bureaucracy. what is a bureaucracy? is an efficient and an effective way to organize people to do...
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Bureaucracy
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What is a Bureaucracy?
Is an efficient and an effective way to organize people to do work.
They are found wherever there are large organizations
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Three features
1. Hierarchical authority 2. Job specialization 3. Formalized rules
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Facts – Federal Bureaucracy
Federal bureaucrats are career employees 15 Cabinet-level Departments 60 independent agencies 2000 –Bureaus, divisions and offices 2.8 million workers Diverse group – Rocket scientist to Janitor
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Figure 13.2: Federal Government: Money, People, and Regulations
Source: Expenditures and employment, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2000, Nos. 483 and 582; regulations: Harold W. Stanley and Richard G. Niemi, Vital Statistics on American Politics (Washington, D.C.:
Congressional Quarterly Press, 1998), tables 6-12, 6-14.
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Figure 13.3: Characteristics of Federal Civilian Employees, 1960 and 1999
Sources: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1961, 392-394; Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2000, Nos. 450, 482, 500, 595, 1118.
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Policy making
Implementation – the process by which a law or policy is put into operation by the bureaucracy
Ex. – law grants money for persons who are handicapped – bureaucrats will decide “handicapped”
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Congressional Oversight
1. agency needs congressional approval 2. Congress must authorize money 3. House Appropriations Committee has
special power over agencies 4. Investigate agencies by holding hearings
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Iron Triangles
Relationship & pattern of interaction that occur among an agency, interest group & congressional committee or subcommittee
Ex. – AARP, the Social Security Administration, & the House subcommittee on aging – all would probably agree on the need for increased SS benefits
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Issue networks
Not as concrete as “Iron Triangles”More common todayAgency officials, members of Congress,
Interest group lobbyists, lawyers, consultants and professors
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Problems with the Bureaucracy
Red Tape Conflict Duplication Imperialism Waste
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The text defines bureaucracy as “a large complex organization composed of appointed officials.” What does this mean? Can you envision a large, simple organization? Could such an organization accomplish anything consistently?
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Executive Branch
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Executive Branch of government includes President, VP, cabinet, & Agencies
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Executive Office the President (EOP)
Umbrella agency- includes– White House office– OMB– Council of Economic Advisers– National Security Council– National Drug Control Policy– Office of Vice President
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WHITE HOUSE OFFICE
Closest advisors– Staffs organized in 3 ways:– Pyramid structure- Eisenhower,
Nixon, & Reagan– Circular structure- Carter– Ad hoc structure-Clinton
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Most important of the EOP offices- White House Office
INCLUDES- CHIEF OF STAFF, COUNSEL TO THE PRESIDENT, PRESS SECRETARY, EXPERT ADVISORS
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The National Security Council
Advises the president on domestic, foreign, and military matters that relate to the nation’s security
Members – VP, Sec. Of Defense & State, director of CIA, & Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff
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National Security Council
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Office of Management & BudgetOMB
Largest office in EOP Major task is to prepare the
federal budget – President must submit to Congress in Jan, or Feb.
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Office of National Drug Control Policy
Prepares an annual national drug control strategy
Coordinates the efforts of more than 50 federal agencies fighting the war on drugs
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WHO GETS APPOINTED - CABINET
PRESIDENT KNOWS FEW PERSONALLY
MOST HAVE HAD FEDERAL EXPERIENCE
Rivalry often develops between Cabinet and White House staff
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Table 12.1: The Cabinet Departments
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Journal – Constitutional Democracy and Bureaucratic Power
What constitutional powers does Congress have over the bureaucracy?
What is the basis for the claim that the President is “Chief Administrator?”
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Figure 13.4: Department of Homeland Security as Proposed by George W. Bush, June 6, 2002
Source: Ivo H. Daalder, Statement before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United
States Senate, October 12, 2001.