business rules for by benjamin grosof ibm copyrights reserved€¦ · · 1999-09-22commonrules by...
TRANSCRIPT
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Bu
sin
ess
Ru
les
for E-C
om
me
rce
:In
tero
pe
rab
ility
an
d C
on
flict
Ha
nd
ling
Dr.
Ben
jam
in G
roso
fIB
M T
.J. W
atso
n R
esea
rch
Cen
ter
Haw
thor
ne, N
Y, U
SA
gros
of@
us.ib
m.c
om h
ttp://
ww
w.r
esea
rch.ib
m.c
om/p
eopl
e/g/g
roso
f
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
edOve
rvie
w•
Intr
o &
Bac
kgro
und
–O
vera
ll m
issi
on, t
echn
ical
app
roac
h, in
dust
ry tr
ends
–E
EC
OM
S p
roje
ct (
NIS
T A
TP
) on
inte
r-en
terp
rise
supp
ly c
hain
inte
grat
ion
•C
ore
Tec
hnol
ogy:
Com
mon
Rul
es pr
otot
ype
base
d on
logi
c pr
ogra
m K
R
–In
nova
tive
conf
lict h
andl
ing,
pro
cedu
ral a
ttach
men
ts; s
ampl
e en
gine
–X
ML
Inte
rling
ua b
etw
een
hete
roge
neou
s ru
le s
yste
ms;
sta
ndar
ds p
lay
•A
pplic
atio
ns:
repr
esen
t bus
ines
s pr
oces
ses/
wor
kflo
w, p
olic
ies,
pro
duct
s
–C
ontr
acts
/agr
eem
ents
, neg
otia
tion
esp.
B2B
, sec
urity
aut
horiz
atio
n
–E
EC
OM
S s
uppl
y ch
ain
scen
ario
s, N
et.C
omm
erce
-typ
e B
2C s
cena
rio
•D
irect
ions
–E
xter
nal a
lpha
rel
ease
in a
bout
7/9
9 of
cor
e te
chno
logy
–E
xplo
re m
ore
appl
icat
ions
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Vis
ion
ove
rall
•V
isio
n:
Rul
es a
s an
impo
rtan
t asp
ect o
f com
ing
wor
ld o
f Int
erne
t e-
busi
ness
: r
ule-
base
d bu
sine
ss p
roce
sses
for
both
B2B
and
B2C
.
–re
pres
ent b
uyer
’s r
eque
sts,
inte
rest
s, b
ids
–re
pres
ent s
elle
r’s o
fferin
gs o
f pro
duct
s &
ser
vice
s, c
apab
ilitie
s,bi
ds; m
ap o
fferin
gs fr
om m
ultip
le s
uppl
iers
to c
omm
on c
atal
og.
–re
pres
ent b
usin
ess
proc
esse
s, e
.g.,
sale
s he
lp, c
usto
mer
hel
p,pr
ocur
emen
t, au
thor
izat
ion,
bro
kerin
g, w
orkf
low
.
–au
tom
atic
exe
cutio
n; m
atch
mak
ing
of b
uyer
s w
ith s
elle
rs
–hi
gh le
vel o
f con
cept
ual a
bstr
actio
n, e
asie
r un
ders
tand
ing
and
spec
ifica
tion
by n
on-p
rogr
amm
ers
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Ru
les:
F
un
da
me
nta
l Te
chn
ica
l Ap
pro
ach
•A
im to
ena
ble:
exc
hang
e &
upd
ate
busi
ness
rul
es,
dyna
mic
ally
.
•C
onte
xt:
key
appl
icat
ion
logi
c is
rep
rese
nted
via
rul
es, i
nm
any
syst
ems.
E.g
.,
–ru
les
abou
t ter
ms
& c
ondi
tions
ass
ocia
ted
with
apr
oduc
t or
serv
ice
in In
tern
et p
urch
asin
g.
–ex
chan
ge a
mon
g m
ultip
le s
uppl
y ch
ain
play
ers:
•pr
ice
vs. q
uant
ity v
s. d
eliv
ery
date
•w
hen
and
how
to o
rder
or
retu
rn it
ems,
that
impa
ctpl
anni
ng.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Ru
les:
F
un
da
me
nta
l Te
chn
ica
l Ap
pro
ach
(co
ntin
ue
d)
•D
ecla
rativ
e ap
proa
ch:
prov
ide se
man
tics th
at is
cle
an a
nd d
eep.
•F
acili
tate
spe
cific
atio
n of a
giv
en r
ule
set:
–by
mul
tiple
aut
hors
, cro
ss-e
nter
pris
e, c
ross
-app
licat
ion
–by
non
-tec
hnic
al a
utho
rs
–dy
nam
ical
ly
–w
ith a
bstr
actio
n le
vel m
ore
easi
ly h
uman
-und
erst
anda
ble
•E
nabl
e con
flict
han
dlin
g in
mul
tiple
rul
e sy
stem
s.
•In
tero
pera
te bet
wee
n m
ultip
le r
ule
syst
ems
via
com
mon
-cor
ein
terli
ngua
: in
ter-
agen
t sta
ndar
ds in
X
ML
.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Ap
plic
atio
ns
of R
ule
s o
ur
wo
rk to
-da
te: O
verv
iew
•C
an v
iew
gen
eral
ly in
term
s of
bus
ines
s pr
oces
ses,
incl
udin
g w
orkf
low
.
–ru
les
are
good
to c
aptu
re if
-the
n c
ondi
tiona
lity e
sp. i
nvol
ving
cha
inin
g.
•S
tore
fron
t/cat
alog
-bas
ed s
ervi
ces:
ini
tially
, B2C
per
sona
lizat
ion/
prom
otio
ns.
•*C
ontr
acts
/agr
eem
ents
.
–re
pres
ent p
rodu
cts
or s
ervi
ces,
or
serv
ice
term
s &
con
ditio
ns o
f pro
duct
.
–ex
ecut
able s
peci
ficat
ion
–pa
rtia
lly-s
peci
fied
/ tem
plat
e, d
urin
g pr
oces
s of
neg
otia
tion.
•*N
egot
iatio
n, es
p. B
2B:
–re
pres
ent c
onte
nts
of p
ropo
sals
, cou
nter
-pro
posa
ls,
RF
Q’s,
RF
P’s.
–co
nfig
ure
auct
ion
mec
hani
sms
base
d on
con
trac
t tem
plat
es.
•*S
ecur
ity a
utho
rizat
ion
polic
ies:
inc
ludi
ng d
eleg
atio
n, c
ertif
icat
es.
–of
ten,
are
rea
lly a
par
t of o
vera
ll bu
sine
ss p
olic
y, a
t app
licat
ion-
leve
l.
•*
= in
EE
CO
MS
inte
r-en
terp
rise
supp
ly c
hain
sce
nario
s. E
EC
OM
S is
a$2
9Mill
ion
3-ye
ar N
IST
AT
P c
onso
rtiu
m e
ffort
led
by IB
M.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Ap
plic
atio
ns
of R
ule
s:e
arlie
r w
ork
on
Ag
en
t B
uild
ing
En
viro
nm
en
t
•C
an v
iew
gen
eral
ly in
term
s of
bus
ines
s pr
oces
ses,
incl
udin
g w
orkf
low
.
–ru
les
are
good
to c
aptu
re if
-the
n c
ondi
tiona
lity e
sp. i
nvol
ving
cha
inin
g.
•E
mbe
ddab
le te
chno
logy
for
build
ing
rule
-bas
ed in
telli
gent
age
nt c
apab
ilitie
sin
to a
pplic
atio
ns.
•C
lass
of a
pplic
atio
ns:
filte
ring
and rout
ing
of i
nfo
item
s
–m
ail,
new
s, L
otus
Not
es d
ocum
ents
–cu
stom
er s
ervi
ce /
help
des
k
–w
orkf
low
in m
anuf
actu
ring:
des
ign
chan
ges,
pla
nt fl
oor
aler
ts
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
EE
CO
MS
Exa
mp
le o
f C
on
flict
ing
Ru
les
•V
endo
r’s r
ules
that
pre
scrib
e ho
w b
uyer
mus
t pla
ce o
r m
odify
an
orde
r:
•A
) 14
day
s ah
ead
if th
e bu
yer
is a
qua
lifie
d cu
stom
er.
•B
) 30
day
s ah
ead
if th
e or
dere
d ite
m is
a m
inor
par
t.
•C
) 2
days
ahe
ad if
the
orde
red
item
’s it
em-t
ype
is b
ackl
ogge
d at
the
vend
or,
the
orde
r is
a m
odifi
catio
n to
red
uce
the
quan
tity
of th
e ite
m, a
nd th
e bu
yer
is a
qual
ified
cus
tom
er.
•S
uppo
se m
ore
than
one
of t
he a
bove
app
lies
to th
e cu
rren
t ord
er?
Con
flict
!
•H
elpf
ul A
ppro
ach:
pre
cede
nce b
etw
een
the
rule
s. O
ften
only
p
art
ial o
rder
of
prec
eden
ce is
just
ified
. E
.g.,
C
� A.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Co
urt
eo
us
LP
’s: E
xam
ple
•<
lead
Tim
eRul
e1> o
rder
Mod
ifica
tionN
otic
e(?O
rder
,14d
ays)
•
←
pref
erre
dCus
tom
erO
f(?
Buy
er,?
Sel
ler)
∧•
p
urch
aseO
rder(?
Ord
er,?B
uyer
,?S
elle
r) .
•<
lead
Tim
eRul
e2>
orde
rMod
ifica
tionN
otic
e(?O
rder
,30d
ays)
•
← m
inor
Par
t(?B
uyer
,?S
elle
r,?O
rder
) ∧•
pur
chas
eOrd
er(?
Ord
er,?B
uyer
,?S
elle
r) .
•<
lead
Tim
eRul
e3>
orde
rMod
ifica
tionN
otic
e(?O
rder
,2da
ys)
•
←
pre
ferr
edC
usto
mer
Of
(?B
uyer
,?S
elle
r) ∧
•
ord
erM
odifi
catio
nTyp
e(?O
rder
,red
uce)
∧•
orde
rIte
mIs
InB
ackl
og(?O
rder
) ∧•
pur
chas
eOrd
er(?
Ord
er,?B
uyer
,?S
elle
r) .
•ov
errid
es(le
adT
imeR
ule3
, le
adT
imeR
ule1
) .
•⊥
← o
rder
Mod
ifica
tionN
otic
e(?O
rder
,?X
) ∧•
ord
erM
odifi
catio
nNot
ice(?
Ord
er,?
Y);
GIV
EN
?X
� ?Y
.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
XM
L In
terlin
gu
a fo
r E
xam
ple
•<c
lp>
• <
erul
e ru
lela
bel="l
eadT
imeR
ule1
">
•
<he
ad>
•
<c
liter
al p
redi
cate
="or
derM
odifi
catio
nNot
ice">
•
<
varia
ble
nam
e="?
Ord
er"/
>
•
<
func
tion
nam
e="d
ays1
4"/>
•
<
/clit
eral
>
•
</h
ead>
•
<bo
dy>
•
<
and>
•
<
fclit
eral
pre
dica
te=
"pref
erre
dCus
tom
erO
f">
•
<va
riabl
e na
me=
"?B
uyer
"/>
•
<va
riabl
e na
me=
"?S
elle
r"/>
•
<
/fclit
eral
>
•
<
fclit
eral
pre
dica
te=
"purc
hase
Ord
er">
•
<va
riabl
e na
me=
"?O
rder
"/>
•
<va
riabl
e na
me=
"?B
uyer
"/>
•
<va
riabl
e na
me=
"?S
elle
r"/>
•
<
/fclit
eral
>
•
<
/and
>
•
</b
ody>
• <
/eru
le>
•...
•<
/clp
>
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Co
mm
on
Ru
les E
xam
ple
:b
oo
ksto
re W
eb
sto
refr
on
t
•B
2C p
erso
naliz
ed p
rom
otio
ns:
–di
scou
ntin
g
–sh
owin
g ta
rget
ed a
ds w
ith in
cent
ives
•R
ules
& fa
cts
from
:
–m
arke
ting
man
ager
s: w
ith u
pdat
es &
mer
ges
•pr
iorit
ies
from
rece
ncy,
auth
ority
, spe
cific
ity
–da
ta m
inin
g
–D
B
–dy
nam
ic W
eb s
essi
on d
ata
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
•R
unni
ng e
xam
ple
in Com
mon
Rul
es: i
nclu
des
abou
t 60
rule
s an
d fa
cts.
•S
ee IB
M R
esea
rch
Rep
ort R
C 2
1473
“D
IPLO
MA
T...
Dem
onst
ratio
n”
•A
ltern
ativ
ely,
see
file
boo
ksto
reE
xam
pleU
nifie
d10-
30-9
8.tx
t .
INS
ER
T B
oo
ksto
re W
eb
E-S
tore
fro
nt
Ap
p E
xam
ple
SL
IDE
S
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Co
mm
on
Ru
les te
chn
olo
gy
ove
rvie
w
•Ja
va li
brar
y, V
1 pr
otot
ype
runn
ing.
–pl
an e
xter
nal a
lpha
rel
ease
7/3
0/99
on
Alp
haW
orks
http
://al
phaw
orks.
ibm
.com
–pi
lotin
g in
EE
CO
MS
$29
Mill
ion
NIS
T A
TP
pro
ject
(IB
M,
Baa
n, B
oein
g, u
nive
rsiti
es, o
ther
co.
’s)
•B
asic
rul
e re
pres
enta
tion:
L
ogic
pro
gram
s (LP
’s).
–LP
’s in
dec
lara
tive
sens
e, n
ot P
rolo
g. E
.g.,
forw
ard
orba
ckw
ard
chai
ning
.
–re
pres
enta
tion
= s
ynta
x +
dee
p se
man
tics.
•se
man
tics
of r
ule
set =
its
set o
f val
id c
oncl
usio
ns.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Co
mm
on
Ru
les te
chn
olo
gy
ove
rvie
w (
con
tinu
ed
)•
Ext
ends
rul
e re
pres
enta
tion
to:
–C
ourt
eous
LP
’s:
•pr
iorit
ized
han
dlin
g of
conf
licts
, e.g
., in
upd
atin
g/m
ergi
ng.
–S
ituat
ed (
Cou
rteo
us)
LP’s
:
•pr
oced
ural
atta
chm
ents
to in
voke
non
-rea
soni
ng a
ctio
ns o
rqu
erie
s, v
ia m
etho
ds e
xter
nal t
o in
fere
ncin
g eng
ine.
•C
ourt
eous
Com
pile
r from
cou
rteo
us L
P’s
to o
rdin
ary
LP’s
.
•X
ML
Inte
rling
ua a
nd s
ampl
e tran
slat
ors.
–in
terli
ngua
= c
omm
on r
ule
repr
esen
tatio
n fo
r tr
ansl
atio
n be
twee
nhe
tero
gene
ous
rule
sys
tem
s. S
uita
ble
to b
ecom
e in
dust
ry s
tand
ard.
•S
ampl
e Inf
eren
cing
/Exe
cutio
n Eng
ine:
–fo
rwar
d-ch
aini
ng s
ituat
ed c
ourt
eous
LP
’s.
Cu
rre
nt-
vers
ion
Co
mm
on
Ru
les
app
N
app
1
app
2
tran
sfor
mer
inte
rling
ua
pars
ing/t
rans
latin
gin
& o
ut
deep
sha
red
sem
antic
sin
com
mon
repr
esen
tatio
n:
com
mon
cor
esLogi
cP
rogr
am
fam
ily
XR
ule
fam
ily
YR
ule
fam
ily
rule
sys
1
rule
sys
2
rule
sys
N
Het
erog
eneo
us
cour
teou
s
ordi
nary
/van
illa
repr
esen
tatio
n
mut
expr
iorit
ies
repr
esen
tatio
n
equi
vale
nt
sem
antic
ally
KR
obj’s
strin
g
XS
Bfo
rmat
s
Sm
odel
s
CR
.co
urte
ous
conf
lict-
hand
ling
Log.
Pro
g.
situ
ated
cou
rteo
us L
P’s
XM
L,
KIF
,
engi
ne:
forw
ard
situ
ated
LP
rule
sys
tem
s
obje
cts
othe
r
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
•E
.g.,
in O
O a
pp’s
, DB
’s, w
orkf
low
s.
•Lo
gic
Pro
gram
s (in
pur
e kn
owle
dge-
repr
esen
tatio
n se
nse)
: e.
g.,
–R
elat
iona
l dat
abas
es, S
QL.
–P
rolo
g; K
now
ledg
e-ba
sed
syst
ems.
•P
rodu
ctio
n ru
les (O
PS
5 he
ritag
e):
e.g.
,
–N
euro
n D
ata
rule
-bas
ed J
ava
obje
cts.
–IB
M V
isua
lBan
ker u
sing
(H
aley
).
•E
vent
-Con
ditio
n-A
ctio
n ru
les (lo
ose
fam
ily),
cf.:
–bu
sine
ss p
roce
ss a
utom
atio
n / w
orkf
low
tool
s.
–ac
tive
data
base
s; p
ublis
h-su
bscr
ibe.
Fla
vors
of
Ru
les
Co
mm
erc
ially
Mo
stIm
po
rta
nt
in E
-Bu
sin
ess
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Ove
rvie
w (
rep
ea
ted
)•
Intr
o &
Bac
kgro
und
–O
vera
ll m
issi
on, t
echn
ical
app
roac
h, in
dust
ry tr
ends
–E
EC
OM
S p
roje
ct (
NIS
T A
TP
) on
inte
r-en
terp
rise
supp
ly c
hain
inte
grat
ion
•C
ore
Tec
hnol
ogy:
Com
mon
Rul
es pr
otot
ype
base
d on
logi
c pr
ogra
m K
R
–In
nova
tive
conf
lict h
andl
ing,
pro
cedu
ral a
ttach
men
ts; s
ampl
e en
gine
–X
ML
Inte
rling
ua b
etw
een
hete
roge
neou
s ru
le s
yste
ms;
sta
ndar
ds p
lay
•A
pplic
atio
ns:
repr
esen
t bus
ines
s pr
oces
ses/
wor
kflo
w, p
olic
ies,
pro
duct
s
–C
ontr
acts
/agr
eem
ents
, neg
otia
tion
esp.
B2B
, sec
urity
aut
horiz
atio
n
–E
EC
OM
S s
uppl
y ch
ain
scen
ario
s, N
et.C
omm
erce
-typ
e B
2C s
cena
rio
•D
irect
ions
–E
xter
nal a
lpha
rel
ease
in 7
/99
of c
ore
tech
nolo
gy
–E
xplo
re m
ore
appl
icat
ions
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
•P
art 1
: fo
r In
trod
ucto
ry s
ectio
n of
talk
•P
art 2
: ab
out E
EC
OM
S
•P
art 3
: m
ore
Tec
hnic
al D
etai
ls, i
nclu
ding
logi
c pr
ogra
ms,
cou
rteo
us, s
ituat
ed,
appl
icat
ions
, etc
..
OU
TL
INE
OF
OP
TIO
NA
LS
SL
IDE
S
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
PA
RT
-1 O
PT
ION
AL
S F
OL
LO
W:
fro
m I
NT
RO
DU
CT
OR
Y-s
ect
ion
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Ru
les
acr
oss
Ap
plic
atio
ns
App
licat
ion
1, e
.g.,
sel
ler
e-st
oref
ront
App
licat
ion
2, e
.g.,
buye
r sho
pbot
agen
t
Bus
ines
sLo
gic
Bus
ines
sLo
gic
Rul
esR
ules
Inte
rcha
nge
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
•
Ap
plic
atio
n U
sin
g R
ule
s
repr
esen
tatio
n
rule
edito
r
Rul
e S
yste
m
App
licat
ion
rule
exe
cutio
n
engi
ne
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Ro
les
for
Ru
les
•1s
t ste
p: R
ules
as
rigor
ous
spec
ifica
tion
with
out e
xecu
tion.
•2n
d st
ep (o
ur m
ain
focu
s): R
ules
as
exec
utab
le s
peci
ficat
ion.
–C
oars
e-gr
ain
inte
grat
ion
with
res
t of c
ode.
E.g
.:
•ru
les
engi
ne in
wra
pper
, age
nt, w
orkf
low
, dat
abas
e, e
xten
ded
tran
sact
ion
mon
itor,
….
•3r
d st
ep:
Fin
e-gr
ain
inte
grat
ion
with
res
t of c
ode.
E.g
.:
–O
bjec
t-or
ient
ed a
pplic
atio
n de
velo
pmen
t too
l’s r
ules
feat
ure.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Ru
les
Au
tho
rin
g A
pp
roa
che
s
•G
raph
ical
.
•N
atur
al L
angu
age
(lim
ited)
.
•P
re-d
efin
ed te
mpl
ates
and
voc
abul
ary.
–do
mai
n/in
dust
ry s
peci
fic.
–ap
plic
atio
n/su
ite s
peci
fic.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
PA
RT
-2 O
PT
ION
AL
S F
OL
LO
W:
ab
ou
t E
EC
OM
S
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
EE
CO
MS
Su
pp
ly C
ha
in P
roje
ct: O
verv
iew
•E
EC
OM
S =
Ext
ende
d E
nter
pris
e C
onso
rtiu
m fo
r In
tegr
ated
Col
labo
rativ
eM
anuf
actu
ring
Sys
tem
s.
•IB
M-le
d co
nsor
tium
, 50%
-fun
ded
by U
S g
over
nmen
t’s N
IST
Adv
ance
dT
echn
olog
y P
rogr
am.
$29M
ove
r 3
year
s, e
nds
2001
.
•A
dvan
ced
supp
ly c
hain
man
agem
ent.
Con
sort
ium
incl
udes
man
ufac
turin
gso
ftwar
e ve
ndor
s, r
ules
and
tool
ven
dors
, man
ufac
ture
r cu
stom
ers.
•B
usin
ess
Foc
us:
impr
ove “a
gilit
y” o
f man
ufac
turin
g. R
espo
nd to
com
mon
but u
npre
dict
able
eve
nts
such
as
late
del
iver
y, p
lant
line
bre
akdo
wn,
larg
erth
an e
xpec
ted
orde
r. R
eact
qui
ckly
, inc
ludi
ng m
odify
pla
ns, s
ched
ules
.In
tegr
ate:
typ
ical
ly m
ulti-
appl
icat
ion,
ver
y of
ten
mul
ti-en
terp
rise.
•T
echn
ical
Foc
us: ru
les
and
conf
lict h
andl
ing;
virt
ual s
ituat
ion
room
for
hum
an c
olla
bora
tive
wor
kflo
w; a
ttend
ant t
ools
, age
nts,
and
sec
urity
issu
es.
•Is
follo
w-o
n to
CIIM
PLE
X (
IBM
-led
NIS
T A
TP
$22
M)
& c
halle
nges
itid
entif
ied.
S
hare
s: c
onso
rtiu
m, s
cena
rios,
age
nt-b
ased
app
roac
h.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
EE
CO
MS
Su
pp
ly C
ha
in P
roje
ct: Our
Rol
eO
ur R
ole
•R
ules
prim
arily
:
–ap
plic
atio
n S
cena
rios
with
cus
tom
ers.
–in
terli
ngua
.
–co
nflic
t han
dlin
g.
–fo
r se
curit
y au
thor
izat
ion
polic
ies
(tru
st m
anag
emen
t).
•M
ultip
le, h
eter
ogen
eous
rul
e sy
stem
s w
ithin
con
sort
ium
: fr
omve
ndor
s, u
nive
rsiti
es.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
EE
CO
MS
: P
art
icip
an
ts
•IB
M is
lead
er o
f con
sort
ium
, via
its
Man
ufac
turin
g IS
U.
Run
s E
EC
OM
SP
roje
ct O
ffice
, EE
CO
MS
Inte
grat
ion
Cen
ter
and
Too
ls D
ev..
•IB
M o
rg.’s
invo
lved
: T
.J. W
atso
n R
esea
rch,
Sup
ply
Cha
in O
ptim
izat
ion
Pro
d.D
ev.,
Sup
ply
Cha
in Man
uf. S
ol’n
s, S
ynch
rono
us C
olla
bora
tion
Too
ls a
nd A
D(A
ustin
).
•B
oein
g m
ilita
ry a
ircra
ft. A
maj
or m
anuf
actu
rer.
Act
s as
cus
tom
er.
•B
ercl
ain,
par
t of B
aan:
maj
or m
anuf
actu
ring
/ ER
P s
oftw
are
vend
or.
•U
nive
rsiti
es a
s IB
M s
ub-c
ontr
acto
rs:
U. N
C C
harlo
tte, U
. MD
Bal
timor
e, U
.F
lorid
a. C
ontr
ibut
e re
sear
ch-
ily t
o al
l tec
hnic
al fo
ci.
•V
itria
, Env
isio
nIt,
IndX
, Sca
ndur
a: (s
mal
l) to
ols/
spec
ifica
tion
vend
ors.
•T
RW
sup
ply-
chai
n co
nsul
ting
prac
tice.
Act
s as
cus
tom
er(s
).
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
EE
CO
MS
: M
ain
Co
llab
ora
tors
•P
rof.’
s T
im F
inin
and
Yan
nis
Labr
ou o
f U. M
aryl
and
(Bal
timor
e):
–ne
gotia
tion
prot
ocol
s be
twee
n ag
ents
; FIP
A s
tand
ards
for
thes
e
–X
ML
vers
ions
of F
IPA
and
KIF
dra
ft st
anda
rds
–se
curit
y au
thor
izat
ion
polic
ies,
del
egat
ion
•P
rof.’
s B
ill C
hu a
nd B
ob W
ilhel
m o
f U. N
. Car
olin
a (C
harlo
tte)
–co
nstr
aint
sat
isfa
ctio
n an
d op
timiz
atio
n in
priv
ate
nego
tiatio
n de
cisi
ons
–in
tegr
atin
g ru
le-b
ased
aut
horiz
atio
n po
licie
s in
to s
ecur
ity s
ervi
ces
•P
rof.’
s S
tanl
ey S
u an
d Jo
achi
m H
amm
er o
f U. F
lorid
a (G
aine
svill
e)
–ne
gotia
tion
arch
itect
ure
–E
vent
-Con
ditio
n-A
ctio
n ru
le s
yste
m
•Ly
nne
Thi
eme o
f Vitr
ia T
echn
olog
ies
–bu
sine
ss p
roce
ss a
utom
atio
n an
d pu
blis
h-su
bscr
ibe
–E
vent
-Con
ditio
n-A
ctio
n ru
le s
yste
m
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
EE
CO
MS
: V
irtu
al S
itua
tion
Ro
om
•H
uman
bus
ines
s pr
oces
s an
d w
orkf
low
: fo
r tim
ely,
agi
le r
espo
nse.
•D
istr
ibut
ed, i
nter
-ent
erpr
ise
.
•Le
ads:
–C
once
pt:
Bill
Tol
one
of U
NC
Cha
rlotte
(IB
M s
ub-c
ontr
acto
r)
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
PA
RT
-3 O
PT
ION
AL
S F
OL
LO
W:
ab
ou
t m
ore
Te
chn
ica
l De
tails
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Lo
gic
Pro
gra
ms
as
ba
sic
rep
rese
nta
tion
: D
efin
itio
n•
A L
P is
a s
et o
f (pr
emis
e) r
ules
; sem
antic
ally
, it s
peci
fies
a se
t of c
oncl
usio
ns.
•E
xam
ple
rule
:
• s
endP
age(?
msg
,Joe
) ← fr
om(?
msg
,?s)
∧ ur
gent
(?msg
) ∧
care
sAbo
ut(Jo
e,?s
).
•w
here
the
“?”
pref
ix in
dica
tes
a lo
gica
l var
iabl
e.
•G
ener
ally
, a r
ule
has
the
form
of
Hea
d IF
Bod
y
:
•
H
←
B_1
∧ ..
. ∧ B
_j ∧
~B
_j+
1 ∧
... ∧
~B
_m .
•w
here
m ≥
0 ;
∧ st
ands
for
logi
cal “A
ND
”; ←
sta
nds
for
logi
cal “IF
”; a
ndH
, B_1
, ...,
B_m
ar
e ea
ch a
n atom
with
form
: P
redi
cate
(Ter
m_1 , ..
., T
erm
_k ).
•A
pre
dica
te =
a r
elat
ion.
An
atom
sem
antic
ally
den
otes
a b
oole
an.
•~
sta
nds
for n
egat
ion-
as-f
ailu
re (a.
k.a.
wea
k ne
gatio
n, d
efau
lt ne
gatio
n).
–T
he n
egat
ion-
as-f
ailu
re c
onst
ruct
is lo
gica
lly n
on-m
onot
onic
.
–In
tuiti
vely
, ~p
mea
ns p’s
trut
h va
lue
is e
ither
fals
e O
R u
nkn
ow
n .
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Lo
gic
Pro
gra
ms:
D
efin
itio
n(c
on
tinu
ed
)
•E
ach
argu
men
t Ter
m_
1 , ..
., T
erm
_k is
a te
rm.
•A
term
is e
ither
a logi
cal c
onst
ant (e.
g., “
Joe”
) O
R a
logi
cal v
aria
ble (
e.g.
,“?
msg
”) O
R a
func
tiona
l exp
ress
ion o
f the
form
:
• L
ogic
alF
unct
ion(T
erm
_1, .
.., T
erm
_k )
•A
func
tiona
l exp
ress
ion
sem
antic
ally
ess
entia
lly d
enot
es a
logi
cal c
onst
ant.
•A
term
, ato
m, o
r ru
le is
cal
led “g
roun
d” w
hen
it ha
s no
logi
cal v
aria
bles
.
•A
fac
t is
a gr
ound
rul
e w
ith e
mpt
y bo
dy.
•A
prim
itive
con
clus
ion h
as th
e fo
rm o
f a g
roun
d at
om (
com
poun
d co
nclu
sion
sar
e bu
ilt u
p fr
om th
ese
via
logi
cal o
pera
tors
suc
h as
AN
D e
tc.)
.
•S
eman
tical
ly, a
rul
e or
LP
sta
nds
for
the
set o
f all
its g
roun
d in
stan
ces.
•(O
bser
ve th
at a
rul
e bo
dy c
an r
epre
sent
an
expr
essi
on in
rel
atio
nal a
lgeb
ra
cf.
rela
tiona
l DB
’s (
e.g.
, SQ
L).)
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Lo
gic
Pro
gra
ms
as
ba
sic
rep
rese
nta
tion
: A
dva
nta
ge
s
•D
ecla
rativ
e: s
eman
tics
is in
depe
nden
t of
infe
renc
ing p
roce
dure
impl
emen
tatio
n, e
.g.,
forw
ard
vs
. bac
kwar
d ch
aini
ng, s
eque
ncin
g of
exec
utin
g ru
les
or c
ondi
tions
with
in r
ules
.
•E
xpre
ssiv
e: r
elat
iona
l exp
ress
ions
cf
. SQ
L, la
rge
frag
men
t of f
irst-
orde
r lo
gic,
chai
ning
, bas
ic lo
gica
l non
-mon
oton
icity
(un
like
first
-or
der
logi
c).
•E
ffici
ent:
com
puta
tiona
lly tr
acta
ble
give
n tw
o re
ason
able
res
tric
tions
:–
1. D
atal
og =
no
logi
cal f
unct
ions
of n
on-z
ero ar
ity.
–2.
Bou
nded
num
ber
v o
f log
ical
var
iabl
es p
er r
ule.
–m
= O
( n̂
(v+
1) ),
whe
re n
= ||
LP||,
m =
||gr
ound
-inst
antia
ted
LP||.
–In
fere
ncin
g tim
e is
O
( m
) fo
r br
oad
(acyc
lic)
case
, O
(m2̂ )
gen
eral
ly(f
or w
ell-f
ound
ed s
eman
tics)
.
–B
y co
ntra
st, f
irst-
orde
r-lo
gic in
fere
ncin
g is
NP
-har
d.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Lo
gic
Pro
gra
ms:
A
dva
nta
ge
s(c
on
tinu
ed
)
•W
idel
y de
ploy
ed a
nd fa
mili
ar:
–re
latio
nal D
B’s
, SQ
L
–P
rolo
g
–in
telli
gent
age
nts
and
know
ledg
e-ba
sed
syst
ems
•e.
g., I
BM
’s A
gent
Bui
ldin
g E
nviro
nmen
t
•C
omm
on c
ore
shar
ed s
eman
tical
ly b
y m
any
rule
sys
tem
s:
e.g.
,pr
oduc
tion
rule
s, E
vent
-Con
ditio
n-A
ctio
n ru
les,
firs
t-or
der-
logi
c ea
chov
erla
p st
rong
ly w
ith L
P’s
.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Co
urt
eo
us
LP
’s: th
e W
ha
t
•U
pdat
ing/
mer
ging
of r
ules
set
s: i
s cr
ucia
l, of
ten
gene
rate
s co
nflic
t.
•C
ourt
eous
LP’s
feat
ure
prio
ritiz
ed h
andl
ing
of c
onfli
cts.
•S
peci
fy s
cope
of c
onfli
ct v
ia a
set
of
mut
ual e
xclu
sion
cons
trai
nts.
–E
.g.,
⊥ ←
dis
coun
t(?p
rodu
ct,5
%) ∧
disc
ount
(?pr
oduc
t,10%
) .
–E
.g.,
⊥ ←
loya
lCus
tom
er(?c
,?s)
∧ pr
emie
reC
usto
mer(?
c,?s
) .
–P
erm
it cla
ssic
al-n
egat
ion o
f ato
ms:
¬p
mea
ns p
has
trut
h va
lue
fals
e
•im
plic
itly,
⊥
← p
∧ ¬
p
for
ever
y at
om p
.
•P
riorit
ies
bet
wee
n ru
les:
part
ially
-ord
ered
.
–R
epre
sent
prio
ritie
s vi
a rese
rved
pre
dica
te that
com
pare
s rule
labe
ls:
•ov
errid
es(r
ule1
,rul
e2)
m
eans
rul
e1 is
hig
her-
prio
rity
than
rul
e2.
•E
ach
rule
opt
iona
lly h
as a
rul
e la
bel w
hose
form
is a
logi
cal c
onst
ant.
•ov
errid
es c
an b
e re
ason
ed a
bout
, jus
t lik
e an
y ot
her
pred
icat
e.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Co
urt
eo
us
LP
’s: E
xam
ple
(re
pe
ate
d)
•<
lead
Tim
eRul
e1> o
rder
Mod
ifica
tionN
otic
e(?O
rder
,14d
ays)
•
←
pref
erre
dCus
tom
erO
f(?
Buy
er,?
Sel
ler)
∧•
p
urch
aseO
rder(?
Ord
er,?B
uyer
,?S
elle
r) .
•<
lead
Tim
eRul
e2>
orde
rMod
ifica
tionN
otic
e(?O
rder
,30d
ays)
•
← m
inor
Par
t(?B
uyer
,?S
elle
r,?O
rder
) ∧•
pur
chas
eOrd
er(?
Ord
er,?B
uyer
,?S
elle
r) .
•<
lead
Tim
eRul
e3>
orde
rMod
ifica
tionN
otic
e(?O
rder
,2da
ys)
•
←
pre
ferr
edC
usto
mer
Of
(?B
uyer
,?S
elle
r) ∧
•
ord
erM
odifi
catio
nTyp
e(?O
rder
,red
uce)
∧•
orde
rIte
mIs
InB
ackl
og(?O
rder
) ∧•
pur
chas
eOrd
er(?
Ord
er,?B
uyer
,?S
elle
r) .
•ov
errid
es(le
adT
imeR
ule3
, le
adT
imeR
ule1
) .
•⊥
← o
rder
Mod
ifica
tionN
otic
e(?O
rder
,?X
) ∧•
ord
erM
odifi
catio
nNot
ice(?
Ord
er,?
Y);
GIV
EN
?X
� ?Y
.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Prio
ritie
s a
re a
vaila
ble
an
d u
sefu
l
•P
riorit
y in
form
atio
n is
nat
ural
ly a
vaila
ble
and
usef
ul.
E.g
.,–
rece
ncy:
hig
her
prio
rity
for
mor
e re
cent
upd
ates
.
–sp
ecifi
city
: hi
gher
prio
rity
for
mor
e sp
ecifi
c ca
ses
(e.g
., ex
cept
iona
l cas
es,
sub-
case
s, in
herit
ance
).
–au
thor
ity:
high
er p
riorit
y fo
r m
ore
auth
orita
tive
sour
ces
(e.g
., le
gal
regu
latio
ns, o
rgan
izat
iona
l im
pera
tives
).
–re
liabi
lity:
hig
her
prio
rity
for
mor
e re
liabl
e so
urce
s (e
.g.,
secu
rity
cert
ifica
tes
obta
ined
by
dele
gatio
n, a
ssum
ptio
ns, o
bser
vatio
nal d
ata)
.
–cl
osed
wor
ld:
low
est p
riorit
y fo
r ca
tch-
case
s.
•M
any
prac
tical
rul
e sy
stem
s em
ploy
prio
ritie
s of
som
e ki
nd, o
ften
impl
icit,
e.g
.,–
rule
seq
uenc
ing
in P
rolo
g an
d pr
oduc
tion
rule
s.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Co
urt
eo
us
LP
’s: A
dva
nta
ge
s
•F
acili
tate
upd
atin
g an
d m
ergi
ng.
•E
xpre
ssiv
e: c
lass
ical
neg
atio
n, m
utua
l exc
lusi
ons,
par
tially
-ord
ered
prio
ritiz
atio
n, r
easo
ning
to in
fer
prio
ritiz
atio
n.
•G
uara
ntee
cons
iste
nt, u
niqu
e set
of c
oncl
usio
ns.
–M
utua
l exc
lusi
on is
enf
orce
d . E
.g.,
neve
r co
nclu
de b
oth
p &
¬p.
•E
ffici
ent:
low
com
puta
tiona
l ove
rhea
d be
yond
ord
inar
y LP’s.
–T
ract
able
giv
en r
easo
nabl
e re
stric
tions
(D
atal
og, b
ound
v o
n #va
r’s/r
ule)
:
•ex
tra
cost
is e
quiv
alen
t to
incr
easi
ng v
to (
v+2)
in o
rdin
ary
LP’s
.
–B
y co
ntra
st, m
ore
expr
essi
ve p
riorit
ized
rul
e re
pres
enta
tions
(e.
g.,
Prio
ritiz
ed D
efau
lt Lo
gic)
add
NP
-har
d ov
erhe
ad.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Situ
ate
d L
P’s
: O
verv
iew
•P
oint
of d
epar
ture
: LP
’s a
re
pure
-bel
ief rep
rese
ntat
ion,
but
mos
tpr
actic
al r
ule
syst
ems
wan
t to
invo
ke e
xter
nal p
roce
dure
s.
•S
ituat
ed L
P ‘s
feat
ure
a se
man
tical
ly-
clea
n ki
nd o
f pro
cedu
ral
atta
chm
ents .
I.e
., th
ey ho
ok b
elie
fs to
driv
e pr
oced
ural
AP
I’s
outs
ide
the
rule
eng
ine.
•P
roce
dura
l atta
chm
ents
for
sens
ing (
quer
ies)
whe
n te
stin
g an
ante
cede
nt c
ondi
tion
or fo
r effe
ctin
g (a
ctio
ns)
upon
con
clud
ing
aco
nseq
uent
con
ditio
n. A
ttach
ed p
roce
dure
is in
voke
d w
hen
test
ing
orco
nclu
ding
in in
fere
ncin
g.
•S
enso
r or
effe
ctor
link
sta
tem
ent s
peci
fies
an a
ssoc
iatio
n fr
om a
pred
icat
e to
a p
roce
dura
l cal
l pat
tern
, e.g
., a
met
hod.
A
link
issp
ecifi
ed a
s par
t of t
he r
epre
sent
atio
n.
I.e.,
a S
LP is
a cond
uct s
et tha
tin
clud
es li
nks
as w
ell a
s ru
les.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Situ
ate
d L
P’s
: O
verv
iew
(co
ntin
ue
d)
• p
hone
Num
berO
fPre
dica
te ::s
:: B
oein
gBlu
ePag
esC
lass.g
etP
hone
Met
hod .
ex.
se
nso
r lin
k
• s
houl
dSen
dPag
ePre
dica
te
::e::
AT
TP
ager
Cla
ss.go
Pag
eMet
hod
.e
x. e
ffe
cto
r lin
k
•S
enso
r pr
oced
ure
may
req
uire
som
e ar
gum
ents
to b
e gr
ound
, i.e
.,bo
und;
in g
ener
al it
has
a s
peci
fied
bind
ing-
sign
atur
e.
•E
nabl
e dyn
amic
load
ing a
nd re
mot
e lo
adin
g of t
he a
ttach
ed p
roce
dure
s(e
xplo
it Ja
va g
oodn
ess)
.
•O
vera
ll: c
lean
ly s
epar
ate
out t
he p
roce
dura
l sem
antic
s as
a d
ecla
rativ
eex
tens
ion
of th
e pu
re-b
elie
f dec
lara
tive
sem
antic
s. E
asily
sep
arat
ech
aini
ng fr
om a
ctio
n.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Co
urt
eo
us
Co
mp
iler
•T
rans
form
er co
mpi
les
a co
urte
ous
LP in
to a
n or
dina
ry L
P.
•A
rad
ical
ly in
nova
tive
appr
oach
in r
ules
rep
rese
ntat
ion.
•“C
ompi
les
away
” co
nflic
t, as
mod
ular
add
-on to
rul
esy
stem
X’s
–in
fere
ncin
g
–sp
ecifi
catio
n
•E
nabl
es c
ourt
eous
feat
ures
to b
e ad
ded
to, o
r im
plem
ente
din
, a v
arie
ty o
f rul
e sy
stem
s.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Inte
rlin
gu
a C
on
cep
t
•C
halle
nge:
het
erog
enei
ty o
f rul
e sy
stem
s (w
ithin
appl
icat
ions
) to
be
inte
grat
ed.
–E
ach
has
own
rule
rep
rese
ntat
ion.
N o
f the
m.
–R
epre
sent
atio
n =
syn
tax
+
sem
antic
s .•
App
roac
h: t
rans
late
via in
terli
ngua
rep
’n.
–re
p’n
A ↔
inte
rling
ua ↔
rep
’n B
.
–A
dvan
tage
: O
(N)
tran
slat
ors
inst
ead
of O
(N^
2 ).
•*F
ocus
: co
mm
erci
ally
impo
rtan
t rep’
n fa
mili
es:
–LP
’s, p
rodu
ctio
n (O
PS
5), E
vent
-Con
ditio
n-A
ctio
n.
–E
.g.,
in O
O a
pp’s
, DB
’s, w
orkf
low
s.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Inte
rlin
gu
a :D
ee
p S
ha
red
Se
ma
ntic
s a
t C
ore
•D
esire
: de
ep s
eman
tics
(mod
el-t
heor
etic
) to
–un
ders
tand
and
exe
cute im
port
ed r
ules
.
•P
ossi
ble
only
for
shar
ed e
xpre
ssiv
e su
bset
s: “
core
s”.
–R
est t
rans
late
d w
ith s
uper
ficia
l sem
antic
s.
•D
esid
erat
um: d
ecla
rativ
enes
s of c
ore
/ rep
’n (
in s
ense
of k
now
ledg
ere
pres
enta
tion
theo
ry).
–M
axim
ize
over
all a
dvan
tage
s of
rul
es:
•N
on-p
rogr
amm
ers
unde
rsta
nd &
mod
ify.
•D
ynam
ical
ly (
run-
time)
mod
ify.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Inte
rlin
gu
a :G
oin
g B
eyo
nd
KIF
•P
oint
of d
epar
ture
is K
IF:
Kno
wle
dge
Inte
rcha
nge
For
mat
–In
tent
: ge
nera
l-kno
wle
dge in
terli
ngua
.
–E
mer
ging
sta
ndar
d, in
AN
SI co
mm
mitt
ee.
–M
ain
focu
s: c
lass
ical
logi
c,
esp.
firs
t-or
der.
–H
as m
ajor
lim
itatio
ns r
emed
ied
by o
ur
Inte
rling
ua:
•lo
gica
lly m
onot
onic
; no c
onfli
ct h
andl
ing
or p
riorit
ies.
•pu
re-b
elie
f: no
pro
cedu
ral a
ttach
men
ts.
•O
ur In
terli
ngua
use
s si
tuat
ed c
ourt
eous
LP
’s
rep’
n.–
Com
plem
ents
KIF.
O
verla
ps o
n:
•pu
re-b
elie
f rul
es w
ithou
t neg
atio
n-as
-fai
lure
.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
•X
ML
form
at ↔
Jav
a ob
ject
s ↔ t
ext s
ynta
x fo
r ru
le s
yste
m X
•S
ampl
e tra
nsla
tors
to/fr
o K
IF a
nd 3
rul
e sy
stem
s in L
P fa
mily
,in
itial
ly w
ith p
ure-
belie
f sem
antic
s as
cou
rteo
us L
P
rep’
n.
–ba
ckw
ard-d
irect
ion:
XS
B (S
tony
broo
k, co
mm
erci
aliz
ing)
.
–fo
rwar
d-di
rect
ion:
Sm
odel
s (H
elsi
nki,
acad
emic
).
– C
omm
onR
ules
cour
teou
s LP
text
syn
tax:
•co
urte
ous
expr
essi
vene
ss:
mut
ex’s,
prio
ritie
s.
Inte
rlin
gu
a: cu
rre
nt ve
rsio
n
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
•F
IPA
= F
ound
atio
n fo
r In
telli
gent
Phy
sica
l Age
nts
–S
tand
ards
bod
y: m
ain
indu
stry
locu
s of
act
ion
sinc
e ‘9
6 fo
rin
telli
gent
age
nts
know
ledg
e-in
terc
hang
e st
anda
rds
wor
k, e
.g.,
for
Inte
rnet
e-c
omm
erce
ne
gotia
tion b
etw
een
agen
ts.
–C
urre
nt d
raft
stan
dard
use
s A
NS
I KIF
to r
epre
sent
rul
es.
–In
col
labo
ratio
n w
ith U
. Mar
ylan
d, we
are
driv
ing
XM
L ve
rsio
n of
KIF
, in
sync
h w
ith o
ur IB
M r
ules
inte
rling
ua a
nd E
EC
OM
S.
–In
ear
ly d
iscu
ssio
ns a
bout
goi
ng b
eyon
d K
IF.
•A
NS
I KIF
–W
e ha
ve lo
ng-r
unni
ng r
ole
in c
omm
ittee
: n
on-m
onot
onic
ity a
ndco
nflic
t han
dlin
g.
Inte
rlin
gu
a:e
arly
sta
nd
ard
s e
ng
ag
em
en
ts
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Sa
mp
le R
ule
En
gin
e:
curr
en
t ve
rsio
n
•S
ampl
e Inf
eren
cing
/Exe
cutio
n Eng
ine:
–fo
rwar
d-ch
aini
ng s
ituat
ed c
ourt
eous
LP
’s.
•C
ompo
ses c
ou
rte
ou
s co
mp
iler w
ith e
ngin
e fo
r si
tuat
ed
ord
ina
ry L
P’s
.
•In
tent
is p
roof
-of-
conc
ept f
or Inte
rling
ua, c
ourt
eous
com
pile
r, s
ituat
edte
chni
ques
.–
Not
per
form
ance
-tun
ed.
–La
cks
vario
us fe
atur
es fo
und
in b
est-
of-b
reed
com
mer
cial
rul
e sy
stem
s.
•R
estr
icte
d to
acyc
lic c
ase
(no
pred
icat
e de
pend
s th
ru r
ules
on
itse
lf).
•IB
M is
not
in th
e ru
le-e
ngin
e bu
sine
ss, w
e w
ill p
artn
er w
ithco
mm
erci
al r
ule-
syst
em v
endo
rs to
lice
nse
thei
r te
chno
logy
–...
whi
ch C
omm
onR
ules
com
plem
ents
and
ext
ends
.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Co
ntr
act
s/A
gre
em
en
ts
•U
se In
terli
ngua
to r
epre
sent
pro
duct
s or
ser
vice
s, o
r se
rvic
e te
rms
&co
nditi
ons
of p
rodu
ct, e
.g.,
in c
atal
og o
r du
ring
nego
tatio
n.
–E
.g.,
busi
ness
pro
cess
to r
etur
n an
item
for
repa
ir, o
r to
del
iver
an
orde
r.
•E
xecu
tabl
e sp
ecifi
catio
n; situ
ated
/ pr
oced
ural
atta
chm
ents
is
esp.
usef
ul.
•P
artia
lly-s
peci
fied
/ tem
plat
e, es
p. du
ring
proc
ess
of n
egot
iatio
n.
•C
ompl
emen
t XM
L ont
olog
ies a
lread
y ev
olvi
ng fo
r va
rious
dom
ains
.
–O
ntol
ogy
= fo
rmal
ly-r
epre
sent
ed v
ocab
ular
y / d
efin
ition
s
•C
onfig
ure
auto
mat
ed a
uctio
n m
echa
nism
s, b
ased
on
cont
ract
tem
plat
es.
–w
hich
goo
ds, w
hich
attr
ibut
es (
e.g.
, pric
e, d
eliv
ery-
date
) ar
e at
issu
e.
•In
col
labo
ratio
n w
ith:
EE
CO
MS
and
–P
rof.
Mik
e W
ellm
an a
nd P
hD s
tude
nt D
an R
eeve
s of
U. M
ichi
gan
(Ann
Arb
or),
as
IBM
-fun
ded
Uni
vers
ity P
artn
ersh
ip p
roje
ct s
tart
ed 1
/99.
•M
ike
lead
s Auc
tionB
ot, a
maj
or e
xist
ing
auto
mat
ed In
tern
et s
ervi
ce.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Ne
go
tiatio
n, e
sp. B
2B
•U
se In
terli
ngua
to r
epre
sent
con
tent
s of
:
–R
eque
sts
For
Quo
tatio
n or
Pro
posa
l, i.e
., st
atem
ents
of b
uyer
inte
rest
s,th
at in
itiat
e in
ter-
ente
rpris
e ne
gotia
tion.
–re
spon
ses
to s
uch
RF
Q’s
/ RF
P’s
by
selle
r.
–pr
opos
als
and
coun
ter-
prop
osal
s an
d “s
ide
info
rmat
ion”
exc
hang
ed d
urin
gba
ck-a
nd-f
orth
nego
tatio
n / b
arga
inin
g be
twee
n bu
yer
and
selle
r.
–st
atem
ents
of s
elle
r/su
pplie
r ca
pabi
litie
s/in
tere
sts,
e.g
., im
port
ant f
orso
urce
sel
ectio
n as
wel
l as
barg
aini
ng.
•C
onfig
ure
auct
ion
mec
hani
sms
base
d on
con
trac
t tem
plat
es. (
with
U.
Mic
h.)
•In
col
labo
ratio
n w
ith U
. Mic
h. a
nd:
–in
EE
CO
MS
ove
rall
effo
rt,
nego
tiatio
n is
a m
ain
‘99
focu
s of
dem
os a
ndsc
enar
ios.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Se
curity
Au
tho
riza
tion
Po
licie
s
•U
se ru
le-b
ased
exe
cuta
ble
spec
ifica
tion
of s
ecur
ity a
utho
rizat
ion
polic
ies,
a.k.
a. trus
t man
agem
ent
: in
clud
ing
dele
gatio
n, c
ertif
icat
es.
–W
e ha
ve th
e fir
st s
tep
of a
n expr
essi
ve e
xten
sion
of c
ourt
eous
LP
’s to
hand
le d
eleg
atio
n and
cer
tific
ates
.
•O
ften,
aut
horiz
atio
n po
licy
is r
eally
a p
art o
f ove
rall
busi
ness
pol
icy,
at a
pp-
leve
l. T
his
cont
rast
s w
ith a
uthe
ntic
atio
n.
•A
dvan
tage
s of
rul
e-ba
sed
appr
oach
, es
p. fr
om d
ecla
rativ
e se
man
tics:
–pr
inci
pled
han
dlin
g of
neg
atio
n an
d co
nflic
t.
–pr
ovab
le g
uara
ntee
s of
beh
avio
r of
im
plem
enta
tion.
–m
ore
hum
an-u
nder
stan
dabl
e an
d ea
sy to
mod
ify.
–ea
sier
inte
grat
ion
with
gen
eral
bus
ines
s po
licy.
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
Se
curity
Au
tho
riza
tion
Po
licie
s(c
on
tinu
ed
)
•In
col
labo
ratio
n w
ith:
–Jo
an F
eige
nbau
m of A
TT
Res
earc
h w
hich
has
a le
adin
g ef
fort
on
trus
tm
anag
emen
t, an
d he
r P
hD s
tude
nt N
ingh
ui L
i of N
YU
.
–E
EC
OM
S:
as a
mai
n fo
cus
of E
EC
OM
S in
nova
tion
in S
ecur
ity S
IG (
area
of c
onso
rtiu
m).
9/22
/99
by B
enja
min
Gro
sof
IB
M
copy
right
s re
serv
ed
ove
rall
key
Ch
alle
ng
es
ide
ntif
ied
•E
xcha
nge
& u
pdat
e bu
sine
ss r
ules,
dyna
mic
ally
. E
.g.,
–co
mpo
se a
n ap
plic
atio
n fr
om m
ultip
le c
ompo
nent
s.
•N
et.C
omm
erce
-typ
e B
2C:
mar
ketin
g m
anag
er, d
ata
min
er, .
..
–bu
y/se
ll or
inte
grat
e be
twee
n hete
roge
nous p
eer
appl
icat
ions
.
•B
2B in
ter-
ente
rpris
e su
pply
cha
in in
man
ufac
turin
g in
dust
ry.
–E
.g.,
whe
n an
d ho
w to
ord
er o
r re
turn
item
s, th
at im
pact
pla
nnin
g.
•In
tern
et p
urch
asin
g: t
erm
s &
con
ditio
ns.
•F
acili
tate
spe
cific
atio
n, d
ynam
ical
ly, o
f a g
iven
rul
e se
t by
–m
ultip
le a
utho
rs.
•e.
g., c
ross
-ent
erpr
ise
or c
ross
-app
licat
ion.
–no
n-te
chni
cal/n
on-p
rogr
amm
er a
utho
rs.
•m
ake
abst
ract
ion
leve
l mor
e ea
sily
hum
an-u
nder
stan
dabl
e.