business application of computer2

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Business Application of

Computer


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Computer

COMPUTER TERM

REPORT

PRESENTED TO:

SIR ZEESHAN AHMER

PRESENTED BY:

MADEEHA JAVAID ROLL #036

MAHEEN SALEEM ROLL #013

M. KASHIF EJAZ ROLL #003

M.ADNAN AHMAD ROLL #016

MARIA AWAIS ROLL #019

ANAM ANWAR ROLL #035


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Computer

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all we want to thanks Allah Almighty for giving us

strength to complete this project. We feel great pleasure in expressing our

deep sense of Gratitude to our learned supervisor,SIR ZEESHAN

AHMER for taking interest at every step in this project. We highly

appreciate his guidance and suggestions with exceptional professional

expertise to complete our project with inspiring encouragement and

criticism.

How can we forget our class fellows and staff of IBA who

provided us support and encouraged us morally throughout this period.

Last but not the least we want to thanks our parents for praying for us and

through their prayers we were able to complete our project.


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Computer

Defining Computer:- ................................................................. 7Working of Computer: ............................................................................... 7

Business Applications of Computer .........................................7

DATA BASE MANASEMENT ................................................ 8The key to information:- ............................................................................. 8

Data processing: ......................................................................................... 8

ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING:- ................................................... 8

Data processing as a business need ............................................................ 9

Number of transactions ............................................................................... 9

Cost............................................................................................................. 9

Accuracy .....................................................................................................9

Speed ........................................................................................................10

The pace of modern business necessities the fat flow of data. Decision

must often be made on short notice, or immediately following a

transaction. For example, the stock market and import export industryrely heavily on prompt data processing. The computer can process data

at speed unequaled by other means. Because data can be a computer in

billionths of second, complete reports can be printed out in a matter of

minutes.................................................................................................. 10

Selectivity .................................................................................................10

Information ..............................................................................................10

Record keeping .........................................................................................11

Service .....................................................................................................11

Mechanization .......................................................................................... 11

Business application packages .................................................................11

Accounts And General Ledger .................................................................12

Payroll And Labor Analysis .....................................................................12

Tax Planning .............................................................................................12

Business and the computer .......................................................................12

Point Of Sale .............................................................................................12

Banking And Finance: ............................................................ 13Electronic Banking ...................................................................................14

An automatic teller machine (ATM) that accepts a bank card and has a

magnetic strip. The keyboard allows a customer to choose from a

variety of banking functions and to enter specific dollar amounts and

a confidential personal identification number [PIN], which ensuresagainst unauthorized access to any account.today, more than 3000

financial institutions, mostly banks, have installed over 27,000 of

these remote terminals, from which customers can make withdrawals

or deposits in airports, grocery stores, or on the customers can make

withdrawals or deposits in airports, grocery stores, or on the street,

24 hours a day.On the money side of the commercial network,

computers are not only increasingly convenient, but increasingly

necessary. Automatic teller machines (ATMs), which provide basic

banking services at diverse locations, and electronic funds transfer

(EFT) systems, which allow even wider computer application in

financial transactions, may well be the start of the cashless society, avision of the future that has begun to seem more realistic, in which

C

ONTENTS


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Computer

plastic cards with magnetic strips or even micro-circuitry will

replace moj20yr Credit cards were in the vanguard of the cashless

society, and the bank cards that are fed into automatic teller

machines are the current stage in the evolution toward a time when

all financial dealings are handled by electronic funds transfer (EFT).

...........................................................................................................14SMART CARD ........................................................................................ 14

A smart card contains a microprocessor and memory embedded in the

lower right hand corner. Similar cards can be used for banking,

shopping and even making telephone calls from specially designed

card phones .......................................................................................14

Insurance...................................................................................................15

Virtual Banking ........................................................................................15

Telephone Banking: ..................................................................................16

Online Banking: .......................................................................................16

Advantages of online Banking ................................................................. 16

Automated Teller Machine (ATM): .........................................................17Mail Banking: ...........................................................................................18

Mobile Banking: .......................................................................................18

Electronic Commerce:- ..........................................................19Success Factors: ........................................................................................20

Technical and Organizational Aspects: ....................................................20

Internet Marketing ..................................................................21Business Models: ......................................................................................22

Advantages: ..............................................................................................22

Immediate results: ..................................................................................23

Effects on Industries: ................................................................................23

Electronic-Accounting .............................................................24Advantages: ..............................................................................................24

Online Accounting: .................................................................................. 25

Accounting Software: ...............................................................................26

Barcode Reader ....................................................................... 26Barcode: ...................................................................................................26

2D Barcodes: ............................................................................................26

Barcode Reader: ....................................................................................... 27

Types of Technology: ...............................................................................27

Pen Type Readers: ...................................................................................27Laser Scanners: .........................................................................................27

Business Software ....................................................................28Types of Business Software Tools: ..........................................................28

Computer Aided Design: ..........................................................................29

Computer Aided Manufacturing: .............................................................30

Project Management Software: ................................................................ 30

Accounting Software: ...............................................................................31

The Supercomputers Role .....................................................31Image processing .....................................................................................31

Oil Exploration And Recovery ................................................................32The Weather ............................................................................................. 33


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Computer

In 1948, a group of meteorologists from around the world took residence

in Princeton in order to gain access to von Neumanns IAS

computer. They were interested in numerical weather prediction, the

computer simulation of the weather based on the mathematical

model of the atmospheres motion. The economic value of timely

and accurate weather forecasts is incalculable for agriculture (indeciding when to plant, harvest, apply chemicals, cut the hay etc,)

the oil industry (in deciding how much heating oil or gasoline to

refine), commercial airlines, and a host of other endeavors in which

weather is a factor, from satellite launches to ski resorts. Although

receiving less attention than fusion energy research of high tech

Defense systems, attempts to compute weather forecasts have been

one of the driving forces behind the development of more powerful

supercomputers................................................................................. 33

COMPUTERS ROLE IN FUTURE:- .................................. 34

THE Next Twenty Years ..........................................................................35Vision And Advanced Robotics: ..............................................................35

The Fifth Generation: ..............................................................................35

CONCLUSION: ....................................................................................... 36

The present era is of unlimited progress and growth. Computers are the

first and fore most need in this regard. Computer specialization has

made every field of life not only easy but comfortable and interesting

also. And one of our greatest ease is application of computers in our

businesses with latest versions to let business run half on its own. . 36

REFRENCES ........................................................................................... 37

www.wikipedia.com .................................................................................37

www.goole.com ........................................................................................37www.ultavista.com ...................................................................................37

www.gmail.com ....................................................................................... 37

www.yahoo.com .......................................................................................37


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Business Application of Computer

Defining Computer:-

The Computer is derived from the word Compute, which

means to calculate. So a computer is normally considered to be acalculating device that can perform arithmetic and logical operations at

a very fast speed.

Working of Computer:

We can store data in a computer and retrieve stored data when we

needed.

We can send messages to different persons through internet

Defense department of country depends heavily on computer.

Computer can play an important role in advancement of science

and technology.

Computers are playing an important role in field of business.

Computer can also be used for entertainment purposes, such as

watching movies and listening to music etc.

Business Applications of Computer

Computer is now being used in number of business fields such as:

Data Base Management

Banking and Finance

Electronic Banking Smart card

Insurance

Virtual Banking E-Business

Internet Marketing

Institute of Business Administration 7


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E-Accounting

Barcode Reader

Point of Sale Technology

Business Soft wares, etc.

DATA BASE MANASEMENT

The key to information:-

Data base is the key to information and is a basic need of

business.

Data processing:

Data processing can be defined as:

The processing of transformation into information. Thus,

data processing consists of any actions which make data

usable and meaningful, i.e., transforms data into

information.

ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING:-

Electric data processing (EDP) is the use of electric

computers to process data automatically. The term

automatic data processing (ADP) is

sometimes used (especially by

government agencies) because of this

automation of data processingfunctions and activities caused by electronic

computers. The term computer application

is also used to describe such use of a



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computer to solve a specific problem or accomplish a data

processing job for a computer user.

Data processing as a business need

Electronic data processing is growing because it is capable

handling a vast amount of data efficiently and accurately.

Following are the demands

faced by business that create this

need.

Number of transactions

The growth in size and number

of business firms naturally

increases the number of"

business transactions. The

computer, with its high speed and capacity, can process

thousands of records or business calculations per minute and with

far greater efficiency than any previous method.

CostCompetitive pressure has made it essential for many

firms to adopt computerized method of data processing. In

the past sales could be written up on the longhand. Orders

filled by hand, and the bills and records of the transactions

prepared by longhand.

However, with a large

number of transactions,

the cost of hand laborprecludes this method.

Accuracy

Another pressure on the

business firm is the



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requirement of strict accuracy in many areas. A business

decision involving millions of dollars may be made based on

a few pieces of data. Calculations themselves must be made

performed accurately. With electronic data processing,

thousands of calculations can be processed with virtually noerrors. The error level in modern computer is about one error

per ten million calculations. No other known device matches

this performance.

Speed

The pace of modern business necessities the fat flow of data.

Decision must often be made on short notice, or immediately following a

transaction. For example, the stock market and import export industryrely heavily on prompt data processing. The computer can process data

at speed unequaled by other

means. Because data can be a

computer in billionths of second,

complete reports can be printed

out in a matter of minutes.

Selectivity

Business people demand

selectivity in the ways data are

reported. The computer can

reorder a collection of data

into many different forms.

One program can list the sales of previous day's activities in

chronological order. With a few modification of the program, the

computer can categorize the same list by type of merchandise sold,

by salesperson, by amount, or by location.

Information

Good decision-making is imperative in business and good

decisions require comprehensive and complete information. This

information must often be related to previous experience. Many



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business managers rely heavily on ratios, cost comparisons, and

time comparisons,

Record keepingThere is growing need to record transactions at the

instant they occur, not hours or days later. Computer can

process and record thousands of transactions as they occur.

Service

As business grow, it is

harder for them to provide:

individualized service customers.

This problem is alleviated, and

sometimes even eliminated, the

aid of high-speed data processing

equipment.

Mechanization

It has been said,

"Machines should work people should

drink." Many business people believethat human resources should be

applied to those tasks for which

humans are uniquely qualified, routine

transactions, calculations, and

machines, thus freeing people for more

creative activities, should do processing of data. Electronic data

processing facilitates such a division of labor.

Business app lication packages

Computerizing a business can greatly reduce

expenditures, but software is necessary to make a system work.

It is largely through the use of business application packages that

businesses time and money.



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Accounts And General Ledger

Computers help companies keep track of money they

owe end money owed to them. Efficient account management ensures

prompt billing and payments. A genera! ledger package uses sales,

profit, loss, and expense data and assembles it into coherent

records and reports.

Payroll And Labor Analysis

Working with such data as pay scales, hours

worked, tax rates, and payroll deductions, payroll analysis

packages produces paychecks, earning statements, and accounting

documents. A labor analysis package can help raise productivity

and lower costs by evaluating a company's workforce.

Tax Planning

Tax planning programs

calculate a company's tax

payments by t ak ing prof it s,

expenses, deductions, and tax

laws into account. They can

prepare the forms and the

appropriate documentation.

Business and the computer

From the factory to the check-out aisle, computers

help move products, money, and ideas throughout the

commercial network. Even the smallest purchase has a

significant impact.

Point Of Sale

POS systems help stores complete sales transactions more

quickly and accurately and reduce overhead costs significantly.



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Banking And Finance:

Aside from basic administrative operations, such as pay roll

and personnel, banks use computers for on-line savings andautomation of check processing by MICR and OCR devices.

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) encoding applications

include cheque writing

and remittance

documents that require

processing through

the banking system,

and OCR Opticalcharacter Recognition

(OCR) is a method of

encoding documents

facilitate intelligent

mail inserting. All of

our intelligent

inserting machines are

capable of using OCR

but our preference is

barcodes due to their

added security

features. OCR coding

has a repeating pattern of 7 whereas barcodes are unique to each

document. Savings accounts are automatically updated when

deposits or withdrawals take place, and interest in compounded

electronically (a source of possible criminal tampering). And one

of the fastest growing applications of computers in banking is the use

of the automatic teller machine (ATM).



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Electronic Banking

An automatic teller machine (ATM) that accepts a bank card and

has a magnetic strip. The keyboard allows a customer to choose

from a variety of banking functions and to enter specific dollar

amounts and a confidential personal identification number [PIN],

which ensures against unauthorized access to any account.today,

more than 3000 financial institutions, mostly banks, have installed

over 27,000 of these remote terminals, from which customers can

make withdrawals or deposits in airports, grocery stores, or on the

customers can make withdrawals or deposits in airports, grocery

stores, or on the street, 24 hours a day.On the money side of the

commercial network, computers are not only increasinglyconvenient, but increasingly necessary. Automatic teller machines

(ATMs), which provide basic banking services at diverse locations,

and electronic funds transfer (EFT) systems, which allow even

wider computer application in financial transactions, may well be

the start of the cashless society, a vision of the future that has

begun to seem more realistic, in which plastic cards with magnetic

strips or even micro-circuitry will replace moj20yr Credit cards

were in the vanguard of the cashless society, and the bank cardsthat are fed into automatic teller machines are the current stage in

the evolution toward a time when all financial dealings are handled

by electronic funds transfer (EFT).

SMART CARD

A smart card contains a microprocessor and memory embedded in

the lower right hand corner. Similar cards can be used for banking,

shopping and even making telephone calls from specially designed card

phones



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Insurance

Insurance companies use computers for figuring out

premiums, billing, investment analysis, policy approval, keeping

track of policyholders'

records, and processing

claims. Computers are

used TO set premium

rates on the basis of

actuarial tables,

statistical analyses of the

risks involved in

insuring various groups(statistics of life

expectancies or

automobile accidents,

for example). The data bases required to store and utilize this

mass of! data efficiently and effectively are necessarily

enormous, and computers have become vital in the insurance

industry.

Virtual Banking

A virtual bank is a bank

with a very small or non existent

branch network. It offers its

financial services by:

Telephone banking

Online banking

Automated teller machines

(often through interbank

networkalliances)

Mail banking

Mobile banking

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_(banking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbank_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbank_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_(banking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbank_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbank_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Banking


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Telephone Banking:

Telephone Banking is a service provided by a financial

institution which allows its customers to perform transactions over the

telephone. Most telephone banking use an automated phone answeringsystem with phone keypad response or voice recognition capability. To

guarantee security, the customer must first authenticate through a numeric or

verbalpassword or through security questions asked by a live representative

(see below). With the obvious exception of cash withdrawals and deposits, it

offers virtually all the features of an

automated teller machine: account

balance information and list of latest

transactions, electronic bill payments,funds transfers between a customer's

accounts, etc.

Online Banking:

Online Banking allows

customers to conduct financial

transactions on a secure website

operated by their retail or virtualbank,

credit union orbuilding society

Advantages of online Banking

Convenience:

Unlike your corner bank, online banking sites never close; they'reavailable 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and they're only a mouse click

away.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_transactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passwordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_bill_paymenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposit_accounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_transactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passwordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_bill_paymenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposit_accounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_society


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Ubiquity:

If you're out of state or even out of the country when a money

problem arises, you can log on instantly to your online bank and take

care of business, 24/7.

Transactionspeed:

Online bank sites generally execute and confirm transactions at or

quicker than ATM processing speeds.

Efficiency:

You can access and manage all of your bank Accounts, including

IRAs, CDs, even securities, from one secure site.

Effectiveness:

Many onl ine banking si tes now offer sophisticated

tools, including account aggregation, stock quotes, rate alerts and

portfolio managing programs to help you manage all of your assets

more effectively.

Automated Teller Machine (ATM):

Automated teller

machine is a computerized

telecommunications device that

provides the customers of a

financial institution with access to

financial transactions in a public

space without the need for a

human clerk or bank teller. Onmost modern ATMs, the

customer is identified by inserting

a plastic ATM card with a

magnetic stripe or a plastic

smartcard with a chip, that

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_transactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_tellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_stripehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartcardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_transactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_tellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_stripehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartcard


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contains a unique card number and some security information, such as an

expiration date or CVC (CVV). Security is provided by the customer

entering apersonal identification number(PIN).

Using an ATM, customers can access their bank accounts inorder to make cash withdrawals (or credit card cash advances) and check

their account balances. ATMs are known by various casual terms including

automated banking machine, money machine, cash machine, hole-in-the-

wall, cash pointorBancomat(in Europe and Russia).

Using an ATM, customers can access their bank accounts in

order to make cash withdrawals (or credit card cash advances) and check

their account balances. ATMs are known by various casual terms including

automated banking machine, money machine, cash machine, hole-in-the-

wall, cash pointorBancomat.

Mail Banking:

Mail banking is a service provided by a financial institution

which allows its customers to deposit cheques into theiraccount by mail. It

is primarily used by virtual banks (since they may not offerbranches or

ATMs that accept deposits) and by customers who live too far from abranch. Typically, the institution that advertises such a service will provide

its own self-addressed stamped envelopes as a

courtesy.

Mobile Banking:

Mobile Banking is a term used for

performing balance checks, account transactions,

payments etc. via a mobile device such as amobile phone. Mobile banking today (2007) is

most often performed via SMS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_Security_Codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_identification_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chequehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposit_accounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_(banking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-addressed_stamped_envelopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_Security_Codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_identification_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chequehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposit_accounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_(banking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-addressed_stamped_envelopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS


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Electronic Commerce:-

Electronic commerce commonly known as e-commerce or E-

Commerce consists of the buying and

selling of products or services over

electronic systems such as the Internet

and other computer networks. The

amount of trade conducted electronically

has grown dramatically since the spread

of the Internet. A wide variety ofcommerce is conducted in this way,

spurring and drawing on innovations in

electronic funds transfer, supply chain

management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic

data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data

collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World

Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it

can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well. E-Commerce is buying things from the

internet but many people are unsure

about its reliability as there are many

unrepeatable vendors.

A small percentage of electronic

commerce is conducted entirely

electronically for "virtual" items such

as access to premium content on a

website, but most electronic commerce

involves the transportation of physical

items in some way. Online retailers are

sometimes known as e-tailors and

online retail is known as e-tail. E-commerce or electronic commerce is

generally considered to be the sales aspect ofe-business.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_funds_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_transaction_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_data_interchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_data_interchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventory_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_funds_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_transaction_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_data_interchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_data_interchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventory_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-business


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Success Factors:

In many cases, an e-commerce company survives not only

based on its product, but through a competent management team, post-sales

services, well-organized business structure, network infrastructure and a

secured, well-designed website. The factors can be divided between

technical or organization aspects and direct service to the consumer.

Technical and Organizational Aspects:

Sufficient work done in market research and analysis. Like traditional

models, e-commerce implicates good business planning and the

fundamental laws ofsupply and demand. A good management team armed with information technology

strategy. A company's IT strategy can involve the business re-design

process.

Providing an easy and secured way for customers to effect

transactions. Credit cards are the most popular means of sending

payments on the internet, accounting for 90% of online purchases. In

the past, card numbers were transferred securely between the

customer and merchant through independentpayment gateways. Suchindependent payment gateways are still used by most small and home

businesses. Most merchants process credit card transactions on site

through arrangements made with commercial banks or credit cards

companies.

Providing reliability and security. Parallel servers, hardware

redundancy, fail-safe technology, information encryption, and

firewalls can enhance this requirement.

Providing a 360-degree view of the customer relationship, defined as

ensuring that all employees, suppliers, andpartners have a complete

view, and the same view, of the customer. However, customers can

react against abig brotherexperience.

Constructing a commercially sound business model.

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Engineering an electronic value chain focused on a "limited" number

of core competencies. Electronic stores have succeeded as either

specialist or generalist in aim.

Operating on or near the cutting edge of technology and staying there

as technology changes.

Setting up an organization of sufficient alertness and agility to

respond quickly to any changes in the economic, social and physical

environment.

Providing an attractive website. The tasteful use of color, graphics,

animation, photographs, fonts, and white-space percentage may aid

success in this respect.

Streamliningbusiness processes, possibly through re-engineering and

information technologies.

Providing complete understanding of the products or services offered

which not only includes complete product information, but also sound

advisers and selectors.

Other standard necessities include honesty about its product

and its availability, shipping reliably, and handling complaints promptly and

effectively. A unique property of the Internet environment is that individual

customers have access to far more information about the seller than theywould find in a trick-and-mortar situation.

Internet Marketing

Internet Marketing also referred to as online marketingorE-

marketing, is the marketing of products or services over the Internet. The

Internet has brought many unique benefits to marketing including low costs

in distributing information and media to a global audience. The interactivenature of Internet marketing, both in terms of instant response and in

eliciting response, are unique qualities of the medium.

Internet marketing ties together creative and technical

aspects of the internet, including design, development, advertising and sales.

Internet marketing methods include search engine marketing, display

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advertising, e-mail marketing, affiliate marketing, interactive advertising,

and also Social Media Marketing Methods such asblog marketing, and viral

marketing.

Internet marketing is the process of growing and promotingan organization using online media. Internet marketing does not simply

mean 'building a website' or 'promoting a website'. Somewhere behind that

website is a real organization with real goals.

Internet marketing strategy includes all aspects of online

advertising products, services, and websites, including market research,

email marketing, and direct sales.

Business Models:

Internet marketing is associated with several business

models. The model is typically defined by the goal. These include e-

commerce, where goods are sold directly to consumers or businesses;

publishing, or the sale of advertising; and lead-based sites, where an

organization generates value by getting sales leads from their site. There are

many other models based on the specific needs of each person or business

that launches an internet marketing campaign.

Advantages:

One of the benefits associated with Internet marketing is the

availability of great amounts of information. Consumers can access the

Internet and research products, as well as purchase them at any hour of any

day. Companies that use Internet marketing can also save money because of

a reduced need for a sales force. Overall, Internet marketing can help a

business' expansion from a local market to a national or international one,

faster. Compared to traditional media, such as print, radio and TV, Internet

marketing can have a relatively low cost of entry.

It should be mentioned that, although it may seem a

relatively simple task to enter the world of online marketing, sound business

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strategies still apply. There is still an emphasis on business goals, namely

CVP analysis when determining strategy and the overall effectiveness of

marketing campaigns.

There are a few important characteristics that differentiate Internetmarketing from "off-line marketing":

Immediate results:

Since the online marketing initiatives usually require users

to click on the message, go to a website, and perform a targeted action, the

results of campaigns are immediately measured and tracked. On the other

hand, someone driving a car that sees a billboard will at best be interested

and might decide to get more information at some time.

Since exposure, response and overall efficiency of Internet

media is easy to track compared to traditional "off-line" media, through the

use of web analytics for instance, Internet marketing can offer a greater

sense of accountability for advertisers. Marketers and their clients are

becoming aware of the need to measure the collaborative effects of

marketing, i.e. how the Internet affects in-store sales, etc., instead of relying

on the soloed approach to marketing. Internet marketing, as of 2007, isgrowing faster than other types of media.

Effects on Industries:

Internet marketing has had a large impact on several

industries including music, banking, and flea markets, as well as the

advertising industry itself. As Advertisers increase and shift more of their

budgets online, it is now overtaking radio in terms of market share.[1] In the

music industry, many consumers have begun buying and downloading

music files (e.g. MP3s) over the Internet in addition to buying CDs.

More and more banks are offering the ability to perform

banking tasks online. Online banking is believed to appeal to customers

because it is more convenient than visiting bank branches. Currently, over

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150 million U.S. adults now bank online, with a high growth rate. The

increasing speed of Internet connections is the main reason for the fast

growth. Of those individuals who use the Internet, 44% now perform

banking activities over the Internet.

Electronic-Accounting

E-Accounting is the application of online and Internet

technologies to the business accounting function. Similar to e-mail being an

electronic version of traditional mail, e-accounting is "electronic

enablement" of accounting and accounting processes which are more

traditionally manual and paper-based.

E-Accounting is a term originally coined by Joanie Mann at

InsynQ[1], one of the founders of the ASP industry, and was introduced in

1998 along with InsynQ's hosted QuickBooks offerings under the banner of

InsynQ Accounting Solutions, and later CPAASP.

E-Accounting involves performing regular accounting

functions, accounting research and the accounting training and education

through various computer based /internet based accounting tools such as:

digital tool kits, various internet resources, international web-based

materials, institute and company databases which are internet based , web

links, internet based accounting software and electronic financial

spreadsheet tools to provide efficient decision making.

Advantages:

No need of in-house bookkeepers' training and expertise

No problems with employee turnover, vacations, sick leave andabsenteeism

No communication difficulties between the accountant and business

owner or organization due to load / work pressure

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The business organization concentrates on the revenue side of

business, and spends as little time as necessary on the accounting and

payroll function. Maximum resource utilization.

The accounting function receives attention only when a critical need

arises. No time wastage.

Up to date information which is available in real time.

No need of Hiring/Training accounting and payroll staffs.

No Payroll related costs, FICA, workers compensation,

unemployment, vacation/sick benefits, health insurance benefits, and

many other expenses.

No need to upgrade software and annual updates from client side.

Check and monitor office supplies (check stock, paper stock,

envelopes, toner)

No additional bank charges

Cost saving on office space (rent for additional offices)

Online Accounting:

Online Accounting

relates to accounting that can be done on

the World Wide Web. It usually impliesuse of a web application that works

through a browser without buying or

installing any software. It is typically

based on a simple monthly charge and

zero-administration approach to help

businesses concentrate on core activities

and avoid the hidden costs associated

with traditional accounting softwaresuch as installation, upgrades,

exchanging data files, backup and disaster recovery.

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Accounting Software:

Accounting Software is application software that records

and processes accounting transactions within functional modules such as

accounts payable, accounts receivable,payroll, and trial balance. It functions

as an accounting information system. It may be developed in-house by the

company or organization using it, may be purchased from a third party, or

may be a combination of a third-party application software package with

local modifications. It varies greatly in its complexity and cost.

Barcode Reader

Barcode:

A barcode (also

bar code) is a machine-readable

representation of information

(usually dark ink on a light

background to create high and lowreflectance which is converted to

1s and 0s). Originally, barcodes stored data in the widths and spacing of

printed parallel lines, but today they also come in patterns of dots,

concentric circles, and text codes hidden within images. Barcodes can be

read by optical scanners calledbarcode readers or scanned from an image by

special software. Barcodes are widely used to implement Auto ID Data

Capture (AIDC) systems that improve the speed and accuracy of computer

data entry. An advantage over other methods ofAIDC is that it is less expensive to implement.

2D Barcodes:

A matrix code, also known as a

2D barcode or simply a 2D code, is a two-

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dimensional way of representing information. It is similar to a linear (1-

dimensional) barcode, but has more data representation capability

Barcode Reader:

A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an electronic

device for reading printed barcodes. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a

light source, a lens and a photo conductor translating optical impulses into

electrical ones. Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain decoder

circuitry analyzing the barcode's image data provided by the photo

conductor and sending the barcode's content to the scanner's output port.

Types of Technology:

The reader types can be distinguished as follows:

Pen Type Readers:

Pen type readers consist of a light source and a photodiode that are

placed next to each other in the tip of a pen or wand. To read a bar

code, the tip of the pen moves across the bars in a steady motion. The

photodiode measures the intensity of the light reflected back from the

light source and generates awaveform that is used to measure

the widths of the bars and spaces

in the bar code. Dark bars in the

bar code absorb light and white

spaces reflect light so that the

voltage waveform generated by the photo diode is a representation of

the bar and space pattern in the bar code. This waveform is decoded

by the scanner in a manner similar to the way Morse code dots and

dashes are decoded.

Laser Scanners:

Laser scanners work the same way as pen type

readers except that they use a laser beam as the

light source and typically employ either a

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reciprocating mirror or a rotating prism to scan the laser beam back

and forth across the bar code. As with the pen type reader, a

photodiode is used to measure the intensity of the light reflected back

from the bar code. In both pen readers and laser scanners, the light

emitted by the reader is tuned to a specific frequency and thephotodiode is designed to detect only this modulated light of the same

frequency.

Business Software

Business Software is generally any software program that

helps a business increase productivity or measure their productivity. The

term covers a large variation of uses within the business environment, andcan be categorized by using a small, medium and large matrix:

The small business market generally consists of home accounting

software, and office suites such as Microsoft Office and

OpenOffice.org.

The medium size, or SME, has a broader range of software

applications, ranging from accounting, groupware, customer

relationship management, human resources software, outsourcing

relationship management, loan origination software, shopping cart

software, field service software, and other productivity enhancing

applications.

The last segment covers enterprise level software applications, such

as those in the fields of enterprise resource planning, enterprise

content management (ECM), business process management and

product lifecycle management. These applications are extensive in

scope, and often come with modules that either add native functions,

or incorporate the functionality of third-party software programs.

Types of Business Software Tools:

Digital Dashboards - Also known as Business Intelligence

Dashboards, Enterprise Dashboards, or Executive Dashboards,

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these are visually-based summaries of business data that show at-

a-glance understanding of business conditions through metrics and

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). A very popular BI tool that

has arisen in the last few years.

Online Analytical Processing, commonly known as OLAP

(including HOLAP, ROLAP and MOLAP)- a capability of some

management, decision support, and executive information systems

that supports interactive examination of large amounts of data

from many perspectives.

Reporting software generates aggregated views of data to keep the

management informed about the state of their business.

Data mining - extraction of consumer information from a database

by utilizing software that can isolate and identify previouslyunknown patterns or trends in large amounts of data. There are a

variety of data mining techniques that reveal different types of

patterns. Some of the techniques that belong here are Statistical

methods (particularly Business statistics) and Neural networks as

very advanced means of analysing data.

Business performance management Business performance

management (BPM) (or corporate performance management,

Enterprise performance management, Operational performancemanagement) is a set of processes that help organizations optimize

their business performance. It is a framework for organizing,

automating and analyzing business methodologies, metrics,

processes and systems that drive business performance.

Computer Aided Design:

Computer aided design is used to design, develop and

optimize products, which can be goods used by end consumers orintermediate goods used in other products. CAD is also extensively used in

the design of tools and machinery used in the manufacture of components,

and in the drafting and design of all types ofbuildings, from small

residential types (houses) to the largest commercial and industrial structures

(hospitals and factories).

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CAD is mainly used for detailed engineering of 3D models and/or 2D

drawings of physical components, but it is also used throughout the

engineering process from conceptual design and layout of products, through

strength and dynamic analysis of assemblies to definition of manufacturing

methods of components.

CAD has become an especially important technology, within the scope of

Computer Aided technologies, with benefits such as lower productdevelopment costs and a greatly shortened design cycle. CAD enables

designers to layout and develop work on screen, print it out and save it for

future editing, saving time on their drawings.

Computer Aided Manufacturing:

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of

computer-based software tools that assist engineers and machinists in

manufacturing or prototyping product components. CAM is a programming

tool that allows you to make 3D models using computer-aided design

(CAD). CAM was first used in 1971 for car body design and tooling.

Project Management Software:

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Project Management Software is a term covering many

types of software, including scheduling, cost control and budget

management, resource allocation, collaboration software, communication,

quality management and documentation or administration systems, which

are used to deal with the complexity of largeprojects. Some notable projectmanagement applications are provided in this List of project management

software.

Accounting Software:

Accounting Software is application software that records

and processes accounting transactions within functional modules such as

accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, and trial balance. It functions

as an accounting information system. It may be developed in-house by the

company or organization using it, may be purchased from a third party, or

may be a combination of a third-party application software package with

local modifications. It varies greatly in its complexity and cost.

The Supercomputers RoleAs far as computational speed is concerned, the supercomputer is the

top of the line. Because of their tremendous computing power,supercomputers have had a profound impact on science and

technology.

Image processing

We have oil seen several types of

computer processed images;

CAT scans, the fascinated

computer-enhanced compositesof the earth taken by orbiting

satellites; and the unique

pictures of Jupiter and Venus

beamed to earth from the distant

space craft in the form of

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streams of pixel values reconstructed by NASA computers. In

applications such as these, the computer is programmed to

distinguish between these signals (pixel values that realty are part of

images) and noise ( spurious values caused electrical disturbances in

the atmosphere or by equipment malfunction). The computer canalso be used to br ing out contrasts between ports of a scene. One

easy way this can be done is by having the printer print the pixel

values corresponding to the low contrast colors of blue and green as

high contrast of black and white so that a land water boundary

shows up more clearly. Although they are conceptually simple,

these image processing techniques require enormous computer

resources for their practical application. The sheer volume of

image data returning from the space motivated NASA to developthe supercomputer MPP (Massively Parallel Processor) a centrally

control array of 16,384 individual processors in one system. As

another example of how demanding the applications can be, even with

the use of its Cray X-MP to execute special effects for movies such as

the last Star fighter, Digital productions in Los Angeles estimates that

it can produce not more than 12 min of film per month. Even just

the realistic portrayals of the action scenes involving real

(photographed) and synthetic(animated) objects tests the limits ofthe fastest supercomputers.

Oil Exploration And Recovery

Techniques similar to clustered methods are employed to map

the earth's mineral resources. As these resources become

scarcer, the f supercomputer's role in helping to locate and



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recover them is correspondingly more important. The

resource that best exemplify this situation is oil. Since the

1920s the oil companies have been using seismic prospecting

to determine the underground structure of areas being

explored for oil and to locate the layers most likely tocontain oil or gas. In seismic prospecting, small explosive

charges are set off at selected locations in the

exploration area.

The frequency and the intensity of he resulting vibrations,

or seismic waves, are measured by seismometers and

recorded as seismic traces. Most major oil companies now use

supercomputers to now solve the complex systems ofequations that are involved in the process of analyzing the

traces to determine whether there are likely oil- or gas-

containing layers at a given location.

These more complicated and costly recovery scheme require a more

precise knowledge of the subsurface structures. In the past, time-

consuming, expensive, and even in accurate drilling tests were the

only method available for finding elusive deposits, and dry holes"were common. Now calculations for reservoir simulation, done

onCYBER205 and Cray X-MP supercomputers, are beginning to

supplement actual drilling tests and will perhaps ultimately replace

that costly error-and-trail method.

The Weather

In 1948, a group of meteorologists from

around the world took residence in

Princeton in order to gain access to

von Neumanns IAS computer. They

were interested in numerical weather



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prediction, the computer simulation of the weather based on the

mathematical model of the atmospheres motion. The economic

value of timely and accurate weather forecasts is incalculable for

agriculture (in deciding when to plant, harvest, apply chemicals,

cut the hay etc,) the oil industry (in deciding how much heating oilor gasoline to refine), commercial airlines, and a host of other

endeavors in which weather is a factor, from satellite launches to

ski resorts. Although receiving less attention than fusion energy

research of high tech Defense systems, attempts to compute

weather forecasts have been one of the driving forces behind the

development of more powerful supercomputers.

Just as a flight simulation program needs data about where an

aircraft is at any given time in order to compute where it will be.

later, an atmospheric simulation program needs data on the present

state of the atmosphere in order to compute its future state. The

atmospheric condition, however, is by no means easy to measure.

Continued improvement in the quality of numerical weather

prediction depends not only on the development of the

supercomputers but also on the improvement and extension of

atmospheric measurements on and above the ground.

COMPUTERS ROLE IN FUTURE:-The number and variety of

computer applications is

expected to grow rapidly in the

coming years. In the near future,

we can anticipate an even variety

of services available through

information networks, telephones

integrated into workstations, the

widespread acceptance and use of

electronic mail, unmanned manufacturing facilities,



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electronic shopping, less use of cash, soft-copy publishing,

automobile navigation systems, robot sculptors, computer-

controlled artific ial limbs, and expert systems that help us with

business and domestic decisions.

THE Next Twenty Years

Artificial intelligence is the computer simulation of human

intelligence. The research in it

includes the study of knowledge-

based systems, which use inference

rules to provide assistance in

applications for which exact

algorithms are not known or not

computationally practical.

Applications of knowledge-

based systems to specific fields

are called expert systems.

Vision And Advanced Robotics:

AI research is

concerned with robots that can

sense some aspects of their environment, principally through the use

of vision subsystems. Such robots, now in the development stage,

don't require the precise positioning of parts to do their tasks,

making their application more flexible.

The Fifth Generation:

Japan's fifth generation project is an

attempt to AI principals to develop a

new type of computers manifesting new

programming languages, architecture,



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and VLSI circuits. The Japanese effort has stimulated research

activities in many other countries, including the United States.

CONCLUSION:

The present era is of unlimited progress and growth. Computers are the

first and fore most need in this regard. Computer specialization has

made every field of life not only easy but comfortable and interesting

also. And one of our greatest ease is application of computers in our

businesses with latest versions to let business run half on its own.



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REFRENCESwww.wikipedia.comwww.goole.com

www.ultavista.com

www.gmail.com

www.yahoo.com
http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.goole.com/http://www.ultavista.com/http://www.gmail.com/http://www.yahoo.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.goole.com/http://www.ultavista.com/http://www.gmail.com/http://www.yahoo.com/

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