business analysis d p goyal. business analysis-an introduction why business analysis? can’t we do...
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Business Analysis
D P Goyal
Business Analysis-An IntroductionWhy Business Analysis?
Can’t we do without Business Analysis?
What is Business Analysis?What is Business?
What is Analysis?
Business Analysis – Why?
• To identify business needs and determine solutions to business problems.
(Solutions often include a system development component, but may also consist of process improvement, or organizational change (strategies, goals, policies)
• Majority of the IS projects fail because of the communication gap between the business managers and the technical experts.
Contingencies and their Contribution to Uncertainty
ContingencyType
Degree ContributiontoUncertainty
Project Size SmallLarge
- +
Degree ofStructuredness
SmallLarge
+ -
User Task Comprehension IncompleteComplete
+ -
Developer’s Task Proficiency HighLow
- +
Business Analyst – Who?
The business analyst, acting as an intermediary between the business and technical communities, analyzes competing business needs and develops plans to implement the projects that support stakeholder objectives.
A Business Analyst is a
• Strategist• Architect• Systems Analyst
……thus the course on Business Analysis …….
……….intends to sensitize the Managers to the skills they will soon need to practice for developing effective and efficient systems…………..
Course Objectives:
To get broad understanding of :• Techniques and methods for gathering Information
requirements from users and other stakeholders;• Approaches to Analyzing and prioritizing competing
business needs; • Creating dynamic business models and writing detailed
specifications that provide a blueprint for the proposed system;
• Quantifying business case benefits and costs ; and • Communicating the requirements package to
stakeholders.
Business Analysis - What?
Business analysis is the discovering, modeling and specification of the logical requirements of a business.
MANAGEMENT of Business
• To get the work done through and with the help of people
• By performing basic functions of management
……basic functions of management
• PLANNING
• ORGANISING
• STAFFING
• DIRECTING
• CONTROLLING
Essence of Management
Whatever a manager does, he/she does it through DECISION-MAKING
“DECISION-MAKING IS AN ESSENCE OF MANAGEMENT”
-Peter Drucker
Management Hierarchy
Levels of Management
• Strategic Planning Level
• Management Control Level
• Operational Control Level
Management Level Functions
Top Level Middle Level Low Level
Interaction Between Levels Of Management
Policies Budgets Plans Objectives
Revenues Costs Profits
Schedule Measurements
Goods Services Performance
INPUT IN DECISION MAKING
For Decision Making
INFORMATION is the necessary and vital input
Data• A stream of raw facts about anything
• Examples:.– Record of all the players in one day cricket
matches.– Detailed Marks of all students in a class.– Business data as obtained from various
business houses.
Information
• processed data, which is useful to the recipient.
• Examples:– Profit of the company in the current year– The highest ever score in one day cricket– First ten toppers in a class – The top 50 business houses of India.
Then Information is……
WHICH
• Tells something the receiver did not know
• Reduces uncertainty
• Has a surprise value
• Has a real / perceived value in current / prospective decision.
Data and Information
Information Needs of Different Level Managers
Strategic Planning Level
Operational Control Level
•Structured•Programmed•Historical•Exact•Internal
•Unstructured•Non-programmed•Futuristic•Inexact•External
SYSTEM ?
“The word ‘System’ is the most loosely held word in Management Literature”
WE TALK ABOUTDIGESTIVE SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
ECONOMIC SYSTEM
SOLAR SYSTEM
EDUCATION SYSTEM
COMPUTER SYSTEM …………………and so on
……THEN WHAT IS A System?
Input OutputProcess
A set of inter-related elements working towards a common objective(s).
System and Environment
Environment
Boundary
Systems
System and Environment
• A system is a set of interrelated elements that collectively work together to achieve some common goal or objective.
• All systems function within some kind of environment.
Types of Systems
• Closed Systems
• Open Systems / Cybernetic Systems
Cybernetic System
Input OutputProcess
Involves a feed back control Loop
Feed Back /Control Loop
Systems Approach to management
WHOLISTIC APPROACH
CONTRARY TO
PIECEMEAL APPROACH
The Whole is greater than the sum of its parts
2+2=5
....Systems Approach
• Every system is held together by way of Information Exchange.
Classical
Systems
SOCIOLOGYSOCIOLOGY
POLITICAL POLITICAL SCIENCESCIENCE
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY
COMPUTER COMPUTER
SCIENCESCIENCEOPERATIONS OPERATIONS
RESEARCHRESEARCH
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
SCIENCESCIENCE
TECHNICAL APPROACHESTECHNICAL APPROACHES
MISMIS
BEHAVIORAL APPROACHESBEHAVIORAL APPROACHES
The Interdependence Between Organizations and Information Systems
• Flattening organizations
• Separating work from location
• Reorganizing work-flows
• Increasing flexibility
• Redefining organizational boundaries
New Options for Organizational Design
Flattening Organizations Information Systems
Categories Of ISs
• TPS• MIS• DSS• ESS• CRM• SCM• ERP• ………………..
Types of Information Systems
Transaction Processing Systems
Decision Support Systems
Management Information Systems
Executive Support Systems
Expert
System
s
Decisi
on Sup
port
System
s
Office
Auto
mation
System
s Level-I
Level- II
Level- III
Transaction Processing System
• Book Keeping
• Issuance
•Data Gathering
•Data Editing
•Data Manipulation
•Data Storage
•Information Documents
•Error Reports
•Control Reports
Payroll TPS
Types of TPS Systems
Management Information Systems
PROVIDES INFORMATION
On continuous basis and reports like
• Scheduled Reports
• Exception Reports
• Demand Reports
Management Information System (MIS)
Decision Support Systems
• PROVIDES SUPPORT IN THE DECISION MAKING OF MANAGERS
Decision Support System (DSS)
Decision Support System (DSS)
Executive Information Systems
Business Content
• Strategic planning support
• External environment focus
• Broad based computing facility
Presentation Features
• Drill down Reporting• Exceptional reporting• Graphic Summary• Office automation
capabilities• Ease of learning and use• Customization
Executive Support System (ESS):
Strategic level• Inputs: Aggregate data
• Processing: Interactive
• Outputs: Projections
• Users: Senior managers
Example: 5-year operating plan
Executive Support System (ESS)
Office Automation Systems
• Office Work
• Data Manipulation
• Document Handling
• Communication
• Storage
Functional Areas of Management
• Marketing
• Finance
• Production and Operations
• Human Resource Development
Marketing Information System
Inputs
• Transaction Data• Marketing Research
Data• Marketing Intelligence
Data• Strategic Plans
Outputs
• Product Plan• Place Plan• Price Plan• Promotion Plan• Budget & Sales
Forecast
Financial Information System
Inputs
• Transactional Data• Forecasting Data• Financial Intelligence
Data• Strategic Plans
Outputs
• Forecast• Funds Management• Audit and Controls
Production and Operations System
Inputs
• Production data• Inventory Data• Vendor Data• Marketing data• Labor/Union/Engg.
Data• Environment Data
Outputs
• Product Design• Job Scheduling • Production• QC/QA
Human Resource Information Systems
Inputs
• Transaction Data• Functional Plans• External data
Outputs
• Organizational Resource Planning
• Organizational Management
• Payroll and Administration
Group Exercise - 1
• Consider any organization
• Identify various activities involved in the organization– Identify the ways in which activities are
grouped in the organization– Identify the information exchanged across
various levels.– Discuss possible benefits the organization
might/has accrue(d) by deploying IS/IT.