFµX8PZxLV�`Z[(X8T¿[(_WELVdEL[(HtÉ�¼ ¬ _FµUYPR_W¶�xLVRa�_Yv�PRFIU?gIPRxL[u`ZELVihjPÖJ6T¿PRUWEyPZH�`RPZ_�F Á UY_%VW¹i[IUY°�PZUAH�PZMrF]VYELg(Pf°�EL_Y`R[IH*VYEyH*¶�EwVihtF]V Ù Ü(ܸq*XáFI¯c[ gIPVdv6P2`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyP;¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh(¼ ¬ Tc[(_WELVYELg(P;VdPZX8T¿PRUYF]Vd¶6UYPfM(UdFI°6EyPRHrV?m�ELVYv�EyHtVdv�P¾¯c[I¶�H�°�FIU%h»xGF�h(PZUM(PZH�PRUYF]VdPZ_;FIH·EyH�`ZUYP�F]_YPO[I\�\´UYFI`ZVYEy[(HÏ[]\pVYv�P¸X³PRxLVA\´UY[(X ¸ �� À ¸ q� Ã?VY[ ¸ � � À ¸ � q� � ÃF]H�°ÅF`Ív�FIH6M(P;[I\lX³PRxwV�`R[(X³T¿[(_YEwVdEy[IHÄ\´UY[(X É~Vd[�>@¼�½�v6P¾ELH�`RUWP�FI_WPf[]\3X³PRxwV�\´UdFI`±VdEL[(HtFIH�°tVdPZX8T¿PRUYF]Vd¶�UWPUYPZ_Y¶�xwVd_"EyH8F¾_WVYUY[(H6M2H�PZMrF]VdEwg(P�g(PZxy[K`RELVihµMIUdFI°�ELPRHrVpVd[ m�F]UY°ÄVYv�PA`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxLP?¯¿[(¶�H6°�FIUWh À >3EyM�¼6Û Ø Ã±¼ôiH»UYP�F]xyELVihIa�EL\$Vdv6P¾`Z[(X8T¿[(_WELVdEL[(HjFIH6[(XÄF]xLh¥v�FI_?F³xL[�moT�FIU%VdEGF]x,X³PRxLVYEyH�MOVYPRX³TcPZUdF]VY¶�UYP]a�Vdv�Pf°�PZT6VdvFIH�°jgIPRxy[K`REwVih¥[I\�VYv�P�Vd[(Tt[I\�Vdv6P;VYv�PRUWX8[Ó¹i`Ív�PZX8EL`�FIx¿xGF�h(PZU�m@[I¶�xy°t¯¿Pf`Z[(HrVdUW[(xyxLPR°¥¯rh¥VYv�P;[(H�_YP±V�[I\Vdv6Pf`Ív6PRX³Ey`�F]x5FIH�[(X8FIxwhÄUYF]Vdv�PZU�Vdv�FIHtVdv6PfPZ¶6VdPZ`ZVYEy`;X8PZxLVYEyH�M�¼
>3ELM�¼�Û Þ9ELxyxy¶6_WVdUYF]VdPZ_fVim"[ÈPRH6°u¹iX³PRXO¯¿PRUW_2[I\�T¿[(_W_YEy¯6xyP³_Y`RPZH�FIUWEy[(_2m�v6Ey`Ív0`Z[(¶�xy°ÕP±JuT�xGF]EyHVdv6P³°6ELÂcPRUYPZH�`RP³¯¿PZVim"PRPRHQVdv�P³_YPZEy_YX³Ey`¸_%VdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYPZ_2F]V;VYv�Pµ¯�FI_YP³[I\"Vdv�PµX8FIHrVdxyP¸¯¿PRH6P�F]VYvQVdv6P`RPZHrVdUdF]xlÔ3F]`RE Á `OFIH�°Èbu[(¶6VYv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEy`f[K`RP�F]H�_R¼ ¬ _ � ï±ùBï±ð�íIñwò�ê ¢ ÜIÜ6ÛRó$_Y¶�MIM(PR_%V�a,VYv�P¾\´[(xLxy[ m�EyH6MVim"[È`Ív�FIUdF]`ZVdPZUYEL_WVdEL`R_¾[I\�FÇT�UWEyX³[(UY°6EGFIxl`Ív6PRX³Ey`�F]x@FIH6[(XÄF]xLhÈ_Wv�[(¶�xL°0_YELM(H�E Á `�FIHrVdxwhÅF]ÂcPR`ZV2ELVY_X³PRxLVYEyH�M³¯¿PRv�F�gKEy[(UZz�Û�Ã?EwVX8F�h»¯cP¾PRH�UWEy`Ív�PZ°ÅELHÇxLPR_Y_A`R[(X³T�F]VYEy¯�xLP¾PZxyPZX8PZH*VY_ À PI¼ËM�¼La ¬ x a¦>�PIa�ø�FrÃFIH�°ÕTcPZUYv�FIT6_2_Y[IX8Pµg([(xyF]VdELxyP¸`Z[(X8T¿[(H�PZHrVd_R¼»½�v�PZ_YP¥PZxyPRX³PRHrVY_2`R[I¶�xy°Q_YEyMIH�E Á `RFIHrVdxwhÈ°�PRT6UYPR_W_Vdv6P³X³PRxwVdELH�MÄVdPZX8T¿PRUYF]Vd¶6UYP û/¢ ÃEwV;XÄF�hÏFIxy_W[j¯cP¸PZH�UYEL`Ív�PR°QEyHÈv�PRF]VW¹'T�UY[K°�¶�`ZEyH�MtEyH6`R[(X³T�F]VYEy¯�xLPPRxLPRX³PRHrVd_Za�_Y¶�`ÍvÈF]_Aefa�½�v�a¿Îµ¼�ôiHrVYPRUYH�FIx$VYPRX³TcPZUdF]VY¶�UYP;X8F�hj¯cPf_Y[³PRxLPZg]F]VYPR°Ç°6¶�PfVY[8UYFI°�EL[(M(PRH6Ey`v�PRF]VdELH�M»VYv�F]V¾ELVf_Y¶6_WVÍF]EyH�_;Vdv�P8T�FIU%VdEGF]xlX8PZxLVYEyH�Mt[(U;UYPÖ¹iX³PRxwVd_;xy[K`�FIxLxLhI¼8ôiHQ`�FI_WPÇÛ(a$¯c[]VdvQVYv�P`RPZHrVdUdF]x�Ô3FI`ZE Á `fFIH�°Çbu[(¶uVdv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEy`�[K`RPRFIH�_�v�F�g(PfFIH»Ey°6PRHrVdEL`�FIxcM(PR[IVYv�PRUWX9aum�ELVdv»FIH9FI°�EyFI¯�F]VYEy`VdPZX8T¿PRUYF]Vd¶6UYP;M(UdF]°�EyPZH*V?ELH»VYv�P;XÄFIHrVYxyP�\´[(xLxy[ m@PZ°9¯rh»Fµ_WVYPRPRT»Vdv�PZUYX8FIx5M(UYFI°�EyPZHrVAELH»VYv�P;¯c[]VYVd[IX[I\lVYv�P2X8FIHrVdxLPI¼AäÇFIHrVYxyP2X8F]VYPRUYEyFIxy_�FÓVVdv6P2¯�FI_WP2[I\3Vdv�POX8FIHrVdxLP;¯cPZH�P�F]VYvÏVdv�PObu[(¶6VYv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`[K`RP�F]HÅv�F gIP³F¥xy[ m@PZU�T�FIU%VdEGF]x/X³PRxwVdEyH6MÄVdPZX8T¿PRUYF]Vd¶�UWPO¯¿PR`�F]¶�_YPµ[I\�Vdv6P¸`R[(X³Tc[I_YELVYEy[(H�FIx�`Ív�FIH�M(P
![Page 21: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
¢ Û
À xLPZ\ VT�FIH�PZx�a�>/EyM�¼�Û ÞrÃÖ¼�ôiHÈ`�F]_YP ¢ acXÄFIHrVYxyP2v�FI_�FÄ_YFIX8P¾_Y[(xLEy°�¶6_A\´[(U�X8F]VYPRUYEyFIxy_�¯¿PRH�PRF]Vdvȯ¿[IVYvVdv6Pf`ZPRHrVdUYFIx$Ô3FI`ZE Á `fFIH6°ÇbK[(¶6Vdv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`�[u`ZP�FIH�_Za�¯�¶6V�Vdv6P;VYPRX³TcPZUdF]VY¶�UYPZ_?FIUYP;xy[K`�F]xyxLh³PZxyPZg]F]VYPR°F]V�VYv�Pµ¯�FI_YP³[I\pVdv�PµX8FIHrVdxLPO¯cPZH�P�FÓVdvQVYv�P8bu[(¶6VYv ¬ VYxGFIHrVYEy`O[K`RPRFIHQ°6¶�P¸Vd[tX8[IUYP¸UdF]°�Ey[(MIPRH�EL`v�PRF]VdELH�M À UYELM(vrV�T�FIH�PZx�a�>3ELM�¼�Û Þ(ñ¼�ôiH9¯¿[IVYv9`RFI_YPZ_Ra�Vdv�P;VdPZX8T¿PRUYF]Vd¶6UYP;F]V�Vdv6Pf¯�FI_YPf[I\3VYv�P;XÄF]H*VYxyPEy_¯cPZxy[ m VYv�P¸_Y[IxyEy°6¶�_¯¿PRH�PRF]Vdv·Vdv6P¸`RPRHrVYUdFIx�Ô/FI`RE Á `µFIH�°·EL_�FI¯¿[�gIPOVdv�P¸_W[(xyEL°�¶�_�¯¿PRH6P�F]VYv·VYv�Pbu[(¶uVdv ¬ VYxGFIHrVdEL`A[K`RPRFIH¥°�¶6PAVd[OF¾°�PZT�UYPZ_Y_YPZ°tT�FIUWVYEGFIx�X³PRxwVdEyH6M;VYPRX³TcPZUdF]VY¶�UYPFIH�°� Ó[(U@F]H¥PRxLPZg]F]VdPZ°EyHrVYPRUYH�FIx�VdPRX³T¿PRUdFÓVd¶�UWP8Vdv6PRUYP]¼9½�v6P¥¯c[]VYVd[IX)Vdv�PZUYX8FIx�M(UdFI°6EyPRHrVY_¾T�UW[u°6¶�`RPÄF Ùrâ H�PZMrF]VdEwg(Pg(PZxy[K`REwVihÈM(UdF]°�EyPZH*Vf¯¿PRH�PRF]VdvÅVdv�Pµ`ZPRHrVdUYFIxpÔ3FI`ZE Á `³¯rh·T�¶�UYPµVdv6PRUYX8FIx�P±Â,PZ`ZVd_¾FIH�°ÕF ¢Iâ ¹dÛ Ü âH�PZMrF]VdEwg(PÄgIPRxL[u`ZELVihÅM(UdF]°�EyPZH*V2¯cPZH�P�FÓVdv0Vdv6Ptbu[(¶6VYv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEy`8[u`ZP�FIH0FI_¸FÇUWPR_Y¶6xLV¸[I\�T�FIUWVYEGFIxX³PRxLVYEyH�M6¼
��è .Õ�@��&�#%+��� ��"�¬ H·�®�vrhK¯�UYEL°ÇX³PZVdv6[u°tEy_�°6PZg(PZxy[(T¿PR°»\´[(U�`�F]xy`R¶6xGF]VYEyH�M¸_%huHrVYv�PZVYEy`f_YPREL_YX³[(M(UYFIX8_�ELHrg([(xwguELH�M
Vim"[]¹i°�ELX8PZH�_YEL[(H�FIx$xy[K`�F]xyEyºZPR°9v�PZVYPRUY[IM(PRH�PZ[(¶�_�_%VdUY¶6`ZVd¶6UYPR_Z¼G��hu¯6UYEy°ÈX³PZVYv�[K°ÈEy_�F¥`Z[(XO¯�ELH�F]VYEy[(H[I\pFIH�FIxLh*VdEL`2F]H�°ÈH*¶�X8PZUYEL`�FIx$X8P±Vdv�[K°�_Zacm�ELVYvÇVdv6P Á H�EwVdP2°6ELÂcPRUYPZH�`RP¾VdPR`Ív6H�Eyå*¶�PµFIT6T�xyELPR°ÇELHÇVdv6Pv�P±VdPRUW[(M(PZH�PR[(¶6_fUWPRM(EL[(HÈ[(H�xwh9FIH�°ÅFIH�FIxwh*VdEy`¾X8P±Vdv�[K°�_�[I¶6Vd_WEy°�P]¼2½�v�P¸M(PZH�PRUYFIxyELºRPZ°ÈUdF�hÇVYv�PR[(U%h_Y[Ixy¶6VYEy[(H�_�\´UY[IX F8_YPZEy_WX8EL`¾_W[(¶�UY`ZP¸FIUWP¾¶�_WPR°ÈELH9Vdv6P Á H�EwVdPf°�ELÂcPRUWPRH�`ZPOEyH6ELVdEyF]VdEL[(H¥T�UW[u`ZPR_W_R¼½�v6P_YPZEy_WX8EL`@X³[IVdEL[(H�_Ra]F]\ VYPRU3ELHrVdPRUYFI`ZVYEyH�M?m�ELVYvOVdv�P"v�PZVYPRUY[IM(PRH�PZ[(¶�_�_%VdUY¶6`ZVd¶6UYPR_ZaKFIUYP�T6UY[(T�F]MrF]VdPZ°O¯�FI`ÍqVd[³Vdv�P2É�FIUWVYv�Êæ_A_Y¶�U%\ÌFI`RP2FIH�FIxwh*VdEy`RFIxyxwh8m�EwVdv»Vdv�P2FIEy°»[I\lVYv�P2Î�ELUY`Ív�v�[]ÂQX³PZVYv�[K°�¼{ø@[(X³T�FIUYEL_Y[(H6_[I\p_WhKHrVdv6PZVdEL`R_;`�F]xy`R¶6xGF]VYPR°È¯rhÇVYv�P¸vrhu¯6UYEy°·X³PZVYv�[u°·F]H�°ÏVdv�P¸MIPRH�PZUdFIxlUYF�hÇVdv6PR[(U%hÇhKEyPZxy°ÈM([K[u°FIM(UWPRPZX8PZH*VY_R¼
NQP¾`Z[(xyxLPR`ZVAFIH6°9T�UWPR_WPRHrVO�®�[(¯�_WPRU%gIFÓVdEy[IH�_FÓV?VYv�Pf°�Ey_%VÍFIH�`ZP¾UYFIH�M(Pf[I\ Ø(Ù Ú ¹ÍÛ Ü Ø Ú \´[IU�VYv�[(_WP_dF]X8T�xLEyH�M¥VYv�Pµ¯�FI_WP³[]\@Vdv6P³X8FIHrVdxLP¸¯cPZH�P�FÓVdv·Vdv�Pµ`RPZHrVdUdF]x"Ô/FI`RE Á `³FIH�°·Vdv�P8bu[I¶6Vdv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEy`[K`RP�F]H�_R¼�½�v�P?[(¯�_WPRU%g(PR°9�®Bm�F�g(PZ_�_dF]X8T�xLEyH�M�VYv�PR_WP?Vim"[2UWPRM(EL[(H�_�[I\cVdv�P?`R[(UWP±¹'XÄFIHrVYxyP�¯¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWh(av�[ m"PZg(PZURa�_Yv6[�m�gIPRUWhQ°�EwÂ,PZUYPRHrV2`Ív�FIUdF]`ZVdPZUYEL_WVdEL`R_2FI`RUW[(_Y_fVdv�P8PRT�EL`RPRHrVYUdFIxp°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RPÄUYFIH�M(P8[I\Ø(ÙIÚ ¹ÍÛ Ü ØIÚ ¼·½�v�PÈ�®1m�F�g(PZ_8_YFIX³T�xyELH�M9VYv�P¥`R[IUYP±¹'XÄF]H*VYxyP8¯c[(¶6H�°�FIU%h0¯¿PRH�PRF]Vdv Vdv6Pj`RPRHrVYUdFIxÔ3F]`RE Á `O_Yv�[ m FÄxLEyH�PRFIUYxwhtEyH�`ZUYP�F]_YEyH6MÄ°�PZxGF�hÇ[]\�Ý¥_YPZ`R[(H�°6_�\´UY[(XáÞ Ø Ú Vd[ÏÛ�Ü Ø Ú a5FIH�°Ï°6Ey_Y`ZPRUWH�Ey¯�xLP
![Page 22: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
¢(¢
�ßÖ»T�v�FI_WPR_;¶�TÏVY[tFIH·PRT�EL`RPRHrVYUdFIxl°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZPO[I\?Û Ü ¢]Ú ¼¾½�v6P¥�®<m�F�gIPR_;T�UY[IT�FIMrF]VYEyH�M8Vdv�UW[(¶�M(vVdv6P¾¯�F]_YP2[]\lVdv�PfX8FIHrVdxyP;¯¿PRH�PRF]Vdv9Vdv�PObu[(¶6VYv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`f[K`RPRFIH�a¿[(H9VYv�Pf[IVdv�PZUAv�FIH�°�a¿P±Juv�EL¯�ELVAFxyELH�P�F]UYxLh8EyH6`RUYPRFI_YELH�Mµ°�PRxyF�h¥[I\@Û Ü¸_YPR`Z[(H�°�_�\´UY[IXÑÞ Ø Ú VY[»Û�Ü Ø Ú a�°6Ey_Y`ZPRUWH�Ey¯�xLP�XO¶�xwVdEyT6xyP¾�ßÖ8T�v�F]_YPR_m�ELVYvj_dFIX³P�_Wxy[ m�H�PR_W_?FI_�Vdv�P°�EyUWPR`ZV��®�m�F�gIPR_?¶�TjVd[jÛ Ü Ø]Ú a�F]H�°jUdFIT6Ey°¥g]FIUYEyF]VdEL[(H�_p[I\�m�F�gIPZ\´[(UWXFI`ZUY[(_W__YX8FIxLx5PRT�EL`RPRHrVYUdFIx$°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RPR_Z¼A½�v6P2[(¯�_WPRU%gIFÓVdEy[IH�__YFIX8T6xyEyH6MµVYv�P¸bK[(¶6Vdv ¬ VdxyFIHrVdEy`f[K`RP�F]HF]V¾Fj`RxL[(_YPZUf°6Ey_WVdFIH�`ZP³UYFIH�M(Pµ[I\ Ø(ÙIÚ ¹�Þ�� Ú _Yv�[ m×xyFIUYM(P¥�ßÖ��'»VdELX8P¸_WPRT�F]UdF]VYEy[(H�_fFIH6°ÕFjUdF]T�Ey°EyH6`RUYPRFI_YP;[I\p�ßÖÄFIX8T6xyELVY¶�°�P\´UW[(X ØIÙIÚ Vd[8Þ�� Ú ¼
NQP¥FIT�T6xLh·Vdv�P8vrhu¯6UYEy°ÕX8P±Vdv�[K° FIH�°Õ_WVd¶6°6hQVYv�PÄ_Wv�P�F]U2g(PZxy[K`RELVih·_%VdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYPZ_µFIH�°ÕVYv�PEyHrVYPRUdF]`ZVdEL[(HÈ[I\��®<m@F�g(PR_fm�ELVYvÏVdv�PZ_YP¸g(PZxy[K`RELVihÇ_WVYUY¶�`±Vd¶�UWPR_¾F]V�Vdv6P³¯�FI_YP¸[I\pVdv6P¸XÄFIHrVYxyPI¼2Ò\T�FIU%VdEL`R¶�xyFIUPZX8T�v�FI_YPZ_¾F]UYPOVdv6P³P±Â,PZ`ZVY_f[]\�F¥H�PZMrF]VYELg(P¸gIPRxy[K`REwVihÇMIUdFI°�ELPRHrVfF]V�VYv�P¸¯�FI_WP³[]\pVYv�PX8FIHrVdxyP8FIH�°QELVY_2M(PZ[(X8P±VdU%h·[(HÕVdv6PÄ_YPZEy_WX8EL`³VYUdF�g(PZx"VdELX8PZ_Ra$m�F�g(P±\´[(UYX³_RalFIH�°Õg]FIUWEGF]VYEy[(H�_;[I\_YPZEy_WX8EL`;m@F�g(P±\´[(UYX³_`ZUY[(_W__YX8FIxLx5PRT�EL`RPRHrVYUdFIx$°�Ey_%VÍFIH6`RPR_Z¼AbKhKH*VYv�PZVYEy`fVdPR_%Vd_AEyH�°�EL`�F]VYP�Vdv�F]VRa�m�v�EyxLPVdv6PÄ[(¯�_WPRU%gIFÓVdEy[IH�_¾_YFIX³T�xyELH�MjVdv�P³`RPZH*VYUdFIx"Ô3F]`RE Á `Ä`�F]HÕ¯¿PÄP±JuT�xyFIEyH6PR°Õ¯rhQF9H6PRMrF]VYELgIP8_Wv�P�FIUg(PZxy[K`REwVihjM(UdF]°�EyPZH*V?[I\ Ùrâ À UWPRxyF]VdEwg(P�Vd[8Ô�ãAÉpäÏÃ�F]V?Vdv�Pf¯c[]VYVd[IX Ù Ü(ܵq*XÑ[I\3VYv�P¾X8FIHrVdxLPIa�VYv�[(_YP_dF]X8T�xLEyH�M�VYv�P�bK[(¶6Vdv ¬ VdxGF]H*VYEy`�[K`RP�F]HÄUYPZå*¶�EyUWPF Ù Ü(Ü;qKX×VYv�Ey`Íq¸¯¿[IVYVY[(Xׯ¿[(¶�H�°�F]UWhµxGF�hIPRU"m�EwVdv8FxGF]UYM(PZU@H�PZMrF]VdEwg(P�gIPRxy[K`REwVihÄMIUdFI°�ELPRHrV�\´UW[(X ¢Iâ À Vd[(T�Ã�Vd[tÛ ÜÓ¹dÛ ¢(â À ¯¿[IVYVY[(XÄÃ"FIH�°j_%VdPZPRT�xwh¥°�ELT�T�EyH6MPR°6M(PR_Z¼A½�v�P¾[(¯�_WPRUWg]F]VYEy[(H6__dF]X8T�xLEyH�M¸VYv�P2`Z[(UYPÖ¹iX8FIHrVdxyP;¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUWh»UYPZM(Ey[IH9¯¿PRH�PRF]Vdv9Vdv�PObu[(¶6VYv¬ VdxyFIHrVdEL`�[u`ZP�FIH»`�FIH6H�[IV?EyH�_%VdPRFI°9¯¿P;P±JuT�xyFIEyH�PZ°9¯rhjX³[K°�PRxL_�m�ELVdv9F¸H�PRM(F]VdEwg(P;g(PRxL[u`ZELVihÄM(UdFI°6EyPRHrV[I\ Ùrâ PRXO¯¿PR°�°6PR°Èm�ELVYvȶ�xLVYUdFÓ¹'xy[ m<g(PZxy[K`RELVih9ºR[IH�PR_�m�ELVYvÏVdv�EL`Íq*H�PR_W_YPR_f[I\�VdPZH�_;[I\pq*Eyxy[IX8P±VdPRUW_R¼½�v�P¾H�PRMrFÓVdELgIPfgIPRxL[u`ZELVihjM(UYFI°�ELPRHrV�FÓV?VYv�Pf¯�FI_YP¾[I\lX8FIHrVdxLP;¯cPZH�P�F]VYv9VYv�P¸bu[I¶6Vdv ¬ VdxGF]H*VYEy`�[K`RPRFIH`�F]H»¯¿P�¯¿PR_WV�PÖJuT�xGFIELH�PR°t¯rh¥T�FIUWVYEGFIxcX8PZxLV�°6UYELgIPRHt¯rhtFO`R[IX8T¿[(_YEwVdEL[(H�FIx�`Ív�FIH6M(P;T�UY[K°�¶�`ZPR°»EyH¥Vdv6PP�F]UYxLhÇÉ�FIUWVYv�ÊË_fv6Ey_WVY[(UWhÇFIH�°ÅF¥g(PZUWVYEy`�F]x3Vdv�PZUYX8FIx3MIUdFI°�ELPRHrV�a�m�v6EyxyPfVdv�FÓV;¯cPZH�P�F]VYvÈVdv�Pµ`RPZHrVdUdF]xÔ3F]`RE Á `�XÄF�h8UYP�F]_Y[(H�F]¯�xLhįcP�FÓVYVdUWEy¯�¶uVdPR°¥VY[¸T�¶�UWP�Vdv�PZUYX8FIx,P±Â,PZ`ZVd_�m�EwVdv�ELHjFOVdv�PZUYX8FIx,¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUWhxGF�hIPRUR¼
![Page 23: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
¢IÙ
�yô�ô2�$���; ��-��� 9t W�� '�6� :o 3<2�����/��&5� 9��p���1+�#��3�� ��"���� W�-����� é �@�������Ö��&5������#%Õ�����$� :Ð��:f�����-4��X0" %�"���
NQP;\´[Ixyxy[ m�Vdv6PfH6[IVÍF]VYEy[(Hj[]\ � ý øÖý�ï�YBê Û Þ Ø Ý]ó�¼�>�[(U@VYv�P;UYPZM(Ey[(Hjm�v�PZUYP ± n Ù FIH�°~¨ � Ù
g���� �� �§� � n g�� ² �� �§
� � q� §� � ê À � �§ � �� � � � u � �§ ² �� � � � Ãq ÀWÀ ` �§ � � � �� � uw` _ � �§
� � Ãmuw` �§ � � ² �� � Ãió�d� �!� §� �� � � � n � �§ � �� � � � q � §
� �� � � � À�g"��� �� �§� � � u g��!� �� �§
� � Ã` ��� §
� � � �� � n ` �§ � � � �� � q � §� � � �� � ê À�g ��� �� �§
� � � u À�g ��� �� �§� � q g _ � ��� �� �§
� � Ã�ó
m�v�PZUYP$#ÈEL_�Vdv�PµELH�°�P±JÈ[I\"VYEyX³PO_WVYPRT�_Za&%�FIH6°('ÏF]UYPO\´[(U ¸ FÓJuEy_;FIH�° ¹ FÓJuEy_;°�Ey_W`RUWPZVdELº�F]VYEy[(H6_R¼À � då`�Ã�n À h\ifj d h�i k ña)� n *$+-,/. ì10,2.
i0FIH6° � nõ¶ +3,/. ì10,2.
i0¼ ¸ FIH6° � FIUWP³_WT�FI`ZP¥FIH�°ÅVdELX8P
°�EL_Y`RUWPZVYEyº�FÓVdEy[IH�_F]H�°B¶0EL_A_Wv�P�FIUX8[K°�¶�xL¶�_R¼ À�g _ de` _ ÃAF]UYP2_W[(xy¶uVdEy[IH�_?\´[IUA°�ELUYPZ`ZV�ELH�`REL°�PRHrVAm�F�g(PÀ ]\_Öñ¼8�?PRUYP�VYv�P;UYPRxyF]VdEL[(H�_Wv�EyTI`tnp]R_Ñq}aCEy_�¶�_WPR°�¼
>�[(U�Vdv6PfxLPZ\ V�¯¿[(¶�H�°�FIUWhIa�¨ n Ù
g���� �� �§� � n g4� ² �� �§
� � q5� §� � ê ÀWÀ � �§ � �� � � � u � _ � �§
� �� � � � Ãu � �§ ² �� � � � Ã�q À ` �§ � � � �� � uw` �§ � � ² �� � Ã�ó�d� ��� §� �� � � � n � �§ � �� � � � q � §
� �� � � � ê g4��� �� �§� � � u À�g"�!� �� �§
� � q g _ � ��� �� �§� � Ãió
` ��� §� � � �� � n ` �§ � � � �� � q � §
� � � �� � À�g"��� �� �§� � � u g"�!� �� �§
� � Ã
m�v�PZUYP À�g _ d � _ Ã?FIUWP;_Y[(xL¶6VdEL[(H�_�\´[(U�m�v�[(xLP;m@F�g(P Á PRxL° À `�_ÖÃ�°�¶�PfVd[³[(H�PÖ¹i°�ELX8PZH�_YEL[(H�FIx�_%VdUW¶�`ZVY¶�UYP\´[(U�MIUYEy°6_ ± � Ù FIH6°ÅUWP\@�PZ`ZVYPR°Qm@F�g(P Á PRxL° À a�_±ÃA\´[IU�M(UYEL°�_ ±�6 Ù ¼Í�?PRUYPOVYv�PµUYPZxGF]VYEy[(H�_Wv�EyT6_cùno`vuw`�_FIH6°?cùnpapuwa�_F]UYP;¶�_YPZ°�¼
798;:�<>=@?"ACBEDGFIHJBK<MLONQP �3�SRUTQVXW2�SRXY[Z\TQT^]@_`TQTQa5{@Ycb ��d4bfe@�gYcTQdihkjQl�YcT^l�anmoTQe�e!YÖ���p��j¾�SRXY���Ycb ��d4bfep T��STqTQV p �rT ��e�RUT8�>jrafYÍ�\hkjQlsT ���Sb ���STQVUe!Y�bfVte!jra1anYced�SbfVr�¸�SRXY2�glubfVXYÍ� p T��STKv2�wTQaw��jµ�SRUTQVXWt�qT��i�SRXY�x�Xj��UeuR��yTQVqTQVXjrVEmKdzj��*�{l�Y�_@bnY�x&Y�l|TQV p TQVqT ����jKe�bfT���Y}Y p b ��jQl�hCjQl~e!jrV*����l%�Ued�Sbn_QY}lSY�_@bfY�xp��v��{RUb �{x)jQlSW�bw����X]�]MjQl%��Y po� moTQVµ��{(�Ç�Ql�TQVÓ�@�$�@�w��� � �r¡Ö�Q� �@v
![Page 24: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
¢ Ý
4�����$���$��&5����w�cbnY�x&jrV*��WKb �K�}v �ITQV p �}v6��vK�wV p Y�lW��jrV��*��l�Ycafbfd4bfV�T^lSm�lSY�hCY�lSYcVUe!YA��T^l��SRqdzj p Yca �M�&�E�;���g�{�Q���C�o���/�Q�M�����
� ����� �g�E���6�Q���c�@�Q�Q�I��¡c�Q�(¡^v�Xj��UeuR����tvu�Uv �u�Gv6{Kb1an_QY�lÖ�UTQV p �}v6�{vu��TQdzYÖ�Í�6��lSj � b1Vr��hkjQl@�SRXYcT^l�x�Tc_QY�TQVUb �Sj ��lSjQ]Em bfVµ�SRXY[anj;x)Y�l�d4j��i�
d4TQVÓ�SafY � YcVUYcT��SR¥�SRXY;�l�SafTQV]�Sbfe4TQV p �¡V p bfTQVt�|e!YcTQVK�Í�G�{¢^�¤£U���^�X�!�)¥z¦s§¨�)©Uª;«r«M�/�w�)¬E����^�Q�I�¡c�Q�Q�@v
�|T^l�VUY�lSjr���{v��Xv �¿{Mv��>v��wl�TQV p ��TQV p �sv��sv6}~Ycafd � Y�l%�QY�lÖ�6�gjOx���®�x&TO_QYz_QYcanj@e�b �¯m¤T����SRXY � T ��YsjQh$�SRXYd4TQVÓ�SafY ��¦{�S¢u«��E�;���G°����!�>±g���²���w����³c�M��� �c�@�Q���(�5¡c�Q�Q�@v
}~Ycafd � Y�l��QY�l±�/�sv5�}v �l�{RXY�jQl�mJTQV p T^]U]Iafbfe�T��SbnjrV(jQh���m@V]�SRXYÍ�Sbfe¸�SYcb �Sdzj �Ql�TQdf�Í�)bfV´���^���C�Kµ�ªU�`¶Q�!�!·¸�¹ �����uº^�Q�¼»²¢^�X½�£g�K��¢^���¾�^�M¿ � �I�¯�!�¯«I���c���Q�¼»²¢^�c�ÀY p b ��Y p¾� m¥}}vgZ\TQVUTQdzjQlub ��]U]�v5¡±�^�O�I� � �I�/{@jKe^v� �STQafb1TQVUT p b��¨b �Sbfe�T(�*�&jranj �rV�T(�*� �STQafm �¿¡c�Q�Q�@v
}~Ycafd � Y�l��QY�l±�K�svK�sv �u��v�ÁÂYcV��ITQV p�à v6�wb1Vr�r�6{@Ycb ��d4bfewY�_@b p YcVUe!Y��SRUT��"�SRXY?��j��Ul�e!Y\jQh5�¡e!YcafTQV p RXj ���S]Mj �afbnYÖ��T����SRXY\e!jQl�Y!®¯d4TQVÓ�SafY � j��UV p T^l�mu��Ä}�Q�¼ªK���Ó�g³�ÅEÆ����Q�(¡u�I�Q�Q�I��¡c�Q�Q�@v
}~Ycafd � Y�l��QY�l±�¿�sv��}v �5{Mv��~b �c��v�ÁÂYcV��gTQV p �Xv���b ����Ycd4T(�,{@Ycbw�Sd4bfesY�_Kb p YcVUe!Y�hCjQl?�Ua ��l�T`®¯afjOxÇ_QYcanjKe�b �¯m��jrVXYÖ� � YcVXYcT��SRµ�~hCl�bfe�TzTQV p �)T �i��Y�l�V³�l�Sa1TQVÓ�Sbfe��gÈK��¦{��¢u«����`�!�¨°{�!�!�w�>É�Q�¿�6�Q�Q�Q�Q�O�I�Q�Q���^�I�c��� � �Kv
�gTOm �c�Êv �¨ËsvyÁÌbfa1afbfTQd;�Í��TQV p ��v¿�Xvc�|T^l�VUY�lSjr�¿�{RXYze!jQlSY!®¯d�TQVÓ�SanY � j���V p T^lSm�afTOmQY�l[TQV pÂp Y�Y�]9��T^l��SRp m@V�TQd4bfeÍ�Í��Ä}�Q�¼ªK���Ó�g³�ÅQ�c�IÍ��(¡u��Í��Q�I��¡c�Q�Q�@v
�¤jQl�b �,�Uv �GTQV p �sv��}v,}�Yca1d � Y�l��QY�lÖ�,��jKe�TQafbn��Y pÂ� j��UV p T^lSmqa1TcmQY�l � Ycanj;x��SRXY"d4b p ®Ì�¨TQe�bnÎ�e�_QYcafj@e�b ��mTQVXjrd4TQanmob p YcV]�SbnÎUY p hClSjrd4��eÍ�Ï]UlSYceÍ�Ul%��jQlÖ�yÈX��¦{�S¢u«��E�;���G°����!�w�>É��������(�Ð�Q�Q�O�I���(�Ð�Q�Q�I�$¡c�Q�Q�@v
�wb ���r�&v ��TQV p ��vXÁÂYcV���{I��l�jrVr�;��Ycb �Sd�bfe��Se�T��i��Y�lSY�l%�~VXYcT^l��SRXY[e!jQl�Y!®¯d4TQVÓ�SafY � j��UV p T^lSm"x)YÖ����jQh5�¤Y!ÑXbfe!jr�¦{�S¢u«��E�;���>°{�!�!�g±>���²���w��»C��«M���!��� �6��� �r¡^v
�{Y�_QYcV�T �r�rR��¿�Xv ��TQV p �\v��¤Y�mQY�lÖ�c{@Ycb ��d4bfe\Y�_Kb p YcV�e!Y}jQh�]IT^l��SbfTQaGdzYca �wx�b �SRUbfVqT�]yj�����b � anm¸� � b1Ò]�Ub ��j��*�anjOx�®�_QYcafj@e�b ��m afTcmQY�lwT����SRXY � T ��Y[jQhc�SRXY}d4TQVÓ�SafY ��©IÓ�»��!�MÓu�Ó����ÔrÔu�M���R�;�@���^�I�5¡c�Q���Ev
��b1e�T^l p �*��v ���tv6�[v6��bfeuRUT^l p �Í���wvu�>b �SRr�Qj;x�®Ì�&Y�l���YcafanjrVUb´��TQV p �sv6��YZ{I���UVXÕ,�6�!�QY�j p mKVUTQd4b1e\dzj p Yca�jQhd4TQVÓ�SafY p YcV*�Sb ��m9RUYÍ��Y�lSj �QYcVXYcb ��m �gÈX�{¦{�S¢u«I���`�!�>°����!�w�>ÅQ¬c�6�(¡c�Q�Q�O�I�(¡c���r�I�/¡c�Q�Q�@v
��b ����Ycd4T(���Xv ���{v��|T^l�VXY�lSjr�yTQV p �Êvu�>Tcm �����i��l�jrVr�ranm�VXYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY��SRXYcT^lw_QYcanjKe�b �¯m³�Ql�T p bnYcV]�~TQV p afT���Y�l�TQa
![Page 25: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
¢ �_`T^l�b1T � bfafb ��mtbfVÇ�SRXY�anj;x)Y�l�d4j��i�4d4TQV]�SanY � YcVUYcT��SRÏ�SRXYµ�¨TQe�bnÎ�e���ÈX�s¦{�S¢u«��E�;����°{�!�!�w�|É�^�c����(�Ð�Q�Q�O�I���(�ÖÍ*¡ ¡��$¡c�Q���Ev
{I��YcT p ���\v��Xv �MTQV p �svu�}v6}�Ycafd � Y�l��QY�lÖ�6�"�Ud4Y�l�bfe�TQa/®¯TQVUTQafm]�Sbfe�TQa>bfV]��Y�lShCTQe�b1Vr��bfV³�¯x&j p b1dzYcV*�SbnjrVK��x�b �SRT^]U]�afbfe�T��SbfjrV*�3��j�dzj p YcafbfVr���@�"{2��Ycb ��dzj �Ql�TQd;�Í�y��ªK���|¥�«r«I�n�{¦{�S¢�«����`�!�w�¨ÉQ��¬¿�,¡c�Q�O�u¡±�;Ír�5¡c�Q�Q�@v
�|b p TQanY �u�UvK�{v �MTQV p �×vu}~Y p afb1V��*��_Kb p YcVUe!Y[hkjQl~]�T^l��SbfTQa�d4Yca �~T��"�SRXY}e!jQlSY!®¯d�TQVÓ�SanY � j��UV p T^lSmoVXjQl��SR¤jQh�gjrVr�rT4hklSjrd4�SRXY��i��lSjrVr�¾�Se�T��i��Y�l�bfVr��jQh,��Ycbw�Sd4bfe|x�Tc_QYÖ�Í��Ä[�r�¼ª@�S�Ó�g³�ÅrÉ¿�M�Q� �O�@�Q�`Ír�5¡c�Q�Q�@v
�|bnl�bnYÖ�KÑ��c�Uv ��{(}�®�x&TO_QY"]�lSjQ]�T��rT��SbnjrVtb1VtRXYÍ��Y�lSj �QYcVXY�j��K�}dzY p bfTKØ��ÀYcanjKe�b �¯mE®Ì�i��lSYÖ�%�[Î�V�b ��Y!® p b/ÕyY�lSYcVUe!YdzYÍ�SRXj p ��¦{�S¢u«I���`�u»²Ó!� �MÙIÅ��,¡��Ð�Q�Q�O�u¡��Ð�Q���]��¡c�Q�`ÍXv
ÁÂYcV��$��v �5� V]��YcV*��YO��Ycb ��d4bfef��e�T��i��Y�l�bfVr�ÂVXYcT^l�SRXY¸��T^l��SR�Úë�}e!jQlSY!®¯d�TQVÓ�SanY � j��UV p T^lSm � YcVXYcT��SR»�SRUY�&jrdzjQlSj��{RUj ����]yj �Í�)¦{�S¢u«I���`�!�>°����!�G±g�c�²��� ���IÔK�I�Q� ���c�@�Q�Q���(�¿��� � �Kv
ÁÂYcV��,��v �gTQV p �}v���v��~V p Y�l%��jrV�����RXYzhCT���YzjQhl�SRXY;��afT � �|bfVXhCY�lSlSY p hClSjrd ¡c���³�qTµ��� ��p ��ed�SbnjrVqTQV p��Ycb �Sd4b1e"��jrd4j �Ql�T^]�REm �y�{�Q���C�"���n�^�M�c���¨©IÓc»¼�g±>���²���w�>ÉQ³r³c�c¡c�Q�O�u¡c�Q�I�5¡c�Q�Q�@v
ÁÂYcV�����v �{TQV p �sv$�sv/}~Ycafd � Y�l��QY�lÖ�����;®Ì���À®�{(�ÛR�m � l�b p d4YÍ�SRXj p TQV p b ����T^]U]�a1bfe�T��SbnjrVÈ��jdzj p YcafbfVr��afj@e�TQafbf��Y p �i��lW�Ued���XlSYÖ�|VXYcT^l��SRXY�e!jQlSY!®¯d4TQV]�SanY � j��UV p T^l�mu�>ÈK�w¦{�S¢u«I���`�!��°{�!�!�w��É�^³c�¡±�]�Ð���r¡u�u¡±�]�Ð�(¡c�I�$¡c�Q�Q�@v
ÁÂYcV��6��v ��TQV p �}vK�}vK}~Ycafd � Y�l��QY�lÖ��Üwa ��l�Tzanj;x5_QYcanjKe�b ��m9��jrVUYÖ��VXYcT^l"�SRXY[e!jQlSY!®¯d4TQV]�SanY � j���V p T^lSm4hClSjrd� lSjrT pX� TQV p ��Z��Ý]�lSYceÍ�Xl%��jQlW�Í��©IÓ�»��!�MÓu�Ó����ÔOÅ¿�c¡±�R�r¡u�u¡±�R�r�I��¡c�Q�Q� � v
ÁÂYcV��¿��v �gTQV p �&v��wb ���¿{@Ycb �Sd�bfe[_QYcafj@e�b ��m$TQV p T��i��YcVI�UT��SbnjrV9�i��l%�Ued���UlSYÖ�|bfVÄ�SRXY���jQ]tjQh$�SRUY;��T^l��SR�Úë�bfVUVXY�l�e!jQlSY �>ÈK��¦{��¢u«����`�!�G°{����� �g�uª ¹!Þ »¼�²�¯�S¿6����� �r¡^v
ÁÂYcV��$��v �$�Gv${Kbfan_QY�lÖ�5�sv$�rTQd4YÖ�Í��TQV p �\vÀZ��XYcR�VXYca �${@Ycb �Sd�bfe4Y�_Kb p YcVUe!Y9hCjQl�TÄ�SRXY�ludzj^®¯e�RXYcd�bfe�TQa� j���V p T^lSmÂafTOmQY�l4T���SRUY � T �SY"jQh"�SRXY2�)T^l��SR�Úë��d4TQV]�SanY �&���^���C�Â���n�^�M�����~©IÓc»¼�&±g�c�²��� �~Ér¬�Å��¡!Í*¡u�u¡c�Q�I����� �r¡^v
ÁÌmI��YÖ�%�SbnjrV��c�×v¿��v �c�}v¿�gTQVr�QYcV�RXjQl%�i�Í�c�×v¿�&vgTQd p Zzv�Ávc�Gbw�SRXY�lÖ�,��v��uv��wa/®Ì�)ÒET � b´���>v,�Xvc{KRXjQl�Y �TQV p �Êv��Xv6��a1T^lSWu�*�>T���Y�l�TQa>_`T^l�b1T��SbnjrV*�{bfV¤e!jrdz]UlSYÖ����bnjrVUTQakßR�SRUYcT^l�_QYcanjKe�b �SbnYÖ�{T��"�SRXY � T ��Y\jQh5�SRXYd4TQVÓ�SafY ��©IÓ�»��!�IÓ��Ó����¬cÙ/�c¡Ö���;�u¡Ö�Q�I�5¡c�Q�Q�@v
![Page 26: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
¢ "D�¼�NÕPZH�a�S�PZT�FIU%VdX³PRHrV�[I\"^�PR[I_Y`RELPRH�`ZPR_Za�bKVÍFÓVdP¸e?H�ELgIPRUY_WELVih9[I\�k?PZm<np[(UYq9F]V�bKVd[(HrhÇs@UY[K[(q�a
bKVY[(Hrhts@UY[K[(q�a�k�n|Û(ÛT IÞIÝ À É�X8FIEyx zlD5EGF]HuJuEyH�M�¼ëNQPRH�à�_Y¶6H*hK_W¯�¼æPZ°�¶�Ã�{Yce!Ycbf_QY p
�@�r���*�i�"�]�u��� �r¡
½�v�Ey_;X8FIH*¶�_Y`ZUYELT6V;m�FI_;T�UWPRT�F]UYPR°Åm�ELVYv ¬ ^;e¾ÊË_¾DnáY½ ÉIâ X8FI`RUW[(_�gKÝ�a5m�ELVdv·Vdv6P³PÖJKVdPRH6_YEy[IHT�FI`ÍqÓFIMIP�ã ¬ ^;e ��� Ê�¯rhtÔ$¼�N4¼�S�FIxLhIaug(PZUY_WEy[(HÅÛ(¼Æ�]`�\´UY[(X-Û Þ(Þ� K ]Ü Ù uÛ�Ý6¼
![Page 27: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
¢ 9t 30@+����ó.Õ��ôA�� ��@���
ä�å FIæ>ç`B´èUP T�é"{Xe�RXYcd4T��Sb1esb1afa �*�i��luT��SbnjrV jQh�bfV]��Y�lSh¼TQe�bfVr���~jQh��SRXY�R�m � l�b p dzYÍ�SRXj p v��{RXY�RXYÍ��Y�lSj �QYcVXY�j��K�lSYÍ�rbnjrVK�wT^l�Y�T �%���UdzY p ��j � Yse!jrVXÎIVXY p bfV*�Sb p Y��SRXY��Sd4TQafa � jcÑ��yx�RXY�lSY�SRXY�Î�VUb ��Y!® p b/ÕMY�l�YcVUe!Y?��YceuRUVUbfÒI�XYb �&T^]U]�afbfY p v5�|YcVXY�l�TQafbn��Y p l�TOm;�SRXY�jQlSm�bw�/�*�SY p ��j�e�TQafeÍ�UafT���Y|x�Tc_QY|]UlSjQ]IT��rT��SbnjrV9hklSjrdÐ�SRXY���j��Xl�e!Y@��j��SRXYÎ�VUb ��Y!® p b/ÕyY�lSYcVUe!Y4lSYÍ�rbfjrV×TQV p ��mKVÓ�SRXYÍ�Sb1ef��Ycb ��dzj �Ql�TQd;�sT��?�SRXYO��T^l%�SR�Úë�?���UlShCTQe!Y9b �\j � �STQbfVXY pJ� mtbfV]��Y!®�Ql�T��SbfV*��e!jrV�_Qjraw�r�SbnjrV*��jQh��SRXY[j��r��]K�r��hClSjrd<�SRXYA��j��Xl�e!Y!®Ì�Sb p Y\TQanjrVr�;�SRUY[afbfVXY|lSY�]�lSYÖ��YcV]��Y p � mO��l�b1TQVr�ranYÖ�TQV p �SRUYO�wlSY�YcV�Úë�\hG�UVUed�SbnjrVÂhClSjrd×�SRUY�lSYce!Ycbn_QY�lA��j³�SRXY¾�STQdzY�]yj��Sb �SbnjrV*��v;�{RUYf��j��Xl�e!Y!®Ì��b p Y4j��r��]u�r�\bfV]yj��Sb �SbnjrVK�>l�Y�]UlSYÖ��YcV]��Y p4� m}ÎIafanY p ��l�bfTQVr�rafYÖ��b �Àe�TQafeÍ�Ua1T���Y p4� mA�SRXYp�QYcVXY�l�TQafbn��Y p l�Tcm�SRXY�jQlSmMê]�SR�T���bfV�]yj��Sb/®�SbnjrV*��l�Y�]UlSYÖ��YcV]��Y po� m9Ycdz]*��m¾��lubfTQVr�ranYÖ��b �&j � �STQb1VXY p hkl�jrdà�SRXYÊÎ�VUb ��Y!® p b/ÕMY�l�YcVUe!Ywe�TQa1eÍ�UafT��SbnjrV�v � éuv��{RXYp bn_Kb �SbfjrV�jQh$�SRUYsÎIVUb ��Y!® p b/ÕyY�lSYcVUe!YslSYÍ�rbnjrV�v?�{RXYsÎ�VUb ��Y!® p b/ÕMY�l�YcVUe!Y}l�YÍ�rbnjrVÂb � p bn_Kb p Y p bfVÓ��jO�SRXl�Y�Ys]IT^l����Í�x�RXY�l�Y p b/ÕyY�lSYcVÓ��x�Tc_QY}ÎUYca p ��T^l�Y[e�TQafeÍ�UafT���Y pJë ��Y�Y���Y!Ñ(��hCjQl p YÍ�STQbfanY p Y!ÑK]�afTQV�T��SbnjrV*�uéuvä�å FIæ>ç`BìyP �&jrdz]�T^l�bw��jrVÝjQh��STQVr�QYcV]�SbfTQa p b ��]�afTQe!Ycd4YcVÓ���zj � �STQbfVXY p´� mÏ�SRXYµ�QYcVXY�luTQafbn��Y p luTcmÈ�SRXY�jQlSmë RXYcTO_Em afbfVUYÖ�ué�TQV p �SRXYÊR�m � l�b p dzYÍ�SRUj ptë afb �rRÓ��afbfVUYÖ�uéÀhCjQl{T���j��Xlue!Y p Y�]*�SRojQhG��� �4W@d v���RXY|Y�]�bfe!YcV]��l�TQap b ���STQVUe!Y"jQhp�SRXY"_QY�l%�Sbfe�TQa�e!lSj�������Yced�SbnjrVíb �2¡Í� � �¾W@d-TQV p �SRXY¸��Y�]�T^l�T��SbfjrV×jQh{_QY�l%�Sbfe�TQa&lSYce!Ycbn_QY�l%�zb ���WKd v��{RXY���Y�]�T^l�T��SbfjrV"jQh>RXjQl�bn��jrV]�STQaMlSYce!Ycbn_QY�l%��b ���Q�}W@d�v��$�p�3�îb �3�*��Y p hCjQl3�SRUY|e�TQa1eÍ�UafT��SbnjrV9TQV p �SRXY��T^l%�SR ï�T��i��YcVUbfV*�4T^]U]UlSjOÑKbfd�T��SbnjrV b �{T^]U]IafbnY p v��~a1a���Ycb �Sdzj �QluTQd;�{T^lSY\]Ianj �i��Y p ��j;�SRXYA�STQdzY?�Se�TQafYQvä�å FIæ>ç`B(ð�P {KVUT^]u�SRXj ���|jQhw©@ñ�x�Tc_QY4]�lSjQ]�T��rT��SbnjrVÂhCjQl��$�"�/�òYcd � Y pUp Y p x~b �SR¾Tol�b p �QY!®Ì�SR�T^]MY p anj;x_QYcanjKe�b �¯m8�i��l%�Ued���Xl�Y�ó��*�i�~T � j;_QY�SRUY}e!jQlSY!®¯d4TQV]�SanY � j��UV p T^l�mQvp�{RXY}l�b p �QY[R�T �~TQV¥�SRXYcT^lwx�Tc_QY�_QYcanjKe�b �¯mjQh��sW@d9ßR��Yce^v)T`® � é�dzj p Yca���YÍ���X]�êUe�®�huéW�6�SVUT^]K�SRUj ����jQh,�SRUYÊx&TO_QY�ÎUYca p ��vä�å FIæ>ç`BqôgP {KTQdzY\T �p�¨b ���UlSY[�I�UY!ÑXe!Y�]*���SRUT����SRUY[anjOx5_QYcanj@e�b �¯molSYÍ�rbnjrV�bw��T � jcÑXe�T^lcvä�å FIæ>ç`BöõyP ��TcmÂ]IT��SR*�\jQh|©@ñʽ�©IÓc©*�>TQV p ©I¿^» ÷]�R�T ��YÖ� � T �SY p jrV»�/�p�3�òhCjQl[Y�]Ibfe!YcVÓ��luTQa p b ���STQVUe!YÖ�hClSjrd���� Ú ��j³¡ ¡Í� Ú vä�å FIæ>ç`B5ø�P �&jrdz]�T^l�bw��jrVÝjQh�©@ñ\ù�©IÓc©@ñC��m@V]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ��j � �STQbfVXY pö� mÏ�SRXY³�QYcVXY�l�TQafbn��Y p l�TcmÈ�SRUY�jQlSm´TQV p�SRXY|R�m � l�b p dzYÍ�SRXj p4� T �SY p jrVO�$�"�/�×v]�{RUY~REm � lub p dzYÍ�SRXj p ��m@V]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ�&T^lSY��SRUbnhy��Y p TOx&TOm�hClSjrdÐ�SRXYcbnlY�]�bfe!YcV]��l�TQa p bw�i�STQVUe!YÖ�ÀhCjQl p b �S]�afTcmKbfVr�~]K�XlS]yj���YQv,�Q�Sj��Xl�e!Y p Y�]*�SR4jQhy��� �ÊWKdúb �5�K��Y p bfV�SRXY{e�TQafeÍ�Ua1T��SbnjrV�v
![Page 28: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
¢IØ
ä�å FIæ>ç`BüûMP �wlSYcT��¡®¯e�bnlue�anY¾]�T��SR*�ohCjQl Y�_QYcVÓ� ë �i�ST^l!é�®����ST��SbnjrV ë ��l�bfTQVr�rafY;é4]ITQbnl%�2�*��Y p bfVÕ�SRUb �O�i��� p më ��Y�Y��GT � anY�¡Oéuv/��RXY}©Kñýx�Tc_QYÖ��lSYce!jQl p Y p bfVO�~jQl��SR¸�wdzY�l�bfe�T�hCjQl�Y�_QYcVÓ���~bfV2�SRXY��¨b óSb6�%� ��p �Ued�SbnjrV���jrVXY�STQdz]IanY��SRXY&e!jQlSY!®¯d4TQV]�SanY � j��UV p T^lSmwlSYÍ�rbnjrV � YcVXYcT��SRA�SRXY3�GTQe�bfÎ�e�jKe!YcTQV ë �SY�Y3�¨b ����v^�^T(�^� � �;�^e�hCjQl p T��ST�éW�x�RXY�l�YcT �"�SRUj���Y�j � ��Y�lS_QY p bfVÄ��j��r�SRXY�luV8�~hklubfe�T�]�lSjQ]�T��rT���Y��SRXlSj��r�rRÄ�SRXY � T ��YsjQh$�SRUYsd4TQV]�SanY � YcVXYcT��SR�SRXY@{Kj��r�SR��l�SafTQV]�Sbfe�jKe!YcTQV ë ��Y�Y"�Gb ����v��^T(�@� � �@�^e�hkjQl p T��ST�éuvÀÁÂY p bf_@b p Y/�SRXY"��Ycb �Sd4b1e)j � ��Y�lS_^T��SbnjrV*��bfV]��j�¯x&j;�QlSj��U]K��hkjQl�Y�_QYcVÓ�~���R�r�����I�Mx�b �SR2�QlSj��U]K�l�&TQV p ���)e!jQlSl�YÖ��]yjrV p bfVr���j��SRXY\VXjQl%�SRXY�l�V TQV p ��j��*�SRXY�l�V]�T^l����4jQh"�SRXYµ�SYcb �Sd4bfeoT^lSluTcm ��lSYÖ��]yYced�Sbn_QYcanmQvÈ�{RUY j � ��Y�lS_^T��SbnjrV*�zjQh@�SRXYÖ��Y¸��x)j9�QlSj��X]K�zT^l�Y³�SRXj;x�VÝbfV�¨b �XvG�^T ë �QlSj��X]9��é|TQV p �¨b �XvG� �þë �QlSj��X]9����éuvc�{RXY p T ��RXY p T^lSYcTqbfV p bfe�T���YÖ�?�SRXY;��l�TQVK�Sb �SbnjrV*�\hklSjrd �SRXYVXjQl�d�TQa�d4TQV]�SanY³��jíTí��� �×WKdá�SR�bfeSW´afTOmQY�l ëC� afTQeSWöT^l�YcT�ézx�b �SRÅ�SRXYcT^l9_QYcanjKe�b �¯mÝl�Y p �Ued�SbnjrV*�"afbfVXYcT^luanmp Yce!lSYcT ��bfVr�zhClSjrdC�rÿ ë ��jQ]yé3��j³¡Í�`®%¡Ö�rÿ ëC� j �i��jrd9éuv
ä�å FIæ>ç`B���P � � ��Y�lS_QY p �STQVr�QYcV]�SbfTQa p b ��]�a1TQe!YcdzYcVÓ���,�STQdz]IafbfVr���SRXYl�¨TQe�bnÎ�e ë T(� � �QeOéW�rTQV p � ��mKV]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ�¨TQV p��Ycb ��d4bfe[d4j p Ycaw�{hCjQlwY!ÑK]�afTQb1VUbfVr���SRXYÖ�SYsj � ��Y�lS_^T��SbnjrV*� ë¼p �yY �MhÀhCjQlÊT(� � �Me��ylSYÖ�S]MYced�Sbf_QYcanmXéuv��{RXY�e!YcV]��l�TQa�¨TQe�bnÎ�e{bw���STQdz]�afY p�� m��SRXYp�SYcb �Sd4bfe p T��ST\lSYce!jQl p Y p bfV���jQl%�SRf�wdzY�l�bfe�TÊhCjQl�Y�_QYcV]����jKe�eÍ�XlSl�Y p bfV��SRXYp�¨b óSb��� ��p ��ed�SbnjrV|��jrVXY ë �¨b �Xv �Eê��>T � anY�¡Oéuv5�GTQVUYca �gT�é�TQV p\� é�T^lSY�hCjQl¿�SRXY$�STQVr�QYcVÓ�Sb1TQa p bw��]�afTQe!YcdzYcV]����lSYce!jQl p Y phCjQl}Y�_QYcV]���4�Q���r� �Q�¾TQV p �Q�(¡Í� �r� ë �Gb �Xv5�QéW�ÀlSYÖ�S]MYced�Sbf_QYcanmQv8�¨TQVXYca&e"bw�[T$e!jrafanYced�SbnjrVJjQh��SRXY2�STQVr�QYcV]�SbfTQap b �S]�afTQe!YcdzYcV]����hCjQl>Y�_QYcV]�������R�r���^Í\TQV p ���R�r���r�@v��{RXY)j � ��Y�lS_^T��SbnjrV*�,�STQdz]�a1bfVr���SRXY�VXjQl��SRXY�luV?�¨TQe�bnÎ�e ë T�éT^lSYwY!Ñ@]IafTQbfVXY pz� m;�$�"�/� ë¼p éuv���RXY�j � �SY�lS_`T��SbfjrV*�/��TQdz]�afbfV*���SRXYwe!YcV]��l�TQa��¨TQe�bnÎ�e ëC� �@eOé�T^lSYwY!Ñ@]IafTQbfVXY p� m"T�dzj p Yca�x~b �SR"T�VXYÍ�rT��Sbf_QYÊ_QYcanj@e�b �¯mf�QluT p bnYcV]�&jQh¨�rÿ T����SRXY � j �i��jrd ��� ��WKd jQh¿�SRXY|d4TQV]�SanY|x�b �SRoT�SRUTQa1anjOx�afm p bn]�]�bfVr���QY�jrdzYÍ��lSm ë Y ��huéuvp{@Y�_QY�l�TQa>]�RUT ��YÖ�~T^lSY[afT � YcanY p bfV¸�SRXY p T��ST�TQV p T^lSY[Y!ÑK]�afTQb1VXY p bfV��mKVÓ�SRUYÍ�SbfeÍ�Í�Mx�b �SR8�SRXYcbnlwl�Tcm�]IT��SR*�"��e�RXYcd4T��Sb1e�TQafanm�]�afj �i��Y p T����SRXY � j �i��jrdijQh�]�TQVXYca�YQv��)TQe�RÄ��l�TQe!Yzb ���Ycanhk®¯VXjQl�d�TQafbn��Y p TQV p TQafb �rVXY p TQe�e!jQl p bfVr���j��SRXY"�SRUY�jQlSYÍ�Sbfe�TQaM]UlSY p b1ed��Y p"p bflSYced�)T^lSlubn_`TQaw� ë ���~��éW� � T ��Y pjrV¸�'��{r�Ï�(¡\dzj p Yca²v
![Page 29: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
¢ Þ
ä�å FIæ>ç`B���P � � ��Y�lS_QY p �STQVr�QYcV]�SbfTQa p b ��]�afTQe!Ycd4YcVÓ�����STQd4]�afbfVr�Ä�SRXY8{@j��*�SRÈ�l�SafTQVÓ�Sb1eoj@e!YcTQV ë T(� � �&eOéW�TQV p ��m@V]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ�}TQV p �SYcb �Sd4bfezd4j p Ycaw�ÊhkjQlsY!ÑK]�afTQbfVUb1Vr�¾�SRUYÖ��Y�j � �SY�lS_QY pJp b ��]�afTQe!Ycd4YcVÓ��� ë¼p �>Y �¨h�hkjQlsT(�� ��e��)lSYÖ��]yYced�Sbn_QYcanmUéuv9��RXY¸��j��r�SRÈ�l�SafTQV]�Sbfe9j@e!YcTQVöb ���STQdz]�anY p(� m»�SRXY l�Yce!jQl p bfVr����bfVÇ�SRXY Z\TQT^]@_^TQTQa��Ycb ��d4bfezT^lSl�TOmtbfV»�Sj��r�SRXY�l�V9��hCl�bfe�T hCjQl[Y�_QYcV]���sj@e�eÍ�UlSlSY p b1Vj�SRXYO{Kj��r�SR»�wdzY�l�bfe�TQV9��� ��p �Ued�SbfjrV¾��jrVXYë �¨b �XvK�Eêr�>T � afY¡Oéuv��¨TQVXYcayT�é)TQV p9� é5��RXjOx0�SRXY��STQVr�QYcV]�SbfTQa p b ��]IafTQe!YcdzYcV]����lSYce!jQl p Y p hkjQl�Y�_QYcV]�����R�r�����ë �¨b �Xv��Qé\bfVj�SRXY"VXjQl��SRXY�l�V ë ]�T��SR*�[a1T � YcafY p �ÊbfVt�¨b �Xv,�Qé\TQV p ��j��*�SRXY�l�V ë ]�T��SRK�[afT � YcanY p �%�wbfV»�Gb �Xv,�Qé]�T^l����\jQh3�SRUY�Z\TQT^]@_`TQTQa3��Ycb �Sd�bfe�T^lSl�Tcm �GlSYÖ��]yYced�Sbn_QYcafmQv¾�¨TQVXYca�eOé��SRXjOx"���SRXY p bw��]�afTQe!YcdzYcV]���ÊlSYce!jQl p Y phCjQl)Y�_QYcV]�����I¡ ¡Ö�Q�@v3�{RXYÖ��Y~j � ��Y�lS_^T��SbnjrV*�)T^lSY�Y!ÑK]�afTQb1VXY p4� mzdzj p Yca ��x�b �SR4T}VUYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY~_QYcafj@e�b ��m��Ql�T p bnYcV]�afbfVUYcT^l�anm|_`T^l�m@bfV*��hClSjrd��rÿ ë ��jQ]Mé¿��j�¡Ö�rÿ ëC� j �i��jrd"é>T����SRXY � j �i��jrdÇ��� �|W@d�jQhK�SRUY&d4TQV]�SanY�TQV p �i��Y�Y�]�anmp bn]�]�bfVr��Y p �QYÖ� ë¼p �MY �Ihuéuv�{@Y�_QY�l�TQa>]�RUT ��YÖ�wT^lSYsafT � YcanY p bfV³�SRXY p T��ST"TQV p T^lSYsY!Ñ@]IafTQbfVXY p b1V³��mKVÓ�SRUYÍ�SbfeÍ�ë¼p �UY ��hué&x�b �SRO�SRXYÖ�SY\l�Tcmo]�T��SRK���Se�RUYcd4T��Sbfe�TQafanmo]�afj �i��Y p T����SRXY � j �i��jrd�jQhGYcTQeuR�]�TQVUYca²v$��TQeuRµ��l�TQe!Ysb ���Ycanhk®¯VXjQl�d�TQafbn��Y p TQV p TQafb �rVXY p TQe�e!jQl p bfVr���j��SRXY"�SRUY�jQlSYÍ�Sbfe�TQaM]UlSY p b1ed��Y p"p bflSYced�)T^lSlubn_`TQaw� ë ���~��éW� � T ��Y pjrV¸�'��{r�Ï�(¡\dzj p Yca²vä�å FIæ>ç`B(è���P {@m@V]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ�~e�TQafeÍ�UafT���Y p �*�SbfV*�4dzj p Yca ��x�b �SRµ�SRUbfeSWKVXYÖ���SYÖ�{jQh�¡Í� ��WKd ë T(� � é�TQV p ��� �4WKdë e�� p éÊTQV p VXYÍ�rT��Sbn_QYO�SRXYcT^ls_QYcanjKe�b �¯mj�QluT p bnYcV]���[jQh�¡Í��ÿ ë T(�ÀeOé\TQV p ����ÿ ëC� � p é|T��A�SRUY � T ��Y"jQh��SRXYd4TQV]�SanYQv5�{RXY p T �SRUY p afbfVXYÖ�¨bfV p bfe�T���Y/�SRUY�]UlSY p bfed��Y p T^l�l�bn_^TQa � � T ��Y p jrVzdzj p Yca(�'��{(�J�(¡�TQV p �SRXY{RXYcTO_EmafbfVUYÖ��bfV p bfe�T���Y"�SRUY~ÎUlW�i�)T^lSlubn_`TQaw��j � �SY�lS_QY p bfV�Y�_QYcV]�{���R�r�����@v3�~j ��Y��SRUT��3�SRXY��STQdzY@��l�Tc_QYca��Sb1dzY p YcafTcm(�T^lSY9]UlSY p b1ed��Y p hCjQlzdzj p Yca �[x~b �SRJTÄ�STQdzYO�SRUb1eSWKVXYÖ���Í�¨lSYÍ�rT^l p anYÖ���sjQh��SRXYod4T��rVUb ��� p Y�jQh��SRUYoVUYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY_QYcanjKe�b �¯m8�Ql�T p bnYcV]��v��{RXY�QY�jrdzYÍ��l�bnYÖ�|jQh��SRUY � j��UV p T^lSm afTcmQY�l\T^lSY�bfafaw�*�i��l�T���Y p T��@�SRUY � j �i��jrd jQh�YcTQeuR]�TQVXYca�vp�{RXY�lSYsT^lSY�VXj"afT���Y�luTQag_QYcanjKe�b ��mµ�Ql�T p bnYcV]���~x�b �SRUbfVµ�SRXYsd4j p Ycagx)Y p �QYÖ��v@��RXY[]�R�T ��Y}afT � YcanY p T ��4b ��T;��l%�UVUe�T��SbnjrV�]�RUT ��YÊjQh,�SRXY[REm � l�b p dzYÍ�SRXj p e�TQafeÍ�Ua1T��SbnjrV�vä�å FIæ>ç`B´è�è�P ��ÑKTQdz]IanYÖ��jQh/��m@V]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ�|e�TQafeÍ��afT���Y p �K�SbfVr�o��� �"WKd1�SRUbfe�W¤dzj p Yca �{x~b �SRqT � TQe�W]�QlSj���V pVXYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY"_QYcanjKe�b �¯mj�Ql�T p bnYcVÓ�[jQh��rÿîx�b �SRÂ_^T^l�bnj��K���QY�jrdzYÍ��l�bnYÖ�cvO��RXY p T �SRXY p afbfVXYÖ�Êb1V p bfe�T���Y��SRXY�]UlSY!®p bfed��Y p T^lSl�bf_`TQa � � T ��Y p jrV�dzj p YcaÓ�'��{(�Â�(¡&TQV p �SRXY�RXYcTO_EmsafbfVXYÖ�>bfV p bfe�T���Y/�SRXY&ÎUl%�i�GT^lSl�bn_^TQa ��j � ��Y�lS_QY p bfVY�_QYcV]�&���R�r�����@v$�{RUY��QY�jrdzYÍ��l�bnYÖ��jQhu�SRXY � j��UV p T^lSm[afTOmQY�l)T^lSY~bfafa �*����l�T���Y p T��5�SRXY � j �i��jrdÇjQhMYcTQe�R"]�TQVXYca²v�~j ��YA�SRUT��}©IÓ�©"]�RUT ��YÖ�~T^lSY\_Kb �Sb � anY��X]³��j9TQV�Y�]�bfe!YcV]��l�TQa p b �i�STQVUe!Y[jQhl¡Í��� Ú x�b �SR�T p b/ÕyY�lSYcVÓ�"�SanjOx~VXYÖ���hClSjrd �SR�T��[jQh��SRXY p bnlSYced�}T^lSl�bn_^TQa � ë ]�TQVUYca)T�éuv³��RXY�lSY"T^l�Y"VXj$afT���Y�l�TQa)_QYcanj@e�b �¯mj�Ql�T p bfYcVÓ���}x�b �SRUb1Vj�SRXYdzj p Ycayx&Y p �QYÖ��v/��RXY|]�RUT ��Y[a1T � YcafY p T �"�zb �{T���lW�UVUe�T��SbnjrVo]�R�T ��YÊjQh��SRXY\R�m � l�b p dzYÍ�SRXj p e�TQafeÍ�UafT��SbnjrV�v
![Page 30: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ù Ü
ä�å FIæ>ç`B´è@ì�P {KTQdzY�T ���¨b ���XlSY2¡ ¡���Y!ÑKe!Y�]*���SRUT��@�SRXY � TQeSWI�QlSj��UV p VUYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY�_QYcanj@e�b �¯mµ�Ql�T p bnYcVÓ�|b �|�rÿ9v�~j ��Yt�SRUT��¸�i��lSjrVr�ý©MÓ�©Ý]�RUT �SYÖ� T^lSY¾j � ��Y�lS_QY p �wx�b �SRþTÈ�SafjOx�VXYÖ�%�9T^]�]UlSjrTQe�R�bfVr�Ï�SRUT�� jQh?�SRUY p bnlSYced�T^lSl�bf_`TQa �Ö�Kb1VO�SRXY\x�RXjrafY p b �i�STQVUe!YÊl�TQV*�QY\jQh¨�Q� Ú ®%¡Í�r� Ú vä�å FIæ>ç`B´èEð�P {KTQdzY�T ���¨b ���XlSY2¡ ¡���Y!ÑKe!Y�]*���SRUT��@�SRXY � TQeSWI�QlSj��UV p VUYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY�_QYcanj@e�b �¯mµ�Ql�T p bnYcVÓ�|b �|�rÿ9v�~j ��Y��SRUT���TQV�T p�p b �SbnjrVUTQaG©IÓc©�]�R�T ��Y��i�ST^l�������j�YcdzY�l��QY\hCjQl�dzj p Yca ��x�b �SR T��i��Y�Y�]�anm p bn]U]IbfVr�[Y p �QY ëC� �eOéuvl�{RXYÊl�TOmE]�T��SRK�{jQh��SRXlSY�Y}]�RUT ��YÖ�{a1T � YcafY p bfV¸�SRXY?�Sm@V]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ�~bfVo]�TQVXYca�e[T^lSYA�SeuRXYcd4T��Sbfe�TQa1anm"]Ianj �i��Y pbfVO�SRXY � j �i��jrd jQh,�SRXYÊ]�TQVUYca²v���j ��Y}TQa ��j��SRXY���l�TO_QYca��Sbfd4Y p YcafTcm(��]UlSY p bfed��Y po� m2�SRXY\dzj p Yca �&x�b �SRO�SRUb �afT^l��QY\VUYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY[_QYcanjKe�b ��m2�QluT p bnYcV]��vä�å FIæ>ç`BJèEô�P {KTQdzY\T �"�Gb ���XlSY�¡c�I�UY!ÑXe!Y�]*���SRUT����SRUY � TQeSWI�QlSj��UV p VXYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY\_QYcanjKe�b ��m¾�Ql�T p bnYcVÓ�{bw��¡Ö�rÿ9v�~j ��Y p b/ÕyY�lSYcVÓ�wlSYcafT��Sbf_QYA�Sbfd�bfVr���wTQV p TQdz]�afb ��� p YÖ��TQdzjrV*�2�SRUlSY�Y}]IRUT ��YÖ�|e!jrdz]�T^lSY p ��jO�SRXj��SYshCjQl��SRXYdzj p Yca ��x�b �SR T4VXYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY\_QYcafj@e�b ��mO�Ql�T p bnYcV]�{jQhÀ�rÿ ë e^vÖh v �K�¨b ����v¿¡c�^e��,¡!ÍreOéuvä�å FIæ>ç`B´è@õ�P ��ÑKTQdz]IanYÖ��jQh/��m@V]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ�|e�TQafeÍ��afT���Y p �K�SbfVr�o��� �"WKd1�SRUbfe�W¤dzj p Yca �{x~b �SRqT � TQe�W]�QlSj���V pVXYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY¤_QYcanj@e�b �¯mÇ�Ql�T p bnYcV]�zjQh|�rÿ Ycd � Y pUp Y p x�b �SRÈ�Ua ��l�T`®¯anj;x _QYcanjKe�b �¯m(��jrVXYÖ�4T��;�SRUY�e!jQlSY!®¯d4TQV]�SanY� j��UV p T^l�m x�b �SR¾T�é|T2�SRUbfe�W@VXYÖ�%�|jQh)Í��9WKdîTQV p TO�SRXYcT^l\_QYcafj@e�b ��m¤lSY p �Ued�SbnjrV¾jQh"¡Í��ÿoê � éwT2�SRUbfe�W@VUYÖ���jQh�Í��9WKd TQV p T¸�SRXYcT^l|_QYcanjKe�b �¯m$lSY p ��ed�SbnjrV¤jQh@¡c�rÿ9ê>eOé~TO�SRUb1eSWKVXYÖ���wjQh&���oWKd TQV p TO�SRXYcT^l|_QYcanjKe�b �¯mlSY p ��ed�SbnjrVtjQh�¡c�rÿ9ê&TQV p � p éÊT8�SRUbfe�W@VUYÖ���[jQh����qWKd3TQV p T8��RXYcT^l}_QYcafj@e�b ��mÂlSY p �Ued�SbfjrVtjQh"����ÿ9v8�{RXYp T �SRUY p afb1VXYÖ�gbfV p bfe�T���Y$�SRUY&]�lSY p bfed��Y p T^lSl�bn_^TQa � � T ��Y p jrVsd4j p Yca]�'��{(�t�(¡&TQV p �SRXY�RXYcTc_@m}a1bfVXYÖ�gb1V p bfe�T���Y�SRXY{Î�l%�i��T^lSlubn_`TQaw�¨j � ��Y�lS_QY p bfVzY�_QYcV]�&���R�r�����@v/��RXY��QY�jrdzYÍ��l�bfYÖ��jQh��SRXY � j��UV p T^lSm}a1TcmQY�l�T^lSY�bfafaw�*�i��l�T���Y pT����SRXY � j �i��jrd jQhGYcTQeuR�]�TQVUYca²vä�å FIæ>ç`BÂèEø�P ��ÑKTQdz]IanYÖ��jQhc��m@V]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ��e�TQafeÍ��afT���Y p �K�SbfVr���Q���}WKdÐ�SRUbfeSW"dzj p Yca ��x�b �SR¾�i��l�jrVr�sVUYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY_QYcanjKe�b �¯m?�Ql�T p bnYcV]���>TQV p _^T^l�bnj��*�¿�QY�jrdzYÍ��l�bnYÖ��v5�{RUY p T �SRUY p afbfVUYÖ��bfV p b1e�T���Y��SRXY&]UlSY p bfed��Y p T^lSl�bn_^TQa � � T ��Y pjrVodzj p YcaK�'��{(�Ý�(¡wTQV p �SRXY|RXYcTO_Em9afbfVXYÖ�)bfV p bfe�T���Y"�SRXYwÎUl%�i�&T^lSl�bn_^TQa �)j � ��Y�lS_QY p bfV�Y�_QYcVÓ�����R�r�����@v3�{RXY�QY�jrdzYÍ��l�bfYÖ�zjQhp�SRXY � j��UV p T^l�mtafTcmQY�l�T^l�Yob1afa �*�i��luT���Y p T����SRXY � j �i��jrd jQh�YcTQeuRÝ]�TQVXYca²vj�{RUYoVUYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY_QYcanjKe�b �¯m?�Ql�T p bnYcV]���¨T^lSY)hClSjrd��rÿ ë ��jQ]Mé¿��j¡Ö�rÿ ëC� j �i��jrd"é ë T(� � égTQV p hkl�jrd���ÿ ë ��jQ]Mé¿��j�¡Í��ÿ ëC� j �i��jrd"éë e�� p éuvc�~j ��Y3�SRUT����SRXY�d�Ua �Sbn®�]�T��SRXY p ]�R�T ��YÖ� ë afT � YcanY p T �,�ré�T^lSY � T^lSYcanmwlSYce!j �rVUbf�cT � anY�bfV��SRXY$��mKVÓ�SRUYÍ�SbfeÍ��v
![Page 31: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Ù Û
ä�å FIæ>ç`BýèXûIP {@mKV]�SRXYÍ�SbfeÍ�sT��}T p b �i�STQVUe!Y"l�TQVr�QY�jQh��Q� Ú ®��Q� Ú e�TQa1eÍ�UafT���Y p �*�SbfVr�¤��� �qWKd �SRUb1eSWÂdzj p Yca �x�b �SR[_`T^lubnj��*� � TQeSWI�QlSj��UV p VXYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY&_QYcanjKe�b �¯m?�Ql�T p bnYcV]���>TQV p �QY�jrdzYÍ��lubnYÖ��v5�{RXYÖ��Y&dzj p Yca ��]�lSY p bfed�,�STQdzYp b/ÕyY�lSYcV]�SbfTQa6��l�Tc_QYca��SbfdzYÖ� � YÍ�¯x&Y�YcV©4TQV p ©IÓ�©z]IRUT ��YÖ�Í�UbfV p bfe�T��SbfVr�A�SRUT��l��l�T p Y!®�j^Õ���Y!ÑXb �i� � YÍ�¯x&Y�YcV¸�SRXY�QY�jrdzYÍ��lSmÏTQV p �SRXY$d4T��rVUb ��� p Y�jQh��SRXYq_QYcanj@e�b �¯mÈ�Ql�T p bfYcVÓ��b1V´]UlSY p bfed�SbfVr�j�SRXYשIÓ�©Uù ©Ï��Y�]�T^l�T��SbnjrVÏT���SRUb � p b �i�STQVUe!Yzl�TQV*�QYQvf��j ��Y �¨RXj;x)Y�_QY�lÖ�ÀafT^l%�QY4VXYÍ�rT��Sbn_QY�_QYcafj@e�b ��m8�QluT p bnYcV]���\]UlSY p bfed�ÊT l�T^]�b p bfV�e!lSYcT ��YjQh&lSYcafT��Sbn_QY ©IÓc©¤TQdz]�a1b ��� p Yshkl�jrdÛ�Q� Ú ��j¤�Q� Ú v;��RXY�lSYzT^lSY�VXj afT���Y�luTQaÀ_QYcanjKe�b �¯m¥�Ql�T p bfYcVÓ���|x�b �SRUbfVÄ�SRXYdzj p Ycayx&Y p �QYÖ��v/��RXY|]�RUT ��Y\afT � YcanY p T �"�zb �{T���l%��VUe�T��SbnjrV ]�R�T ��Y\bfVO�SRXY[REm � l�b p dzYÍ�SRXj p e�TQafeÍ�Ua1T��SbnjrV�vä�å FIæ>ç`B¤è���P �Q�SeuRXYcd4T��Sbfe�]�RUT ��Y p bfT��Ql�TQd���j[b1afa �*�i��luT���Y�T\]�T^l��SbfTQaXdzYca �$�Se!YcVUT^l�bfj\TQV p b ����e!jQl�lSYÖ��]yjrV p ®bfVr�¾�SRXYcT^lw_QYcanj@e�b �SbnYÖ��T �wT�hG�UVUed�SbfjrV jQh p Y�]*�SR�vl��RXY}e!jrdz]yj��Sb �SbnjrV�b �~T �����UdzY p ��j � Y[T2�Sbfd4]�anY � bfV�T^lSm��m(�i��YcdÇe!jrV*�Sbw�i�SbfVr�wjQhIT|d4T;ó�jQl�e!jrdz]yjrVXYcV]� ë YQvö�Xv �I�³�^®�]yY�lSjO_(��WKb ��Y;éGTQV p TÊd4bfVXjQl¨e!jrdz]yjrVXYcV]��� ë YQvö�Xv ��XY ����T��~a´�XjQl{_QjrafT��SbfanY[YcanYcdzYcV]����YcVXl�bfeuRXY p éuvä�å FIæ>ç`B"è���P �{x)j~YcV p ®¯dzYcd � Y�l%��jQh(��Ycdz]yY�l�T����Xl�Y)TQV p ��jrafb p �K�y]UlSjQÎ�anYÖ�>T��¿�SRXY � T ��Y)jQhUd4TQVÓ�SafY � YcVXYcT��SR�SRXY[e!YcV]��l�TQa,�¨TQe�bnÎ�e[TQV p {@j��r�SR8�l�SafTQVÓ�Sb1e\jKe!YcTQV*��vl� V¤e�T ��Y2¡��u�SRXY{@j��*�SR³�l�SafTQV]�Sbfe\jKe!YcTQV$RUT ��T¾�STQdzY�QY�j �SRXY�l�d T ���SRUY�e!YcVÓ��luTQaK�¨TQe�bnÎ�e�� � �r��b ��R�T ��T p Y�]Ul�YÖ����Y p ��jra1b p �*�ÀT����SRUY � T ��Y{jQh��SRXY~d4TQVÓ�SafY � Yce�T �*��YjQh¿�SRUYwe!jrdz]yj��Sb �SbnjrVUTQaMe�RUTQVr�QYQv/� V9e�T ��Y?�I�Xd4T���Y�l�b1TQa ��RUTc_QY\T��STQdzY���jra1b p �*� � YcVUYcT��SR � j �SR2�SRXYÊe!YcV]��l�TQa�¨TQe�bnÎ�e~TQV p {@j��r�SR¾�l�SafTQV]�Sbfe{jKe!YcTQV*�Í� � �r���SRUY���Ycdz]yY�l�T����XlSYÖ�)T^lSY~afj@e�TQafafm}YcanY�_^T���Y p"� YcVUYcT��SR;�SRXY�{@j��r�SR�l�SafTQV]�SbfeÊjKe!YcTQV p �UY���j�dzjQlSYÊl�T p bnj �QYcVUbfeÊRXYcT��Sb1Vr�Xv
![Page 32: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Ùr¢
%8���#����
![Page 33: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Ù(Ù
���� AkB(èUP ��_QYcVÓ�@�gb �i��~jXv jQlub �rbfV afT�� afjrV p Y�]*�SR ë WKd"é
�Q���r� �Q� �Q�rßR�r�rß��Q�2�Ó�EØë�r�@Øë�r� ¡c�@vÐ�Q� ¡!Í��@v ¡c� �Q�Q����R�r���r� ���QßR�r�rßR�r�Ä¡c�@ØÖÍ��@Øë��� ®��(¡^væ�^� ®%¡±�^�@vÐ�Q� ¡Í�r����R�r����� ���QßR�r�rßR���Ä¡Ö�@Ø ¡c�@ØË�Q� �@vÐ�Q� ®��^�@væ�^� ¡c�Q����R�r���^Í ���QßR�r�rßR�^͸�^ÍXØÐ�`ÍXØë�r� ® �Q�@vÐ��� ¡±�^�@vÐ�`Í � �Q����I¡ ¡Ö�Q� ���QßI¡ ¡Oß��Q�O� �@ØÐ�Q�@ØÖÍÓ� ®%¡c�@væ�;Í ®��Q�@væ�^� �Q�Q��Q�(¡Í� �r� �Q�rßI¡Í��ßR�r�Ä¡ ¡^ØÐ�Q�@ØÐ�Q� ® ���Kvë��� ®%¡±�^�@vÐ� � ���r�
![Page 34: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Surface
a)
FDG
RT G
RT
Kirchhoff
CMB
Finite Difference Regionb)
vτzy τxy
Reflected
Total
Scattered
n=1
n=3
n=N
m=1
m=3
m=M
![Page 35: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Surface
CMB
SH
SH
SH
SH
PREM500 km
315 320 325315 320 325315 320 325315 320 325315 320 325315 320 325
GRT
HY
ScSS
Velocity
t - 5 * ∆ (seconds)
315 320 325315 320 325315 320 325315 320 325315 320 325315 320 325
GRT
HY
Velocity
t - 5 * ∆ (seconds)
![Page 36: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
500 km
Surfacea)
GRT
CMBFD
GRT GRT
WKB
Kir
chh
off
25 km
Vs = 5 km/s
PREM
b)
c) t=387.75 sec d) t=389.75 sec
e) t=391.75 sec f) t=393.75 sec
![Page 37: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
500 km
Surfacea)
GRT
CMBFD
GRT GRT
WKB
Kir
chh
off
25 km
Vs = 5 km/s
PREM
b)
c) t=387.75 sec d) t=389.75 sec
e) t=391.75 sec f) t=393.75 sec
![Page 38: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
core
man
tle
S
ScS
Sd
iff
80
110
core
man
tle
S
ScS
Sd
iff
80
110
![Page 39: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
98
100
102
104
106
108
580 600
GRT98
100
102
104
106
108
580 600
GRT
98
100
102
104
106
108
580 600
GRT
98
100
102
104
106
108
580 600
GRT
98
100
102
104
106
108
580 600
GRT
98
100
102
104
106
108
580 600
GRT
98
100
102
104
106
108
580 600
GRT
98
100
102
104
106
108
580 600
GRT
98
100
102
104
106
108
580 600
GRT
98
100
102
104
106
108
580 600
GRT
98
100
102
104
106
108
580 600
GRT
98
100
102
104
106
108
580 600
Sdiff
a)
dis
tan
ce (
deg
ree)
t-9*∆ (sec)
HY
HY
HY
HY
HY
HY
HY
HY
HY
HY
HY
Sdiff
76
78
80
82
84
86
88580 600
GRT
76
78
80
82
84
86
88580 600
GRT
76
78
80
82
84
86
88580 600
GRT
76
78
80
82
84
86
88580 600
GRT
76
78
80
82
84
86
88580 600
GRT
76
78
80
82
84
86
88580 600
GRT
76
78
80
82
84
86
88580 600
GRT
76
78
80
82
84
86
88580 600
GRT
76
78
80
82
84
86
88580 600
GRT
76
78
80
82
84
86
88580 600
GRT
76
78
80
82
84
86
88580 600
GRT
76
78
80
82
84
86
88580 600
Sdiff
76
78
80
82
84
86
88580 600
b)
t-9*∆ (sec)
HY
HY
HY
HY
HY
HY
HY
HY
HY
HY
HY
Sdiff
![Page 40: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
970503970904970904
951006
950823
971128971128
970902
IIIIIIIIIIIIIII
970902
IIIIIIIII
![Page 41: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
ESK
MM18
MM17
MM16
MM15
MM14
MM13
MM12
MM11
MM09
MM08
MM07
MM06
MM05 MM04
MM03
MM02
100
102
104
106
108
110
0 20
Sdiff
a)
dis
tan
ce (
deg
ree)
CCM
MM17
MM16
MM15
MM14
MM13
MM12
MM09
MM08
MM07
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
1100 20
Sdiff
12
b)
ANMO
ANMO
BAR
BKR
COR
COR
CPP
FPC
FUR
GSC HEC MLAC
MTP
MWC
NEE
PAS
PFO
SBC
SNCC
SOT
SVD
TUC
TUC
VTV
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
0 20
Sdiff
c)
100
102
104
106
108
110
0 20
Sdiff
d)
dis
tan
ce (
deg
ree)
t (sec)
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
1100 20
Sdiff
1 2
1
2
e)
t (sec)
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
0 20
Sdiff
f)
t (sec)
![Page 42: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
sa61
sa59
sa60
sa63 sa45 sa64 sa70 sa66
sa46 sa71 sa65 sa67
sa47 sa51 sa68 sa55
sa72
sa56
sa76
sa75
sa80
sa63
100
102
104
106
108
0 20
Sdiff
12
3
a)
dis
tan
ce (
deg
ree)
sa24 sa18
sa31 sa25 bosa
sa39 sa32
sa11
sa81
sa22 sa16
sa13
sa23
sa12
sa13
sa31
sa37
sa38
sa40
sa39
96
98
100
102
104
0 20
Sdiff
1 2
b)
sa61 sa59
sa60
sa63 sa45
sa64
sa70 sa66
sa65 sa67 sa47
sa68
sa76
sa75
sa80
sa24 sa18
sa31 sa25 bosa
sa39 sa32
sa11 sa81
sa16
sa23
sa12
sa31
sa37
sa38
sa40
sa39
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
0 20
Sdiff
1 2
c)
100
102
104
106
108
0 20
Sdiff
12
3
123
d)
dis
tan
ce (
deg
ree)
t (sec)
96
98
100
102
104
0 20
Sdiff
1 2
1
2
e)
t (sec)
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
0 20
Sdiff
1 2
1
2
f)
t (sec)
![Page 43: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
0
098 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600300 km
0%10
%
0% -
10%
a)distance (degree)
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600
0
0
580
590
600300 km
0%20
%
0% -
20%
b)
t-9*
∆ (s
ec)58
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
0
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600
0
0
580
590
600300 km
0%10
%
0% -
10%
c)
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600
0
0
580
590
600300 km
0%20
%
0% -
20%
d)
![Page 44: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
0
098 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600300 km
0%
3%
0% -
3%
a)distance (degree)
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600
0
0
580
590
600300 km
0%
3%
0% -
3%
b)
t-9*
∆ (s
ec)58
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
0
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600
0
0
580
590
600300 km
0%
3%
0% -
3%
c)
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600
0
0
580
590
600300 km
0%
3%
0% -
3%
d)
![Page 45: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
0
098 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600300 km
0%
6%
0% -
6%
a)distance (degree)
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600
0
0
580
590
600300 km
0%
6%
0% -
6%
b)
t-9*
∆ (s
ec)58
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
0
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600
0
0
580
590
600300 km
0%
6%
0% -
6%
c)
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600
0
0
580
590
600300 km
0%
6%
0% -
6%
d)
![Page 46: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
0
0
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600300 km
0%
9%
0% -
9%
a)distance (degree)
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600
0
0
580
590
600300 km
0%
9%
0% -
9%
b)
t-9*
∆ (s
ec)58
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
0
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
580
590
600
0
0
11
22
33
580
590
600300 km
0%
9%
0% -
9%
1 2 3
c)
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600
0
0
580
590
600300 km
0%
9%
0% -
9%
d)
![Page 47: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600300 km
0%
12%
0% -
12%
a)distance (degree)
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600
00
580
590
600300 km
0%
12%
0% -
12%
b)
t-9*
∆ (s
ec)58
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
0
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600
0
0
11
22
33
580
590
600300 km
0%
12%
0% -
12%
1 2 3
c)
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600
0
0
580
590
600300 km
0%
12%
0% -
12%
d)
![Page 48: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600300 km
0%
3%
0% -
3%
+ U
LV
Z (
45km
,-10
%)
a)distance (degree)
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600300 km
0%
3%
0% -
3%
+ U
LV
Z (
45km
,-15
%)
b)
t-9*
∆ (s
ec)58
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
0
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600300 km
0%
3%
0% -
3%
+ U
LV
Z (
30km
,-15
%)
c)
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600300 km
0%
3%
0% -
3%
+ U
LV
Z (
30km
,-20
%)
d)
![Page 49: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600
0
0
98 100
102
104
106
108
580
590
600300 km
2%12
%
2% -
12%
a)distance (degree)
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600
00
11
22
33
580
590
600300 km
2%12
%
2% -
12%
b)
t-9*
∆ (s
ec)58
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
058
059
060
0
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600
0
0
11
22
33
580
590
600300 km
0%10
%
0% -
10%
c)
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
580
590
600
Sd
iff
IAS
P91
Dat
a
580
590
600
0
0
580
590
600300 km
0%10
%
0% -
10%
d)
![Page 50: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
020
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
020
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
020
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
020
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
020
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
020
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
020
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
020
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
020
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
020
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
020
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
020
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
020
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
020
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
020
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
020
0
0
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
020
300 km
2%
8%
2% -
8%
a)distance (degree)
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
0
0
020
300 km
0%
7%
0% -
7%
b)
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
0
0
020
300 km
0%
6%
0% -
6%
c)
(sec
)
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
020
0
0
020
300 km
0%
5%
0% -
5%
d)
![Page 51: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
(e.g., F e,Al,C a-P v) (e.g., Mg-P v)
C MB
300 km
De
pth
(te
mp
era
ture
) in
cre
ase
s
y1 x1
y2 x2
E
liqudusliqudus
solid
αβ (km/s)
S hear V elocityP hase Diagram
0
F
M
![Page 52: buv [IUWV VdEwVdxyP]z|{r}~}p l p 8 $ } @ ! ' {2 @ …geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenJGR01Preprint.pdf?hK¯ UYEL ÈX8P±Vdv [K _F]UYPO`Z[(XO¯ ELH F]VdEL[(H _A[I\ H* X³PRUYEL`](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5cdad09c88c993a0658b7b25/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Case 1
CMBTemperature, K
Dep
th (
km)
geotherm
Solidus (South Atlantic)
So
lidu
s (C
entr
al P
acif
ic)
geotherm (Central Pacific)
geotherm (South Atlantic)
Case 2
CMBTemperature, K
So
lidu
s