building+construction

7/30/2019 Building+Construction

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Captain Larry Campbell

Red Shift


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OBJECTIVES

2-21.1. Identify basic structuralcharacteristics of following building

construction 2-21.1.1. Wood Frame

2-21.1.2. Ordinary

2-21.1.3. Heavy Timber

2-21.4.4 Non-Combustible

2-21.5.5. Fire Resistant


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OBJECTIVES

2-21.2. Identify three hazards associatedwith wood truss and lightweight

construction 2-21.3. Identify dangerous building

conditions created by fire and suppressionactivities

2-21.4. Identify five indicators of buildingcollapse


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OBJECTIVES

2-21.5. Identify the effects of fire and firesuppression activities on the followingbuilding materials

2-21.5.1.Wood 2-21.5.2 Masonry

2-21.5.3 Cast Iron

2-21.5.4. Steel 2-21.5.6 Reinforced Concrete

2-21.5.5 Gypsum wallboard

2-21.5.7 Glass

2-21.5.8 Plaster & Lath


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OBJECTIVES

2-21.6. Identify the following terms as theyrelate to building construction

2-21.6.1.Veneer wall 2-21.6.2. Party wall

2-21.6.3. Fire wall

2-21.6.4. Partition wall

2-21.6.5. Cantilever wall/unsupported wall

2-21.6.6. Load bearing


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WHY STUDY BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION? To enable safe and effective fire attack

planning

To alert FF to potential construction hazards

To alert FF to effects of fire and fire

suppression activities on selected building

materials


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STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

AND HAZARDS Type I Fire Resistive

Structural members noncombustible or limited

combustible

Primary hazards-contents

Ability to confine fire compromised by

openings


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AND HAZARDS Type II Noncombustible

Similar to Type I only degree of fire resistance

is less Some cases materials with no fire resistance is

used

Primary hazards-contents

Heat build up during fire may cause structuralsupports to fail

Roof materials may contribute to fire spread


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AND HAZARDS Type III Ordinary

Exterior walls and structural members

noncombustible or limited combustible Interior structural members almost all wood

Wood used has smaller dimensions than TypeIV

Primary fire hazard is fire and smoke spreadthrough concealed spaces

Hazards reduced by using fire-stops


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AND HAZARDS Type IV Heavy Timber

Exterior and interior walls and associated structural

members noncombustible or limited combustiblematerials

Interior structures made of solid or laminated wood with

no concealed spaces

Wood has large dimensions

Primary fire hazard combustible contents of structural

members


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AND HAZARDS Type IV Continued

Because of massive amount of combustible

materials there will be serious heat given offand may pose exposure protection problems

Usually found in very old mills, factories, and

warehouse, and today in modern churches

Carpentersville- 10 W. Main Street, 11 East

Main Street, and Eckert Door/GoldenBag, Inc.


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AND HAZARDS Type V Wood Frame

All walls and structural members are wood

Presents unlimited fire hazards, spread, collapse

May present serious exposure problems

Every new subdivision in Carpentersville,:

GlenEagle, Kimball Farms, Aragon T/H,Willoughby Farms, and Keele Farms

(examples)


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AND HAZARDS Type V Continued

Old Town Type V construction, however a

lot of balloon construction. Balloonconstruction there are no fire stops. Fire in

basement, better go straight up to attic and roof

to check for extension. Modern construction is

called platform construction, each floor is

constructed on its own platform, thus acting as

a fire-stop, reducing wall channels


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BUILDING CONTRUCTION

TERMS

2-21.6.


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TERMS Veneer walls

Party wall

Fire wall

Partition wall

Cantilever/unsupported wall Load bearing wall

Nonload bearing wall


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TERMS Veneer Wall- decorative walls usually

attached to the outside of load-bearing

frame construction Party Wall- load bearing wall that supports

two adjacent structures

Fire Wall- separates two structures ordivides a structure into smaller portions toprevent spread of fire


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TERMS Partition Wall- non-load bearing wall that

divides two areas within a structure

Cantilever/Unsupported Walls-freestanding wall usually found in shoppingcenters or churches

Load bearing Wall-walls which supportstructural weight

Non-load bearing Wall- interior finishedwall, used to separate two rooms in a

house/office


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HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH

LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTIONAND TRUSS

OBJECTIVE

2-21.2.


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LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION

AND TRUSS

Designed to support only their own weight

If one fails, a domino effect happens andthey all fail

Rapid failure under fire conditions

Usually 5 to 10 minutes Wood char

Steel 1000 F

NEVER TRUST THE TRUSS!


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LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION

AND TRUSS

Wooden floor truss are just as dangerous

Truss can be lightweight wood or metal


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FF Hazards Related to

Construction

Heavy fire loading

Combustible finishes and furnishings

Wood shake shingles

Wooden floors/ceilings and coverings

Large open spaces

Lightweight construction/truss

Construction, renovations, demolition


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Construction Heavy content loading

Combustibles stored in high piles next to each

other Usually found in commercial and storage

facilities

This may override sprinkler system and provideaccess problems

Proper inspection and enforcement effective in

these type of facilities


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Construction Combustible furnishings/finishes

Contribute to fire spread and smoke production

Wood shake shingles

Contribute to fire loading and spread

Prolonged exposure to fire may result in

structural collapse Wood shake shingles in subdivisions create the

need for aggressive exposure protection


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Construction Wooden floors and ceilings

Contribute to fire loading

Prolonged exposure may result in collapse

Usually found in Type V construction and in

residential areas

Large open spaces Contributes to spread

Warehouses, churches, large atriums, common

attics, and theaters


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EFFECTS OF FIRE on BUILDING

MATERIALS

OBJECTIVE

2-21.5.


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EFFECTS OF FIRE on

BUILDING MATERIALS WOOD

Reaction depends on

Size Smaller the size more likely to lose integrity

Moisture content

Application of water


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EFFECTS OF FIRE on

BUILDING MATERIALS MASONRY

Minimally affected by fire

Mortar between masonry subject todeterioration and weakening from fire

Rapid cooling may cause to spall

Masonry needs to be inspected after fire


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EFFECTS OF FIRE on

BUILDING MATERIALS CAST IRON

Found in old buildings

Bolts and other fastening devices may fail,permitting to large wall and floor collapses


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EFFECTS OF FIRE on

BUILDING MATERIALS STEEL

Members elongate under heat

50 foot beam may elongate up to 4 inches whenheated to 1000

If ends are restrained it will buckle or fail

somewhere in the middle Failure can be anticipated at 1000


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EFFECTS OF FIRE on

BUILDING MATERIALS REINFORCED CONCRETE

Loses strength and spalls

Heat may cause bond between concrete andsteel causing collapse


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EFFECTS OF FIRE on

BUILDING MATERIALS GYPSUM (Drywall)

Excellent heat-resistant & fire retardant

properties Will brake down under fire conditions

Members protected by gypsum could be

exposed to high temps


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EFFECTS OF FIRE on

BUILDING MATERIALS GLASS

Glass does not contribute to fire load, but resins

in fiberglass will Heated glass will crack when hit with a cool

stream

PLASTER & LATH

Similar to gypsum

Large sections may fail during FF ops and falland strike FF


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FACTORS THAT INCREASE

FIRE RISKS AND

COLLAPSE Construction, Demolition, and Renovations

Drywall not yet in place

Exposed wood framing

Lack of barriers- doors, windows, etc.

Open stairwells

More at risk for to Arson In buildings, suppression systems not working yet

Blocked entrances/exits

Construction materials and equipment in the way


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SIGNS OF COLLAPSE

Cracks or separations in walls

Evidence of existing building instability, i.e.-starsor tie rods

Loose bricks, blocks, and stones Deteriorated mortar

Walls that appear to be leaning

Structural members that appear to be separatingfrom walls

Prolonged fire exposure

Fires beneath heavy machines, compressors, roof

top units, etc.


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IF COLLAPSE APPAERS

IMMINENT Evacuate building

Set up collapse zone around perimeter of

building

Allow NO Personnel or Apparatusto

operate in zone

If fire streams are needed to be continued,

they must be unmanned master streams

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