business dynamics of globally engaged firms

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Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms FESAC June 9, 2017 1 Disclaimer Any opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Census Bureau. All results have been reviewed to ensure that no confidential information is disclosed. Fariha Kamal U.S. Census Bureau J. Bradford Jensen Georgetown University and U.S. Census Bureau

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Page 1: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

FESACJune 9, 2017

1

DisclaimerAny opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of 

the U.S. Census Bureau. All results have been reviewed to ensure that no confidential information is disclosed. 

Fariha KamalU.S. Census Bureau

J. Bradford JensenGeorgetown University and U.S. Census Bureau

Page 2: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Business Dynamics Statistics

2

Source: Haltiwanger, Jarmin, Miranda (2013)

Page 3: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Business Dynamics Statistics: Background

• BDS (https://www.census.gov/ces/dataproducts/bds/)– Provides annual measures of business dynamics (such as job creation and destruction, establishment births and deaths, and firm startups and shutdowns) for the economy and aggregated by establishment and firm characteristics. 

• Joint project between Research & Methodology and Economic Programs– Currently available: 1976‐2014 

• Selected research output– Decker, Haltiwanger, Miranda (2014; 2016); Haltiwanger, Jarmin, Miranda (2013); Fort, Haltiwanger, Jarmin, Miranda (2013)

3

Page 4: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Broad Motivating Questions

• Outsized role of globally engaged firms in the U.S. economy • Bernard, Jensen, Redding Schott (2007; 2016), Bernard, Jensen, Schott (2009), 

Antràs & Yeaple (2014)

• Labor market consequences of globalization• Import competition: Autor, Dorn, Hanson (2013), Pierce & Schott (2016), 

Bernard, Jensen, Schott (2006)

• Offshoring: Harrison & McMillan (2011); Hummels, Jorgensen, Munch, Xiang (2014), Hummels, Munch, Xiang (2016), Mion & Zhu (2013), Panadalai‐Nayar, Boehm, Flaaen (2016), Kamal and Lovely (2017)

4

Page 5: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Business Dynamics Statistics of Globally Engaged Firms

• BDS‐Exporting Firms– Export merchandise transactions‐firm linked microdata (LFTTD)

• BDS‐Importing Firms– Import merchandise transactions‐firm linked microdata (LFTTD)

• BDS‐Multinational Firms– Identify multinational firms using BEA surveys (Multinational Crosswalk)

5

Page 6: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

The Business Dynamics Statistics of U.S. Goods Trading Firms

• Microdata links • Confidential linked firm‐trade transactions microdata (LFTTD)

• Improve upon previous research output (Bernard, Jensen, Schott, 2009)

• Data outputs • LFTTD: Accessible through the U.S. Federal Statistical Research Data Center network (currently available: 1992‐2014)

• Planned public use BDS of U.S. Trading Firms• Tabulations• Visualizations

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Page 7: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Merchandise Trade Transaction‐Firm Match

7

LFTTD

Import and Non‐Canadian Export Transactions Business 

Register

NameCanadian Export Transactions

EIN

LFTTDLongitudinal Business Database

BDS of Trading Firms

After various aggregations

Firm ID

Page 8: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

MNC‐Firm Match

8

Multinational Crosswalk

BE‐10/BE‐11

Business Register

EIN, Name, Address

BE‐12/BE‐15

Multinational Crosswalk

Longitudinal Business Database

BDS of Multinationals

After various aggregations

Firm ID

Page 9: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

9

Proposed Statistics: Proposed Tables:Counts (total, entrants, exiters) Economy‐wide

• Firms• Establishments • Employment

Firm ageFirm sizeSectorState

Job creation • Births• Incumbents

Job destruction• Deaths• Incumbents

By Exporter, Importer, Multinational

Page 10: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Selected Statistics for Goods Exporters

All calculations based on beta version; Revisions expected.

Page 11: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Share of Firms and EmploymentAverage 2001‐2011

11

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

Exporter Non ExporterFirms Employment

Page 12: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Share of Exporting FirmsBy Firm Size, Average 1992‐2011

12

0.01 0.02 0.040.07

0.12

0.18

0.25

0.34

0.43

0.55

0.62

0.71

0.03

2001 ‐ 2011

Page 13: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Percent of Exporting EstablishmentsBy SIC, Average 2001‐2011

13

0.006

0.034

0.005

0.187

0.036

0.167

0.0150.008 0.010

0.000

0.020

0.040

0.060

0.080

0.100

0.120

0.140

0.160

0.180

0.200

Page 14: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Gross Job Creation and DestructionBy Exporting Status and Firm Age, Average 2001‐2011

14

Job Creation Rate Job Destruction Rate

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

b) 1 c) 2 d) 3 e) 4 f) 5 g) 6 to10

h) 11to 15

i) 16 to20

j) 21 to25

k) 26+ l) Pre1976

Exporter Non Exporter

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

b) 1 c) 2 d) 3 e) 4 f) 5 g) 6 to10

h) 11to 15

i) 16to 20

j) 21to 25

k) 26+ l) Pre1976

Exporter Non Exporter

Page 15: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

15

Net Job CreationBy Exporting Status, Manufacturing

Page 16: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Important Challenges• Representativeness

– Unmatched transactions– Improve coverage of low‐value merchandise traders

• Identification of all traders– Trade in services

Page 17: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Composition of U.S. Labor Force, 2012

Business Services24%

Personal Services27%

Wholesale trade4%

Retail trade11%

Transportation and warehousing3%

Government16%

Manufacturing8%

Construction4%

Mining1%

Utilities0% Agriculture

2%

Source: 2012 Economic Census and Census of Governments

Page 18: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Service Sector: Overview

• Service sector historically relatively poorly measured– Historically under‐classified– No measure of capital stock– No measure similar to production/non‐production workers

Page 19: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Construction5%

Wholesale trade5%

Retail trade12%

Transportation and warehousing

3%

Federal Government2%

State and Local Government12%

Utilities0% Mining & Ag.

1%

Manufacturing10%

Business Services25%

Personal Services25%

Source: 2007 Economic Census, Census of Governments and 2006 Occupational Employment Survey

470 6‐digit NAICS codes28,000 workers/industry

FY 2009 $17.8M$60/establishment

Capital and skill measuresat establishment level

10,000 HS categories

$38M at Census$10M at DHS

47 Services categories

$14M at BEA

325 6‐digit NAICS Codes208,000 workers/industry

FY 2009 $39.9M$9/establishment

No measures of inputs at establishment level 

Page 20: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Trade in Services: Coverage• Service sector trade relatively poorly measured

– 10,000 HS codes vs. 47 service trade categories – Administrative system (transaction) vs. survey collection (firm)– Higher exemption levels 

• Cut‐off for goods transactions: $2,500• Cut‐off for trade in services reporting: If total transactions in any of the categories exceeded $2 million for receipts or $1 million for payments, the U.S. person is required to provide detailed information by type of service and by country.   

Page 21: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Trade in Services: Collection System

• Multiple collection systems for services trade data– BEA Trade in Services (2006 – on‐going)

• Firm level, measure of service activity traded, imports and exports

– Economic Census (1992 – on‐going)• Select industries, establishment level, industry exporting, no imports

– Company Organization Survey (2006)• Enterprise level exporting and importing

Page 22: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Trade in Services: Collaborative Efforts• Joint BEA‐Census project to investigate feasibility of combining various measures of services trade to incorporate in BDS‐ExportingFirms and BDS‐Importing Firms– BEA trade in services surveys 2007– Economic Census 2007– Company Organization Survey (2006 special supplement)

Page 23: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Trade in Services: Suggestions• Collect capital data for service industries at establishment level in Economic Census

• Collect exempt/non‐exempt break‐outs of employment at establishment level in Economic Census

• Collect imports and exports of services at establishment level across all industries in Economic Census

• Explore expanded coordination between BEA and Census on trade in services collection

Page 24: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Representativeness

• Unmatched transactions– Probabilistic matching methods being explored

• Coverage of “Small” Traders– Low value transactions are not covered in customs records

• Potential collaborators: Small package courier companies (e.g. FedEX, UPS)• Variables to be collected: mailing addresses (domestic and foreign)

Page 25: Business Dynamics of Globally Engaged Firms

Questions for FESAC• How to improve representativeness?

– Unmatched transactions– Improve coverage of low‐value merchandise traders

• How to improve identification of all traders?– Using existing trade in services data– Future trade in services data collection efforts