business ethics. concept of attitude are pre-conceived evaluative feelings of people about objects,...
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Business Ethics
Concept of Attitude Are pre-conceived evaluative feelings of people about
objects, people or events
Express either favourable or unfavourable feeling about something
Express one’s way of thinking
They are found from childhood learning experiences and one’s value system
Wrong Attitudes and Unethical behaviour
To achieve success in life, one has to be manipulative and calculative
Envy, Jealousy and competition is normal and necessarily exists if an organization wants to succeed
It is difficult to get ahead in life without cutting corners here and there
There is nothing wrong in taking credit for something I have not done in the organization if it furthers my cause
Right Attitudes and Ethical behaviour
One should take action when one is sure that it is ethically correct
I have no right to use my colleagues to further my career
Promotions are earned through hardwork, perseverance and fair play
Most people are basically good and can be trusted
To me means are important as ends since it is impossible to achieve ethical goals with unethical means
Norms
Expectations of proper behaviour, not requirements
Are ways an individual expects all people to act when faced with a given situation
They are neither logically consistent nor universally applied
Beliefs and Ethical behaviour
Beliefs are ideas or principles that people hold dear and give ordinance to
Beliefs are the foundation of one’s value system
They are standards of thought
They are the ways in which an individual expects people to think about given concepts
Moral Standards
Deal with matters that we think are of serious consequence
Are not established or changed by decision of particular authoritative bodies
Overrides self interest
Are based on impartial considerations
Character-Behaviour Matrix
B – StrongC – Weak
Strategic Man
B – WeakC – Weak
Avoid and Discard
B – StrongC – Strong
Desired Mix
B – WeakC – Strong
Needs correction
S
S
W
W
Behaviour
Character
Value and Ethics
Edward Spranger defines the values “as the constellation of likes, dislikes, view points, inner inclinations, rational and irrational judgements, prejudices and association patterns that determines a persons view of the world.
They are deeply embedded in people’s sub consious and manifest themselves in their behaviour
A Value is a sustained and assimilated mode of acting, thinking or merely being
Values and Ethics
Values
Shape
Beliefs
Attitudes
Perception
Behaviour
Value and Ethics : People ValuesRom Lebow, former director of marketing at Microsoft and William L Simon offer an important set of values for a successful organization
Treat others with uncompromising truth Trust your associates Mentor unselfishly Be receptive to new ideas Give credit where due Take risks for the good of the organization Be honest in all dealings Put the interests of others before your own social
conscience Responsibility Accountability
Value and Ethics : Business Values
Quotes of management thinker of international repute, Dr. M. B. Athreya (“Business values for the 21st century”):
Righteousness (Dharma)
Public Good (Loka Sangraha)
Efficacy (Kausalam)
Innovation (Vividhata)
Learning (Jigyasa)
Dharmayudh
Overview of Ethical Value SystemSystem of Universalism
This theory is based on the duties or obligations of an individual in society
It states that the moral worth of an action of an individual should be judge by his intentions and not by the outcome of his action
The underlying philosophy is that good intentions would always result in good outcome, ultimately, if not immediately
Actions performed under it are in accordance with categorical imperative and therefore morally correct
Overview of Ethical Value System
System of Utilitarianism
This approach is concerned not with the act but the consequence of the act
Aims at creating the greatest degree of benefit for the largest number of people while incurring the least amount of harm possible
Main difficulty in Accurately measuring costs and benefits
Overview of Ethical Value System
System of Distributive justice
All rules and laws must be just
Emphasis on equal distribution of burden and benefits
Moral value action can be determined by the degree of cooperation it generates within the members of our society
Overview of Ethical Value System
Individual Freedom of Choice
All individuals must be allowed to make choices among alternatives leading to their own welfare
These choices must be within law
Overview of Ethical Value System
Legal System& professional Codes
Moral worth of an action can be determined through Legal System
Professional codes are value-based norms of desired behavior within a particular profession
Parent-Adult-Child Ego State
Parent
(A taught concept of life) Adult
(A thought concept of life)
Child
(A felt concept of life)
The 4 – Life Positions – Thomas A. Harris
Life Position 1 – “I AM NOT OK – YOU ARE OK”
Persons feel inferior to others in some way while the rest of the world is alright
He is focused only on getting others to like and appreciate him
The 4 – Life Positions – Thomas A. Harris
Life Position 2 - “I AM NOT OK – YOU ARE NOT OK”
Person concludes that there is something wrong with both – himself and world
He views everything negatively and with suspicion
The 4 – Life Positions – Thomas A. Harris
Life Position 3 - “I AM OK – YOU ARE NOT OK”
A person with this life position is always convinced that he is ok no matter whatever he does and total fault in every situation lies in others
This is a potentially criminal position
The 4 – Life Positions – Thomas A. Harris
Life Position 4 - “I AM OK – YOU ARE ALSO OK”
Persons accepts himself and the world as alright
Person with this life position is always in harmony and peace with himself and world
Culture and Ethics
Social Contract Theory : Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau
Collection of Socialism Theory : Plato and Aristotle
Organic Theory : Leslie Stephen and Herbert Spencer
Idealistic or Group Mind Theory : Plato
Similarity of ethical Values in Different Cultures
It is unethical to cause harm too society in pursuit o one’s happiness
Every person has a responsibility towards the welfare of the society
A man is indebted to society
Principle of fairness
Principle of Integrity and Honesty
Principle of human Dignity
Thank You