business leader perceptions of the enabling environment in the east african community 2010

8/2/2019 Business leader perceptions of the enabling environment in the East African Community 2010

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Dzrnhjrr ijm`jt vjtbjvpnahr ac

plj nhsjrpejhp binempj nh Jmrp

Mctnbm

Em~ 46=6



® Jmrp Mctnbm Dzrnhjrr BazhbniAiatnjh Lazrj y Vjtcjbp Vtnhpjtr Rptjjp y V A Da| 43=? y Mtzrlm y Pmhmhnm +4:: ,4?.4:0260? mh`jtnpzFjmdb%ahinhj(bae www(jmdb(nhca

Plnr tjrjmtbl wmr czh`j` d~ Ptm`jEmtk Jmrp Mctnbm(

Cnji`watk cat plnr rztsj~ wmr baat`nhmpj` d~ MND ,Dztzh`n.) KJVRM ,Kjh~m.) VRC ,Twmh`m.) DBR ,Pmhmhnm.)Hnkzh`m Gjhhncjt ,Zomh`m. mh` JMDB( Plj tjrvahrjr wjtj mhmi~rj` mh` plj tjvatp wmr wtnppjh d~ @msn` Ntwnhac Ntwnh Otm~rah Mrrabnmpjr(

Bahpjhpr

=( RZEEMT^(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((2 4( JHMDINHO JHSNTAHEJHP MRRJRREJHPR((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((3 2( TMPNAHMIJ CAT PLNR RPZ@^(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((< 0( EJPLA@AIAO^ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((> :( ASJTSNJ_ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((=6 3( TJSNJ_ D^ EJEDJTRLNV AC DEA((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((=? ?( TJSNJ_ D^ NRRZJ (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((=< <( TJSNJ_ D^ DZRNHJRR RNWJ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((46 >( TJSNJ_ D^ IABMPNAH(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((4= =6( DZTZH@N ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((44 ==( KJH^M ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((26 =4( T_MH@M ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((2> =2( PMHWMHNM(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((03 =0( ZOMH@M((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((:0 =:( BAHBIZRNAH((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((30

Plj vztvarj ac plj Jmrp Mctnbm

Dzrnhjrr Bazhbni nr pa tjvtjrjhp mh` sanbj plj nhpjtjrpr ac pljdzrnhjrr baeezhnp~ ac Jmrp

Mctnbm pa plj JMB vainb~ emkjtr(



2

Dzrnhjrr ijm`jt vjtbjvpnahr ac plj nhsjrpejhp

binempj nh Jmrp Mctnbm

=( Rzeemt~

Plnr tjvatp lmr djjh vtjvmtj` pa lnolinolp plj cmbpatr j|pjthmi pa dzrnhjrr plmpnhlndnp plj vtnsmpj rjbpat nh Jmrp Mctnbm ctae mblnjsnho npr czii vapjhpnmi nhbtjmpnho gadr mh` wjmipl( Np cabzrjr ah plj vjtbjvpnahr ac dzrnhjrr ijm`jtr)rnhbj plj~ emkj jbnrnahr dmrj` ah law plj~ vjtbjnsj plj jhsntahejhp mh`pljnt j|vjbpmpnahr ac law np enolp blmhoj( Zh`jtrpmh`nho plarj vjtbjvpnahrbmh ljiv vainb~ emkjtr pa cabzr ah plj cmbpatr plmp mtj nevatpmhp pa dzrnhjrr)ra plj tjvatp mira rzoojrpr vtnatnpnjr cat mbpnah( Plj tjvatp lmr djjhbaeenrrnahj` d~ Jmrp Mctnbm Dzrnhjrr Bazhbni wlarj taij nr pa tjvtjrjhp mh`sanbj plj bahbjthr ac plj dzrnhjrr baeezhnp~) wnpl m snjw pa btjmpnho mbahrpnpzjhb~ cat blmhoj plmp wnii ijm` pa rzrpmnhmdij vainb~ tjcate mh` mhjhsntahejhp bah`zbnsj pa plj vtnsmpj rjbpat wla wnrl pa emkj m rzccnbnjhptjpzth ah pljnt nhsjrpejhp dzp wla wnii mira pljh btjmpj emh~ eatj gadr mh`

bahrj}zjhpi~ `nrptndzpj wjmipl eatj j}znpmdi~( Rvjbncnbmii~) dzrnhjrr ijm`jtrwjtj mrkj` mdazp7

Plj jhmdinho jhsntahejhp cmbpatr plmp mtj nevatpmhp pa pljnt dzrnhjrr;

Plj cmbpatr plmp emkj np nccnbzip pa à dzrnhjrr;

Plj hah%pmtncc dmttnjtr plmp mtj tjijsmhp pa pljnt dzrnhjrr;

Plj hah%pmtncc dmttnjtr plmp bmzrj vtadijer cat pljnt dzrnhjrr;

Pljnt vjtbjvpnah ac wljpljt oasjthejhp nr m``tjrrnho jmbl cmbpat mh`) ncra) wljpljt np nr emknho m nccjtjhbj;

Pljnt snjw ac wljpljt jmbl cmbpat wazi` dj inkji~ pa `jpjt czpztjnhsjrpejhp; mh`

Mh mrrjrrejhp ac plj barpr nhsaisj` nh ejjpnho plj tj}zntjejhp ac

tjozimpnah mh` tj` pmvj(

Plj j|pjthmi cmbpatr plmp emkj np `nccnbzip cat dzrnhjrrjr pa ojp ah wnpl tzhhnhomh` otawnho pljnt dzrnhjrr cat jmbl bazhpt~) nh at`jt) mtj rlawh nh plj pmdij7

Pmdij =7 Cmbpatr plmp emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip

Dztzh`n Kjh~m Twmh`m Pmhmhnm Zomh`m

Tam`r Battzvpnah Vawjt Vawjt Battzvpnah

Vatpr #mntvatpr

Rjbztnp~ _mpjt Battzvpnah Vawjt

Mbbjrr parkniij` imdazt

Vawjt Ijsji acpm|mpnah

Mbbjrr pacnhmhbj

Tam`r

Rjbztnp~ Tam`r Pm|mènhnrptmpnah

Tam`r Mbbjrr pacnhmhbj

Bahptmbpjhcatbjejhp

Ijsji acpm|mpnah


Ijsji acpm|mpnah

Ijsji acpm|mpnah

Pm|mènhnrptmpnah

Cmbpatr plmp emkj dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip mtj rlawh nh tj`; cmbpatr plmp emkj dzrnhjrrraejwlmp `nccnbzip mtj rlawh nh dizj

_lnirp pljtj nr raej baeeahminp~) np nr mira bijmt plmp jmbl bazhpt~ wnii hjj`pa cabzr ah tmpljt nccjtjhp vtnatnpnjr(

Pljtj wmr bahrn`jtmdij smtnmpnah nh dzrnhjrrjr„ vjtbjvpnahr ac plj jccatpr

djnho em`j d~ oasjthejhp( Nh Twmh`m) cat j|mevij) plj oasjthejhp wmr cjippa dj emknho m tjmi jccatp pa m``tjrr jsjt~ cmbpat( Plnr em~ nh vmtp dj `zj pavarnpnsj vtjrr basjtmoj mdazp Twmh`m„r vjtcatemhbj imrp ~jmt nh plj _ati`



0 Dzrnhjrr ijm`jt vjtbjvpnahr ac plj nhsjrpejhp binempj nh Jmrp Mctnbm 466>!=6

Dmhk„r @anho Dzrnhjrr rztsj~ ‒ dzp np nr varnpnsj ej`nm basjtmoj plmp `tnsjrvjtbjvpnahr mh` emkjr dzrnhjrrjr cjji eatj bahcn`jhp mdazp plj czpztj ‒ mh`np wazi` rjje plmp nh Twmh`m„r bmrj plj vjtbjvpnahr tjcijbp plj tjminp~(

Plj nrrzjr plmp mtj plj dnoojrp `jpjttjhp pa nhsjrpejhp mtj rlawh nh plj pmdij( _lnirp pljtj mtj raej cmbpatr vmtpnbzimt pa jmbl bazhpt~) rzbl mr

pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr nh Dztzh`n mh` mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj nh Zomh`m) np nr bijmtplmp battzvpnah nr m emgat `jpjttjhp nh jsjt~ bazhpt~(

Pmdij 47 Cmbpatr plmp `jpjt nhsjrpejhp


Tjonrpjtnhoimh`

Battzvpnah Battzvpnah Battzvpnah Battzvpnah

Battzvpnah Vawjt Ijsji ac pm| Vawjt Bahptmbpjhcatbjejhp

Pjijbaer Rjbztnp~ Pm|mènhnrptmpnah

Ijsji ac pm| Mbbjrr pacnhmhbj

_j lmsj vtjvmtj` mh “jhmdinho jhsntahejhp vtnatnp~ nh`j|„ dmrj` ah plj

ijsji ac `nccnbzip~ vjtbjnsj` d~ tjrvah`jhpr baednhj` wnpl pljnt vjtbjvpnah acjccatp djnho em`j d~ oasjthejhp pa m``tjrr jmbl nrrzj( M rjijbpnah ac cmbpatrnr rlawh nh plj blmtp ‒ wlnbl mira rlawr plj smtnmpnah djpwjjh tjrvah`jhpr nhjmbl bazhpt~( Hapj plmp plj cmbpatr wlnbl jptmbp plj earp ctae mhjhsntahejhp bah`zbnsj pa ànho dzrnhjrr mtj plarj wnpl plj iawjrp rbatj; pljcmbpatr plmp bahptndzpj plj earp pa m rzvvatpnsj jhsntahejhp lmsj plj lnoljrprbatj( Rjbztnp~) cat j|mevij) nr hap m vtnatnp~ nh Twmh`m dzp) miaho wnplbattzvpnah) np nr m vtnatnp~ nh Kjh~m(

Cnoztj =7 Jhmdinho jhsntahejhp vtnatnp~ nh`j|7 bazhpt~ baevmtnrahr

6 =6 46 26 06 :6 36 ?6 <6 >6 =66

Vawjt

_mpjt

Tam`r

Battzvpnah

Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj

Jhcatbnho¦bahptmbpr

Jmrj¦ac ¦tjonrpjtnho¦imh`

Rjbztnp~


Hapj7 Plj lnoljt plj rbatj plj otjmpjt plj bahptndzpnah pa m bah`zbnsj dzrnhjrr jhsntahejhp

Pljtj nr eatj baeeahminp~ ah plj vtnatnp~ nrrzjr ‒ wnpl battzvpnah mh` vawjtdapl m lnol vtnatnp~ nh cazt bazhptnjr mh` pm| mènhnrptmpnah ,wlnbl vtadmdi~ nhbiz`jr battzvp vtmbpnbjr. m lnol vtnatnp~ nh pltjj bazhptnjr( Plj pav vtnatnpnjrcat jmbl bazhpt~ mtj rlawh nh plj hj|p pmdij(



:

Pmdij 27 Jhmdinho jhsntahejhp vtnatnp~ nh`j|



Battzvpnah Ijsji ac pm| Battzvpnah Battzvpnah

Vatpr #

mntvatpr

Rjbztnp~ Vawjt Vawjt Tam`r

Jhcatbnhobahptmbpr

Vawjt Battzvpnah Mbbjrr pacnhmhbj

Mbbjrr pacnhmhbj

Tjonrpjtnhoimh`

Ijsji ac pm| _mpjt Ijsji ac pm| Ijsji ac pm|

Pjijbaer Pm|mènhnrptmpnah

Pm|mènhnrptmpnah

Pm|mènhnrptmpnah

Vawjt

Ra) cat oasjthejhpr pa emkj m `nccjtjhbj) mh` cat plarj jccatpr pa djtjbaohnrj` d~ plj vtnsmpj rjbpat) pljrj mtj plj nrrzjr plmp jmbl oasjthejhprlazi` vtnatnpnrj ‒ mh` vzdinbnrj pltazol oaa` }zminp~ ej`nm basjtmoj ‒ nc

plj~ wnrl hap ahi~ pa emkj m `nccjtjhbj pa plj jhmdinho jhsntahejhp dzp mirapa plj vjtbjvpnahr lji` d~ dzrnhjrr ijm`jtr(

_lnirp np nr `nccnbzip pa baednhj mii snjwr nhpa m rnhoij cnoztj) wj tjbaohnrj plmplmsnho m rnhoij cnoztj emkjr np jmr~ pa rjj mp m oimhbj wljpljt plj vtnsmpjrjbpat vjtbjnsjr plmp plj jhmdinho jhsntahejhp lmr nevtasj` at `jpjtnatmpj`mh` pa rjj law rpmpjr baevmtj( _j lmsj pljtjcatj bmibzimpj` m rnhoij cnoztjwlnbl) cat plj JMB) nr 30 wnpl Dztzh`n mp ?=) Kjh~m mp :3) Twmh`m mp ?3)Pmhmhnm mp 3: mh` Zomh`m mp :>( Tjejedjt) plj lnoljt plj cnoztj) pljdjppjt plj vjtbjvpnah ac plj jhmdinho jhsntahejhp(

Nh raej bazhptnjr) plj barp ac baevi~nho wnpl tjozimpnah ‒ pltazol plj barp acinbjhbjr) plj barp ac plj mrrabnmpj` vmvjtwatk mh` plj barp ac `jminho wnpl

jhcatbjtr ‒ pmkjr m lnol vtavatpnah ac dzrnhjrrjr„ j|vjh`npztj( Nc np wjtjvarrndij pa tj`zbj plnr) pljh np wazi` ctjj zv tjraztbjr ‒ dapl cnhmhbnmi mhèmhmojtnmi ‒ wlnbl plj dzrnhjrrjr bazi` pljh zrj cat nhsjrpejhp ijm`nho pagad btjmpnah mh`) zipnempji~) vasjtp~ miijsnmpnah(

Pljtj nr m taij ljtj cat plj Jmrp Mctnbmh Baeezhnp~( Plj Ptjmp~ rjpr azp msnrnah cat m vtarvjtazr) baevjpnpnsj) rjbztj mh` vainpnbmii~ zhnpj` Jmrp Mctnbm(Plnr tj}zntjr) nhpjt minm) plmp plj bazhptnjr watk paojpljt pa dtam`jh emtkjpr)pa lmteahnrj vainbnjr mh` jhlmhbj pljnt baevjpnpnsjhjrr) pa nhbtjmrj tjonahmimh` oiadmi ptm`j) mh` plzr pa mbbjijtmpj otawpl( Plnr wnii hjj` bahrn`jtmdijnevtasjejhp nh plj jhmdinho jhsntahejhp cat dzrnhjrr mh`) nh`jj`) pljPtjmp~ rzvvatpr plj ’btjmpnah ac mh jhmdinho jhsntahejhp―( Rvjbncnbmii~) np rm~rplmp plj Vmtphjt Rpmpjr zh`jtpmkj pa ’vtaeapj m bahpnhzazr `nmiaozj wnpl plj

vtnsmpj rjbpat mh` bnsni rabnjp~ mp plj hmpnahmi ijsji mh` mp plmp ac pljBaeezhnp~ pa ljiv btjmpj mh nevtasj` dzrnhjrr jhsntahejhp―(=

Plnr rztsj~ caiiawr zv vtjsnazr rztsj~r wlnbl iaakj` mp dzrnhjrr ijm`jtr„vjtbjvpnahr nh Jmrp Mctnbm mh` JMDB„r dzrnhjrr bahcn`jhbj rztsj~r(

= JMB Ptjmp~) Blmvpjt 4:) Plj Vtnsmpj Rjbpat mh` plj Bnsni Rabnjp~) Mtpnbij =4?




4( Jhmdinho jhsntahejhp mrrjrrejhpr

Plj _ati` Dmhk mrrjtpr plmp nevtasjejhpr nh plj jhmdinho jhsntahejhp ijm`pa otjmpjt ijsjir ac nhsjrpejhp d~ plj vtnsmpj rjbpat) eatj wjmipl mh` gadbtjmpnah) mh` zipnempji~ eatj vasjtp~ miijsnmpnah( Pljtj nr inppij àzdp plmp pljdjrp wm~ cat oasjthejhpr pa zh`jtrpmh` law pa nevtasj plj jhmdinho

jhsntahejhp nr pa nhsaisj plj vtnsmpj rjbpat pltazol bahrzipmpnah mh` `nmiaozjmh`) nh vmtpnbzimt) pa zh`jtrpmh` mh` m``tjrr plj vtnsmpj rjbpat„r hjj`r mh`vtnatnpnjr(

Plj _ati` Dmhk tjrjmtbljr m hzedjt ac nh`nbmpatr mh` vzdinrljr npr ’@anhoDzrnhjrr― tjvatpr mhhzmii~(4

Plj @anho Dzrnhjrr tjvatpr lnolinolp m remii hzedjt ac nh`nbmpatr( Emh~ bazhptnjr mtj tjrvah`nho pa plj bahbizrnahr ac plj tjvatpr mh` mnenho pa bzpdztjmzbtmb~ mh` emkj m `nccjtjhbj( Nhjsnpmdi~) np nr varrndij cat m bazhpt~ pacabzr ah gzrp pwa at pltjj ac plj nh`nbmpatr zrj` d~ plj _ati` Dmhk ‒ mhèmkj m dno `nccjtjhbj pa pljnt rvjbncnb tmhknho dzp hap emkj ezbl `nccjtjhbjpa plj asjtmii jmrj ac ànho dzrnhjrr ,plmp nr) pa pljnt tmpnho. mh` ra plj

vjtbjvpnah ac plj vtnsmpj rjbpat em~ dj plmp hap ezbl lmr lmvvjhj`( Ah pljapljt lmh`) plj @anho Dzrnhjrr tjvatpr mpptmbp bahrn`jtmdij mppjhpnah mh`jhbaztmoj bazhptnjr pa a mp ijmrp raejplnho(

@anho Dzrnhjrr 46=6 tjvatpr plmp Twmh`m) wlnbl lmr djjh emknho jccatpr patjcate rnhbj 466=) wmr plj wati`„r djrp tjcatejt nh 466> mh` nevtasj` nprtmhknho ctae =02 pa 3?) m tnrj ac ?3 vimbjr( Kjh~m) Pmhmhnm mh` Zomh`mmii cjii( Dztzh`n wmr miearp rpmpnb ‒ dzp sjt~ biarj pa plj dappae ac plj pmdij ac=<2 bazhptnjr(

Pmdij 07 Jmrp Mctnbm7 @anho Dzrnhjrr ,46=6. tmhknhor


Jmrj ac ànho dzrnhjrr =?3 >: 3? =2= ==4

Rpmtpnho m dzrnhjrr =26 =40 == =46 =4>

@jminho wnpl inbjhbjr =?4 20 <> =?< <0

Jevia~nho watkjtr << ?< 26 =2= ?

Tjonrpjtnho vtavjtp~ ==< =4: 2< =0: =0>

Vm~nho pm|jr ==3 =30 36 ==> 33

Jhcatbnho bahptmbpr =?4 =43 06 2= ==3

Ptm`nho mbtarr dat`jtr =0? =?6 =6< =0:

Raztbj7 _ati` Dmhk ,466>. @anho Dzrnhjrr 46=67 tjcatenho pltazol `nccnbzip pnejr

Cnoztj 4 rlawr plj tjimpnsj varnpnahr ac plj cnsj bazhptnjr ac plj JMB

Cnoztj 47 @anho dzrnhjrr tmhknhor7 jmrj ac ànho dzrnhjrr


Mh` cnoztj 2 rlawr pljnt tjimpnsj varnpnahr rvjbncnbmii~ cat jmrj ac ptm`nhombtarr dat`jtr ‒ wlnbl nr m vtnatnp~ cat Ptm`jEmtk Jmrp Mctnbm(

4 _ati` Dmhk) @anho Dzrnhjrr7 rjj www(ànhodzrnhjrr(ato



?

Cnoztj 27 @anho dzrnhjrr tmhknhor7 ptm`nho mbtarr dat`jtr


_lnirp plj _ati` Dmhk„r watk nr smizmdij pa vainb~ emkjtr nh lnolinolpnhomtjmr watpl~ ac tjcate mh` vtaeapnho jdmpj) np ajr hap accjt m lainrpnb snjwnh plmp np cabzrjr ah m rjijbpnah ac nh`nbmpatr) tmpljt plmh ah plj papmi nevmbpah dzrnhjrr) mh` nh plmp hap mii nh`nbmpatr nevmbp ah jsjt~ dzrnhjrr(Cztpljteatj) jhbaztmonho eatj vjavij pa rpmtp nh dzrnhjrr at jhbaztmonhoeatj vjavij pa ganh plj catemi jbahae~ at jhbaztmonho eatj nhsjrpejhp wniidj cmt eatj `jvjh`jhp ah m dtam`jt vjtbjvpnah ac plj jmrj ac `anhodzrnhjrr tmpljt plmh ah plj hmttawjt rbatj tjvatpj` nh @anho Dzrnhjrr(



< Dzrnhjrr ijm`jt vjtbjvpnahr ac plj nhsjrpejhp binempj nh Jmrp Mctnbm 466>!=6

2( Tmpnahmij cat plnr rpz`~

_npl atomhnrmpnahr rzbl mr plj _ati` Dmhk mh` _ati` Jbahaenb Catzezh`jtpmknho tjrjmtbl pa mrrjrr plj vtadijer cmbj` d~ dzrnhjrr) np em~ rjjeplmp pljtj nr ha hjj` cat cztpljt rpz`njr( Plnr rpz`~ nr `nccjtjhp) lawjsjt7

Vjtbjvpnah mh` tjminp~ mtj lnoli~ inkji~ pa dj `nccjtjhp mh` vjavij mbp ahplj dmrnr ac wlmp plj~ vjtbjnsj pa dj plj bmrj) jsjh nc plmp nr hap wlaii~ mbbztmpj( Lmsnho mh zh`jtrpmh`nho ac vjtbjvpnahr em~ hap ahi~ bahsnhbjvainb~ emkjtr plmp eatj hjj`r pa dj `ahj dzp mira) vmtpnbzimti~ wljtjpljtj nr m dno omv djpwjjh vjtbjvpnah mh` tjminp~) vtasn`j bizjr paoasjthejhpr mdazp law pa baeezhnbmpj ejrrmojr mdazp tjminp~(

Plnr tjrjmtbl n`jhpncnjr cmbpatr plmp mtj nevatpmhp pa dtam` rjbpatr rzbl mremhzcmbpztnho at motnbzipztj( Pljtj mtj m wn`j tmhoj ac cmbpatr wlnblpaojpljt baevtnrj plj jhmdinho jhsntahejhp) plazol hap mii mtjnevatpmhp pa jsjt~ dzrnhjrr) mh` hap mii emkj dzrnhjrr eatj `nccnbzip( M rjic%jevia~j` bahrzipmhp) cat j|mevij) wnii hap dj bahbjthj` mdazpjevia~ejhp imw at plj msmnimdninp~ ac rkniij` imdazt) dzp em~ dj sjt~ bahbjthj` mdazp pm|mpnah mh` plj jmrj ac jhcatbnho bahptmbpr( M cmbpatplmp nr nevatpmhp pa m dzrnhjrr em~ hap hjbjrrmtni~ emkj `anho dzrnhjrr`nccnbzip) plazol wj enolp j|vjbp pa rjj raej battjimpnah(

Plnr rztsj~ hap ahi~ mrkj` mdazp plj cmbpatr plmp mtj vtadijempnb dzp mira)zhinkj apljt rztsj~r) mrkj` dzrnhjrr ijm`jtr pa n`jhpnc~ plj cmbpatr wljtjplj oasjthejhp nr vjtbjnsj` pa dj emknho m varnpnsj jccatp(

Np mira mrkj` mdazp plj cmbpatr plmp em~ `jpjt czpztj nhsjrpejhp( Pljtj nr m`mhojt plmp oasjthejhpr gzrp mrrzej plmp dzrnhjrrjr wnii bmtt~ ahnhsjrpnho nttjrvjbpnsj ac plj jhmdinho jhsntahejhp) dzp plj tjrzipr nh plnrrztsj~ rzoojrp plmp em~ hap dj plj bmrj(

Np lmr mppjevpj` pa }zmhpnc~ plj barpr pa dzrnhjrr ac ejjpnho pljtjozimpat~ tj}zntjejhpr nevarj` ah plje(



>

0( Ejpla`aiao~

Plj cnji`watk wmr zh`jtpmkjh djpwjjh Mzozrp 466> mh` Emtbl 46=6 d~ Kjh~m Vtnsmpj Rjbpat Miinmhbj) Dzrnhjrr Bmtj Rjtsnbjr ,Pmhmhnm.) VtnsmpjRjbpat Cj`jtmpnah ,Twmh`m.) Hmpzkzh`m Gjhhncjt ,Zomh`m.) Mrrabnmpnah `jrNh`zrptnjiijr z Dztzh`n ,Dztzh`n. mh` JMDB ,wla rztsj~j` pljnt awh

batvatmpj ejedjtr.(

Plj rztsj~ wmr bah`zbpj` zrnho m }zjrpnahhmntj `jrnohj` d~ @msn` Ntwnh ,acNtwnh Otm~rah Mrrabnmpjr. nh biarj baiimdatmpnah wnpl JMDB( Plj}zjrpnahhmntjr wjtj m`enhnrpjtj` jijbptahnbmii~ mh` cmbj pa cmbj mh` tjrziprcat jmbl tjrvah`jhp ptmhrbtndj` pa m rvjbnmii~ jrnohj` rvtjm`rljjp( Pljrmevij bahrnrpj` ac BJAr ac dzrnhjrrjr tmwh ctae m tmhoj ac rjbpatr mh`ctae mii rnjr) plazol hap mii rjbpatr wjtj basjtj` zhncatei~ nh mii bazhptnjr(Plj rmevij vavzimpnah baevtnrj` 2?3 dzrnhjrrjr( Plj baevarnpnah ac pljrmevij nr rlawh nh pmdij :(

Pmdij :7 Rmevij vavzimpnah

Rjbpat Iabmpnah Rnj ,jevia~jjr.

Rjtsnbjr ==: Dztzh`n =0 6%> ?6

Emhzcmbpztnho =6= Kjh~m ?0 =6%40 ?6

Cnhmhbj 02 Twmh`m <2 4:%0> 0>

Motnbzipztj 2< Pmhmhnm =22 :6%>> 2>

Tjpmni 4? Zomh`m ?4 =66%4:6 :0

Apljt :4 84:6 3:

@n` hap rm~ 4>



=6 Dzrnhjrr ijm`jt vjtbjvpnahr ac plj nhsjrpejhp binempj nh Jmrp Mctnbm 466>!=6

:( Asjtsnjw

Nh plj cntrp }zjrpnah) tjrvah`jhpr wjtj mrkj` pa nh`nbmpj wlnbl ac m tmhoj accmbpatr wjtj nevatpmhp pa plj rzbbjrr ac pljnt dzrnhjrr mh` wjtj pljh mrkj` panh`nbmpj wljpljt plarj cmbpatr em`j ànho dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip) raejwlmp`nccnbzip) lm` taae cat nevtasjejhp at wjtj hap m vtadije mp mii( Plj tjmrah

cat rvinppnho plj tjrzipr nr plmp np nr }znpj varrndij cat m cmbpat pa dj nevatpmhp ‒m emhzcmbpztjt enolp hjj` m tjinmdij raztbj ac jijbptnb vawjt cat j|mevij atm rjtsnbj dzrnhjrr enolp tji~ ah jccjbpnsj pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr ‒ dzp cat plmpcmbpat hap pa bmzrj vtadijer ‒ vawjt at pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr enolp dj tjinmdi~ msmnimdij( Rnenimti~ raej cmbpatr em~ dj bahrn`jtj` pa dj zhnevatpmhp ‒ wjenolp mhpnbnvmpj cat j|mevij battzvpnah wazi` rbatj iaw nh nevatpmhbj zhijrrdzrnhjrrjr tji~ ah battzvpnah cat pljnt rzbbjrr ‒ dzp em~ nhpjtcjtj nh pljjccjbpnsj emhmojejhp mh` rzbbjrr ac plj dzrnhjrr mh`) jsjh nc np ajr hapemkj dzrnhjrr nccnbzip) em~ jpjt nhsjrpejhp(

Plj rztsj~ basjtj` =? cmbpatr plmp wjtj bahrn`jtj` d~ JMDB pa dj nevatpmhpat pa dj dmttnjtr pa dzrnhjrrjr„ jccjbpnsjhjrr(

:(= Cmbpatr nevatpmhp pa dzrnhjrr

Plj tjrzipr cat wljpljt nrrzjr wjtj nevatpmhp mtj rlawh nh cnoztj 0( Plj emnhcmbpat) n`jhpncnj` d~ mii tjrvah`jhpr) wmr ,jijbptnb. vawjt( Lawjsjt) plnr wmrbiarji~ caiiawj` d~ tam`r) pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr) inbjhrnho # tjozimpnah) mbbjrrpa rkniij` imdazt mh` mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj(

Cnoztj 07 Nevatpmhbj ac cmbpatr ,mii tjrvah`jhpr.

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Vawjt_mpjtTam`r

Vatpr¦mh`¦mntvatprPjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

BattzvpnahEmbta‖jbahaenb¦vainb~

Inbjhrnho¦#¦tjozimpnahJevia~ejhp¦im w

Jhsntahejhpmi ¦im wIjsji ¦ac ¦pm|mpnah

Pm|¦mènhnrptmpnahMbbjrr ¦pa¦cnhmhbjJhcatbnho

¦

bahptmbpr

Jmrj¦ac ¦tjonrpjtnho¦imh`Rkniij`¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~

:(4 Cmbpatr wlnbl emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip

Cnoztj : rlawr plj cmbpatr plmp dzrnhjrrjr vjtbjnsj pa emkj incj nccnbzip( Pljcmbpatr plmp “emkj dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip„ ,plj dizj vmtp plj dmt. mtj) nh at`jt)battzvpnah) vawjt) ijsji ac pm|mpnah) pm| mènhnrptmpnah mh` mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj(Np nr watpl hapnho plmp plnr rztsj~ `n` hap rjjk pa à mh~plnho eatj plmhn`jhpnc~ wlnbl cmbpatr emkj dzrnhjrr nccnbzip mh` plj tjimpnsj j|pjhp ac plj`nccnbzip~( Plnr em~ wjii vtaevp raej mtjmr plmp wnii dj watpl~ ac eatj`jpmnij` j|menhmpnah nh at`jt pa zh`jtrpmh` djppjt plj nrrzj mh` nevmbp(



==

Cnoztj :7 Cmbpatr wlnbl emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Vawjt

_mpjt

Tam`r

Vatpr¦mh` ¦mntvatpr

Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah

Embta‖jbahaenb¦vainb~

Inbjhrnho¦#¦tjozimpnah

Jevia~ejhp¦im w

Jhsntahejhpmi¦im w

Ijsji¦ac ¦pm|mpnah

Pm|¦m`enhnrptmpnah

Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj



Rkniij`¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~

Emkjr dn sjt~ nccnbzip Emkjr dn raejwlmp nccnbzip Bazi dj nevtasj` Hap m vtadije mp mii

Np nr hap miwm~r jmr~ pa mrrnenimpj plj `mpm wljh tjrvahrjr mtj rzeemtnrj` nhplnr wm~) ra plj blmtp djiaw rlawr plj tjrzipr d~ miiabmpnho m “rbatj„ cat jmbltjrvahrj( Plj rbatj tmhojr ctae =7 hap m vtadije pa 07 emkjr `anhodzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip( Djbmzrj wj mtj msjtmonho plj tjrvahrjr) m rbatj ac =wazi` ejmh plmp jsjt~ tjrvah`jhp plnhkr plmp plj nrrzj nr hap m vtadije mpmii) m rbatj djpwjjh = mh` 4 nh`nbmpjr plmp) ah msjtmoj) tjrvah`jhpr plnhk

plmp plj varnpnah bazi` dj nevtasj`) m rbatj djpwjjh 4 mh` 2 nh`nbmpjr plmp)ah msjtmoj) tjrvah`jhpr plnhk plmp plj nrrzj emkjr dzrnhjrr raejwlmp`nccnbzip mh` m rbatj djpwjjh 2 mh` 0 nh`nbmpjr plmp) ah msjtmoj) tjrvah`jhprplnhk plmp plj nrrzj emkjr dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip( M rbatj ac 0 wazi` ejmhplmp jsjt~ tjrvah`jhp plnhkr plmp plj nrrzj emkjr dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip( Rahapj plmp plj rbmij ah pljrj blmtpr tzhr ctae = pa 0(

Cnoztj 3 tjsjmir plmp plj kj~ nrrzj) mbtarr plj JMB) plmp emkjr dzrnhjrrraejwlmp `nccnbzip nr vawjt) caiiawj` d~ battzvpnah) tam`r mh` ijsji acpm|mpnah(

Ha nrrzj nr rjjh pa emkj dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip) ah msjtmoj) plazol vawjtbaejr sjt~ biarj( Plnr nr vtadmdi~ hap rztvtnrnho onsjh plmp plj vtnbj ac

jijbptnbnp~ nr : pa =6 pnejr lnoljt plmh nh baevjpnpat bazhptnjr rzbl mr Jo~vpmh` Razpl Mctnbm( _atrj plmh plj vtnbj) plazol) nr plj zhtjinmdninp~ ac rzvvi~ ‒ejmhnho plmp earp dzrnhjrrjr nhsjrp nh pljnt ojhjtmpatr(

Tam`r mtj mira vtadijempnb) hap ahi~ djbmzrj plj~ mtj nh `nrtjvmnt dzp miradjbmzrj ac niijomi bljbk vanhpr mh` battzvp vtmbpnbjr( Plj tjrzip nr plmpptmhrvatp barpr mbbazhp cat mr ezbl mr 0< vjt bjhp ac plj vtnbj ac j|vatprctae Twmh`m baevmtj` pa > vjt bjhp cat `jsjiavj` bazhptnjr(




Cnoztj 37 Cmbpatr wlnbl emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt

_mpjt

Tam`r

Vatpr ¦mh` ¦mntvatpr

Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah



Jevia~ejhp¦im w

Jhsntahejhpmi ¦im w


Pm|¦mènhnrptmpnah

Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbjJhcatbnho

¦bahptmbpr


Rkniij`¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~

:(2 Hah pmtncc dmttnjtr

Hah pmtncc dmttnjtr em~ dj m tj}zntjejhp ac oasjthejhp plmp m`` pa pljbaevij|np~ mh` barp ac ànho dzrnhjrr ‒ rzbl mr plj hjj` cat j|vatpbjtpncnbmpjr at pa caiiaw bzrpaer vtabj`ztjr ‒ at em~ mtnrj cat apljt tjmrahr ‒rzbl mr “niijomi„ tam` diabkr nhpjh`j` pa j|patp eahj~(

Cnoztj ?7 Tjijsmhbj ac hah%pmtncc dmttnjtr ,mii tjrvah`jhpr.

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6*

Bzrpaer ¦vtabj`ztjr

Neenotmpnah¦vtabj`ztjr

Vainbj¦tam`diabkr

_jnoldtnòj¦rpmpnahr

]zminp~¦#¦j|vatp¦bjtpr

Dmtji~ lmic ac tjrvah`jhpr plnhk plmp hah%pmtncc dmttnjtr mtj nevatpmhp ‒ mhèarp tjrvah`jhpr mtj imtoji~ zhbahbjthj` plnhknho plmp jnpljt plj~ mtj hap m

vtadije mp mii at plmp plj~ bazi` dj nevtasj`( Np lmr djjh rzoojrpj` plmp plnrbattjrvah`r wnpl plj hate miaho plj battnàt tazpjr7 dtndjr djhjcnp mii mbpatr‒ vainbj) bzrpaer accnbnmir) ptzbk awhjtr mh` bmtoa awhjtr ‒ mh` np lmr djjhrzoojrpj` plmp HPD tjimpj` barpr mtj ptmhrcjtmdij ra à hap emppjt( Lawjsjt)battzvpnah zipnempji~ ijm`r pa lnoljt barpr) ijrr baevjpnpnah) iawjt jccnbnjhb~ mh` iawjt vta`zbpnsnp~ nh vtmbpnbj mii plj mbpatr iarj tmpljt plmh djhjcnp(



=2

Cnoztj <7 Hah%pmtncc dmttnjtr wlnbl emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Bzrpaer¦vtabj`ztjr


Vainbj¦tam`diabkr


]zminp~¦#¦j|vatp¦bjtpncnbmpjr

Emkjr dn sjt~ nccnbzip Emkjr dn raewlmp nccnbzip Bazi dj nevtasj` Hap m vtadije mp mii

Np nr nevatpmhp pa tjejedjt) lawjsjt) plmp wlnirp HPDr em~ ahi~ dj mvtadije cat m remii hzedjt ac dzrnhjrrjr) plj~ bmh vtasj pa dj m tjmiljm`mblj cat plarj dzrnhjrrjr mh` pljtj bmh mira dj m khabk%ah jccjbp ‒ catj|mevij dmttnjtr wlnbl nevj`j tam` `nrptndzpnah em~ bmzrj `jim~r catemhzcmbpztjtr at vtabjrratr dzp plj~ em~ hap vnbk plnr zv nh pljnt awhmrrjrrejhp ac plj jhsntahejhp plazol plj~ wnii jh` zv vm~nho cat np pltazol

lnoljt barpr mh`) nc plj~ mtj wniinho pa vm~ plarj lnoljt barpr) pljh pljdzrnhjrrjr wla rzccjt plj vtadijer em~ hap watt~ paa ezbl mdazp plje(Plj~ wnii mira pjh` pa lmsj m `nrvtavatpnahmpj nevmbp ah dzrnhjrrjr plmp mtjptm`nho nhpjthmpnahmii~(

Pljtj nr m blmiijhoj ljtj cat vainb~ emkjtr nh plmp raej imtoj baevmhnjr bmhzrj hah%pmtncc dmttnjtr mr m baevjpnpnsj m`smhpmoj mh` raej baevmhnjr mh`nh`nsn`zmir lmsj sjrpj` nhpjtjrpr nh emnhpmnhnho pljrj dmttnjtr( Np nr nhbzedjhpah plj wn`jt vtnsmpj rjbpat pljtjcatj pa n`jhpnc~ mtjmr wljtj tjcate nr hjj`j`(

:(0 Oasjthejhp vjtcatemhbj

Plj plnt` }zjrpnah mrkj` tjrvah`jhpr mdazp pljnt vjtbjvpnah ac oasjthejhp

jccatpr pa m``tjrr pljrj mrvjbpr ac plj jhmdinho jhsntahejhp( Mhrwjtr tmhoj`ctae “plj oasjthejhp nr emknho tjmi jccatpr pa m``tjrr plj nrrzj„ ,ba`j` =.)pltazol “raej jccatp„ mh` “ha jccatp„) pa “oasjthejhp mbpnahr mtj emknho plnrnrrzj watrj„ ,ba`j` 0.( Cnoztj > rlawr plj tjrzipr(

Cnoztj >7 Oasjthejhp vjtcatemhbj nh m``tjrrnho kj~ cmbpatr

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Vawjt

_mpjt

Tam`r


Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah



Jevia~ejhp¦im w

Jhsntahejhpmi¦im w

Ijsji ¦ac ¦pm|mpnahPm|¦

m`enhnrptmpnah

Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj



Rkniij`¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~

Emknho nrrzj watrj Emknho ha jccatp Emknho raej jccatp pa m tjrr Emknho tjmi jccatp pa m``tjrr




Mr wnpl plj tjrvahrjr ah wlnbl nrrzjr emkj ànho dzrnhjrr nccnbzip) wj lmsjbaednhj` mii plj tjrzipr nhpa m rnhoij rbatj( Plj rbatj tmhojr ctae =7oasjthejhp nr emknho m tjmi jccatp pa m``tjrr plj nrrzj pa 07 oasjthejhp nremknho plj nrrzj watrj( Ra) m rbatj ac = wazi` ejmh plmp jsjt~ tjrvah`jhpplnhkr plmp plj oasjthejhp nr emknho m tjmi jccatp pa m``tjrr plj nrrzj) mrbatj djpwjjh = mh` 4 nh`nbmpjr plmp) ah msjtmoj) tjrvah`jhpr plnhk plmp

oasjthejhp nr emknho raej jccatp pa m``tjrr plj nrrzj) m rbatj djpwjjh 4mh` 2 nh`nbmpjr plmp) ah msjtmoj) tjrvah`jhpr plnhk plmp plj oasjthejhp nremknho ha jccatp mh` m rbatj djpwjjh 2 mh` 0 nh`nbmpjr plmp) ah msjtmoj)tjrvah`jhpr plnhk plmp plj oasjthejhp nr emknho plj nrrzj watrj( M rbatj ac 0wazi` ejmh plmp jsjt~ tjrvah`jhp plnhkr plmp plj oasjthejhp nr emknho pljnrrzj watrj(

Mbtarr plj JMB) np rjjer plmp oasjthejhpr à }znpj wjii( Oasjthejhp nr hapdjinjsj` pa dj emknho mh~ nrrzj watrj) mh` np nr tjmii~ ahi~ battzvpnah wljtjtjrvah`jhpr plnhk plmp oasjthejhp nr emknho ha jccatp(

Cnoztj =67 Oasjthejhp vjtcatemhbj nh m``tjrrnho kj~ cmbpatr

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt

_mpjt

Tam`rVatpr

¦mh`

¦mntvatpr

Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah

Embta‖jbahaenb ¦vainb~


Jevia~ejhp¦im wJhsntahejhpmi ¦im w

Ijsji ¦ac ¦pm|mpnah

Pm|¦mènhnrptmpnah

Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj



Rkniij`¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~

:(: Nhcizjhbj ah nhsjrpejhp

Plj caztpl }zjrpnah mrkj` tjrvah`jhpr wlnbl cmbpatr wjtj inkji~ pa nhcizjhbjnhsjrpejhp jbnrnahr mh` law ,rbatj` =7 jhbaztmoj cztpljt nhsjrpejhp; 47

hjnpljt jhbaztmoj hat jpjt; 27 `jpjt cztpljt nhsjrpejhp.( @jrvnpj battzvpnahhap cnoztnho mr m emgat dmttnjt) np nr rjjh mr plj dnoojrp `jpjttjhp panhsjrpejhp) vjtlmvr rzoojrpnho plmp dzrnhjrrjr lmsj vzp nh vimbj ejblmhnrerpa `jmi wnpl battzvpnah dzp plmp plj~ wazi` rpnii tmpljt hap lmsj pa dmppij np miiplj pnej(



=:

Cnoztj ==7 Cmbpatr wlnbl mccjbp nhsjrpejhp `jbnrnahr

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Vawjt

_mpjt

Tam`r


Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah



Jevia~ejhp¦im w



Pm|¦m`enhnrptmpnahMbbjrr

¦pa

¦cnhmhbj



Rkniij`¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~

@jpjt cztpljt nhsjrpejhp Hjnpljt jhbaztmoj hat jpjt Jhbaztmoj cztpljt nhsjrpejhp

:(3 Barp ac Inbjhrnho

_j iaakj` mp plj barp ac inbjhrnho mrknho tjrvah`jhpr pa pjii zr pljmvvta|nempj vjtbjhpmoj ac pljnt j|vjh`npztj tj}zntj` cat mii mrvjbpr acinbjhrnho mh` tj` pmvj) rvinp nhpa pltjj mrvjbpr7 plj mbpzmi barp ac inbjhbjr; pljjccjbpnsj barp ac baevijpnho plj vmvjtwatk mrrabnmpj` wnpl adpmnhnho mh`tjpmnhnho plj inbjhbjr; mh` plj barp ac `jminho wnpl plj vjavij wla jhcatbj pljinbjhrnho tj}zntjejhpr( Pljtj nr }znpj raej smtnmpnah djpwjjh bazhptnjr ‒ mh`jsjh eatj smtnmpnah djpwjjh rjbpatr nh jmbl ac plj bazhptnjr(

Cnoztj =47 Barp ac tj` pmvj

6* :* =6* =:* 46*

Dztzh`nKjh~m

Twmh`mPmhmhnZomh`m

Inbjhrnho¦nhbi¦barp¦ac ¦inbjhbjr Baevijpnho¦vmvjtwatk @jminho¦wnpl¦jhcatbjtr

Tj`zbnho plj papmi barp ac inbjhrnho wazi` ctjj zv bahrn`jtmdij tjraztbjr plmp

plj dzrnhjrrjr bazi` pljh nhsjrp nh pljnt otawpl( Plnr bazi` dj ahj d~ tj`zbnho plj hzedjt ac tj}zntjejhpr ‒ cjwjt inbjhbjr) vjtlmvr( Dzp)nevatpmhpi~) np bazi` mira dj mblnjsj` d~ tj`zbnho plj dzt`jh ‒ hap djnhotj}zntj` pa tjhjw m inbjhbj mhhzmii~) rm~) nh plarj nhrpmhbjr wljtj m inbjhbjnr `jjej` hjbjrrmt~( Bazhptnjr rlazi` zh`jtpmkj tjozimpat~ nevmbpmrrjrrejhpr djcatj nhpta`zbnho hjw inbjhrnho tj}zntjejhpr(

:(? Jhmdinho jhsntahejhp vtnatnpnjr

_j lmsj vtjvmtj` mh “jhmdinho jhsntahejhp vtnatnp~ nh`j|„ dmrj` ah pljijsji ac `nccnbzip~ nevarj` d~ plj nrrzj baednhj` wnpl plj vjtbjvpnah ac lawplj oasjthejhp nr m``tjrrnho plj nrrzj(

Plj blmtp djiaw rlawr plj baednhj` snjwr cat mii ac azt nrrzjr( Hapj plmp pljrbmij ah plnr blmtp nr `jrnohj` ra plmp m cmbpat plmp bmzrjr plj earp `nccnbzip~




cat dzrnhjrr mh` nh wlnbl plj oasjthejhp nr emknho plj vtadije watrj wniidj rlawh mr jta mh` m cmbpat plmp bmzrjr plj ijmrp `nccnbzip~ cat dzrnhjrr mh`nh wlnbl plj oasjthejhp nr emknho m tjmi jccatp pa nevtasj plj varnpnah nrrlawh mr =66( Plnr tjsjmir plmp jhsntahejhpmi imw nr plj ijmrp vtadijempnb acmh~ nrrzj mh` plmp vtnatnpnjr cat mbpnah rlazi` dj battzvpnah) vawjt) ijsji acpm|mpnah) pm| mènhnrptmpnah mh` tam`r(

Cnoztj =27 Jhmdinho jhsntahejhp vtnatnp~ nh`j|

6 =6 46 26 06 :6 36 ?6 <6 >6 =66

Jhsntahejhpmi ¦imwPjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Rjbztnp~Rkniij`¦imdazt

Jevia~ejhp¦imwVatpr¦mh`¦mntvatpr

Inbjhrnho¦#¦tjozimpnahJmrj

¦ac

¦tjonrpjtnho

Jhcatbnho¦bahptmbprEmbta‖jbahaenb

_mpjtMbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj

Tam`rPm|¦mènhnrptmpnah

Ijsji¦ac ¦pm|mpnahVawjt

Battzvpnah

Msjtmoj

_lnirp np nr `nccnbzip pa baednhj mii snjwr nhpa m rnhoij cnoztj) wj tjbaohnrj plmp

lmsnho m rnhoij cnoztj emkjr np jmr~ pa rjj mp m oimhbj wljpljt plj vtnsmpjrjbpat vjtbjnsjr plmp plj jhmdinho jhsntahejhp lmr nevtasj` at `jpjtnatmpj`mh` miiawr cat baevmtnrahr djpwjjh bazhptnjr(

_j lmsj pljtjcatj bmibzimpj` m rnhoij cnoztj( Tjejedjt plmp plj lnoljt pljcnoztj) plj eatj plj jhsntahejhp nr vjtbjnsj` pa dj bah`zbnsj pa dzrnhjrr( _jlmsj `mpm cat 466< cat pltjj bazhptnjr ‒ mh` pljrj rlaw plmp) dmrj` ahvjtbjvpnahr) Kjh~m mh` Pmhmhnm lmsj nevtasj` m inppij mh` plmp Zomh`m lmr`jpjtnatmpj`( Plj~ mira rlaw plmp Twmh`m nr vjtbjnsj` pa dj plj djrp vimbj paà dzrnhjrr nh Jmrp Mctnbm ‒ tjcijbpnho npr vjtcatemhbj nh plj @anho Dzrnhjrrtjvatp mh` plmp Kjh~m nr plj watrp vimbj pa a dzrnhjrr( Dztzh`n) onsjh nprvaat tjrzip nh plj @anho Dzrnhjrr tjvatp) ajr tjemtkmdi~ wjii) plazol plnrem~ dj m bahrj}zjhbj ac plj tjimpnsji~ remii rmevij rnj(

Pmdij 37 Jhmdinho jhsntahejhp vjtbjvpnah nh`j|

466< 466>!=6

JMB msjtmoj 30

Dztzh`n ?=

Kjh~m :4 :3

Twmh`m ?3

Pmhmhnm :? 3:

Zomh`m 32 :>

Hnojtnm 34



=?

3( Tjsnjw d~ ejedjtrlnv ac DEA

Np enolp dj j|vjbpj` plmp ejedjtr ac Dzrnhjrr Ejedjtrlnv Atomhnrmpnahrwazi` dj eatj bahbjthj` mdazp plj nevmbp ac plj nrrzjr ah pljnt dzrnhjrrmh`) vjtlmvr) eatj btnpnbmi ac plj oasjthejhp( Nh`jj`) np em~ wjii dj plmpplj~ ganhj` plj DEA vtjbnrji~ pa m`` pljnt wjnolp pa plarj iadd~nho cat

blmhojr nh vzdinb vainb~(

Cnoztj =07 Tjsnjw d~ ejedjtrlnv ac DEA

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt_mpjtTam`r

Vatpr¦mh`¦mntvatpr

PjijbaeezhnbmpnahrBattzvpnah

Embta‖jbahaenb ¦vainb~Inbjhrnho

¦#

¦tjozimpnah


Ijsji¦ac ¦pm|mpnahPm|¦m`enhnrptmpnah

Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj

Jhcatbnho¦bahptmbprJmrj¦ac ¦tjonrpjtnho¦imh`

Rkniij`¦imdaztRjbztnp~

Ejedjt¦ac ¦DE A Hap¦m¦ejedjt

,Raej =<< tjrvah`jhpr wjtj ejedjtr ac m DEA; =<< tjrvah`jhpr wjtj hap ejedjtr ac m DEA.

Np ptmhrvntjr plmp plnr nr hap plj bmrj( _npl plj j|bjvpnahr ac tam`r) battzvpnahmh` rjbztnp~) wljtj ejedjtr mtj eatj bahbjthj`) np rjjer plmp ojhjtmii~ dzrnhjrrjr plmp mtj hap ejedjtr ac m DEA mtj mbpzmii~ eatj bahbjthj`mdazp plj nrrzjr( DEAr em~ wmhp pa bahrn`jt law plj~ bmh zpninrj plnrbahbjth pa mpptmbp eatj ejedjtr(



=< Dzrnhjrr ijm`jt vjtbjvpnahr ac plj nhsjrpejhp binempj nh Jmrp Mctnbm 466>!=6

?( Tjsnjw d~ nrrzj

Nh plnr rjbpnah wj tjsnjw plj vtnatnp~ nrrzjr) iaaknho mp plj tjimpnsj nevatpmhbjpa jmbl ac plj rjbpatr(

?(= Vawjt

Vawjt nr ojhjtmii~ vjtbjnsj` pa dj plj nrrzj plmp emkjr ànho dzrnhjrr`nccnbzip( Ahj enolp lmsj j|vjbpj` emhzcmbpztnho pa dj plj rjbpat earpbahbjthj` mdazp vawjt) dzp np pzthr azp plmp motnbzipztj) cnhmhbj mh` NBP miiplnhk plmp np emkjr anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip(

Cnoztj =:7 Vawjt emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Cnhmhbj

Tjpmni

Apljt

NBP

Papmi¦rmevij

?(4 Tam`r

Tam`r emkj dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip cat motnbzipztj wnpl jsjt~ apljt rjbpatrm~nho plmp plj~ emkj ànho dzrnhjrr raejwlmp `nccnbzip(

Cnoztj =37 Tam`r emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Cnhmhbj

Tjpmni

Apljt

NBP

Papmi ¦rmevij

?(2 Battzvpnah

Battzvpnah nr ojhjtmii~ tjomt`j` mr m vtadije mh`) mr wj wnii rjj impjt) nr mdno `jpjttjhp pa nhsjrpejhp( Np nr nhpjtjrpnho pa baevmtj bazhptnjr nh Mctnbm( Acplj 0? bazhptnjr tjsnjwj` nh Mctnbm d~ Ptmhrvmtjhb~ Nhpjthmpnahmi) 2= rbatjìjrr plmh 2 ,azp ac =6. nh`nbmpnho plmp battzvpnah nr vjtbjnsj` mr tmevmhp( M rbatj djpwjjh 2 mh` : nh`nbmpjr plmp battzvpnah nr vjtbjnsj` mr m rjtnazrblmiijhoj( Ahi~ ahj rbatj` eatj plmh :(



=>

Pmdij ?7 Nh`j| ac vjtbjnsj` battzvpnah

Tmhk Rbatj ,azp ac =6.

Daprwmhm 2? :(3

Olmhm 3> 2(>

Twmh`m <> 2(2

Pmhmhnm =43 4(3

Hnojtnm =26 4(:

Zomh`m =26 4(:

Kjh~m =03 4(4

Dztzh`n =3< =(<

Nh azt rztsj~) plj rjtsnbjr rjbpat rm~r plmp battzvpnah emkjr anho dzrnhjrrsjt~ `nccnbzip( Mii apljt rjbpatr j|bjvp tjpmni rm~ plmp battzvpnah emkjr `anhodzrnhjrr raejwlmp `nccnbzip(

Cnoztj =?7 Battzvpnah emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Cnhmhbj

Tjpmni

Apljt

NBP

Papmi¦rmevij




<( Tjsnjw d~ dzrnhjrr rnj

Tjrvah`jhpr wjtj mrkj` pa rpmpj law emh~ rpmcc plj~ jevia~j` ‒ ra wj bmhmhmi~rj vtadijer d~ dzrnhjrr rnj( Nh earp bmrjr) pljtj nr hap ezbl pa blaarjdjpwjjh tjrvahrjr) plazol dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho =6%40 vjavij rjje pa lmsjotjmpjt `nccnbzip~ wnpl nrrzjr rzbl mr vawjt) mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj) pm|) imh`

tjonrptmpnah mh` jhcatbnho bahptmbpr(

Cnoztj =<7 Cmbpatr plmp emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip7 d~ rnj ac dzrnhjrr

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt

_mpjt

Tam`r


Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah



Jevia~ejhp¦im w

Jhsntahejhpmi¦im w


Pm|¦m`enhnrptmpnah

Mbbjrr¦pa

¦cnhmhbj



Rkniij`¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~

=‖> =6‖40 4:‖0> :6‖>> =66+



4=

>( Tjsnjw d~ iabmpnah

Iaaknho mp tjrzipr cat plj wlaij ac Jmrp Mctnbm `ajr hap pjii zr sjt~ ezblmdazp mh~ nh`nsn`zmi bazhpt~) ra plj tjrp ac plnr tjvatp iaakr nh raej `jpmni mptjrzipr ah m bazhpt~ d~ bazhpt~ dmrnr( M oimhbj mp plj rzeemt~ nh plj blmtpdjiaw tjsjmir plmp np nr ojhjtmii~ Kjh~m mh` Zomh`m wla vjtbjnsj plj

otjmpjrp `nccnbzipnjr wnpl jmbl ac plj cmbpatr(

Cnoztj =>7 Cmbpatr wlnbl emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip7 d~ iabmpnah

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt

_mpjtTam`r


Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah



Jevia~ejhp¦im w



Pm|¦m`enhnrptmpnah

Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj



Rkniij`¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~

Dztzh n Kjh~m Twmh m Pmhmhnm Zomh m




=6( Dztzh`n

=6(= Nrrzjr plmp emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip

Dztzh`n tmhkr =?3 nh @anho Dzrnhjrr 46=6) ra wj enolp lmsj j|vjbpj` plmpearp) nc hap mii) ac plj jhmdinho jhsntahejhp cmbpatr wazi` emkj dzrnhjrr sjt~

`nccnbzip( Plj rmevij rnj nh Dztzh`n wmr m inppij remiijt plmh enolp lmsj djjh`jrntmdij ra em~ hap dj jhpntji~ tjvtjrjhpmpnsj( Np nr mira watpl hapnho plmpDztzh`n nr mp m `nccjtjhp rpmoj ac npr jbahaenb mh` rabnmi `jsjiavejhp(Lawjsjt) ha cmbpatr wjtj vjtbjnsj` mr emknho dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip mh` ahi~ cnsj cmbpatr ‒ tam`r) vatpr) mbbjrr pa rkniij` imdazt) rjbztnp~ mh` bahptmbpjhcatbjejhp ‒ wjtj vjtbjnsj` pa emkj dzrnhjrr raejwlmp nccnbzip( M cztpljtpwa ‒ pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr mh` ijsji ac pm|mpnah ‒ wjtj ah plj bzrv ac emknhodzrnhjrr raejwlmp `nccnbzip(

Cnoztj 467 Cmbpatr wlnbl emknho dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt_mpjt

Tam`rVatpr¦mh`¦mntvatpr


Embta‖jbahaenb¦vainb~Inbjhrnho¦#¦tjozimpnah

Jevia~ejhp¦imwJhsntahejhpmi ¦imw


Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbjJhcatbnho¦bahptmbpr


Rjbztnp~

Lawjsjt) plj msjtmoj ln`jr raej kj~ vtadije mtjmr( Plj motnbzipztmi rjbpatvjtbjnsjr plmp mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj) embta%jbahaenb vainb~) ijsji ac pm| # pm|m`enhnrptmpnah mh` jmrj ac tjonrpjtnho imh` mii emkj dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip)wnpl rjsjtmi eatj cmbpatr ah plj bzrv( Nhpjtjrpnhoi~) plj~ `ah„p plnhk plmpbattzvpnah at pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr bmzrj mh~ `nccnbzipnjr mp mii(



42

Cnoztj 4=7 Cmbpatr wlnbl emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat motnbzipztj

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt _mpjt

Tam`rVatpr mh` mntvatpr


Embta%jbahaenb vainb~ Inbjhrnho # tjozimpnah

Jevia~ejhp imw Jhsntahejhpmi imw

Ijsji ac pm|mpnahPm| mènhnrptmpnah Mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj

Jhcatbnho bahptmbpr

Jmrj ac tjonrpjtnho imh`Rkniij` imdazt

Rjbztnp~

Plj emhzcmbpztnho rjbpat rm~r plmp mbbjrr pa rkniij` imdazt mh` rjbztnp~ emkjànho dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip(

Cnoztj 447 Cmbpatr wlnbl emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat plj emhzcmbpztnho rjbpat

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt _mpjt





Ijsji ac pm|mpnahPm| mènhnrptmpnah

Mbbjrr pa cnhmhbjJhcatbnho bahptmbpr


Rjbztnp~

Tam`r nr plj watrp vtadije) wnpl tjpmni mh` motnbzipztj rm~nho plmp plj~ emkj

dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip(

Cnoztj 427 Tam`r emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Tjpmni

Apljt

Papmi ¦rmevij




Ah plj wlaij) vawjt nr hap m vtadije mtjm) j|bjvp cat motnbzipztj(

Cnoztj 407 Vawjt emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

TjpmniApljt

Papmi ¦rmevij

Motnbzipztj nr plj ahi~ rjbpat plmp baevimnhr mdazp plj ijsji ac pm|mpnah(

Cnoztj 4:7 Ijsji ac pm|mpnah emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat‣

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Tjpmn i

Apljt

Papmi ¦r m e v i j

Pljtj nr raej smtnmpnah wnpl rnj ac dzrnhjrr nh plj vjtbjvpnah ac wlmp emkjrdzrnhjrr nccnbzip( Dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho =6%40 vjavij lmsj plj dnoojrpvtadije wnpl plj tam`r; dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho 4:%0> baevimnh plj earpmdazp plj jmrj ac tjonrpjtnho imh`) mbbjrr pa rkniij` imdazt) plj vatpr mh`mntvatpr mh` pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr( Dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho eatj plmh =66baevimnh plj earp mdazp jevia~ejhp imw(



4:

Cnoztj 437 Tjsnjw ac vtadijer d~ dzrnhjrr rnj

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt

_mpjt

Tam`r


Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah



Jevia~ejhp¦imw

Jhsntahejhpmi¦imw


Pm|¦mènhnrptmpnah

Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj



Rkniij`¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~

=‖> =6‖40 4:‖0> :6‖>> =66+

Tam`r mtj m vtadije cat mii dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho =%> vjavij mh` mh jsjhdnoojt vtadije cat dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho =6%40 wla rm~ plmp plj~ emkjànho dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip(

Cnoztj 4?7 Tam`r emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

=‖>=6‖404:‖0>:6‖>>

=66+

Dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho =%0> mii rm~ plmp vatpr mh` mntvatpr emkj ànhodzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip( Plnr miearp bjtpmnhi~ tjcijbpr plj vtadije ac tji~nho ahapljt bazhptnjr pa vtasn`j vatp mbbjrr mh` m vjtbjvpnah plmp np nr plj nhimh`bazhptnjr plmp rzccjt wljh pljtj mtj vtadijer( Np nr ahi~ dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nhoeatj plmh =66 wla rm~ plmp np plj vatpr mtj hap tjmii~ m vtadije(




Cnoztj 4<7 Vatpr # mntvatpr emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

=‖>=6 ‖404: ‖0>:6 ‖>>

=66+

Dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho 4:%0> rm~ plmp mbbjrr pa rkniij` imdazt emkjr dzrnhjrrsjt~ nccnbzip) wnpl dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho =%> mh` :6%>> hap cmt djlnh`(Bztnazri~ dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho =6%40 a hap rjj plnr mr m dno vtadijeplazol) nc plj~ mtj rpmtpnho pa otaw) ahj enolp lmsj j|vjbpj` np pa dj eatj acm vtadije(

Cnoztj 4>7 Rkniij` imdazt emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

=‖>=6‖404:‖0>:6‖>>

=66+

=6(4 Hah pmtncc dmttnjtr

Ah plj wlaij) dzrnhjrrjr nh Dztzh`n à hap plnhk plmp hah%pmtncc dmttnjtr mtjnevatpmhp( Cat plj dzrnhjrrjr plmp à rjj HPDr mr m vtadije) ahi~ pwa ‒

neenotmpnah vtabj`ztjr mh` bzrpaer vtabj`ztjr ‒ mtj rjjh mr emknhodzrnhjrr raejwlmp `nccnbzip mh` hahj mr emknho dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip(

Cnoztj 267 @nccjtnho vjtbjvpnahr ac law HPDr emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Bzrpaer¦vtabj`ztjr


Vainbj¦tam`diabkr

_jnoldtnòj ¦rpmpnahr


=6(2 Vjtbjvpnah ac oasjthejhp

Plj ojhjtmi snjw nh Dztzh`n nr plmp oasjthejhp nr emknho mp ijmrp raej jccatppa m``tjrr earp nrrzjr( Plj nrrzjr wljtj pljtj wmr raej bahbjth plmpoasjthejhp wmr jnpljt emknho plj nrrzj watrj at emknho ha jccatp pa m``tjrrwmr jmrj ac tjonrpjtnho imh`) battzvpnah mh` pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr( Plnr nrvmtpnbzimti~ hapjwatpl~ onsjh plmp earp dzrnhjrrjr `n` hap tjvatp battzvpnah mrm vtadije mtjm(



4?

Cnoztj 2=7 Oasjthejhp vjtcatemhbj nh m``tjrrnho kj~ cmbpatr

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Vawjt_mpjtTam`r



Inbjhrnho¦#¦tjozimpnahJevia~ejhp¦imw

Jhsntahejhpmi ¦imwIjsji

¦ac

¦pm|mpnah

Pm|¦m`enhnrptmpnahMbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj



Emknho nrrzj watrj Emknho ha jccatp Emknho raej jccatp pa m` tjrr Emknho tjmi jccatp pa m` tjrr

=6(0 Jhbaztmonho Nhsjrpejhp

Plj nrrzj earp inkji~ pa jpjt tjrvah`jhpr ctae emknho cztpljt nhsjrpejhp nrjmrj ac tjonrpjtnho imh`) plazol battzvpnah mh` pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr mtj mira`jpjttjhpr( Vawjt) bahptmbp jhcatbjejhp mh` mbbjrr pa rkniij` imdazt mtj ahplj bzrv ac `jpjttjhbj(

Cnoztj 247 Cmbpatr wlnbl mccjbp nhsjrpejhp `jbnrnahr

=(6 =(4 =(0 =(3 =(< 4(6 4(4 4(0 4(3 4(< 2(6

Vawjt

_mpjt

Tam`r


Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah


Jevia~ejhp¦imw

Jhsntahejhpmi¦imw

Ijsji¦ac ¦pm|mpnahPm|¦

m`enhnrptmpnah

Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj



Motnbzipztj) emhzcmbpztnho mh` rjtsnbjr mii rm~ plmp jmrj ac imh` tjonrptmpnahwazi` jpjt nhsjrpejhp(

Cnoztj 227 Jmrj ac imh` tjonrptmpnah wazi` `jpjt nhsjrpejhp(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Tjpmni

Apljt

Papmi rmevij



4< Dzrnhjrr ijm`jt vjtbjvpnahr ac plj nhsjrpejhp binempj nh Jmrp Mctnbm 466>!=6

Motnbzipztj rm~r plmp battzvpnah wazi` `jcnhnpji~ `jpjt nhsjrpejhp) plazolrjtsnbjr mh` emhzcmbpztnho mtj mira inkji~ pa dj jpjttj` pa raej j|pjhp(

Cnoztj 207 Battzvpnah wazi` `jpjt nhsjrpejhp(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Tjpmni

Apljt

Papmi ¦rmevij

Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr nr mira tjomt`j`) d~ earp rjbpatr) mr m `jpjttjhp panhsjrpejhp(

Cnoztj 2:7 Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr wazi` `jpjt nhsjrpejhp(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Tjpmni

Apljt

Papmi ¦rmevij

=6(: Barp ac inbjhrnho

Zhinkj plj apljt bazhptnjr ac Jmrp Mctnbm plj barp ac inbjhrnho mh` tj` pmvj nrtjimpnsji~ iaw wnpl earp tjrvah`jhpr rm~nho plmp plj barp ac inbjhbjr) plj barpac baevijpnho plj vmvjtwatk mh` plj barp ac jhcatbjejhp mtj jmbl ijrr plmhpltjj vjt bjhp ac pzthasjt ‒ mh` wnpl m plnt` ac plj rmevij rm~nho plmp pljtj nrha barp mp mii(

Cnoztj 237 Barp ac inbjhrnho mh` tj` pmvj

6*

=6*

46*

26*

06*

:6*

6* 6‖2* 2‖3* 3‖>* >‖=4* =4‖=:* =:*¦+

Vjtbjhpmoj¦ac ¦j|vjh`npztj¦mrrabnmpj ¦wnpl¦tjozimpnah

V j t b j h p m o j

a c t j r v a h ` j h p r

Inbjhrnho ¦nhbiz`nho¦barp¦ac ¦inbjhbjr Baevijpnho¦vmvjtwatk @jminho¦wnpl¦tjozimpat~¦jhcatbjtr



4>

=6(3 Vtnatnpnjr

Plj vtnatnpnjr pa dj m``tjrrj` d~ oasjthejhp mtj mbbjrr pa rkniij` imdazt)vatpr # mntvatpr) jmrj ac jhcatbnho bahptmbpr mh` jmrj ac tjonrpjtnho imh`(

Vjtlmvr bztnazri~) onsjh plmp battzvpnah nr m `jpjttjhp nh nhsjrpejhp) np àjr

}znpj wjii nh plj vtnatnpnjr nh`j|( Plnr nr djbmzrj np nr hap rjjh pa emkjdzrnhjrr jrvjbnmii~ nccnbzip) vtjrzemdi~ zj pa dzrnhjrrjr djnho mdij pa insjwnpl np) tmpljt plmh djbmzrj np àjr hap nevmbp plje(

Cnoztj 2?7 Jhmdinho jhsntahejhp vtnatnp~ nh`j|

6 =6 46 26 06 :6 36 ?6 <6 >6 =66

Jhsntahejhpmi¦imwBattzvpnah

Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbjJevia~ejhp¦imw

_mpjtInbjhrnho

¦#Vawjt

Embta‖jbahaenbPm|¦mènhnrptmpnah

Ijsji¦ac ¦pm|mpnahTam`r

Rjbztnp~Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Jmrj¦ac ¦tjonrpjtnhoJhcatbnho¦bahptmbpr

Vatpr¦mh`¦mntvatprRkniij`¦imdazt

Msjtmoj




==( Kjh~m

==(= Nrrzjr plmp emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip

Kjh~m tmhkj` >:pl nh plj @anho Dzrnhjrr 46=6 tjvatp) m cmii ac == vimbjr)plazol np nr rpnii mljm` ac plj tjrp ac Jmrp Mctnbm wnpl plj j|bjvpnah ac Twmh`m(

Plj nevtjrrnah plmp ahj omnhr mr m snrnpat pa Kjh~m pmiknho pa dzrnhjrrjr nrplmp plj jhsntahejhp nr ojppnho ijrr bah`zbnsj cat dzrnhjrr mh` plmp nr dathjazp d~ plnr rztsj~ mr wjii mr d~ plj @D rztsj~(

Plj nrrzjr plmp mtj rjjh mr emknho dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip mtj battzvpnah)rjbztnp~) vawjt) pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr mh` pm|( Np nr hapjwatpl~ plmppjijbaeezhnbmpnahr nr rjjh pa dj m vtadije mh` plnr rlazi`) vjtlmvr) djnhsjrpnompj` cztpljt( Ahj varrndij j|vimhmpnah nr plmp dzrnhjrrjr wmhp pa tji~ eatj ah plj nhpjthjp ~jp mh`) wlnirp nevtasnho) Kjh~m nr rpnii lmevjtj` d~ riaw mh` zhtjinmdij nhpjthjp mbbjrr(

Cnoztj 2<7 Cmbpatr wlnbl emknho dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Vawjt_mpjtTam`r

Vatpr¦mh`

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Jevia~ejhp¦imwJhsntahejhpmi ¦imw




Rjbztnp~


Plj emhzcmbpztnho rjbpat nr earp bahbjthj` mdazp battzvpnah) rjbztnp~) vawjtmh` tam`r mii ac wlnbl emkj dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip) wnpl pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

ah plj bzrv(



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Cnoztj 2>7 Cmbpatr wlnbl emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat plj emhzcmbpztnho rjbpat

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Vawjt_mpjtTam`r

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Jhsntahejhpmi¦im wIjsji¦ac ¦pm|mpnah

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¦pa

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Motnbzipztj rm~r plmp plj nrrzjr plmp emkj dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip mtj vawjt)battzvpnah) tam`r mh` pm| mènhnrptmpnah(

Cnoztj 067 Cmbpatr wlnbl emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat motnbzipztj

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt_mpjtTam`r

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Jhsntahejhpmi¦im w


Pm| ¦mènhnrptmpnahMbbjrr ¦pa¦cnhmhbj



Plj motnbzipztj) emhzcmbpztnho) cnhmhbj mh` rjtsnbjr rjbpat mii tjvatp plmp

vawjt emkj dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip) wnpl tjpmni ah plj bzrv(

Cnoztj 0=7 Vawjt emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

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Motnbzipztj

Cnhmhbj

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Papmi ¦rmevij




Plnr nr m bahrn`jtmdij `jpjtnatmpnah baevmtj` pa 466<) wljh np wmr ahi~ emhzcmbpztnho plmp plazolp vawjt em`j ànho dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip(

Cnoztj 047 Vawjt em`j dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip nh 466< cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

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NBP

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Raztbj7 Ntwnh) @) ,466<. ’Dzrnhjrr Ijm`jt Vjtbjvpnahr ac plj Nhsjrpejhp Binempj nh Kjh~m―) DMC

Nhpjtjrpnhoi~) plj tjpmni rjbpat rm~r plmp wmpjt emkjr anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip) mr àjr plj emhzcmbpztnho rjbpat( Ahj enolp lmsj j|vjbpj`

motnbzipztj pa rm~ plnr) dzp nh cmbp plj~ ahi~ rm~ plmp np emkjr dzrnhjrrraejwlmp `nccnbzip( Jsjt~ dzrnhjrr rm~r plmp np nr vtadijempnb(

Cnoztj 027 _mpjt emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

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Emhzcmbpztnho

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Cnhmhbj

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Papmi ¦rmevij

Tam`r mtj mira m vtadije cat miearp jsjt~ dzrnhjrr( Emhzcmbpztnho)motnbzipztj mh` rjtsnbjr rm~ plmp np emkjr anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip( Tjpmnimh` cnhmhbj mtj ah plj bzrv(

Cnoztj 007 Tam`r emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat‣

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

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Motnbzipztj

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Papmi ¦rmevij

Np rjjer) lawjsjt) plmp tam`r mtj vjtbjnsj` pa dj ijrr ac m vtadije plmh nh466< wljh jsjt~ dzrnhjrr) j|bjvp cat lapjir mh` paztnre) rmn` plmp plj~ em`j

ànho dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip(



22

Cnoztj 0:7 Tam`r em`j dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip nh 466< cat(((

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Emhzcmbpztj

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Motnb

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Battzvpnah nr m emgat vtadije wnpl mii tjrvah`jhpr rm~nho plmp np emkjr`anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip(

Cnoztj 037 Battzvpnah emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

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Motnbzipztj

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Tjpmni

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Papmi¦rmevij

_lnirp earp dzrnhjrrjr nh 466< rmn` plmp battzvpnah em`j anho dzrnhjrr sjt~

`nccnbzip) plj tjrzipr rzoojrp plmp battzvpnah nr haw m ezbl dnoojt vtadije(

Cnoztj 0?7 Battzvpnah em`j dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip nh 466< cat(((

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Lapjir¦mh` ¦paztnre

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Cnhmhbnmi ¦rjtsnbj

Motnb

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Papmi ¦rmevij


Cat earp nrrzjr ‒ ahj hapmdij j|bjvpnah nr plj jmrj ac tjonrpjtnho imh` ‒ nprjjer plmp nrrzjr mtj ojhjtmii~ eatj ac m vtadije nh Eaedmrm plmh nhHmntadn(




Cnoztj 0<7 Tjsnjw ac vtadijer d~ iabmpnah

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Jevia~ejhp ¦imwJhsntahejhpmi ¦imw



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Hmntadn Eaedmrm

Pljtj nr raej smtnmpnah wnpl rnj ac dzrnhjrr nh plj vjtbjvpnah ac wlmp emkjrdzrnhjrr nccnbzip( Dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho =6%40 lmsj vtadijer wnpl battzvpnahmh` jhcatbnho bahptmbpr( Dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho :6%>> lnolinolp pm|m`enhnrptmpnah) battzvpnah) rjbztnp~ mh` jhcatbnho bahptmbpr( Dzrnhjrrjrjevia~nho 4:%0> lmsj plj earp vtadije wnpl rjbztnp~) battzvpnah) vawjt mh`pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr( Ha ahj rnj dmh` rpnbkr azp) lawjsjt) mr rzccjtnho eatjplmh plj apljtr mbtarr mii cmbpatr(

Cnoztj 0>7 Tjsnjw ac vtadijer d~ dzrnhjrr rnj

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

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Tam`r


Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah

Embta‖jbahaenb¦vainb~Inbjhrnho

¦#

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Jevia~ejhp¦imw

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=‖> =6‖40 4:‖0> :6‖>> =66+



2:

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Cnoztj :67 Vawjt emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

=‖>=6‖404:‖0>:6‖>>=66+

Tam`r emkj anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip cat dzrnhjrr jevia~nho eatj plmh:6 vjavij) plazol dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho cjwjt plmh :6 mtj baej biarj parm~nho plj rmej(

Cnoztj :=7 Tam`r emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

=‖>=6‖404:‖0>:6‖>>

=66+

Dzrnhjrrjr ac mii rnjr rm~ plmp battzvpnah emkjr anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip(

Hapj plmp jsjt~ tjrvah`jhp nh plj =6%40 rnj dmh` rmn` plnr mr `n` miearpjsjt~ tjrvah`jhp nh plj :6%>> rnj dmh`(

Cnoztj :47 Battzvpnah emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

=‖>=6‖404:‖0>:6‖>>

=66+

Pljtj rjjer pa dj inppij `nccjtjhbj djpwjjh plj wm~ plmp nrrzjr mtj vjtbjnsj`d~ dzrnhjrrjr plmp mtj ejedjtr ac m DEA mh` dzrnhjrrjr plmp mtjh„p(Ejedjtr baevimnh eatj mdazp rjbztnp~; hah%ejedjtr baevimnh eatj mdazpmbbjrr pa cnhmhbj mh` mbbjrr pa rkniij` imdazt( Np nr nhpjtjrpnho plmp pljrj pwa)nh vmtpnbzimt) rlazi dj ezbl ijrr ac mh nrrzj cat plarj dzrnhjrrjr plmp mtjejedjtr ac DEAr( @jrvnpj plj cmbp plmp earp dzrnhjrrjr plnhk plmp plj~ ojpinppij djhjcnp ctae djnho nh m DEA) vjtlmvr ahj djhjcnp nr plmp ac hjpwatknho)wlnbl wazi` vapjhpnmii~ ljiv nh cnh`nho dapl cnhmhbj mh` rkniij` imdazt(




Cnoztj :27 Tjsnjw d~ ejedjtrlnv ac DEA

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt_mpjtTam`r




Jhsntahejhpmi¦imwIjsji¦ac ¦pm|mpnah


¦pa

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¦

bahptmbpr


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==(4 Hah pmtncc dmttnjtr

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Cnoztj :07 HPDr emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip

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Vainbj¦tam`diabkr


]zminp~¦#

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¦bjtpncnbmpjr

==(2 Vjtbjvpnah ac oasjthejhp

Cnoztj ::7 Oasjthejhp vjtcatemhbj nh m``tjrrnho kj~ cmbpatr

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Vawjt_mpjtTam`r




Jhsntahejhpmi ¦imwIjsji¦ac ¦pm|mpnah







2?

Plj ojhjtmi snjw nr plmp oasjthejhp nr emknho ha jccatp pa m``tjrr earpnrrzjr( Pljtj nr ha nrrzj wljtj tjrvah`jhpr plazolp) asjtmii) plmp pljoasjthejhp wmr emknho plj nrrzj watrj) plazol battzvpnah baejr sjt~ biarj(Plj nrrzjr wljtj oasjthejhp nr vjtbjnsj` pa dj emknho plj ijmrp jccatp) mcpjtbattzvpnah) mtj rjbztnp~) ijsji ac pm|mpnah mh` wmpjt( Pljtj mtj ahi~ cazt nrrzjrwljtj oasjthejhp nr vjtbjnsj` pa dj emknho m tjmi jccatp pa m``tjrr7 tam`r)

pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr) vatpr # mntvatpr mh` mbbjrr pa rkniij` imdazt( Nh ojhjtmi)oasjthejhp nr rjjh pa dj emknho eatj jccatp plnr ~jmt plmh np wmr nh 466<(

==(0 Jhbaztmonho Nhsjrpejhp

Plj nrrzjr inkji~ pa `jpjt tjrvah`jhpr ctae emknho cztpljt nhsjrpejhp mtj) d~ m iaho wm~) battzvpnah mh` rjbztnp~( Lawjsjt) pljtj mtj m hzedjt ac apljtnrrzjr mii ac wlnbl wazi` `jpjt nhsjrpejhp) nhbiz`nho pm|) vawjt) inbjhrnho #tjozimpnah mh` jhcatbnho bahptmbpr(

Cnoztj :37 Cmbpatr wlnbl mccjbp nhsjrpejhp `jbnrnahr

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Vawjt_mpjtTam`r

Vatpr¦mh ¦mntvatprPjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

BattzvpnahEmbta‖jbahaenb¦vainb~Inbjhrnho¦#¦tjozimpnah

Jevia~ejhp¦imwJhsntahejhpmi¦imw


Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbjJhcatbnho ¦bahptmbpr

Jmrj¦ac ¦tjonrpjtnho¦imh`Rkniij ¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~

@jpjt¦cztpljt¦nhsjrpejhp Hjnpljt¦jhbaztmoj¦hat¦`jpjt Jhbaztmoj¦cztpljt¦nhsjrpejhp

Jsjt~ rjbpat tjvatpr plmp battzvpnah wazi` `jpjt battzvpnah) wnpl jsjt~ tjrvah`jhp nh plj tjpmni rjbpat rm~nho plnr(

Cnoztj :?7 Battzvpnah wazi` `jpjt nhsjrpejhp(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

RjtsnbjrMotnbzipztj

Cnhmhbj

Tjpmni

Apljt

Papmi ¦rmevij

Rjbztnp~ nr mira mh nrrzj inkji~ pa `jpjt nhsjrpejhp) momnh wnpl jsjt~ tjpmnitjrvah`jhp rm~nho plnr) dzp wnpl cnhmhbj) emhzcmbpztnho mh` motnbzipztj miirm~nho plmp np wazi` `jpjt nhsjrpejhp(




Cnoztj :<7 Rjbztnp~ wazi` `jpjt nhsjrpejhp(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

RjtsnbjrMotnbzipztj

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Tjpmni

Apljt

Papmi ¦rmevij

==(: Barp ac inbjhrnho

Plj barp ac inbjhrnho mh` tj` pmvj nr lnol) vmtpnbzimti~ cat motnbzipztj( Np nriawjrp nh plj tjpmni rjbpat) mp zh`jt cnsj vjt bjhp ac pzthasjt) wlnbl nr sjt~ oaa`( Tj`zbnho plj barp ac tj` pmvj bazi` ctjj zv m rnohncnbmhp meazhp aceahj~ cat cztpljt nhsjrpejhp d~ dzrnhjrrjr(

Cnoztj :>7 Barp ac inbjhrnho mh` tj` pmvj

6* :* =6* =:* 46* 4:*

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Papmi

Inbjhrnho ¦nhbi¦barp¦ac ¦inbjhbjr Baevijpnho¦vmvjtwatk @jminho¦wnpl¦jhcatbjtr

==(3 Vtnatnpnjr

Plj vtnatnpnjr pa dj m``tjrrj` d~ oasjthejhp) mr rlawh d~ plj jhmdinhojhsntahejhp vtnatnp~ nh`j|) mtj battzvpnah) rjbztnp~) vawjt mh` ijsji ac pm|(

Cnoztj 367 Jhmdinho jhsntahejhp vtnatnp~ nh`j|

6 =6 46 26 06 :6 36 ?6 <6 >6 =66

Rkniij`¦imdaztJhsntahejhpmi¦imw

Vatpr¦mh`¦mntvatprMbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj

Jmrj¦ac ¦tjonrpjtnho¦imh`Jevia~ejhp¦imw

PjijbaeezhnbmpnahrEmbta‖jbahaenb¦vainb~

Jhcatbnho¦bahptmbprTam`r

Inbjhrnho¦#

¦tjozimpnah_mpjt

Pm|¦m`enhnrptmpnahIjsji¦ac ¦pm|mpnah

VawjtRjbztnp~

Battzvpnah

Msjtmoj

Pljtj nr inppij `azdp plmp m rjtnazr jccatp d~ plj Oasjthejhp ac Kjh~m pa pmbkij

battzvpnah mh` rjbztnp~ wazi` hap ahi~ emkj mh jhateazr `nccjtjhbj pa pljwm~ plmp oasjthejhp nr vjtbjnsj` d~ dzrnhjrr dzp mira ijm`) miearp bjtpmnhi~)pa bahrn`jtmdij hjw nhsjrpejhp d~ dzrnhjrr(



2>

=4( Twmh`m


Twmh`m `n` vmtpnbzimti~ wjii nh nevtasnho plj jhmdinho jhsntahejhp nh 466>)tnrnho raej ?3 vimbjr nh plj tmhknho pa djbaej plj wati`„r pav tjcatejt

mbbat`nho pa plj @anho Dzrnhjrr tjvatp( Np nr nevatpmhp) lawjsjt) plmp pljoasjthejhp bahpnhzjr pa m``tjrr plj nrrzjr plmp emkj anho dzrnhjrr nccnbzip(

_lnirp battzvpnah mh` rjbztnp~ mtj plj watrp nrrzjr nh Kjh~m) nh Twmh`m plj~ mtj plj ijmrp ac npr vtadijer( Nh cmbp) jsjt~ nrrzj j|bjvp battzvpnah mh` rjbztnp~ nr rjjh mr emknho dzrnhjrr raejwlmp nccnbzip( Plj watrp mtj vawjt) wmpjt)pm| ,dapl plj ijsji ac pm| mh` plj m`enhnrptmpnah. mh` mbbjrr pa rkniij` imdazt(

Cnoztj 3=7 Cmbpatr wlnbl emknho dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt_mpjtTam`r




Jhsntahejhpmi ¦imwIjsji¦ac ¦pm|mpnah


Jhcatbnho¦bahptmbprJmrj¦ac

¦tjonrpjtnho

¦imh`


Lawjsjt) plj msjtmoj ln`jr raej kj~ vtadije mtjmr( Plj emhzcmbpztnhorjbpat) cat j|mevij) rm~r plmp wmpjt) pm|) mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj) vawjt) jhcatbnhobahptmbpr mh` jmrj ac tjonrpjtnho imh` mii emkj `anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip(

Cnoztj 347 Cmbpatr wlnbl emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat plj emhzcmbpztnho rjbpat

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt _mpjt







Jmrj ac tjonrpjtnho imh`

Rkniij` imdazt

Rjbztnp~




Plj motnbzipztmi mh` plj rjtsnbjr rjbpatr tjvatp plmp vawjt emkj dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip) plazol jsjt~ rjbpat rm~r plmp) mp djrp) np emkjr dzrnhjrr raejwlmp`nccnbzip(

Cnoztj 327 Vawjt emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Cnhmhbj

Tjpmni

Apljt

NBP

Papmi ¦rmevij

_mpjt nr mira m emgat vtadije cat motnbzipztj dzp emhzcmbpztnho) paa) rm~r

plmp wmpjt emkjr anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip(

Cnoztj 307 _mpjt emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Cnhmhbj

Tjpmni

Apljt

NBP

Papmi ¦rmevij

Emhzcmbpztnho nr mira bahbjthj` d~ plj ijsji ac pm|mpnah wlnbl plj~ rm~ emkjr`anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip(

Cnoztj 3:7 Ijsji ac pm|mpnah emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat‣

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

EmhzcmbpztnhoRjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

CnhmhbjTjpmniApljt

NBPPapmi¦rmevij

Pljtj nr raej smtnmpnah wnpl rnj ac dzrnhjrr nh plj vjtbjvpnah ac wlmp emkjrdzrnhjrr `nccnbzip) mr bmh dj rjjh nh plj blmtp djiaw) wnpl dzrnhjrrjrjevia~nho :6%>> vjavij ojhjtmii~ cnh`nho mii nrrzjr mtj eatj ac m vtadijeplmh apljt dzrnhjrr rnjr(



0=

Cnoztj 337 Tjsnjw ac vtadijer d~ dzrnhjrr rnj

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt

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Tam`r


Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah



Jevia~ejhp¦imw

Jhsntahejhpmi¦imw


Pm|¦m`enhnrptmpnah

Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj



Rkniij`¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~

=‖> =6‖40 4:‖0> :6‖>> =66+

Dzrnhjrrjr ac mii rnjr rm~ plmp plj ijsji ac pm|mpnah mp ijmrp emkjr dzrnhjrrraejwlmp `nccnbzip wnpl plarj jevia~nho :6%>> mh` =6%40 rm~nho plmp npemkjr dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip( Plnr nr m blmiijhoj cat oasjthejhpr wla hjj` patmnrj tjsjhzj pltazol pm|mpnah ‒ miearp bjtpmnhi~ rnevinc~nho plj pm| tjonejwazi` jmrj plj bahbjth ac dzrnhjrr( Rvtjm`nho plj hjp wn`jt ‒ mh` plzrtj`zbnho plj pm| tmpjr ‒ wazi` dj jsjh djppjt nc plmp wjtj varrndij(

Cnoztj 3?7 Ijsji ac pm|mpnah emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

=‖>=6‖404:

‖

0>

:6‖>>=66+

_mpjt nr m vtadije cat mii wnpl dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho 4:%>> rm~nho plmp npemkjr dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip(




Cnoztj 3<7 _mpjt emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

=‖>=6‖404:‖0>:6‖>>=66+

Tam`r mtj m vtadije cat mii dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho eatj plmh > vjavij) wnplplarj jevia~nho :6%>> rm~nho plmp plj~ emkj `anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip( Npnr nhpjtjrpnho pa hapj plmp enbta%dzrnhjrrjr `a hap rjj tam`r mr m vtadije)varrndi~ djbmzrj plj~ mtj earpi~ iabmi rjtsnbjr ra mtj hap ntjbpi~ mccjbpj`(

Cnoztj 3>7 Tam`r emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

=‖>=6‖404:‖0>:6‖>>=66+

_npl plj j|bjvpnah ac vawjt) wmpjt mh` tam`r) pljtj nr m tjmi `nccjtjhbj nh pljwm~ plmp DEA ejedjtr mh` hah%ejedjt dzrnhjrrjr vjtbjnsj plj nrrzjr(Dzrnhjrrjr plmp mtj ejedjtr ac m DEA ojhjtmii~ rjj plj nrrzjr mr ijrr ac m

vtadije( Np rlazi` dj hapj`) lawjsjt) plmp ahi~ ahj }zmtpjt ac plj papmirmevij wjtj ejedjtr ac m DEA mh` m imtoj hzedjt ac plarj wjtj mii nh pljrmej DEA) ra plnr tjrzip em~ hap dj jhpntji~ tjinmdij(

Cnoztj ?67 Tjsnjw d~ ejedjtrlnv ac DEA

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt_mpjtTam`r




Jhsntahejhpmi¦imw




Rjbztnp~

Ejedjt¦ac ¦DEA Ha p¦m¦ejedjt



02


Earp dzrnhjrrjr nh Twmh`m plnhk plmp hah%pmtncc dmttnjtr mtj nevatpmhp(

Cnoztj ?=7 Nevatpmhbj ac hah%pmtncc dmttnjtr

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6*

Bzrpaer¦vtabj`ztjr

NeenotmpnahVainbj¦tam`diabkr


]zminp~¦#

¦j|vatp

¦bjtpr

Nhpjtjrpnhoi~) lawjsjt) HPDr wjtj ojhjtmii~ hap vjtbjnsj` mr emknho dzrnhjrr`nccnbzip( Plj motnbzipztmi rjbpat lmr plj earp vtadije wnpl }zminp~ mh` j|vatpbjtpncnbmpjr) wlnbl emkj dzrnhjrr raejwlmp `nccnbzip( Plj emhzcmbpztnho

rjbpat cjip plmp wjnoldtn`ojr em`j dzrnhjrr raejwlmp nccnbzip( Lawjsjt) pljojhjtmi snjw ac mii rjbpatr nr plmp HPDr bazi` dj nevtasj` dzp ah plj wlaij`n` hap bmzrj vtadijer(

Cnoztj ?47 @nccjtnho vjtbjvpnahr ac law HPDr emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Bzrpaer¦vtabj`ztjr

Neenotmpnah¦

vtabj`ztjr

Vainbj¦tam`diabkr



Emhzcmbpztnho Rjtsnbjr Motnbzipztj Cnhmhbj Tjpmni Apljt


Plj asjtwljienho snjw wmr plmp oasjthejhp nr emknho tjmi jccatpr pa m``tjrrjsjt~ nrrzj( Nh`jj`) pljtj wjtj ahi~ cnsj nrrzjr wljtj mh~ tjrvah`jhp plazolp

plmp oasjthejhp wmr emknho plj vtadije watrj ‒ nhbiz`nho ijsji ac pm|mpnahmh` mbbjrr pa rkniij` imdazt( Twmh`m lmr plj earp tjim|j` tzijr ah imdaztenotmpnah) ra plnr nr nhpjtjrpnho( Plj rztsj~ wmr hap `jrnohj` pa mrk caiiaw%zv}zjrpnahr) dzp plnr enolp dj mh mtjm cat cztpljt nhsjrpnompnah(

Earp tjrvah`jhpr) lawjsjt) plazolp plmp oasjthejhp wmr emknho tjmi jccatprpa m``tjrr plj nrrzjr at mp ijmrp emknho raej jccatp pa m``tjrr plj nrrzjr( Mrwnii dj rjjh nh m eaejhp) lawjsjt) plnr `ajr hap jhpntji~ r}zmtj wnpl pljj|vjbpmpnahr tjomt`nho nhsjrpejhp(




Cnoztj ?27 Oasjthejhp vjtcatemhbj nh m``tjrrnho kj~ cmbpatr

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Vawjt_mpjtTam`r




Jhsntahejhpmi ¦imwIjsji

¦ac

¦pm|mpnah






Plj ahi~ nrrzj inkji~ pa `jpjt tjrvah`jhpr ctae emknho cztpljt nhsjrpejhp nrbattzvpnah( Onsjh plmp battzvpnah nr hap tjomt`j` mr mh nrrzj plmp emkjrdzrnhjrr nccnbzip) plnr nr mh nhpjtjrpnho tjrzip) rzoojrpnho plmp battzvpnah nr tncj)dzp plmp dzrnhjrrjr mtj mdij pa insj wnpl np( Bijmti~) lawjsjt) onsjh plj blanbj)mh` jsjh plazol Twmh`m `ajr tjmrahmdi~ wjii nh plj PN nh`j| ac vjtbjnsj`battzvpnah) dzrnhjrrjr wazi` tmpljt hap lmsj pa bavj wnpl battzvpnah(

Cnoztj ?07 Cmbpatr wlnbl mccjbp nhsjrpejhp `jbnrnahr

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Vawjt

_mpjt

Tam`r

Vatpr mh` mntvatpr

Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah


Jevia~ejhp imw

Jhsntahejhpmi imw

Ijsji ac pm|mpnah

Pm| m`enhnrptmpnah Mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj

Jhcatbnho bahptmbprJmrj ac tjonrpjtnho imh`

Rkniij` imdaztRjbztnp~


Jsjt~ rjbpat tjvatpr plmp battzvpnah wazi` jpjt nhsjrpejhp) wnpl jsjt~

tjrvah`jhp nh plj motnbzipztmi rjbpat rm~nho plnr(Cnoztj ?:7 Battzvpnah wazi` `jpjt nhsjrpejhp(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6


MotnbzipztjCnhmhbj

TjpmniApljt

NBPPapmi¦rmevij



0:


Plj barp ac inbjhrnho mh` tj` pmvj nr lnol( Np mvvjmtr pa dj iawjrp nh plj apljtrjtsnbjr rjbpat) plazol nr rpnii asjt =6 vjt bjhp ac pzthasjt( Nh tjpmni npmvvmtjhpi~ barpr mr ezbl mr 4: vjt bjhp ac pzthasjt) eatj plmh cnsj pnejr pljbarp nh Kjh~m( Tj`zbnho plj barp ac tj` pmvj bazi` ctjj zv m rnohncnbmhp

meazhp ac eahj~ cat cztpljt nhsjrpejhp d~ dzrnhjrrjr(

Cnoztj ?37 Barp ac inbjhrnho mh` tj` pmvj

6* :* =6* =:* 46* 4:* 26*


MotnbzipztjCnhmhbj

TjpmniApljtPapmi


=4(3 Vtnatnpnjr

Plj jhmdinho jhsntahejhp vtnatnp~ nh`j| rlawr plj nrrzjr plmp mtj bahptndzpnhopa mh jhsntahejhp bah`zbnsj pa dzrnhjrr mh` plarj plmp hjj` pa djm``tjrrj`( Plj vtnatnpnjr pa dj m``tjrrj` d~ oasjthejhp mtj ijsji ac pm|mpnah)vawjt) battzvpnah mh` pljh wmpjt mh` pm| m`enhnrptmpnah(

Cnoztj ??7 Jhmdinho jhsntahejhp vtnatnp~ nh`j|

6 =6 46 26 06 :6 36 ?6 <6 >6 =66

Rjbztnp~Inbjhrnho¦#

Tam`rEmbta‖jbahaenb

PjijbaeezhnbmpnahrJmrj¦ac ¦tjonrpjtnho

Jhcatbnho¦bahptmbprVatpr¦mh`¦mntvatpr

Rkniij ¦imdaztMbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj

Jevia~ejhp¦im wJhsntahejhpmi¦im wPm|¦m`enhnrptmpnah

_mpjtBattzvpnah

VawjtIjsji¦

ac ¦

pm|mpnah

Msjtmoj




=2( Pmhmhnm


Pmhmhnm nr vimbj` =2= nh plj @D tmhknho) àwh ctae =43 nh 466<) ra np lmrdjjh eatj at ijrr rpmpnb( Plj Oasjthejhp nr lavnho pa blmhoj plnr mh` ra wj

enolp j|vjbp tmempnb nevtasjejhpr asjt plj hj|p pwa pa pltjj ~jmtr(

Plj emnh nrrzjr wlnbl emkj anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip mtj vawjt)battzvpnah mh` mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj(

Cnoztj ?<7 Cmbpatr wlnbl emknho dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Vawjt_mpjtTam`r




Jhsntahejhpmi ¦imwIjsji¦ac ¦pm|mpnahPm|

¦

mènhnrptmpnah



Rjbztnp~


Mr wnpl jsjt~ apljt bazhpt~) plj msjtmoj ln`jr raej kj~ vtadije mtjmr( Pljmotnbzipztmi rjbpat) cat j|mevij) rm~r plmp vawjt mh` tam`r emkj ànho sjt~ `nccnbzip wnpl mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj) vatpr # mntvatpr mh` inbjhrnho # tjozimpnah hapcmt djlnh`(

Cnoztj ?>7 Cmbpatr wlnbl emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat plj motnbzipztmi rjbpat

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt _mpjt








Rjbztnp~



0?

Plj motnbzipztmi mh` cnhmhbj rjbpatr rm~ plmp vawjt emkjr dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip) plazol emhzcmbpztnho mh` rjtsnbjr mtj biarj pa rm~nho plmp mr wjii(

Cnoztj <67 Vawjt emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Cnhmhbj

Papmi¦rmevij

Plnr nr) lawjsjt) m ea`jrp nevtasjejhp ah 466< wljh jsjt~ rjbpat rmn` plmpvawjt em`j anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip(

Cnoztj <=7 Vawjt em`j dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip nh 466< cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6


Emhzcmbpztnho

Baeezhnbmpnah

Cnhmhbnmi¦rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Rjtsnbj

Papmi¦rmevij

Raztbj7 Ntwnh) @) ,466<. ’Dzrnhjrr Ijm`jt Vjtbjvpnahr ac plj Nhsjrpejhp Binempj nh Pmhmhnm―)DJRP%MB

Plj cnhmhbj rjbpat rm~r plmp battzvpnah emkjr `anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzipwnpl mii apljt rjbpatr rm~nho plmp np emkjr dzrnhjrr raejwlmp `nccnbzip(

Cnoztj <47 Battzvpnah emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Cnhmhbj

Papmi ¦rmevij

Mii rjbpatr rm~ plmp plj vatpr mh` mntvatpr emkj `anho dzrnhjrr raejwlmp`nccnbzip(

Cnoztj <27 Vatpr # mntvatpr emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Cnhmhbj

Papmi ¦rmevij




Plnr nr mira mh nevtasjejhp ah 466< wljh baeezhnbmpnahr mh` lapjir #paztnre dapl rmn` plmp plj vatpr mh` mntvatpr em`j anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip( Plj Vatp Mzplatnp~ rm~r plmp pljtj lmr djjh ha tav nh saizejr zjplj oiadmi tjbjrrnah) ra plj~ ezrp dj ojppnho djppjt mp easnho oaa`r pltazolplj vatp }znbkjt wlnbl nr sjt~ varnpnsj(

Cnoztj <07 Vatpr # mntvatpr em`j dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip nh 466< cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6


Emhzcmbpztnho

Baeezhnbmpnah

Cnhmhbnmi¦rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Rjtsnbj

Papmi¦rmevij

Raztbj7 Ntwnh) @) ,466<. ’Dzrnhjrr Ijm`jt Vjtbjvpnahr ac plj Nhsjrpejhp Binempj nh Pmhmhnm―)

DJRP%MB

Dzrnhjrrjr nh Mtzrlm mh` Pmhom rjje pa lmsj eatj nccnbzip~ wnpl earp ac pljnrrzjr( Dzrnhjrrjr nh Pmhom lmsj vmtpnbzimt vtadijer wnpl battzvpnah(Dzrnhjrrjr nh Wmhndmt mh` Ewmhm rjje pa lmsj plj ijmrp vtadijer(

Cnoztj <:7 Cmbpatr plmp emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip7 d~ iabmpnah

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt

_mpjt

Tam`r


Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah



Jevia~ejhp¦im w



Pm|¦m`enhnrptmpnah

Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj



Rkniij`¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~

@mt Wmhndmt Mtzrlm Pmhom Ewmhm



0>

Pljtj nr bahrn`jtmdij smtnmpnah nh vtadije d~ dzrnhjrr rnj wnpl ha ahj rnjdmh` anho watrj plmh apljtr mbtarr mii plj cmbpatr( Dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho=6%40 cnh` plmp vawjt nr plj nrrzj plmp emkjr anho dzrnhjrr earp nccnbzip)plazol np rjjer plmp plj~ mira baevimnh mdazp embta%jbahaenb vainb~(Dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho :6%>> lmsj vtadijer wnpl vawjt) mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj)jmrj ac tjonrpjtnho imh`) rjbztnp~ mh` mbbjrr pa rkniij` imdazt( Vjtlmvr hap

rztvtnrnhoi~) plj dnoojrp vtadije cmbj` d~ dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho =%> nr mbbjrrpa cnhmhbj) caiiawj` d~ battzvpnah mh` tam`r( Cat dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho eatjplmh =66) np rjjer plmp jsjt~ cmbpat nr ijrr ac m vtadije plmh cat remiijtdzrnhjrrjr) vtjrzemdi~ djbmzrj plj~ lmsj ijmthp pa insj wnpl ‒ mh` asjtbaej‒ mii plj vtadijer(

Cnoztj <37 Tjsnjw ac vtadijer d~ dzrnhjrr rnj

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt

_mpjt

Tam`r


Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah



Jevia~ejhp¦im w

Jhsntahejhpmi¦im w


Pm|¦m`enhnrptmpnah

Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj


Jmrj¦ac

¦tjonrpjtnho

¦imh`

Rkniij`¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~

=‖> =6‖40 4:‖0> :6‖>> =66+

Jsjt~ dzrnhjrr rnj rm~r plmp vawjt mp ijmrp emkjr dzrnhjrr raejwlmp nccnbzipwnpl plarj jevia~nho =%40 mh` :6%>> rm~nho plmp np emkjr dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip(

Cnoztj <?7 Vawjt emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

=‖>

=6‖40

4:‖0>

:6‖>>

=66+



:6 Dzrnhjrr ijm`jt vjtbjvpnahr ac plj nhsjrpejhp binempj nh Jmrp Mctnbm 466>!=6

Battzvpnah emkjr anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip cat dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho cjwjtplmh =6 vjavij ‒ mii apljt rnj dmh`r ejtji~ rm~ plmp np emkjr ànho dzrnhjrrraejwlmp nccnbzip) vtjrzemdi~ djbmzrj plj~ lmsj ijmthp pa insj wnpl np mr plj~ lmsj otawh tmpljt plmh djbmzrj np lmr `nenhnrlj`(

Cnoztj <<7 Battzvpnah emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

=‖>=6‖404:‖0>:6‖>>

=66+

Mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj nr m vtadije cat dzrnhjrrjr ac mii rnjr) wnpl plarjjevia~nho =%> rm~nho plmp np emkjr ànho dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip(

Cnoztj <>7 Mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4 (6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0 (6

=‖>

=6‖40

4:‖0>

:6‖>>

=66+

Tam`r emkj anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip cat plarj jevia~nho =%40) dzp apljtdzrnhjrrjr rm~ plmp plj~ emkj ànho dzrnhjrr raejwlmp `nccnbzip(

Cnoztj >67 Tam`r emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

=‖>=6‖40

4:‖0>:6‖>>

=66+

Np rjjer plmp dzrnhjrrjr wla mtj ejedjtr ac m DEA ojhjtmii~ rjj plj

vtadijer mr watrj) at mp ijmrp ha djppjt) plmh dzrnhjrrjr plmp mtj hapejedjtr ac m DEA( Nh vmtpnbzimt) plj~ baevimnh eatj mdazp vawjt)battzvpnah) mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj) tam`r) pm| mènhnrptmpnah mh` jmrj actjonrpjtnho imh`( _lnirp plnr wmr hap plj bmrj nh apljt bazhptnjr ac Jmrp Mctnbm)plnr nr wlmp wj em~ lmsj nhpznpnsji~ ozjrrj` ah plj otazh`r plmp dzrnhjrrjrwnpl vmtpnbzimt otnjsmhbjr enolp baej paojpljt nh mrrabnmpnahr nh mh jccatp paiadd~ cat vzdinb vainb~ blmhojr(



:=

Cnoztj >=7 Tjsnjw d~ ejedjtrlnv ac DEA

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt_mpjtTam`r



Embta‖jbahaenb ¦vainb~Inbjhrnho¦#¦tjozimpnah



Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbjJhcatbnho

¦bahptmbpr


Rjbztnp~



Cjwjt plmh :6 vjt bjhp ac tjrvah`jhpr nh Pmhmhnm plazolp plmp hah%pmtnccdmttnjtr wjtj nevatpmhp( Meahorp plarj plmp `n`) ahi~ mdazp ahj cncpl plazolpplmp plj~ em`j anho dzrnhjrr raejwlmp at sjt~ `nccnbzip( Earp rmn` plmp plj~ wjtj hap m vtadije mp mii at plmp plj~ bazi` dj nevtasj`(

Cnoztj >47 @nccjtnho vjtbjvpnahr ac law HPDr emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Bzrpaer¦vtabj`ztjr


Vainbj¦tam`diabkr





Varnpnsji~ cat plj oasjthejhp) earp dzrnhjrrjr plnhk plmp np nr emknho raejjccatp pa m``tjrr mii ac plj nrrzjr( Nh raej nrrzjr) rzbl mr pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr)pljtj nr m snjw plmp plj oasjthejhp nr emknho m tjmi jccatp pa nevtasj(Battzvpnah) lawjsjt) nr plj kj~ nrrzj wljtj m rnohncnbmhp hzedjt actjrvah`jhpr plnhk plmp plj oasjthejhp nr emknho plj varnpnah watrj( Plnr nr mkj~ mtjm plmp plj oasjthejhp hjj`r pa m``tjrr(




Cnoztj >27 Oasjthejhp vjtcatemhbj nh m``tjrrnho kj~ cmbpatr

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Vawjt

_mpjt

Tam`r


Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah



Jevia~ejhp¦im w


Ijsji¦ac

¦pm|mpnah

Pm| ¦m`enhnrptmpnah

Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj



Rkniij` ¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~



Np nr vjtlmvr hap rztvtnrnho pljtjcatj plmp plj nrrzj plmp nr earp inkji~ pa `jpjttjrvah`jhpr ctae emknho cztpljt nhsjrpejhp nr battzvpnah(

Cnoztj >07 Cmbpatr wlnbl mccjbp nhsjrpejhp `jbnrnahr

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Vawjt

_mpjtTam`r


Battzvpnah


Inbjhrnho ¦#¦tjozimpnahJevia~ejhp¦imw

Jhsntahejhpmi¦imw


Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj



Rkniij`¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~


Jsjt~ rjbpat j|bjvp motnbzipztj rm~r plmp battzvpnah wazi` jpjt cztpljtnhsjrpejhp(

Cnoztj >:7 Battzvpnah wazi` `jpjt nhsjrpejhp(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6


MotnbzipztjCnhmhbj

Papmi¦rmevij

Np rlazi` dj hapj`) lawjsjt) plmp plnr nr mh nevtasjejhp ah plj vjtbjvpnah nh466< wljh jsjt~ rjbpat rmn` plmp battzvpnah wazi` jpjt nhsjrpejhp(



:2

Cnoztj >37 Battzvpnah wazi` `jpjt nhsjrpejhp nh 466< cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6


Emhzcmbpztnho

Baeezhnbmpnah

Cnhmhbnmi¦rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Rjtsnbj

Papmi¦rmevij

Raztbj7 Ntwnh) @) ,466<. ’Dzrnhjrr Ijm`jt Vjtbjvpnahr ac plj Nhsjrpejhp Binempj nh Pmhmhnm―)DJRP%MB


Plj barp ac inbjhrnho mh` tj` pmvj nr lnol( Np mvvjmtr pa dj iawjrp nh pljemhzcmbpztnho rjbpat) plazol nr rpnii miearp =6 vjt bjhp ac pzthasjt( Nh

motnbzipztj) np barpr mr ezbl mr =< vjt bjhp ac pzthasjt( Plj msjtmoj mbtarrmii rjbpatr nr mtazh` =4 vjt bjhp ‒ nc np wmr varrndij pa lmisj plj barp ac tj`pmvj) plmp wazi` ctjj bahrn`jtmdij m``npnahmi tjraztbjr plmp bazi` djtjnhsjrpj` d~ plj dzrnhjrrjr ‒ plzr tj`zbnho pljnt hjj` pa mbbjrr j|pjthmicnhmhbj(

Cnoztj >?7 Barp ac inbjhrnho mh` tj` pmvj

6* 4* 0* 3* <* =6* =4* =0* =3* =<* 46*

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Cnhmhbj

Tjpmni

Apljt

Papmi


=2(3 Vtnatnpnjr

Plj jhmdinho jhsntahejhp vtnatnp~ nh`j| lnolinolpr plj hjj` pa m``tjrrbattzvpnah) vawjt) mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj mh` ijsji ac pm|mpnah(

Cnoztj ><7 Jhmdinho jhsntahejhp vtnatnp~ nh`j|

6 =6 46 26 06 :6 36 ?6 <6 >6 =66

PjijbaeezhnbmpnahrJhsntahejhpmi¦im w

Jevia~ejhp¦im wInbjhrnho¦#¦tjozimpnah

Rjbztnp~Jhcatbnho¦bahptmbpr

_mpjtVatpr¦mh`¦mntvatpr

Rkniij ¦imdaztTam`r

Jmrj¦ac ¦tjonrpjtnho¦imh`Embta‖jbahaenb

Pm|¦m`enhnrptmpnahIjsji ¦ac ¦pm|mpnah

Mbbjrr ¦pa¦cnhmhbjVawjt

Battzvpnah

Msjtmoj




=0( Zomh`m


Zomh`m

Plj nrrzjr plmp emkj ànho dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip mtj battzvpnah) vawjt)tam`r) mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj mh` ijsji ac pm|mpnah(

Cnoztj >>7 Cmbpatr wlnbl emknho dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Vawjt

_mpjt

Tam`r


Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah



Jevia~ejhp¦im wJhsntahejhpmi

¦im w


Pm|¦mènhnrptmpnah

Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj



Rkniij`¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~


Plj rjtsnbjr rjbpat rm~r plmp battzvpnah) ijsji ac pm|mpnah) vawjt) pm|mènhnrptmpnah) tam`r mh` mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj mii emkj ànho dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip(

Cnoztj =667 Cmbpatr wlnbl emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat plj rjtsnbjr rjbpat

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt _mpjt





Ijsji ac pm|mpnahPm| mènhnrptmpnah Mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj

Jhcatbnho bahptmbpr


Rjbztnp~



::

Nh`jj`) jsjt~ rjbpat j|bjvp cnhmhbj rm~r plmp battzvpnah emkjr ànho dzrnhjrrsjt~ `nccnbzip mh` plnr nr mira plj msjtmoj cat mii tjrvah`jhpr(

Cnoztj =6=7 Battzvpnah emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Cnhmhbj

Tjpmni

Apljt

NBP

Papmi ¦rmevij

Plnr nr m `jpjtnatmpnah ctae 466< wljh plj msjtmoj) wlnirp vtjpp~ dm`) wmr mctmbpnah zh`jt plj sjt~ `nccnbzip ijsji( Emhzcmbpztnho) nh vmtpnbzimt) plnhkr plmp

battzvpnah lmr djbaej ezbl watrj(

Cnoztj =647 Battzvpnah em`j dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip nh 466< cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Lapjir¦#¦paztnre

Emhzcmbpztnho

Baeezhnbmpnahr¦#¦NP

Ej`nm ¦#¦VT

Cnhmhbj¦#¦nhrztmhbj

Motnbzipztj

Rjtsnbjr

Papmi¦rmevij

Raztbj7 zhvzdinrlj` `mpm ompljtj` cat Ntwnh) @ ,466<.) ’Dzrnhjrr Ijm`jt Vjtbjvpnahr ac pljNhsjrpejhp Binempj nh Jmrp Mctnbm―) Ntwnh Otm~rah Mrrabnmpjr # Rpjmèmh

Vawjt emkjr ànho dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip cat rjtsnbjr) emhzcmbpztnho mh`NBP(

Cnoztj =627 Vawjt emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

MotnbzipztjCnhmhbj

Tjpmni

Apljt

NBP

Papmi ¦rmevij

Plnr nr mira m `jpjtnatmpnah ctae 466< wljh vawjt mira lm` mh msjtmoj plmpwmr gzrp djiaw sjt~ `nccnbzip jsjh plazol rjsjtmi rjbpatr rmn` plmp np em`jànho dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip(




Cnoztj =607 Vawjt em`j dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip nh 466< cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Lapjir ¦#¦paztnre

Emhzcmbpztnho

Baeezhnbmpnahr¦#

¦NP

Ej`nm¦#¦VT


Motnbzipztj

Rjtsnbjr

Papmi ¦rmevij


Tam`r mira emkj `anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ `nccnbzip ‒ cat emhzcmbpztnho) rjtsnbj)apljt mh` cnhmhbj(

Cnoztj =6:7 Tam`r emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat‣

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Cnhmhbj

Tjpmni

Apljt

NBP

Papmi ¦rmevij

Momnh) plnr nr m `jpjtnatmpnah baevmtj` pa 466<

Cnoztj =637 Tam`r em`j dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip nh 466< cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Lapjir¦#¦paztnre

Emhzcmbpztnho


Ej`nm¦#¦VT


Motnbzipztj

Rjtsnbjr

Papmi ¦rmevij


Pljtj nr smtnmpnah d~ iabmpnah cat nh`nsn`zmi cmbpatr dzp ha iabmpnah rpmh`r azpmr djnho ezbl watrj ‒ at ezbl djppjt ‒ mr m vimbj pa `a dzrnhjrr( Gnhgm) catj|mevij) rjjer pa dj plj watrp vimbj cat vatpr # mntvatpr mh` tam`r dzp pljdjrp cat wmpjt mh` pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr( Jhpjddj rjjer pa dj plj watrp catbattzvpnah dzp plj djrp cat rjbztnp~(



:?

Cnoztj =6?7 tjsnjw ac vtadijer d~ iabmpnah

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt_mpjtTam`r




Jhsntahejhpmi¦imwIjsji¦ac ¦pm|mpnah


Jhcatbnho¦bahptmbprJmrj¦

ac ¦

tjonrpjtnho¦

imh`


Kmevmim Jhpjddj Gnhgm

Rnenimti~) wlnirp pljtj nr smtnmpnah wnpl dzrnhjrr rnj nh plj cmbpatr plmp bmzrjplj earp vtadijer) np rjjer plmp ha rnj dmh` rpmh`r azp mr rzccjtnho eatj

plmh plj apljtr( Np nr vjtlmvr watpl hapnho) lawjsjt) plmp np nr dzrnhjrrjrjevia~nho =%40 plmp lmsj plj dnoojrp vtadijer wnpl mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj(Rinolpi~ bztnazri~) np rjjer plmp np nr dzrnhjrrjr jevia~nho :6%>> wla lmsj pljdnoojrp vtadijer wnpl battzvpnah mh` plmp tam`r) wmpjt mh` vawjt mtj hapdno nrrzjr( Plnr nr miearp bjtpmnhi~ `zj pa plj tjimpnsji~ remii hzedjt acdzrnhjrrjr nh plnr rnj dmh` nh plj rmevij mh` vtadmdi~ ejmhr plmp plj tjrziprcat plnr rnj dmh` rlazi` dj nohatj`(



:< Dzrnhjrr ijm`jt vjtbjvpnahr ac plj nhsjrpejhp binempj nh Jmrp Mctnbm 466>!=6

Cnoztj =6<7 Tjsnjw ac vtadijer d~ dzrnhjrr rnj

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt

_mpjt

Tam`r


Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah



Jevia~ejhp¦im w



Pm|¦m`enhnrptmpnah

Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj



Rkniij`¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~

=‖> =6‖40 4:‖0> :6‖>> =66+

Jsjt~ dzrnhjrr rnj rm~r plmp battzvpnah emkjr anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip(

Cnoztj =6>7 Battzvpnah emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

=‖>=6‖404:‖0>:6‖>>

=66+

Tam`r emkj anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip cat mii dzrnhjrrjr ,j|bjvp plarjjevia~nho :6%>>.(

Cnoztj ==67 Tam`r emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

=‖>=6‖404:‖0>:6‖>>

=66+

Vawjt mira emkjr anho dzrnhjrr sjt~ nccnbzip cat mii dzrnhjrrjr ,j|bjvp plarjjevia~nho :6%>>.(



:>

Cnoztj ===7 Vawjt emkjr dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

=‖>=6‖404:‖0>:6‖>>

=66+

Dzrnhjrrjr wla mtj hap ejedjtr ac m DEA ojhjtmii~ cnh` jsjt~ nrrzj eatjvtadijempnb plmh plarj wla mtj ejedjtr( Plnr bazi` dj watpl j|viatnhocztpljt rnhbj ahj enolp lmsj j|vjbpj` plj avvarnpj tjrzip) mr nh Pmhmhnm catj|mevij) wnpl dzrnhjrrjr baevimnhnho eatj ganhnho m DEA nh at`jt pa iadd~ cat blmhoj nh vzdinb vainb~(

Cnoztj ==47 Tjsnjw d~ ejedjtrlnv ac DEA

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6 2(: 0(6

Vawjt_mpjtTam`r




Jevia~ejhp¦im wJhsntahejhpmi¦im w


Mbbjrr ¦pa¦cnhmhbj





Earp dzrnhjrrjr plnhk plmp pltjj ha%pmtncc dmttnjtr mtj nevatpmhp

Cnoztj ==27 Nevatpmhbj ac hah%pmtncc dmttnjtr

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6*

Bzrpaer ¦vtabj`ztjrNeenotmpnah

Vainbj¦tam`diabkr_jnoldtn`oj¦rpmpnahr

]zminp~¦#¦j|vatp¦bjtpr




Nh ojhjtmi) lawjsjt) hahj ac plj hah%pmtncc dmttnjtr wjtj rjjh mr emknhodzrnhjrr jrvjbnmii~ nccnbzip( Earp tjrvah`jhpr plazolp plmp plj~ wjtj hap mvtadije mp mii at bazi` dj nevtasj`(

Cnoztj ==07 @nccjtnho vjtbjvpnahr ac law HPDr emkj dzrnhjrr `nccnbzip

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Bzrpaer¦vtabj`ztjr


Vainbj¦tam`diabkr





Pljtj nr bahrn`jtmdij smtnmpnah mbtarr cmbpatr nh plj wm~ plmp oasjthejhp nrvjtbjnsj`( Nh raej bmrjr) oasjthejhp nr rjj pa dj emknho m tjmi jccatp) rzblmr wmpjt) pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr mh` rjbztnp~( Battzvpnah rpmh`r azp mr plj nrrzjwljtj oasjthejhp nr rjjh pa dj emknho plj vtadije watrj) plazol pljtj nrmira m vjtbjvpnah plmp np nr emknho nhrzccnbnjhp jccatp pa nevtasj plj mdninp~ pajhcatbj bahptmbpr(

Cnoztj ==:7 Oasjthejhp vjtcatemhbj nh m``tjrrnho kj~ cmbpatr

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Vawjt

_mpjt

Tam`r


Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah



Jevia~ejhp¦im w


Ijsji ¦ac ¦pm|mpnahPm|

¦m`enhnrptmpnah

Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj



Rkniij` ¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~



Plj nrrzj plmp nr earp inkji~ pa jpjt tjrvah`jhpr ctae emknho cztpljtnhsjrpejhp nr battzvpnah( Rjbztnp~) pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr mh` jsjh mbbjrr parkniij` imdazt mtj rjjh varnpnsji~(



3=

Cnoztj ==37 Cmbpatr wlnbl mccjbp nhsjrpejhp `jbnrnahr

6* =6* 46* 26* 06* :6* 36* ?6* <6* >6* =66*

Vawjt_mpjt

Tam`r


Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr

Battzvpnah


Inbjhrnho ¦#¦tjozimpnahJevia~ejhp¦imw

Jhsntahejhpmi¦imw


Mbbjrr¦pa¦cnhmhbj



Rkniij`¦imdazt

Rjbztnp~


Jsjt~ rjbpat tjvatpr plmp battzvpnah wazi` `jpjt battzvpnah) wnpl jsjt~ tjrvah`jhp nh plj NBP rjbpat rm~nho plnr(

Cnoztj ==?7 Battzvpnah wazi` `jpjt nhsjrpejhp(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Cnhmhbj

Tjpmni

Apljt

NBP

Papmi¦rmevij

Plnr nr m `jpjtnatmpnah nh plj asjtmii snjw rnhbj 466< plazol pljtj nr m rinolpnevtasjejhp nh plj snjw ac plj motnbzipztmi rjbpat( Plj snjw ac emhzcmbpztnho)lawjsjt) lmr djbaej ezbl eatj oiaae~(

Cnoztj ==<7 Battzvpnah `jpjttj` nhsjrpejhp nh 466< cat‣

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6

Lapjir ¦#¦paztnre

Emhzcmbpztnho


Ej`nm¦#¦VT


Motnbzipztj

Rjtsnbjr

Papmi ¦rmevij


Earp rjbpatr rm~ plmp tam`r wazi` mira `jpjt nhsjrpejhp(




Cnoztj ==>7 Tam`r wazi` `jpjt nhsjrpejhp(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

MotnbzipztjCnhmhbj

Tjpmni

Apljt

NBP

Papmi¦rmevij

Plnr mira rlawr raej jpjtnatmpnah rnhbj 466<(

Cnoztj =467 Tam`r `jpjttj` nhsjrpejhp nh 466< cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6

Lapjir¦#¦paztnre

Emhzcmbpztnho

Baeezhnbmpnahr ¦#¦NP

Ej`nm¦#¦VT


Motnbzipztj

Rjtsnbjr

Papmi¦rmevij


Plj jmrj ac jhcatbnho bahptmbpr nr rjjh d~ earp rjbpatr mr m `jpjttjhp pa

nhsjrpejhp

Cnoztj =4=7 Jmrj ac jhcatbnho bahptmbpr `jpjtr nhsjrpejhp cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Cnhmhbj

Tjpmni

Apljt

NBP

Papmi ¦rmevij

Mh` ra nr plj jmrj ac tjonrpjtnho imh`) plazol plj asjtmii msjtmoj nr plmp plnrnr gzrp hjnpljt mh nhbjhpnsj hap m `jpjttjhp(



32

Cnoztj =447 Jmrj ac tjonrpjtnho imh` `jpjtr nhsjrpejhp cat(((

=(6 =(: 4(6 4(: 2(6

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

MotnbzipztjCnhmhbj

Tjpmni

Apljt

NBP

Papmi ¦rmevij


Plj barp ac inbjhrnho mh` tj` pmvj nr lnol cat mii rjbpatr( Np nr iawjrp nh pljcnhmhbj rjbpat) plazol nr rpnii asjt =6 vjt bjhp ac pzthasjt( Nh rjtsnbj np barpr

eatj plmh 46 vjt bjhp ac pzthasjt( Mr nh plj apljt bazhptnjr ac Jmrp Mctnbm)tj`zbnho plj barp ac inbjhrnho mh` tj` pmvj bazi` emkj m rnohncnbmhp`nccjtjhbj pa plj msmnimdninp~ ac tjraztbjr plmp dzrnhjrrjr bazi` jsapj paotawnho pljnt dzrnhjrr

Cnoztj =427 Barp ac inbjhrnho mh` tj` pmvj

6* :* =6* =:* 46* 4:*

Emhzcmbpztnho

Rjtsnbjr

Motnbzipztj

Cnhmhbj

Tjpmni

Apljt

Papmi


=0(3 Vtnatnpnjr

Plj jhmdinho jhsntahejhp vtnatnp~ nh`j| rlawr plmp plj nrrzjr ah wlnblZomh`m rlazi` bahbjhptmpj mtj battzvpnah) tam`r) mbbjrr pa cnhmhbj) ijsji acpm|mpnah mh` vawjt(

Cnoztj =407 Jhmdinho jhsntahejhp vtnatnp~ nh`j|

6 =6 46 26 06 :6 36 ?6 <6 >6 =66

Rjbztnp~Jhsntahejhpmi¦im w

Pjijbaeezhnbmpnahr_mpjt

Jevia~ejhp¦im wRkniij ¦imdazt

Inbjhrnho¦#¦tjozimpnahVatpr¦mh`¦mntvatpr

Jmrj¦ac ¦tjonrpjtnho¦imh`Jhcatbnho¦bahptmbprPm|¦m`enhnrptmpnah

Embta‖jbahaenbVawjt

Ijsji ¦ac ¦pm|mpnahMbbjrr ¦pa¦cnhmhbj

Tam`rBattzvpnah

Msjtmoj



=:( Bahbizrnah

Mtpnbij ? ,m. ac plj JMB Ptjmp~ rptjrrjr m vtnhbnvij ac plj Baeezhnp~ mr’vjavij bjhptj` mh` emtkjp `tnsjh― mh` vimbjr plj vtnsmpj rjbpat mp plj ljmtpac npr rptmpjo~ cat mbbjijtmpnho tjonahmi otawpl) btjmpnho wjmipl mh` tj`zbnhovasjtp~( Plj Bazhbni ac Enhnrpjtr lmr haw nhrptzbpj` plj Rjbtjpmtnmp pa

avjtmpnahminrj mtpnbij =4? ,0. pltazol btjmpnho m dtam` catze pa nevtasjbahrzipmpnah wnpl plj vtnsmpj rjbpat) bnsni rabnjp~ mh` apljt nhpjtjrp otazvr(JMDB wjibaejr plnr nhnpnmpnsj mh` djinjsjr plmp plj nrrzjr n`jhpncnj` nh plnrrztsj~ bmh vtasn`j mh mojh`m cat jmti~ `nmiaozj(

Emh~ ac plj nrrzjr tjsnjwj` mvvjmt pa tj`zbj plj inkjinlaa` ac vtnsmpj rjbpatnhsjrpejhp( Np nr nevatpmhp plmp JMB oasjthejhpr mtj rjjh pa m``tjrr pljrjnrrzjr nc plj~ mtj pa mpptmbp hjw nhsjrpatr mh` jhbaztmoj j|vmhrnah ac j|nrpnhonhsjrpejhpr( Nh vmtpnbzimt) jccatp rlazi` dj vzp pawmt`r m``tjrrnhonhctmrptzbpztj hjj`r rzbl mr vawjt mh` pjijbaeezhnbmpnah mr plj~ bahptndzpjpa plj tjonah„r imbk ac baevjpnpnsjhjrr(

JMB oasjthejhpr hjj` pa dj rjjh pa m``tjrr plj nrrzj ac battzvpnah) vjtlmvr

pltazol bimevnho àwh ah plarj nhsaisj` nh battzvp vtmbpnbjr dj plj~ ctaevzdinb at vtnsmpj rjbpat( Nevtasnho plj vtasnrnah ac tjozimpnah mh` inbjhrnhownii mira bahptndzpj pa tj`zbnho battzvpnah mr np nr acpjh nhjccnbnjhp r~rpjer plmpvtasn`j plj avvatpzhnp~ cat tjhp rjjknho( Nevtasnho ptmhrvmtjhb~ nh pm|mpnahijsjir mh` pm| mènhnrptmpnah wazi` mira rjtsj pa tj`zbj avvatpzhnpnjr catbattzvp vtmbpnbjr(

_lnirp earp dzrnhjrrjr wjtj hap paa bahbjthj` mdazp HPDr) plj~ à lmsj mrnohncnbmhp khabk%ah jccjbp mh` emh~ bazi` dj jinenhmpj` at jmrj` mp inppijbarp mh` wnpl m lnol tjpzth( JMDB m`sabmpjr plj HPD eahnpatnho ejblmhnrenr em`j eatj jccjbpnsj pltazol nhrpnpzpnahminrnho np wnplnh plj JMB Rjbtjpmtnmpmh` jhrztnho tjozimt ejjpnhor ac plj Hmpnahmi mh` Tjonahmi EahnpatnhoBaeenppjjr(

Mr JMB oasjthejhpr bahpnhzj wnpl jccatpr pa nevtasj plj nhsjrpejhp binempj)np rlazi` dj tjejedjtj` plmp plj vtnsmpj rjbpat rjjkr vtj`nbpmdninp~ ac vainb~(JMDB tjbaeejh`r plmp tjozimt bahrzipmpnah nr emnhpmnhj` pa jhrztj hap ahi~ plmp plj vtnsmpj rjbpat nr ah damt` wnpl plj jccatpr dzp mira plmp `memonhonevmbpr) vjtlmvr hap catjrjjh d~ vainb~ emkjtr) mtj msan`j`( JMDB pljtjcatjbmiir ah plj JMB) mh` ejedjt oasjthejhpr) pa vzp nh vimbj ejblmhnrer pajhrztj m`j}zmpj bahrzipmpnah nh m`smhbj ac mii vainb~ blmhojr inkji~ pa nevmbpah plj vtnsmpj rjbpat(

business leader perceptions of the enabling environment in the east african community 2010

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