building svs - plumbing and sanitary services

7/27/2019 Building Svs - Plumbing and Sanitary Services

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Building Services

Plumbing And Sanitary Services

2011/12 Semester 2

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Building Services Plumbing and Sanitary Services

Scope of Lecture Types of pipe and valve Water supply system

Mode of water supply

Water contamination Cleaning and sterilisation for water supply system Water conservation measures

Sanitary plumbing system Definitions of terms Traps and trap seal Types of sanitary plumbing system


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Pipe materials

Commonly used piping materials in building plumbing/sanitary

systems:

Cast iron pipe Ductile iron pipe Galvanised steel pipe Concrete pipe Copper pipe Stainless steel pipe UPVC pipe


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Cast Iron Pipe High strength and load bearing capacity Heavy and subjected to internal and external corrosion Lesser strength than ductile iron pipe

Ductile Iron Pipe High resistance to facture and unaffected by extraneous

shock and vibration

Internal lined with cement Coated externally with bituminous


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Galvanised mild steel pipe (BS 1387) High tensile strength Black mild steel coated with Zinc

Concrete pipe Strong, durable and corrosion-resistant Smooth interior Heavy


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Copper pipe (BS EN 1057) Resistance to corrosion Light and easily bend Easy to joint, and concealed in wall Commonly used by contractor for plumbing system Relatively higher material cost


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Stainless steel pipe A low carbon steel pipe containing chromium and nickel Rigid and harder to bend as compared to copper Good resistance to corrosion Used widely because of its hardness, light and aesthetic

appearance

High material cost


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Copper pipe (Fig from Crane)Steel pipe (Fig from NipponSteel)


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Ductile iron pipe UPVC pipe (Fig from SNOW)


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n Choice of piping materialsn Considerations when selecting :

n Operating fluid pressuren Temperature of the fluidn Impact of external loadn Resistance to corrosion, internally and externallyn No deleterious effect on the water conveyedn Ease of installation, exposed and concealedn

Durability


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n Method of pipe joiningn Copper pipe

n Cold method (Compression Joint) Non manipulative (Type A) Manipulative (Type B)

n Hot method (Brazing or Capillary Joint)


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n Copper pipe - compression jointn Non manipulative

n Requires no special preparation. Joints should not be concealed inwall or buried in the ground. For surface fixing or readily accessible

space (Example in service duct)

n Manipulative typen The tube end has to be formed using special tools. This joint

maybe used for underground installation. Fitting must be

dezincification resistant


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n Copper pipe Brazingor Capillary Joint

n The brazing filler rod isfed and drawn by the

capillary action into thewhole joint.


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n Methods of jointing UPVC Pipesn Solventn Flangen Screw and threadn Weldingn Mechanical rubber rings joint


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n UPVC pipe Solvent Jointn Joints by using jointing solvents. Joints maybe of the spigot

and socket type, having socket formed integral with the pipe

or alternatively, separate sleeve may be used

n The internal surfaces of the socket fitting and the pipe endshould be degreased with a cleaning agent

n When joining, ensure that the place is well ventilated. Asetting time of this joint is 24 hrs, after the setting time can

the pipe be subjected to pressure test


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UPVC Pipe Solvent Joint


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n Methods of jointing Ductile Iron Pipen Flange joint

n A rigid joint and unlike push-on joint will not absorb longitudinalor lateral movement. Sealed with the aid of gaskets.

n Used when the place is restricted and pipe can not be rotatedor screwed during fixing.

n Normally used for pump discharge and at metersn Push on or Rubber ring joint

n Used when pipe is laid undergroundn Joint is flexible and tolerance of some deflectionsn Not recommended for pressure pipe, such as pump discharge

pipe


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Ductile Iron Pipe : Push-on joint


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Flange joint


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Cast Iron Pipe Hubless Joint


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n Jointing between dissimilar materialsn Avoid joining dissimilar materials where possible to avoid

electrolytic corrosion (when two or more metals come in the

presence of moisture or water, an electric current is created

between the metals through the water and as a result, one ofthe metals will corrode)

n However, when dissimilar pipes have to be used, there areavailable approved unions made of electrically non-

conducting materials for jointing. For example, copper

unions can be used for the following connections:n Copper pipe and steel pipen Copper pipe and UPVC pipe


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n Valvesn Valves are used in piping systems to regulate the flow of fluid.

Common types of valve used in building plumbing and sanitary

systems are :

n Stop valves Gate valve Globe valve Ball valve Butterfly valve

n Check valves Single check valve Double check valve

n Pressure regulating valvesn Vaccum relief valvesn Air release valves


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n Gate valven Used for on-off controln Low resistance to flow

when fully open

n Not suitable forcontrolling flow rate

n Fig from Toyo


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n Globe valven Used for on/off and

throttling operations

n Fig from Toyo


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n Ball valven Use for on-off and

throttling purposes


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n Butterfly valven Used for isolating and

regulating flow


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n Check valvenAllow fluid to flow in one direction onlyn To prevent backflow


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n Double check valven Consist of 2 spring-

loaded check valves and

an isolating valve at each

siden Used to prevent backflow


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n Pressure regulatingvalve

n To regulate thepressure inside pipe to

a pre-set level


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n Vacuum relief valvenAllow air to enter into

the piping systemwhen it is being

emptied or subjectedto vacuum

n Used to preventbacksiphonage action

within the water

system


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nAir release valvenAllow trapped air in the

piping system toescape


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n Water supply systemn Basically 3 modes of water supply to residential and

commercial buildings

n Direct water supply from PUB main Level of highest fitting less than 25 m above mean sea level

n Indirect supply through high level storage tank Level of highest fitting more than 25 m but less than 37 m above

mean sea level

n Indirect supply via low level tank to high level tank by water

pumps. Level of highest fitting more than 37 m above mean sea level


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n Water tank constructionn Material

n Glass reinforced Polyester (GRP)n Stainless steeln

Reinforced concreten Associated piping and accessories

n Ball float valven Level indicatorn Access paneln

Overflow pipen Warning pipen Vent pipen Drain pipen Cat ladder


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n Water tank constructionn Storage tank with storage capacity of more than 5000 litres

must be provided with compartments and the necessary pipe

work. This is to enable no interruption of water supply during

tank cleaning and maintenance

n Warning pipe of 25mm diameter shall be provided if thestorage capacity is 4500 litres and above. Overflow pipe

shall be located not less than 50mm below the invert of the

overflow pipe and discharge at a conspicuous position

nThe diameter of overflow pipe shall not be less than the inletpipe diameter.


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n Security of water storage tanksn No unauthorised personnel has access to water tanks

and its ancillary equipment as well as the premiseswhere these are located

n Storage tanks and its ancillary equipment as well asthe premises where these are kept properly locked at

all times


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n Security fence for watertank


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n Security fencing for watertank


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n Cleaning and sterilization of water tanknAll potable water storage, associated piping and

ancillary equipment must be sterilized before use.Sterilization (disinfection) will be accomplished

following procedures and requirements of Code ofPractice on Water Service (CP : 2005, page 33)


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n All new water storage tanks shall be sterilized before use. Tankthat has undergone repair work shall also be sterilised

n The sterilisation shall be undertaken by a licensed plumbern Service pipe should be sterilised together with the mainsn

Copy of test results of water samples, certifying that the water issuitable for drinking, shall be submitted to the Authority


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n Sample of laboratoryresult


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n Prevention of water contaminationnAll water service installation for potable drinking water

shall be constructed in a manner that will not have anypossibility of water contamination or cross-connection

with non potable system


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n Probable causes for water contaminationn Potable pipe installed or laid under waste /soil pipen Waste /soil pipe running above water tankn Broken netting for overflow pipe/ warning pipe at water storage tankn

Damaged tank/tank covern Missing air vent covern Incorrect pipe/fittingn Prolonged water stagnationn Cross connectionn Backflown Lack of regular inspection and maintenancen Unlocked or damaged security barrier for water tank


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n Water contamination backflow


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n Water contamination backflown Caused by back -siphonage


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n Methods for backflow preventionnAir gap

n Physical separation between a potable and non-potablesystem by a air space

n Example : Separation between the tap and the overflow rimof the basin

n Air gap should be used whenever possible before othertypes of device is considered

n Backflow prevention devicesn Vaccum breakern Double check valve


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n Prevention by maintaining an air gap


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Back flow prevention device

B ildi S i Pl bi d S i S i


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n Water conservation measuresn The need to conserve water

n Limited water sourcen Water consumption has been rising

n Water supply (Singapore)n Imported water from Malaysian Local water catchmentn NEWater

Clean water produced from treating used water by advanced dual-membrane and utraviolet technologies

n Desalinated water Remove salt content from sea water

B ildi S i Pl bi d S it S i


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n Water conservation measuresn Toilets /Washrooms

n Install low capacity flushing cisterns 3.5 litres to 4.5 litres)n Public toilets need to be fitted with flush valven Fornon-domestic premises, need to install

Self-closing delayed-action taps at all wash basins Self closing delayed-action shower taps at shower points Constant flow regulators at all wash basin mixers, shower mixer

and bib taps

n Home Programme Water saving bag for water closet cistern Thimble for water taps



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n Water conservation measuresn Other areas

n Plants Use drought resistance plants or plants that fit naturally into the

existing climatic conditions and require little irrigation

Group plants by their water needs such as plants that need high,moderate or little irrigation

n Irrigation Use recycled water, NEWater or rainwater Drip irrigation Rain sensor to turn off irrigation system


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Water conservation measures


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Water conservation measures



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n Sanitary System Definition of termsn Stack : means a main vertical discharge or venting pipen Ventilating pipe : means a pipe provided to limit the

pressure fluctuations within the discharge pipe systemn Discharge pipe : means a pipe which conveys the

discharges from sanitary appliances

n Depth of seal : means the depth of water which would haveto be removed from a fully discharge trap before air could

pass freely through the trapn Trap means a fitting or part of an appliance or pipe arranged

to retain water so as to prevent the passage of foul air



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n Sanitary System Definition of terms (Contd)

n Sanitary plumbing system : means a network or sanitarypipe work above the ground comprises one or more

discharge pipes, discharge stack, ventilation pipes,

ventilating stacks and fittings for the conveyance of sewagefrom premises to a sanitary drainage

n Sanitary drainage system : means a network orunderground pipes comprising drain-lines, branch drain-

lines, fittings and inspection chambers for the conveyanceof sewerage within any premises to a sewerage system



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n Sewerage system : means a system of sewers, pumpingstation, sewerage treatment plants and treatment works for

the collection, treatment and disposal of sewage and

recovery of industrial water and include any industrial water

main and pipe, drain-line, grease trap, septic tank etc



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n Waste discharge : means used water not contaminatedby soil water or trade effluents , can be taken as the

discharge from basins, baths, sinks, drinking fountains,

washing machines

n Soil discharge : means discharge from a soil appliancesuch as water closets, urinals, and bidets



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n Traps, vent and water sealsn Traps

n A trap can be a a fitting or part of an appliance in the caseof a water closet pan and arranged to retain water, call the

water seal

n The water seal prevents foul smells from the drains enteringthe room, the depth of the seal is usually between 50 to75mm. All traps should be accessible and provided with

access cover or cleaning eye to facilitate cleaning



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n Trap and water seal



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n Trap Ventingn A vent is a pipe or opening that brings outside air into the

plumbing system and equalizes the pressure on both sides

of the trap to prevent trap seal loss

nA trap provides a water seal that keeps sewer gas fromentering the building through a waste outlet

n It is necessary to design a horizontal drainage pipe to flowhalf full of waste and half full of air

n In optimal flow, the pipe will be approximately one-third full ofwaste with the remaining space occupied by air

n In the case of vertical pipe, the fluid flow is on the wettedperimeter of the pipe, making the flow look similar to a

doughnut



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n Types of trapn P trapn S trapn Bottle trap



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n Water seal in a trap can be lost viz :n Evaporationn Self-siphonagen

Induced siphonagen Leakage or mechanical damagen Wavering outn Momentumn Compressionn Capillary


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Loss of water seal



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n Types of sanitary plumbing systemn Single Stack system

n Non Ventilated Stack System For buildings up to 6 storeys

n Ventilated Stack System For buildings from 7 to 30 storeys

n Fully Ventilated Systemn Two arrangements :

6 storeys and below 7 storeys and above



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n Single Stack System Non-Ventilated Stack Systemn Use where there are single appliances connected to a

discharge stack or where the sanitary appliances/fittings are closely grouped round a discharge stack

which is large enough to limit pressure fluctuationswithout the need for a ventilating stack

n Permit soil and waste water to discharge into acommon pipe

n For buildings up to 6 storeys


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n Non- ventilated stack system



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n Single Stack System - Ventilated Stack Systemn Requires ventilating stackn The ventilating stack is also connected to the sanitary

drainage system

n Use where there are single appliances connected to adischarge stack or where close grouping of sanitary

appliances around the discharge stack

n For buildings from 7 to 30 storeys highn

Traps seals are safeguarded by extending the stack(s)to atmosphere and by cross connecting the ventilating

stack


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n Ventilated stack system



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n Fully ventilated systemn Fully ventilated system is used where there are large

numbers of sanitary appliance in range or they arewidely dispersed

n The system permits the discharges from the soil andwaste appliances to be connected into a branch

discharge pipe and discharged to a common discharge

stack

n The individual soil appliances are individually ventedand connected to the main vent stack, which runs side

by side to the main discharge stack



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n Fully ventilated six storeys and belown The system uses a separate discharge and ventilating

stack, individual traps/soil sanitary appliance isconnected directly to the discharge pipe or stack that

need to be provided with branch ventilating pipe, whichis connected to ventilating stack

n The vent pipe starts at the 2nd level of the building soilappliances, connect to the main stack and terminates

to the discharge stack at a point not less than 150mm

above the spill over level of topmost soil appliance offloor trap


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n Fully ventilated systemn - for six storey or lower



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n Fully ventilated seven storeys and aboven The ventilating stack is also connected to the sanitary

drainage system


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n Fully ventilated systemn - for seven storeys orn higher



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u d g Se ces u b g a d Sa ta y Se ces

nAnti-siphonage pipe and ventilation stackn Use of Anti-siphonage Pipes (Ventilating Pipe) is to ventilate the

trap in order to :

n Prevent the loss of water seals due to induced sighonageand compression

n Prevent the accumulation of foul gases in the trap



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g g y

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