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© 2004 - iPMAC Informatics Technology J.S.C
Welcome to the world of networking
CISCO Certification System
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CCiscoisco Career Tracks Career Tracks
CCDA CCDP
CCNA CCNP
CCSP CCIP (Cisco Certified Internetwork
Professional)
.........
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Cisco Certified Internetwork ExpertCisco Certified Internetwork Expert
CCIE Certification - Routing & Switching**
CCIE Certification - Security**
CCIE Certification - Service Provider**
CCIE Certification – Storage**
CCIE Certification - Voice**
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Cisco Qualified SpecialistCisco Qualified Specialist CQS- Cisco Multiservice Switching Specialist
CQS- Cisco Network Management Sales
Specialist
CQS- Cisco Network Management Specialist
CQS- Cisco Optical Specialist
CQS- Cisco Storage Networking Design Specialist
CQS- Cisco Storage Networking Sales Specialist
CQS- Cisco Storage Networking Support Specialist
CQS- Cisco Unity Design Specialist
CQS- Cisco Unity Support Specialist
CQS- Cisco VPN/Security Sales Specialist
CQS- Cisco VPN Specialist
CQS- Cisco Wireless LAN Design Specialist
CQS- Cisco Wireless LAN Support Specialist
CQS- Cisco Wireless LAN Sales Specialist
CQS- Cisco Access Routing & LAN Switching Sales Specialist
CQS- Cisco Access Routing & LAN Switching Specialist
CQS- Cisco Cable Communications Sales Specialist
CQS- Cisco Cable Communications Specialist
CQS- Cisco Call Manager Express Specialist
CQS- Cisco Content Networking Sales Specialist
CQS- Cisco Content Networking Specialist
CQS- Cisco Firewall Specialist
CQS- Cisco IDS Specialist
CQS- Cisco IP Telephony Design Specialist
CQS- Cisco IP Telephony Express Specialist
CQS- Cisco IP Telephony Operations Specialist
CQS- Cisco IP Telephony Support Specialist
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Networking HistoryNetworking History
Standalone Device. Duplication of equipments and resources. Inability to communicate efficiently. Lack of networking management.
LAN. Connects devices that are close together.
WAN. Interconnects LANs across a large area.
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Communication characteristicsCommunication characteristics
Addresses What are the source and the destination of a
communication process? Media
Where does the communication take place? Protocols
How to make the communication process effectively?
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ProtocolProtocol
Protocol is a set of rules, or an agreement, that determines the format and transmission of data that make communication on a network more efficient.
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Communication processCommunication process
SourceAddress
DestinationAddressMedium
Packets
Protocols
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Communication:Communication: Human conversationHuman conversation
Address Hello Mr.A, I am B
Media Atmosphere
Protocol Language Speed Handshaking
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Data CommunicationData Communication
Address Source address, Destination address
Media Cable, Fiber, Atmosphere
Protocol Format Procedure
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Evolution of networking standardsEvolution of networking standards
SNA
TCP/IP DECNET
Proprietary• Interconnection• Development• Simplification
StandardStandard
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OSI model developmentOSI model development
Researched and developed by the ISO - International Organization for Standardizations (or International Standards Organizations )
1977: establish a subcommittee to develop a communications architecture.
1984: publish ISO-7498, the Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model.
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OSI modelOSI model
The OSI modelThe OSI model: a framework within which networking standards can be developed.
It provided vendors with a set of standards that It provided vendors with a set of standards that ensured greater compatibility and interoperability ensured greater compatibility and interoperability between the various types of network technologies between the various types of network technologies that were produced by the many companies around that were produced by the many companies around the worldthe world..
ProprietaryProprietary vs.vs. Open Open
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A layered modelA layered model
The communications functions are partitioned into a hierarchical set of layers.
Each layer performs a related subset of the functions required to communicate.
Each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform more primitive functions and provides services to the next higher layer.
The OSI Model defines a set of layers and the The OSI Model defines a set of layers and the services performed by each layerservices performed by each layer
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Why a layered model?Why a layered model?
Reduces complexity. Standardizes interfaces. Facilitates modular engineering. Ensures interoperable technology. Accelerates evolution. Simplifies teaching and learning.
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The physical layerThe physical layer
Transmission of an unstructured bit stream over a physical link between end systems.
Electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional specifications
Physical data rate Distances Physical connector
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The data-link layerThe data-link layer
Provides for the reliable transfer of data cross a physical link.
Frames Physical address Network topology Line discipline Synchronization Error control Flow control
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The network layerThe network layer
Provides connectivity and path selection between two host systems that may be located on geographically separated networks.
Packets Virtual circuits Route, routing table, routing protocol Logical address Fragmentation
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The transport layerThe transport layer
Provides reliable, transparent transfer of data over networks.
Segments, data stream, datagram Connection oriented and connectionless End-to-end flow control Error detection and recovery Segmentation & reassembly
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The session layerThe session layer
Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between two communicating hosts.
Sessions Dialog Conversations Data exchange
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The presentation layerThe presentation layer
Ensures that the information that the application layer of one system sends out is readable by the application layer of another system.
Format of data Data structure Data conversion Data compression Data encryption
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The application layerThe application layer
Is the OSI layer that is closest to the user; it provides network services to the user’s applications.
File transfer Electronic mail Terminal access Word processing Intended communication partners
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Layer-to-layer communicationsLayer-to-layer communications
Request services
Provide services
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ProtocolsProtocols
Is a formal set of rules and conventions that governs how computers exchange information over a network medium.
Implements the functions of one or more of the OSI layers.
A communication protocol is concerned with exchanging data between two peer layers.
Protocol Data Units (PDUs) : Block of data that a protocol exchange.
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TCP/IP model developmentTCP/IP model development
The late-60s The Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA) originally developed Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) to interconnect various defense department computer networks.
The Internet, an International Wide Area Network, uses TCP/IP to connect networks across the world.
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4 layers of the TCP/IP model4 layers of the TCP/IP model
Layer 4: Application Layer 3: Transport Layer 2: Internet Layer 1: Network access
It is important to note that some of the It is important to note that some of the layers in the TCP/IP model have the same layers in the TCP/IP model have the same
name as layers in the OSI model. name as layers in the OSI model. Do not confuse the layers of the two models. Do not confuse the layers of the two models.
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The network access layerThe network access layer
Concerned with all of the issues that an IP packet requires to actually make the physical link. All the details in the OSI physical and data link layers.
Electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional specifications.
Data rate, Distances, Physical connector. Frames, physical addressing. Synchronization, flow control, error control.
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The internet layerThe internet layer
Send source packets from any network on the internetwork and have them arrive at the destination independent of the path and networks they took to get there.
Packets, Logical addressing. Internet Protocol (IP). Route , routing table, routing protocol.
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The transport layerThe transport layer
The transport layer deals with the quality-of-service issues of reliability, flow control, and error correction.
Segments, data stream, datagram. Connection oriented and connectionless. Transmission control protocol (TCP). User datagram protocol (UDP). End-to-end flow control. Error detection and recovery.
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The application layerThe application layer
Handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control.
The TCP/IP combines all application-related issues into one layer, and assures this data is properly packaged for the next layer.
FTP, HTTP, SMNP, DNS ... Format of data, data structure, encode … Dialog control, session management …
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Comparing TCP/IP with OSIComparing TCP/IP with OSI (cont.)(cont.)
Similarities: Both have layers. Both have application layers, though they include
very different services. Both have comparable transport and network layers Networking professionals need to know both.
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Comparing TCP/IP with OSIComparing TCP/IP with OSI (cont.)(cont.)
Differences: TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer
issues into its application layer. TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical
layers into one layer. TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers. Typically networks aren't built on the OSI protocol,
even though the OSI model is used as a guide.
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Requirements for Internet connectionRequirements for Internet connection
A physical connection is made by connecting a specialized expansion card such as a modem or a network interface card (NIC) from a computer (PC) to a network.
The logical connection uses standards called protocols. The application that interprets the data and displays the
information in an understandable form is the last part of the connection.
Web browser File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
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Network interface cardNetwork interface card
When selecting a NIC, consider the following factors: Protocols – Ethernet, Token Ring, or FDDI Types of media – Twisted-pair, coaxial, wireless,
or fiber-optic Type of system bus – PCI or ISA
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NIC and modem installationNIC and modem installation
A modem, or modulator-demodulator, is a device that provides the computer with connectivity to a telephone line.
PCMCIA wired and wireless NICs.
Desktop systems may use an internal or external NIC.
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Overview of high-speed and dial-up Overview of high-speed and dial-up connectivityconnectivity
Inevitably the high-speed services used in the corporate environment, such as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable modem access, moved to the consumer market.
These services no longer required expensive equipment or a second phone line.
These are "always on" services that provide instant access and do not require a connection to be established for each session.
This gives greater reliability and flexibility, and has led to the ease of Internet connection sharing by small office and home networks.
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TCP/IP description and configurationTCP/IP description and configuration
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a set of protocols or rules developed to allow cooperating computers to share resources across a network.
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Verify IP Configuration: Win XP, NT, 2000Verify IP Configuration: Win XP, NT, 2000
ipconfig ipconfig /all
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Verify IP Configuration: MAC OSVerify IP Configuration: MAC OS
From the Apple menu, open your Control Panel, and select the TCP/IP option. (older MacOS versions use the MacTCP control panel.)
Click on the "Info" button in the TCP/IP configuration dialog. The configuration dialog shown to the right will be displayed. Look
at the address listed next to the line "This Macintosh" In this example, the IP address is 192.168.10.30
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Testing connectivity with pingTesting connectivity with ping
The ping command works by sending multiple IP packets to a specified destination. Each packet sent is a request for a reply.
The ping command is used to test the NIC transmit/receive function, the TCP/IP configuration, and network connectivity.
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Web browser and plug-insWeb browser and plug-ins
plug-in applications These applications work in conjunction with the browser to launch
the program required to view the following special files: Flash – plays multimedia files, which was created by Macromedia
Flash Quicktime – plays video files, which was created by Apple Real Player – plays audio files
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Binary presentation of data Binary presentation of data
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is the most commonly used code for representing alpha-numeric data in a computer.
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Base 2 number systemBase 2 number system
101102 = (1 x 24 = 16) + (0 x 23 = 0) + (1 x 22 = 4) + (1 x 21 = 2) + (0 x 20 = 0) = 22 (16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0)