building system life-cycle commissioning and optimization
TRANSCRIPT
Building System Life-cycle Commissioning and Optimization for
Enhanced Energy Efficiency – Best Practices in Building Energy
Efficiency and Conservation Projects
Shengwei Wang (王盛衛) Chair Professor of Building Services Engineering (講座教授)
Building Energy and Automation Research Laboratory/Department of Building
Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
香港理工大學-屋宇設備工程學系/建築節能及自動化研究室
1
Opportunities and Challenges in China's Energy Development - Energy Efficiency and Conservation
28/Nov/2013, Singapore
Outline of Presentation/内容简要
• Basic approaches for building energy saving/建筑节能的基本路径
• Life-cycle diagnosis/commissioning and optimization/全生命周期诊断/校验及优化
• Technologies and deliverables/技术及可达目标
• Research areas and expertise/研究领域及经验
• Application Case 1 – ICC /应用案例1-环球貿易广场
• Application Case 2 – A Hotel Building/应用案例2-酒店建筑
• Energy Performance Enhancement of Existing Buildings/既有建筑节能
2
Basic Approaches for Energy Efficient Buildings
建筑节能的基本途径
• Reduced heating/cooling loads /低热负荷/冷负荷
– Building envelope design, passive design, etc. /建筑围护结构设计,
被动式设计,等
• Use of energy efficient components and technologies /使用高能效的设备与技术
• Optimization of system and technology integration, operation and control
/优化系统和技术集成, 运行及控制
– Life-cycle commissioning, design optimization, control optimization, etc. /
全生命周期的校验,设计优化,控制优化,等。
3
Team’s Research Objectives and Applicable
Deliverables - 团队的研究目标和产品
• Life-cycle Diagnosis/Commissioning
and Optimization
• 全生命周期诊断/校验及优化
4
Concept (理念) of Commissioning
• Commissioning: including verifying, diagnosis,
correction and improvement.
• 校验: 验证,诊断,修正及改进.
5
Objectives of Diagnosis/Commissioning and Optimization 诊断/校验及优化的目标
Objective of Diagnosis/Commissioning/诊断校验的目标 • To ensure the operation performance of the systems
delivered meet the design intent.
• 确保所交付系统的运行性能达到设计期望
Objective of optimization/优化的目标 • To push the operation performance of the systems
delivered to approach the best, often exceed the design intent.
• 让所交付系统运行的运行性能趋近最佳,通常优于设计期望
6
Steps towards Energy Efficient Buildings
建筑能源效益实现步骤
Make designs proper and correct
正确合理的设计
Optimize designs and selections
对设计和系统选用进行优化
Construct/install systems correctly
正确的系统施工/安装
Ensure systems operate as good as intent
确保系统运行效果达到设计期望
Push systems approach the best
使系统趋于最佳
Design Stage
设计阶段
Construction Stage
施工阶段
Operation Stage
and T&C Stage
运行与 调试测试阶段
7
• Building HVAC System Optimization Tool;
建筑空调系统优化工具
• Package of Online Optimal and Energy Efficient Control and Fault Diagnosis Strategies
实时节能优化控制和故障诊断策略系列
• Building System Online Performance Simulation Test Platform;
建筑系统实时性能模拟实验平台
• BA Control and Diagnosis Strategy Online Test Platform;
BA控制和诊断策略实时测试平台
Examples of Technologies/Tools Developed/技术示例
• Building Level Energy Performance Quick Evaluation and Diagnostic Tool;
建筑整体性能快速评估和诊断工具
• Detailed Evaluation and Diagnostic Tool for A/C and BA systems;
空调和BA系统评估和诊断工具
8
Building Energy Diagnosis Tools
建筑能耗诊断工具
Virtual Test Platforms
仿真实验平台
Optimization Tools
优化工具
Research Areas and Expertise 研究领域及经验
• Building HVAC&R system dynamic Simulation
建筑空调制冷系统动态模拟
• HVAC&R system Optimal and Energy-Efficient Control
空调制冷系统优化及节能控制
• Building Energy and HVAC&R System Fault Diagnosis
建筑能效及空调制冷系统故障诊断
• IB/BA Integration and Management Technology
IB/BA集成及管理技术
9
Research Areas and Expertise (B) • Building HVAC&R system dynamic Simulation and
Optimization/建筑空调制冷系统动态模拟及优化
- for dynamic and realistic performance evaluation
关注动态及真实性能评估
- Modeling for online optimal control and diagnosis
实时优化控制及诊断所需模型
- Effective parameter identification methods (based on limited and low quality information)
高效参数识别方法(基于有限和低质数据)
- System optimization/系统优化
Examples of novel contributions in the subject area/本方向创新贡献举例:
• Simplified physical models with parameters identified by fitting using limited operation data/
带有有限运行数据拟合的参数识别的简化物理模型
• Online adaptive models with online parameter identification /具有在线参数识别功能的在线自适应模型
• Parameter identification methods: GA-based fitting methods, frequency/time domain fitting
methods, etc. /参数识别方法:基于GA的拟合方法,频域/时域拟合方
法,等
Deliverables/成果:
• 35 (SCI) journal papers published /35篇SCI期刊文章
• 3 PhD students trained /培养了博士生3名
• 1 PhD student on-going /在读博士1名 10
Research Areas and Expertise (C)
• HVAC&R System Optimal and Energy-Efficient
Control/空调制冷系统优化及节能控制
- Concerning poor quality (accuracy and uncertainty) of online measurements/包容在线测量的低质量(准确性和不确定性)
- Robustness and sensitivity of control strategies (to measurement error/uncertainty, change of working conditions) /控制方案的鲁棒性和敏感性(在测量误差和不确定性,变工况条件下)
- Effective and robustness online optimization techniques/高效和鲁棒的在线优化算法
- Control of new HVAC systems/processes /新型空调系统和过程的控制
Examples of novel contributions in the subject area/本方法创新贡献举例:
• Chiller plant Robust control using data fusion/基于数据融合的制冷机组鲁棒控制
• Adaptive optimal control using online adaptive models /采用在线自适应模型的的自适应优化控制
• Supply-based demand-limiting control of chilled water systems /冷冻水系统的基
于供方的需求限定控制
Deliverables/成果:
• 45 (SCI) journal papers published /45篇SCI期刊文章
• 6 PhD students trained /培养了博士生6名
• 3 PhD students on-going /在读博士2名
• 3 Patents /专利3项 11
Research Areas and Expertise (D)
- HVAC&R component and sub-system FDD methods (concerning limited information or low quality data)/空调制冷系统部件和子系统故障诊断方法(考虑到有限信息和低质量数据);
- Sensor and control faults/传感器和控制故障;
- Building-level evaluation and diagnosis Methods/tools for existing buildings (based on limited data)/既有建筑建筑层次评价和诊断方法/工具(基于有限数据).
• Building Energy and HVAC&R System Fault Diagnosis
/建筑能效及空调制冷系统故障诊断
Examples of novel contributions in the subject area/本方法创新贡献举例:
• Senor fault detection and diagnosis/传感器故障检测及诊断 ;
• HVAC component diagnosis concerning sensor faults and uncertainty /包容传感器错误
和不确定性的空调部件诊断;
• Introducing adaptive thresholds in fault detection /引入自适应阈值于故障检测;
• Building-level performance assessment method based on very limited energy data /适用于极少能耗数据条件下的建筑层次性能考核方法;
Deliverables/成果:
• About 55 (SCI) journal papers published /约55篇SCI期刊文章
• 6 PhD students trained /培养了博士生6名
• 2 PhD student on-going /在读博士2名 12
Research Areas and Expertise (E)
- Integration and management software development/集成和管理软件开发;
- Interactive Building Energy Demand Management Strategy for Smart Grid (commercial buildings/via BMS)/与智能电网互动的建筑能耗需求管理方案(商用建筑/基于BMS)
• IB/BA Integration and Management Technology
IB /BA集成及管理技术
Examples of novel contributions in the subject area/本方法创新贡献举例:
• Use of middleware technology in BA management software platform /应用中间件技术
在BA管理软件平台的应用;
• Building energy demand management (and interaction strategy with smart grid) /建筑能耗需求管理[与智能电网互动的方案.
Deliverables/成果:
• 15 (SCI) journal papers published /15篇SCI期刊文章
• 3 PhD students trained /培养了博士生3名
• 3 PhD student on-going /在读博士2名
13
建筑全生命周期校验及优化
– 环球貿易广场
Building Life-cycle Diagnosis, Commissioning and Optimization
- International Commerce Centre (ICC)
14
Our Roles in ICC Project /我们在项目中的角色
Independent Energy Consultant (Independent Commissioning Agent)
独立的节能顾问(独立的校验代理)
To Develop the HVAC Energy Optimal Control System
开发HVAC节能优化控制系统
490 m
118 F
15
Virtual Building System – Dynamic simulation platform of the complex HVACR system
虚拟建筑系统-复杂空调系统动态模拟平台
Chiller One
TYPE 23
Chiller Four
TYPE 23
Chiller Six
TYPE 23
Chiller Two
TYPE 23
Chiller Three
TYPE 23
Chiller Five
TYPE 23
CTA Three
TYPE 1
CTB One
TYPE 2
CTA Five
TYPE 1
CTA Two
TYPE 1
CTA Four
TYPE 1
CTB Two
TYPE 2
CTA One
TYPE 1
CTB Five
TYPE 2
CTB Four
TYPE 2
CTB Three
TYPE 2
CTA Six
TYPE 1
Cooling tower controller
TYPE 3&54&55
Mixing after chiller condensers
TYPE 4
Mixing after cooling towers
TYPE 5
Data Reader
TYPE 9
Chiller sequence controller
TYPE 50
Mixing & Bypass
TYPE 67
Return pipe
TYPE 31 Supply pipe
TYPE 31
Pump & network
TYPE 12
AHUs
TYPE 63
PID control
TYPE 42
Pump sequence
TYPE 39
HX modeling&mixingTYPE 41
HX sequence
TYPE 39
PID control
TYPE 43
Tao,i
Load & status of AHUs
TYPE 49
Pump & network
TYPE 13
AHUs
TYPE 21
PD optimizerTYPE 7
PID control
TYPE 20
Pump sequence
TYPE 39
PID control
TYPE 43
Tao,i
VPi
PDset
Pump & network
TYPE 14
PID control
TYPE 43
PID control
TYPE 43
Mixing
TYPE 48
Tw,out
HX modeling&mixing TYPE 36
HX sequence
TYPE 39
Pump & network
TYPE 17
AHUs
TYPE 63
PID control
TYPE 42
Pump sequence
TYPE 39
PID control
TYPE 43
Tao,i
Pump & network
TYPE 15
PID control
TYPE 43
PID control
TYPE 43
Mixing & bypass
TYPE 19
Tw,o
ut
Load & status of AHUs
TYPE 35
Pump & network
TYPE 18
AHUs
TYPE 63
PID control
TYPE 42
PID control
TYPE 43
Tao,i
HX modeling&mixing TYPE 37
HX sequence
TYPE 39
Pump & network
TYPE 16
PID control
TYPE 43
PID control
TYPE 43Mixing & bypass
TYPE 45
PD optimizerTYPE 6
VPi
PDset
PD optimizerTYPE 8
Pump sequence
TYPE 39
PDset
PD optimizerTYPE 62
PDset
Mixing
TYPE 47
Mixing
TYPE 47
Tw,su
p
Mw,i
On/
Off
of
AH
Us
Mw
& P
Dm
eas
Npu
Freq
On/
Off
of
AH
Us
Mw,i
Mw
& P
Dm
eas
Freq
Npu
Nhx
Tw,su
p
Tw,in &Mw
Tw,su
p
Mw,set
Mw,measFreq
Mw,i
VPi
Npu
Freq
VPi
Mw,i
Freq
Npu
Mw
& P
Dm
eas
Nhx
Mw
Tw,sup&MwMw,set
Mw,measFreqNhx
Load
Nhx
Nhx
Tw,su
p
Tw,out
Ma,
i&Ta
,inMa,i&Ta,in
Ma,i&Ta,in
On/Off of AHUs
On/Off of AHUsOn/Off of AHUs
Mw & Tw,rtn Mw & Tw,rtn
On/Off of AHUs Ma,i&Ta,in
On/
Off
of
AH
Us
On/Off of AHUs
Load
Tw,su
pTw
,rtn
& M
w
Tw,rtn & Mw
Tw,in
Mw
& T
w,in
Tw,sup & MwMw & Tw,rtn
Nhx
Mw
Mw
,&w
,in
Tw,rt
n&
Mw
Mw,measFreq
Mw,set
Mw
Nch On/Off On/Off On/Off On/Off On/Off On/Off
Tw,ch,out Tw,ch,out Tw,ch,out Tw,ch,out Tw,ch,out Tw,ch,out
Tsup
Tsup
Mw
,tot&
Trt
n
Nch Tw,cd,out Tw,cd,out Tw,cd,out Tw,cd,out Tw,cd,out Tw,cd,out
Tw,cd,in
Mw,tot&Tw,ct,inTw,cd,outOn/Off,i&Freq,i
Zone 2
Zone 1Zone 3&4
NumberN:
Valve positionVP:
Pressure differentialPD:
FrequencyFreq:
Cooling loadLoad:
Water or air flow rateM:
TemperatureT:
Component type numberTYPE XX:
NumberN:
Valve positionVP:
Pressure differentialPD:
FrequencyFreq:
Cooling loadLoad:
Water or air flow rateM:
TemperatureT:
Component type numberTYPE XX:
Supplysup:Heat exchangerhx:
wb:
ct:
cd:
rtn:
in:
ao:
meas:
w:
Subscript
Wet-bulb
Cooling tower
Condenser
Return
Inlet
Air outlet
Measurement
Water
Set-pointset:
Chillerch:
Dry-bulbdb:
Outletout:
Pumppu:
Totaltot:
Individuali:
Aira:
Supplysup:Heat exchangerhx:
wb:
ct:
cd:
rtn:
in:
ao:
meas:
w:
Subscript
Wet-bulb
Cooling tower
Condenser
Return
Inlet
Air outlet
Measurement
Water
Set-pointset:
Chillerch:
Dry-bulbdb:
Outletout:
Pumppu:
Totaltot:
Individuali:
Aira:
Tw,out & Mw Tw,out & Mw Tw,out & Mw Tw,out & MwTw,out & MwTw,out & MwTw,out & Mw Tw,out & MwTw,out & Mw Tw,out & Mw
Mw,tot&Tw,ct,out
Pump sequence
TYPE 39NpuMw
Pump sequence
TYPE 39
Npu
Mw
Mixing
TYPE 60
Tw,rtn & Mw,tot
Twb&
Tdb
Tw,out,i
Mixing
TYPE 61
Mw,tot & Tw,rtn
Zone airflow rates
Zone 1
Zone 2 Zones 3&4
Virtual Building
System Simulated
BA & Strategies
(updated throughout the entire
process)
虚拟建筑系统仿真(全过程不断更新)
• Verifying/improving the system configuration and component selection including the chiller system, water system (primary/secondary system), heat rejection system (cooling towers), fresh air system etc.
验证/改进系统配置及设备选配,包括冷机、水系统(一/二次系统)、散热系统(冷却塔)及新风系统等;
• Verifying and improving the metering system for proper local control, and the original proposed control logics at the design stage.
验证/改进测量系统使之满足过程控制及原有设计控制方案
• Proposal of additional metering system for implementing supervisory control and diagnosis strategies and related facilities for implementing these strategies
建议额外的测量设备及系统以备整体优化控制策略及诊断 略的实施
Commissioning at Design Stage/设计阶段校验
Design commissioning mainly concerns the future operation and control
performance of HVAC systems, including:
设计校验关注HVAC未来的运行和控制性能,主要包括:
The typical energy-saving efforts from the design and the installation phases
设计和安装阶段最典型的节能措施
An Example of Diagnosis and Optimization at Design Stage
设计阶段诊断及优化的例子
HX-42 HX-42 HX-42 HX-42 HX-42 HX-42 HX-42
(S-B
)
FROM OFFICE FLOORS (43-77)
TO OFFICE FLOORS (43-77)
(S-B
)
HX-78HX-78HX-78
TO OFFICE FLOORSS (79-98)
FROM OFFICE FLOORS (79-98)
(S-B
)(S
-B)
SCHWP-42-01 to 03SCHWP-42-04 to 06
SCHWP-78-01 to 03
SCHWP-06-06 to 09
To Z
on
e 3&
4
Fro
m Z
on
e 3&
4
Flow meter
Bypass valve
EVAPORATOR EVAPORATOR EVAPORATOR EVAPORATOREVAPORATOREVAPORAROR
WCC-06a-01
(2040 Ton)
PCHWP-06-01
FROM OFFICCE FLOORS(7-41)
TO OFFICE FLOORS(7-41)
HX-42
PCHWP-06-02 PCHWP-06-03 PCHWP-06-04 PCHWP-06-05 PCHWP-06-06
WCC-06a-02
(2040 Ton)
WCC-06a-04
(2040 Ton)WCC-06a-03
(2040 Ton)
WCC-06a-05
(2040 Ton)WCC-06a-06
(2040 Ton)
CDWP-06-01 CDWP-06-02 CDWP-06-04CDWP-06-03 CDWP-06-05 CDWP-06-06
A
F
D
CA
B
E
B
D
C
E
F
Secondary water circuit for Zone 1
Secondary water circuit for Zone 2
Secondary water circuit for Zone
3 and Zone 4
Primary water circuit
Chiller circuit
Cooling water circuit
(S-B
)
FROM PODIUM & BASEMENT
TO PODIUM & BASEMENT
HX-06
(S-B
)(S
-B)
(S-B
)
FROM OFFICE FLOORS (43-77)
TO OFFICE FLOORS (43-77)
(S-B
)
CONDENSER CONDENSER CONDENSER CONDENSER CONDENSER CONDENSER
HX-78HX-78HX-78
TO OFFICE FLOORSS (79-98)
FROM OFFICE FLOORS (79-98)
(S-B
)(S
-B)
SCHWP-42-01 to 03SCHWP-42-04 to 06
SCHWP-78-01 to 03
PCHWP-78-03PCHWP-78-01 PCHWP-78-02
PCHWP-42-01 PCHWP-42-02 PCHWP-42-03 PCHWP-42-04 PCHWP-42-05 PCHWP-42-06 PCHWP-42-07
SCHWP-06-06 to 09
SCHWP-06-03 to 05
SCHWP-06-01 to 02
SCHWP-06-10 to 12
To cooling towersFrom cooling towers
HX-42 HX-42 HX-42 HX-42 HX-42 HX-42
HX-06
Original System
原系统
Revised System
修改后的系统
System Design Verification and Optimization 系统设计验证及优化
Secondary water loop systems of 3rd/4th zones /第3/4区二次水系统
去掉水泵/Primary pumps are omitted
System Design Verification and Optimization 系统设计验证及优化
Secondary water loop systems of 3rd/4th zones /第3/4区二次水系统
Primary pumps in Zone 3- removed on 25th August 2012
Primary pumps in Zone 4-removed on 13th October 2012
Comparison of the power consumption between two design configurations in Zone 3
Items Original design Alternative
design Savings
Constant speed pumps 89.4 kW (2 pumps
in operation) 0.0 kW 89.4 kW 100%
Variable speed pumps
before heat exchangers 45.6 kW 45.1 kW 0.5 kW 1.1%
Variable speed pumps
in Zone 3 18.5 kW 22.8 kW -4.3 kW -23.2%
Total 153.5 kW 67.9 kW 85.6 kW 55.8%
Comparison between Two systems/修改前后能耗比较
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (h )
Pu
mp
pow
er (
kW)
Original design
Alternative design
Typical sunny-summer day
夏季晴天
Annual Pump Energy Saving is 1M kWh/水泵年节能量为1百万kWh
Cooling tower site operation issue/冷却塔实际运行 • We suggest all the cooling tower fans are equipped with VFD for
significant energy savings, and the variable frequency range is from 50 Hz to 20Hz (25 Hz at least)/我们建议所有冷却塔采用VFD控制(变频范围为50Hz~20Hz,至少25Hz)可显著节能.
• At the test stage, the manufacture stated the minimum frequency is 37 Hz for cooling requirement of the inside motor. /在测试阶段,制造商声称冷却内部电机所需的最低频率为37Hz.
• The manufacturer finally confirmed the minimum frequency is 20 Hz ensuring the normal operation of the fan. /最终,制造商确认保证风机正常运行的最低频率为20Hz
Such low frequency increases the energy
saving potential greatly at partial load
conditions !
低频运行大幅提高了部分负荷下的节能潜力!
The savings is about 607,000 kWh , 2.86% of annual energy
consumption of chillers and cooling towers due to the lower
frequency limit.
较低的频率范围带来的年节电量约为607,000度,为冷机和冷却塔年运行电耗的2.86%.
Optimal control strategies for central air-conditioning systems/ 中央空调系统优化控制策略
Chiller sequence, optimal start /冷机时序、优化开机
Optimal chiller sequence - based on a more accurate cooling load prediction using
data fusion method, and considering demand limiting /优化冷机时序—基于数据融合方法得到的更为准确的预测冷负荷,并同时考虑限制负荷.
Adaptive online strategy for optimal start - based on simplified sub-system dynamic
models /基于简化子系统的动态模型的冷机自适应的在线优化启动
Ventilation strategy for multi-zone air-conditioning system /多区空调系统新风控制策略
Optimal ventilation control strategy - based on ventilation needs of individual zones
and the energy benefits of fresh air intake / 优化新风控制策略—基于各区域新风需求及新风引入的节能效益
Peak demand limiting and overall electricity cost management /峰值限电及宏观电费管理
23
Chilled water system optimization/冷冻水系统优化
Optimal pressure differential set point reset strategy/优化压差重设定策略
Optimal pump sequence logic / 优化水泵时序逻辑
Optimal heat exchanger sequence logic /优化换热器时序逻辑
Optimal control strategy for pumps in the cold water side of heat exchangers/换热器供冷侧水泵优化控制
Optimal chilled water supply temperature set-point reset strategy/优化冷冻水出水温度重设策略
Cooling water system optimization /冷却水系统优化
Optimal condenser inlet water temperature set point reset strategy/优化冷却水进水温度重设策略
Optimal cooling tower sequence/优化冷却塔时序控制
Optimal control strategies for central air-conditioning systems /中央空调系统优化控制策略(续)
24
From cooling source
HX
HX
Temperature controller
Differential pressure controller
Temperature
set-pointPressure
differential set-point
To coolingsource
Secondary side of HX Primary side of HX
Temperature controller
Temperature
set-point
MM
ΔP
TT
TT
To terminal
units
From terminal units
Modulating
valves
MM
HX
HX
TT TM
Temperature controller
Water flowcontroller
Temperature
set-point
Water flow
set-point
To terminal
units
From terminal units
Secondary side of HX Primary side of HX
TM
From cooling source
To coolingsource
Original implemented strategy – differential pressure control and by resorting to the modulating valve
原用策略 —维持压差并调节水阀开度
Revised strategy – cascade controller without using any modulating valve
改进策略 —无调节阀的串级控制
Optimal Control of Variable Speed Pumps/变频泵优化控制
Speed control of pumps distributing water to heat exchangers
供水给热交换器的水泵变频控制
25
Site practically tests show that the proposed strategy can provide stable and reliable control. Compared to original implemented strategy, about 22.0% savings for pumps before heat exchangers in Zone 1 was achieved.
现场实测表明该控制策略稳定可靠,与原策略比,第1区换热器前的水泵可节能22.0%.
Energy consumption (kWh)
Pumps Number
(standby) Original
strategy
(kWh)
Alternative
Strategy
(kWh)
Saving
(kWh)
Primary pumps in Zone 1 1(1) 528,008 456,132 71,876
Primary pumps for Zones 3&4 3(1) 921,235 795,830 125,405
Primary pumps in Zone 4 2(1) 401,008 346,420 54,588
Total saving of the primary pumps 251,869
Energy saving of primary pumps before
heat exchanges due to the use of
PolyU strategy is about 250,000 kWh.
采用我们的策略后,换热器一次泵
年节电约250,000度
Performance test and evaluation/性能测试及评价
Due to the low load of Zone 1 in ICC at current stage, a simulation test of annual energy savings by using PolyU strategy is performed
因现阶段ICC第1区负荷较低,通过模拟对我们的策略进行了全年能耗测试
26
Visible Plume Abatement
白烟控制
27
Visible Plume/白烟
28
At first-level warning, increase airflow rate by 20% when
plume potential is marginal/一级预警,当预计到
白烟临界点时,风量增加20%
At second-level warning, increase airflow by 40% when
plume potential is high/二级预警,当白烟发生概
率更高时,风量增加40%
Start heating using heat pumps when visual plume is
observed/当白烟发生时,启动热泵加热
Decision
maker
Platform for predicting
plume occurring possibility
Normal operation when there is no predicted plume
occurs / 预测无白烟则正常操作
Operating Condition Power Consumption
Cooling
Water
Temp Set-
point
Cooling
Tower
Number
Cooling
Tower
Freq
Chiller
Power
Cooling
Tower
Power
Total
Power Difference
Operation modes
°C - Hz kW kW kW kW %
Reference 22.7 3 26.51 856.2 59.1 915.35 -- --
First-level warning 21.3 3 30.74 836.2 93.0 929.2 14.0 1.5
Second-level warming 20.1 3 35.52 819.9 145.9 965.8 50.6 5.5
Using heat pumps 22.7 3CT+1HP 26.51 856.2 59.1 1215.2 300 32.8
Visible Plume Abatement/白烟控制
Additional energy consumption for plume control could
be reduced from 32.8% to 5.5% or 1.5% at low Load
白烟控制的附加能耗从32.8%降低为5.5%或低负荷下的1.5%
29
Chiller Plant Sequencing Control
of Enhanced Robustness using
Data Fusion Technique 采用数据融合技术的强化鲁棒
冷机时序控制
30
采用数据融合的冷负荷测量
Cooling load measurement/冷负荷测量
Direct measurement of building cooling load/直接测量
Qdm = cpwρwMw(Tw,rtn-Tw,sup)
cpw is the water specific thermal capacity/ 比热容; ρw is the water
density/水密度; Mw is water flow rate/水流量; Tw,rtn,Tw,sup are
chilled water return/supply temp/冷冻水供回水温度.
Indirect measurement of building cooling load/间接测量
Qim = f(Pcom,Tcd,Tev)
Pcom is chiller power consumption/ 冷机功耗; Tcd,Tev are chiller
condensing/evaporating temperatures/ 冷机冷凝/蒸发温度
31
Robust building cooling load measurement technique Based on Data Fusion
基于数据融合的强化鲁棒冷负荷测量技术
Data fusion to merge “Direct measurement” and “Indirect
measurement” improving the accuracy and reliability of building
cooling load measurement
Chiller 1 Chiller n
Central Chilling Plant
Chiller
Model 1
Direct Load
measurement
Data Fusion
Engine
+
Wch,n,Tev,n,Tcd,n
Tsup Mw
Trtn
Qdm
Qin,1 Qin,n
Qload (Fused cooling load)
rload (Degree of confidence)
…
Advanced soft
measurement system
Chiller
Model n
Wch,1,Tev,1,Tcd,1
数据融合综合“直接测量”和“间接测量”以改进建筑冷负荷测量精度和可靠性
32
High degree of confidence => Accurate and relatively 高可信度 aggressive control
精确和进取的控制
Low degree of confidence => Safe control and warning
低可信度 for maintenance check
保守控制并发出检修警告信息
Medium degree of confidence => Less aggressive and
中可信度 safer control/較保守
和較安全的控制
Robust Chiller Sequencing Control Based on Enhanced
Cooling Load Measurement Technique
基于强化冷负荷测量技术的制冷机组鲁棒性时序控制
33
34
07/20/2011 07/21/2011 07/22/2011 07/23/2011 07/24/2011 07/25/2011 07/26/2011 07/27/20110
1
2
3
4
5
Chi
ller
oper
atin
g nu
mbe
r
Original one
Robust one
On-site Application Result – Robust Chiller sequencing control
Strategy Weekly energy consumption Capability in error
detection kWh Saving (%)
Original control 426,730 - No
Robust one 398,380 6.6 Yes
Annual energy saving is about 680,000 kWh.
Site Implementation of The
Control Strategies
控制策略的现场实施
Implementation Strategy of Optimal Control and Diagnosis
Tools in ICC /ICC优化控制和诊断策略的实施
LAN
VAV BoxAHU PAU
Supply air control
optimizer
Fresh air control
optimizer
Fresh air
terminal
ATC
Decision Supervisor
Building
Management
System
DiagnosisOptimizer
Overall KVA, etc. Control
Parameters
Chiller Plant Control Optimizer
and Diagnosis
Control Setting
from PolyU
Control Setting
from ATC
Manual
Control
Control Setting
from PolyU
Control Setting
from ATC
Manual
Control
BA
Cn
et
SD
K
IBmanager
Continuous Technical Support in and after 2012
No Strategy Implementation Date Annual Energy
Saving (kWh)
1 Robust chiller sequencing control 1-Jan-2012 680,000
2 Chilled water supply temperature
optimization
1-Feb-2012 110,000
3 Cooling tower optimal control 25-Jun-2012 330,000
4 System design optimization with
primary pumps being omitted
Zone 3: 25-Aug-2012
Zone 4:13-Oct-2012
1,000,000
5 Speed control of pumps distributing
water to heat exchangers
Zone 3: 14-Nov-2012
Zone 4: 8-Nov-2012
250,000
6 DCV with free cooling 28- Mar-2013 1,000,000
7 Deficit flow control 28- Oct-2013 250,000
2012: Optimal control strategies are tested and implemented stage by stage
in 2012. Only part of the annual energy saving was realized.
HVAC system COP comparison between 2011 and 2012
1.96
1.94
-
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
EE
R_
HV
AC
Efficiency-2012
Efficiency-2011
System average COP is increased from 1.94 to 1.96 (i.e. 1%).
Continuous Technical Support in and after 2012
Energy consumption of HVAC system comparison between 2011 and 2012
2013: Compared with 2012, energy consumption of HVAC system in the first
six months has been reduced by about 2.0 M kWh.
Continuous Technical Support in and after 2012
-
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
4,500,000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Average
Ener
gy
consu
mp
tio
n (
kW
h)
HVAC consumption-2013
HVAC consumption-2012
Summary of Energy Benefits/节能效益总计 • 1,000,000 kWh energy consumption is saved due to the modification
on the secondary water loops of Zone 3 & 4 / 改进3、4区二次水环路—节能1百万度
• 2,360,000 kWh , (about 5.1% of annual energy consumption of chillers and cooling towers) of the cooling system can be saving due
to the change from single speed to variable speed using VFD /冷却塔单速运行改为VFD无级变频—节能2.36百万度
• 607,000 kWh , (about 2.8% of annual energy consumption of chillers and cooling towers) of the cooling system will be wasted
when the lowest frequency is limited at 37 Hz / 若冷却塔最低频率定为37Hz,将费能约61万度
• 3, 500,000 kWh (about 7%) of the total energy consumption of HVAC system) can be saved using PolyU control strategies based on
the original design/ 在原设计方案的基础上,采用我们的控制策略节能3.5百万度
Saving by Control Optimization – compared with the
case when the HVAC system operates correctly as the
original design intent. 3.5M per year
优化控制节能 -与HVAC系统按照原设计正常运行比,每年节省约3.5百万度
Saving by Commissioning (Improving the system configuration and selection) – compared with the
original design. About 3.5 M per year
与原设计方案比,校验(改进系统形式及配置) 年节能为3.5百万度
The annual total energy
saving is about 7.0M kWh !
年节能总计约7百万度
40
Contributions in supporting ICC building in getting
HK-BEAM Platinum Certificate 对ICC铂金认证的贡献
Annual Energy Use Reduction By 14.6% to get extra 2 credits
年能耗降低14.6% 得2分
Peak Demand Reduction By 26.9% to get extra 2 credits
峰值负荷减少26.9% 得2分
Optimal Control Strategies “Innovation” for extra 1 credits
“创新项”—优化控制策略 得1分
Grade
评级
Overall
得分率
Performance
性能评价
Platinum 铂金 75% Excellent 优异
Gold 金 65% Very Good 很好
Silver 银 55% Good 较好
Bronze 铜 40% Above average
中等偏上
The overall assessment grade is based
on the percentage of applicable credits
(about 145) gained in 5 categories: site
aspects,material aspects, energy
use,water use , and IAQ (vision 4/04 ).
认证等级根据建筑在:场地,材料,能源,用水以及室内环境质量这五个方面的整体得分率而定.
Gold
金级(72.7%)
5 credits 分 (3.5%)
Platinum
铂金级(76.2%)
H V
A C
ICC Project Won ASHRAE Technology Award 2014
(Category 1: Commercial Building - New)
A New Hotel Development in Sheung Wan
(Holiday Inn Express)
Independent Energy Consultant (Independent Commissioning Agent)
独立的节能顾问(独立的校验顾问)
To Develop the HVAC Energy Optimal Control System
开发HVAC节能优化控制系统
44
System Design diagnosis and Optimization
系统设计诊断及优化
Bypass of heat recovery in fresh air supply system/新风处理机热回收系统的旁通控制
Reset of the cooling water system design pressure drop/冷却水系统设计压头的重估
Optimal chiller selection /优化冷机选型
Optimal condensing water pump selection/优化冷却水泵选型
Optimal cooling tower installation/优化冷却塔安装
Chilled water system optimization/冷冻水系统优化 Optimal pressure differential set point reset strategy/优化压差重设定策略
Optimal chilled water supply temperature set-point reset strategy/优化冷冻水出水温度重设策略
Cooling water system optimization /冷却水系统优化 Variable fan speed control/冷却塔风扇变速控制
Optimal condenser inlet water temperature set point reset strategy/优化冷却水进水温度重设策略
Optimal cooling tower sequence control/优化冷却塔时序控制
Optimal cooling water pump sequence control/优化冷却水泵时序控制
Air system optimization /送风系统优化 Optimal PAU fan speed control /优化新风处理机风扇速度控制
Chiller sequence, optimal start /冷机优化 Optimal chiller sequence control /优化冷机时序控制
45
Optimal control strategies for central air-conditioning systems/ 中央空调系统优化控制策略
46
Summary of Energy Benefits/节能效益总计
Platinum
铂金级
BEAM PLUS Platinum Certificate 铂金认证
Saving by Commissioning (Improving the system configuration and
selection) and Control Optimization – compared with the case
when the HVAC system operates correctly as the
original design intent. 20% saved annually
优化设计与控制节能 -与HVAC系统按照原设计正常运行比,每年节省20%电能。
Existing Buildings
Energy Performance Assessment and
Diagnosis of Information-poor Buildings
基于有限信息的建筑能效评估及诊断
Information-poor buildings信息匮乏建筑
• Insufficient energy use data 能耗数据不足 – Few or no sub-meters are installed
一般不具备分项电表, 仅能从电费单获取建筑总能耗
• Poor-quality measurements 测量质量不高 – Very limited sensors 传感器数量有限
– Seldom calibrated/maintained 缺乏定期标定与维护,误差很大
• Unknown, abnormal operation modes 运行模式不定 – Occupants’ behaviors : 人员行为的随机性很大
– Failures of automatic control: 故障导致运行偏离预期
Energy balances: 电量、冷量平衡
Conditioned
zone
Unconditioned
zone
Heat of “other-consumers”
is dissipated to
unconditioned zone or outside
Electricity
“others” e.g., lift,
exterior lighting
Cooling
Supply
Internal
heat gain
Conductive heat gain
through envelope
Heat gain due
to solar
radiation
Heat gain due
to ventilation
HVAC e.g., chiller,
pump, fan
“internal” e.g., lighting,
plugged load
OthersInternalHVACBuilding EEEE DemandSupply CLCL
Electricity consumption balance Cooling energy balance
Monthly energy performance assessment
based on limited information
基于有限信息的逐月能效评估方法
Inputs
Monthly electricity
bills
Building design data
Weather data
Short-term field
measurements
Electricity balance
Cooling
demand
Cooling
supply
Cooling energy balance
Optimization algorithm
Outputs
Energy consumptions
of individual systems
Building cooling load
Energy efficiencies of
HVAC system and
main components
EHVAC EInternal
Energy Performance
Calculation
各系统能耗、建筑冷负荷、空调系统性能参数由基于少量信息的能量平衡关系确定 50
Optimization algorithm for energy balancing
电量冷量平衡示意图
kWhEEE HVACOthersInternal 401,620
HVACInternalDemand EECL 843,290
SCOPECL HVACSupply
Determine EInternal, EOthers and EHVAC to
minimize relative cooling balance residual: )(5.0 SupplyDemand
SupplyDemand
CLCL
CLCL
Rμ
Outputs: Building energy performance data
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Internal-consumers HVAC system Others-consumers
Energy consumption of individual systems
各子系统逐月能耗 Cooling
loadSCOP α
Jan 3.09E+06 1.44 38.8%
Feb 2.76E+06 1.40 40.0%
Mar 3.59E+06 1.49 36.8%
Apr 4.97E+06 1.92 33.7%
May 7.15E+06 2.04 33.5%
Jun 7.88E+06 2.09 30.9%
Jul 8.73E+06 2.15 31.5%
Aug 9.18E+06 2.22 32.0%
Sep 8.11E+06 2.14 32.5%
Oct 6.21E+06 2.00 35.2%
Nov 5.75E+06 1.93 34.8%
Dec 3.48E+06 1.57 39.0%
Total 7.09E+07 1.87 34.9%
Performance of HVAC system
空调系统性能参数
52
Main Interface 软件主界面
Hong Kong Airport
Telford Plaza (MTR) Maritime Square (MTR)
53
Annual Saving:
3.4M (22%)–4.9 (32%) Annual Saving:
3.7M(21%)–5.8(33%)
Annual Saving:
Targeted: 5M
Achievable: 6.1
Annual Saving:
Targeted: 20%
Promised: 15%
Projected: 25%
Recent existing Building Energy Projects
/近期既有建筑节能项目
54