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Institute of Building ConstructionTechnische Universität Dresden
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
BuildIT 2015, Tallinn
Bonding of Glass
23.04.15
Felix Nicklisch
2|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Bonding of Glass
Outline
Glass in building
Adhesive connections
Structural Sealant Glazing
Bonded glass frames
Timber-Glass-Composites
Photo: Steffen Spitzner
3|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Glass in building
Photo: Margherita Spiluttini
4|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Glass in building
Structural performance
5|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Glass in building
Fail-safe design
6|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Glass in building
Design considerations
7|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Glass in building
Connections – point and linear supports
Patent glazing bar Clamp fixing Disc point fixing
[Weller/Härth/Tasche/ Unnewehr: Glass in Building)]
8|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Glass in buildings
Joining methods - stress distribution in the substrate material
Bolted connection Adhesive connection
9|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Adhesive connections
Options to join flat glass
10|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Adhesive connections
Point-, linear, planar-type connection
Bonded point fixing Structural Glazing System Bonded glass frame
11|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Adhesive connections
Evaluation
Advantages:
• No weakening of the substrate
materials (no borehole and recess)
homogeneous load-transfer
• Low thermal impact on the substrate
materials
• Joining of different materials
• Sealing of the joint reduced
corrosion
• Joining of thin components
(lamination)
Disadvantages:
• Low thermal resistance
• Degradation of the joint by
environmental influences (ageing)
decrease of adhesive strength
embrittlement
• Cleaning and/or surface treatment
required (additional work process)
• Curing time implication on the
production process, storage
• Nondestructive testing nearly
impossible
12|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Adhesive connections
Adhesion und cohesion
Adhesion by physical interaction:
hydrogen bond/van der Waals forces
Adhesion by chemical bond:
atomic/ionic/metallic
Cohesion
sticking together of a substance
Mechanical adhesion:
interlocking with a rough surface
structure positive connection
substrate
boundary layer
polymer (bulk)
boundary layer
substrate
near-boundary zone
near-boundary zone
13|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Adhesive connections
Glass surface
• hydrophilic character
• agglomeration of tin-oxide at the bath-side (float glass process)
1 air
2 adsorbate
3 organic molecules
4 water film
5 diffusion zone
6 undisturbed glass
7 dirt particle
14|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Adhesive connections
Polymeric structure of adhesives
thermoplastic (semicrystalline) cross-linked elastomer cross-linked thermoset material
15|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Adhesive connections
Selection criteria for the adhesive
• service temperature -20°C to +80°C
• adequate shear and tensile stength
• durability (UV, corrosive media,
moisture, cleaning agents)
• high stiffness for point fixings
• high flexibility for linear or large planar
joints between materials with different
coefficients of thermal expansion
• intermediate stiffness/flexibility for
load-bearing joints
• reduced tendency to creep
• color/transparency
16|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Adhesive connections
Material behavior of different adhesives
17|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Adhesive connections
Joint design and typical stress distributions
shear (off-centered)
shear (centric)
tension, compression
unfavorable
split and peel
18|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Adhesive connections
Failure pattern
Quelle: Habenicht
19|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Structural Sealant Glazing
Photo: Steindl Glas Austria
20|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Quelle Steindl Glas
a Adhesiveb Setting blockc Mechanical self-weight supportd Retaining device
Type I: Self-weight carried on mechanical supportType III & IV: Self-weight of glazing carried by adhesiveType I & III: Additional retaining device to reduce danger in case of bond failureType II & IV: No retaining device
Structural Sealant Glazing
General types of joint detail design according to ETAG 002
21|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Structural Sealant Glazing
European standardization
prEN 16759 Structural Sealant Glazing Systems (SSGS)
EN 15434
structural/ UV-
resistant sealant
EN 1279-5
Insulating glass
units
EN 13830
Curtain
walling
EN 14351-1
Windows and
external doors
Doors, windows, shutters, building
hardware and curtain walling
(CEN/TC33)
EN 13022-2
Assembly
rules
EN 13022-1
Glass products
for SSG
Glass in building
(CEN/TC129)
Sealants
(CEN/TC349)
22|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Structural Sealant Glazing
Joint detail (System Raico THERM+ SG2)
1 Weather seal
2 Tapping screw
3 Toggle
4 U-profile integrated in edge seal of IGU
5 Gasket
6 Screw channel
7 Mullion (aluminum, steel, timber)
© Raico
23|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Structural Sealant Glazing
Retaining devices and mechanical supports
Steindl SG Eckelt Vario Raico Therm+ SG2
24|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Structural Sealant Glazing
Innovative concepts
Fraunhofer ISC, Würzburg(photo: Christoph Seelbach | © Saint-Gobain Glass)
25|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Structural Sealant Glazing
Worked example
26|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Structural Sealant Glazing
Worked example
Determination of bite hc
mm7,8mm20mm12mm8
mm7,8N/mm14,02
kN/m20,1m04,2
2
c
2
2
des
c
h
Wah
hc bite (dimension of the structural seal measured in the plane
of a panel), range 6 mm ≤ hc ≤ 20 mm
a short side dimension of the glass pane
W combined actions of the wind and the snow
des tension design stress des= Ru,5/tot = 0,14 MPa (DC993)
Ru,5 characteristic breaking stress (5% quantil with 75%
confidence)
tot total safety factor tot = 6,0
27|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Structural Sealant Glazing
Worked example
Determination of the thickness e (e ≥ 6 mm)
mm4,450,3)2/04,2(109)2080(24)2055(
)2()()(
by calculated is movement thermal maximum the
a) side at supported is pane the( if
mm10mm4,911,02
4,447,0
2
226
2200
des
baTTTT
ba
Ge
vvcc
a/b short/long side dimension of the glass pane
coefficients of thermal expansion: glass v = 9·10-6 1/K,
sealant support frame (aluminum) c = 24·10-6 1/K
T temperatures Tv = 80°C (glass), Tc = 55°C (metallic frame),
T0 = 20°C (during silicone application)
G shear modulus G = E/3 = 0,47 MPa (DC 993)
des shear design stress des = Ru,5/tot = 0,11 MPa (DC 993)
28|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Structural Sealant Glazing
Supervision and quality control - overview
Sealant mixing (pump start-up, container change)
• Glass test
• Butterfly test
• Snap time test
Site glazing considerations
• Application temperature range +10°C to +40°C
• Cleaning and priming of surfaces
• substrate must be kept free of condensation or moisture
• Gluing within one hour after cleaning and pretreatment
Adhesion and cure quality control
• Peel adhesion test
• H-piece test
29|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Structural Sealant Glazing
Supervision and quality – mixing
[Dow Corning: Silicone Structural Glazing Manual]
30|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Structural Sealant Glazing
Supervision and quality control – snap time
[Dow Corning: Silicone Structural Glazing Manual]
31|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Structural Sealant Glazing
Supervision and quality control – adhesion on different substrates
Peel adhesion test
32|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Structural Sealant Glazing
Supervision and quality control – mechanical performance
Cohesive failureTensile test on H-Pieces
33|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Bonded glass frames
Photo: Friedrich May
34|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Bonded glass frames
Glass enclosure for a helium storage unit, Leibniz IFW Dresden
Rendering: Blum & Schultze Architekten, Dresden
35|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Strain
Stress
E2
E1
1
2
1 2
E-20°C = 1,409 MPa
E+23°C = 0323 MPa
E+60°C = 0007 MPa
Young‘s Modulus according to
EN ISO 527 calculated between
0.05 % and 0.25 % strain
Bonded glass frames
Material characteristics of the adhesive – uniaxial tensile test
36|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Bonded glass frames
Structural design
Structural design: GSK – Glas Statik Konstruktion GmbH, Dresden
Regular scenario Failure scenario
37|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Bonded glass frames
Experimental evaluation of the load bearing capacity
38|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Bonded glass frames
Detailing
39|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Bonded glass frames
Manufacturing
40|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Bonded glass frames
Installation
Photos: Stefan Unnewehr
41|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Bonded glass frames
Gluing on site
42|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Bonded glass frames
Finished structure
Photos: Stefan Unnewehr
43|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Timber-Glass Composites
44|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Timber-Glass-Composites
Benefit and vision
Timber building with conventional facade (Photo: L. Blatzek)
Prefabricated wall/facade elements(Rendering: S. Hernandez G&M)
Timber building with glass bracing (Photo: C. Hasenauer)
45|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Timber-Glass-Composites
Non-load-bearing facade
Dead load support (UNIGLAS|Facade)IGU bonded with on a timber sub-structure (UNIGLAS|Facade)
Adapter frame (UNIGLAS|Facade)
46|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Timber-Glass-Composites
Shear wall element in the facade
47|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Timber-Glass-Composites
Selection and evaluation of a suitable adhesive
Numerical model of the joint
Manufacturing of shear specimen
UV-exposure
Manufacturing of dog-bone specimens
Shear test
Uniaxial tensile test
48|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Timber-Glass-Composites
Manufacturing of prototypes
49|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Timber-Glass-Composites
Quasi-static and cyclic racking test
ZAG test site in Ljubljana (SLO)
Specimen
Flat bondline 12 x 3mm
Bonded directly to LVL-substructure
(similar to mid-size specimens)
Glass pane 2276 x 2276 mm
Laminated safety glass
6 mm FG/0.76mm PVB/6 mm FG
Timber profile 80 x 160 mm LVL
Tests
1 x monotonic (EN 594)
3 x cyclic (ISO 16670)
Facility: University of Ljubljana/ZAG/CBD
50|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Timber-Glass-Composites
Quasi-static and cyclic racking test – results
51|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Timber-Glass-Composites
Quasi-static and cyclic racking test – failure mode
Test set-up Timber failure (bottom left) Timber failure (bottom right)
52|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Timber-Glass-Composites
Large scale creep test
2 x
10kN
0
10
20
30
40
0 500 1000 1500 2000D
efo
rmati
on
[m
m]
Duration [h]
Dv
Ch
Ah
Av
Dv,corr
53|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Ausblick
Pavillon mit Holz-Glas-Verbundfassade in Binswangen
54|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction
Dow Corning: Silicone Structural Glazing Manual. Dow Corning Corporation, 2011.
Habenicht, G.: Kleben: Grundlagen, Technologien, Anwendungen. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer, 2006.
UNIGLAS: Handbuch für die Planung und Erstellung von uniGlas® | FACADE Holz-Glas-Verbundelementen. uniGlas® GmbH & Co. KG, Montabaur, 2014.
Weller, B.; Härth, K.; Tasche, S.; Unnewehr, S.: DETAIL Practice Glass in Building. Principles, Applications, Examples. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2009.
Weller, B. et al.: Kleben im konstruktiven Glasbau. In: Stahlbaukalender 2011. editedby Ul. Kuhlmann. Berlin: Ernst und Sohn, 2011. pp. 585-646.
References
55|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15
Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building ConstructionThank you.
Photo: Steffen Spitzner