building service - health research center

8/8/2019 Building service - health research center

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BEC 206 Building Services

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Question

You are the construction manager for a 20-storey R.C. complex, which is to be used

as a health research centre. The centre also provides health-related facilities like

pharmacy, health consultancy and counseling services. Being a modern complex,

important building services like air conditioning system, water supply system, fire

protection system, security and lighting system, lifts, etc are also provided. You are

to discuss all the important points that need to be considered in order the facilities or

services provide be the new health research centre shall give comfort and efficiency

to all the staff asa well as visitor.

The major factors of finishing the Health Research Centre are safety among

constructions workers, staff, and public. Another major factor is the conformability

of the environment in the centre.

Building Attributes

Regardless of their location, size, or budget, all Health Research Centre should have

certain common attributes.

i. Efficiency and Cost-EffectivenessAn efficient Health Research Centre layout should:

y Promote staff efficiency by minimizing distance of necessary travel betweenfrequently used spaces.

y Allow easy visual supervision of the staff.y Include all needed spaces, but no redundant ones. This requires careful pre-

design programming.

y Provide an efficient logistics system, which might include elevators,pneumatic tubes, box conveyors, manual or automated carts, and gravity or

pneumatic chutes, for the efficient handling of food and clean supplies and

the removal of waste, recyclables, and soiled material


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y Make efficient use of space by locating support spaces so that they may beshared by adjacent functional areas, and by making prudent use of multi-

purpose spaces

yConsolidate visitors functions for more efficient operation on first floor, ifpossible for direct access by visitors

y Group or combine functional areas with similar system requirementsy Provide optimal functional adjacencies, such as locating the surgical

intensive care unit adjacent to the operating suite. These adjacencies should

be based on a detailed functional program which describes the Health

Research Centre's intended operations from the standpoint of patients, staff,

and supplies.

ii. Flexibility and ExpandabilitySince medical needs and modes of treatment will continue to change, Health

Research Centre should:

y Follow modular concepts of space planning and layouty Use generic room sizes and plans as much as possible, rather than highly

specific ones

y Be served by modular, easily accessed, and easily modified mechanical andelectrical systems

y Where size and program allow, be designed on a modular system basis. Thissystem also uses walk-through interstitial space between occupied floors for

mechanical, electrical, and plumbing distribution. For large projects, this

provides continuing adaptability to changing programs and needs, with no

first-cost premium, if properly planned, designed, and bid.

y Be open-ended, with well planned directions for future expansion; forinstance positioning "soft spaces" such as administrative departments,

adjacent to "hard spaces" such as clinical laboratories.


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iii. Therapeutic EnvironmentHealth Research Centre patients are often fearful and confused and these

feelings may impede recovery. Every effort should be made to make the

Health Research Centre stay as unthreatening, comfortable, and stress-free

as possible. The interior designer plays a major role in this effort to create a

therapeutic environment. A Health Research Centre's interior design should

be based on a comprehensive understanding of the facility's mission and its

patient profile. The characteristics of the patient profile will determine the

degree to which the interior design should address aging, loss of visual

acuity, other physical and mental disabilities, and abusiveness. Some

important aspects of creating a therapeutic interior are:

y Using familiar and culturally relevant materials wherever consistent withsanitation and other functional needs

y Using cheerful and varied colors and textures, keeping in mind that somecolors are inappropriate and can interfere with provider assessments of

patients' pallor and skin tones, disorient older or impaired patients, or agitate

patients and staff, particularly some psychiatric patients (for in depth survey

of research related to Color in Healthcare Environments.)

y Admitting ample natural light wherever feasible and using color-correctedlighting in interior spaces which closely approximates natural daylight

y Providing views of the outdoors from every patient bed, and elsewherewherever possible; photo murals of nature scenes are helpful where outdoor

views are not available

y Designing a "way-finding" process into every project.

Patients, visitors, and

staff all need to know where they are, what their destination is, and how to

get there and return. A patient's sense of competence is encouraged by

making spaces easy to find, identify, and use without asking for help.

Building elements, color, texture, and pattern should all give cues, as well as

artwork and signage.


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Cleanliness and Sanitation

Health Research Centre must be easy to clean and maintain. This is facilitated by:

yAppropriate, durable finishes for each functional space

y Careful detailing of such features as doorframes, casework, and finishtransitions to avoid dirt-catching and hard-to-clean crevices and joints

y Adequate and appropriately located housekeeping spacesy Special materials, finishes, and details for spaces which are to be kept

sterile, such as integral cove base. The new antimicrobial surfaces might be

considered for appropriate locations.

Accessibility

All areas, both inside and out, should:

y In addition to meeting minimum requirements of designed so as to be easyto use by the many patients with temporary or permanent handicaps

y Ensuring grades are flat enough to allow easy movement and sidewalks andcorridors are wide enough for two wheelchairs to pass easily

y Ensuring entrance areas are designed to accommodate patients with sloweradaptation rates to dark and light; marking glass walls and doors to make

their presence obvious

Controlled Circulation

A Health Research Centre is a complex system of interrelated functions requiringconstant movement of people and goods. Much of this circulation should be

controlled.

y Outpatients visiting diagnostic and treatment areas should not travel throughinpatient functional areas nor encounter severely ill inpatients


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y Typical outpatient routes should be simple and clearly definedy Visitors should have a simple and direct route to each patient nursing unit

without penetrating other functional areas

y Separate patients and visitors from industrial/logistical areas or floorsy Outflow of trash, recyclables, and soiled materials should be separated from

movement of food and clean supplies, and both should be separated from

routes of patients and visitors

y Transfer of cadavers to and from the morgue should be out of the sight ofpatients and visitors

y Dedicated service elevators for deliveries, food and building maintenanceservices

Aesthetics

Aesthetics is closely related to creating a therapeutic environment (homelike,

attractive.) It is important in enhancing the Health Research Centre's public image

and is thus an important marketing tool. A better environment also contributes to

better staff morale and patient care. Aesthetic considerations include:

y Increased use of natural light, natural materials, and texturesy Use of artworky Attention to proportions, color, scale, and detaily Bright, open, generously-scaled public spacesy Homelike and intimate scale in patient rooms, day rooms, consultation

rooms, and offices

y Compatibility of exterior design with its physical surroundings


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Security and Safety

In addition to the general safety concerns of all buildings, Health Research Centre

have several particular security concerns:

y Protection of Health Research Centre property and assets, including drugsy Protection of patients, including incapacitated patients, and staffy Safe control of violent or unstable patientsy Vulnerability to damage from terrorism because of proximity to high-

vulnerability targets, or because they may be highly visible public buildings

with an important role in the public health system.

Sustainability

Health Research Centres are large public buildings that have a significant impact on

the environment and economy of the surrounding community. They are heavy users

of energy and water and produce large amounts of waste. Because Health Research

Centres place such demands on community resources they are natural candidates for

sustainable design.

Emerging Issues

Among the many new developments and trends influencing Health Research Centre

design are:

y The decreasing numbers of general practitioners along with the increaseduse of emergency facilities for primary care

y The increasing introduction of highly sophisticated diagnostic and treatmenttechnology

y Requirements to remain operational during and after disasters


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y State laws requiring earthquake resistance, both in designing new buildingsand retrofitting existing structures

y New HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)regulations address security and privacy of "protected health information"(PHI). These regulations put new emphasis on acoustic and visual privacy

and may affect location and layout of workstations that handle medical

records and other patient information, paper and electronic, as well as

patient accommodations.

y Preventative care versus sickness care; designing Health Research Centresas all-inclusive "wellness centers"

y Use of hand-held computers and portable diagnostic equipment to allowmore mobile, decentralized patient care, and a general shift to computerized

patient information of all kinds. This might require computer alcoves and

data ports in corridors outside patient bedrooms.

y Need to balance increasing attention to building security with openness topatients and visitors

y Emergence of palliative care as a specialty in many major medical centersy A growing interest in more holistic, patient-centered treatment and

environments such as promoted by Plane-tree. This might include providing

mini-medical libraries and computer terminals so patients can research their

conditions and treatments, and locating kitchens and dining areas on

inpatient units so family members can prepare food for patients and families

to eat together.

These are the factors that need to be considering of build a 20 storey HealthResearch Centre Complex to keep the lowers or minimum interruption to the

environment.


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Air Conditioning System

Proper air conditioning is helpful in the prevention and treatment of

diseases. The factors determining the need for air conditioning in Health ResearchCentre facilities are:

y Maintain the indoor air temperature and humidity at comfortable levelsfor staff, patients, and visitors.

y Minimize the risk of transmission of airborne pathogens from infectedpatients.

y Remove contaminated air, (airborne microorganisms, viruses, hazardouschemicals and radioactive substances).

y Facilitate air-handling requirements to protect susceptible staff andpatients from airborne healthcare-associated pathogens.

y Control odors.y The need to restrict air movement within and between various

departments.

y Control the air quality and movement.Temperature

Air conditioning systems in Health Research Centre facilities have either

single-duct (12.8C [55F]) or dual-duct systems.Temperature standards are given

as either a single temperature or a range, depending on the specific zone. Cool

temperature standards (20C -23 C [68F - 73F]) are usually associated with

operating rooms, clean workrooms, and endoscopy suites.

A warmer temperature (24C [75F]) is needed in areas requiring greater degrees of

patient comfort. Most other zones use a temperature range of 21C - 24C (70F -

75F). Temperatures outside of these ranges may be needed on limited occasions in

limited areas depending on individual circumstances during patient care (e.g., cooler

temperatures in operating rooms during specialized operations).


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The important factor is that the air circulation must be contained within each room.

Corridors, nurses stations and serving areas must have a separate supply. Each

room must have an exhaust creating negative pressure. There should be no cross-

communication (contamination) between various areas.

In the design of air conditioning system for laboratory buildings the application of

standard design patterns and practices is very limited. Each laboratory ad building is

a problem in itself that requires the following considerations:

y 24-hours operation of laboratory spaces.y Exact room conditions.y Specific ventilation often oriented to the exhaust requirement.y Separation of general occupancy spaces.y Orientation of heavy load laboratories away from additional burden of sun

gain.

y Corrosive effects of fumes on parts of the air conditioning, ventilation andexhaust system.

y Diversity in loads throughout the building.y High load variation in each laboratory.y Diversity in use of laboratories.y Explosion hazards.y Constant or variable exhaustsy Concentrations of sensible or latent heat, requiring either special exhaust or

spot cooling or both.


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Lighting System

There are so many variables in Health Research Centre lighting to choose

such as examination rooms, surgical suites, to doctors offices, we need to carry the

highest quality, state-of-the-art Health Research Centre lights.

Before selection and design for the Health Research Centre lighting systems, we

need to consider the factor in providing the best necessary service in Health

Research Centre lighting. The following selection factor should be taken into

account when selecting light for Health Research Centre:

y Lamp efficacyy Lamp pricey Lamp lifey Lamp availabilityy Color temperature between 3300 K and 5300 K

Life cycle costing

Life cycle costing for a 20-year period of lamp running and replacement was

carried out using a model developed for a major Health Research Centre. Generally,

24 hours per day operation for 7 days a week that should represent the expected

operating range for Health Research Centre lighting. Its depending on the hours of

usage.

Lifts System

Lifts or elevators are known as vertical transportation systems. A lift is

defined as an appliance designed to transport persons or materials between two or

more levels in a vertical direction by means of a guided car or a platform. The

development of lifts was felt necessary to encourage the construction of tall

buildings. Since lifts are possible sources of accidents in building, special care


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should be taken in designing, installing and maintaining the lifts in good working

condition. A thorough coordination should exist between the architect or engineer

and the lift manufacturer to arrive at the number and position of lifts for attaining

optimum efficiency in serving the building. The different types of lifts that are in

use are:

Passenger lifts are used to transport the public, staff, and ambulatory patients

(wheelchairs).

Health Research Centre service lifts are used to transport employees, patients, and

equipment or carts. Patients may be on foot, in wheelchairs, on gurneys or beds.

Combination passenger and service lifts are installed where combined use is

possible without interfering with normal activities, i.e., outpatient, domiciliary, and

nursing home care facilities.

Factor should be considered when providing the lifts

1. Lift PitsA lift pit is the space in the lift well below the level of the lowest lift landing served.

It should be provided at the bottom of every lift. The pit should be maintained in a

dry and clean condition. Where the pit depth exceeds 2 m, suitable access should be

provided by a cat ladder. The water pump can be installing to keep it dry for the

case that lift pit at the basement level.

2. Lift WellsThe unobstructed space within an enclosure provided for the vertical movement of

the lift car and counterweight including the lift pit and the space for top clearance is

known as the lift well. No equipment except that forming a part of the lift or

necessary for its operation and maintenance should be installed in the lift well.

Sufficient space should be provided between the guides for the car and the side


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walls to allow safe and easy access to the parts of the safety gears for their

maintenance and repairs.

3. Lift Machine Rooms:Lift machine rooms shall be large enough to install the lift equipment, including

space for controllers. Clearances for control equipment shall be not less than the

required and with enough working space between the various items of equipment

for maintenance purposes. It must be possible to remove major equipment

components of each lift for repair without dismantling components of an adjacent

lift. Minimum headroom shall be 2300 mm (7'6").

Lift machine rooms shall be of fire resistant construction equivalent to hoist way

construction and the machine room side of floors, ceilings, and walls shall have a

smooth surface equivalent to a well pointed smooth face tile or brick plaster or

smooth concrete. Exposed spray on fireproofing shall not be used in lift machine

room. Walls, ceilings and floor should be painted a light color. Floors shall be

sealed to eliminate concrete dust.

Industrial stairs shall be provided for convenient access to machine room. Geared

machines shall be mounted on vibration and sound isolating devices. These

isolating devices, when required, shall be of design to conform to seismic design

requirements. Skylights shall not be installed in lift machine rooms. Provide

adequate air conditioning, heating, and ventilation in machine rooms.

Adequate lighting shall be provided to insure proper illumination in the front and

rear of all controllers, supervisory and selector panels and over each hoisting

machine. Convenience outlets shall be provided for each lift area within the

machine room.


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4. Power Supply(i) Main Power:

Each lift shall be provided with a separate three phase supply through a circuit

breaker located in the respective machine room, adjacent to the entry and with clear

access. The supply should terminate at the respective lift controller. Indicate the

design electrical loads; (horsepower, voltage, amperage etc.) switch sizes, breaker

settings, wire sizes and conduit sizes.

The lift supply shall be dedicated main feeder utilizing the shortest practical run and

continuous ground conductor.

(ii) Auxiliary Power:

The lifts shall be arranged to have auxiliary power available with the capacity to

operate one lift at a time.

If emergency generator is not available, then hydraulic lifts shall be provided with

energizing to the down valve to bring the lift to the bottom floor and maintain an

energized door open button.

5. Communication:Each lift will have an intercom system in place of a telephone. Conduit must be

provided from the lift machine room to a 24 hour monitoring location. Its can be use

for the passenger when the lift breakdown.


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Fire Protection

Modern buildings require not only means of escape, access for the fire

brigade and structural protection, but also first aid equipment for occupants to use

on small fires while waiting for the arrival of the brigade and in some cases fixed

installations to help contain the fire until the arrival of the fire brigade. In very large

and high building special installations may also have to be provided for the fire

brigade. Expert advice on the appropriate provisions and the maintenance desirable

for particular cases may be obtained from local fire brigades, which normally

maintain an office for this purpose. .

A building cannot be made fireproof as there is no building material which is fully

fireproof. The building can only be made fire-resistant within reasonable limits by

using material that is fairly resistant to fire. The spread of fire can be considerably

delayed by adopting certain practices so that occupants have enough time to escape

to safer places in case a fire breaks out.

The object of a fire-resistant construction is to protect the lives of occupants, goods

and activities in a building. The degree of fire-resistance required depends on the

occupancy or use of the building. Town halls, theatres, schools, hospitals require a

greater degree of fire-resistance than a warehouse.

It may be very costly to make a building fire-resistant. The amount spent in making

a building fire-resistant should be related to the occupancy as also the possible loss

that may be caused in case of a fire outbreak.


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Other Consideration Factors

The other factors that need to consider in providing of 20 story Health

Research Centre complex is shown below:

1. Fire Fightingy For buildings over 24m in height, hydrants with wet risers and fire hoses (or

dry riser with outlets) should be installed in the premises and at all floors so

as to make water available within short reach for fire fighting. For buildings

over 60m in height, pumping and special pressure reduction arrangements

should be made. Water should always be made available to run the sprinkler

or emulsifier system connected through a pipe to an overhead tank of

suitable capacity. A separate fire sump or underground tank of sufficient

capacity with a pump that starts automatically in case of fire (due to pressure

drop as water is used for firefighting) should also be provided. In this case

the building is over 60m.

y Hydrant systems (fire hose) or rising mains should be installed in buildingsmore than 30 meters in height or where a single floor exceeds 1000 square

meters.

2. Fire preventiony The fire door and door frame are been use between two different unit and the

case between interior and external.

y The fire door should be provided with automatically close (to keep the firewithin the room itself) at every door which uses to exit to the emergency

staircase.

y A conduit wiring system should preferably be adopted. The wires are run insteel orP.V.C. conduits which provide protection from the risk of fire the

conduits should be laid below the false ceiling so that any short circuit or

spark can be easily attended to.


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y 3 Fire extinguishers are required for every 150m2 or 1 Fire extinguishersevery 100m for the corridor. Carbon Dioxide [CO2] is for electrical use and

ABC type is for others use.

3. Fire Detectiony Smoke sensor or gadgets are permanently installed in buildings for the early

detection of fire. And it must be make sure can function and not be close or

hiding by others object.

y Heat detection must not install close to the light or others electricalequipment. Because it may affect the detector function.

y Firemen switch must follow the standard requirement height 1.5m fromfinishing floor. Easy to see by people and use it if necessary.

y Health Research Centre containing records should be protected by firealarms (firemen switch alarms). The alarms must be sufficiently loud to be

heard in all parts of the building.


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Gas

The exacting nature of medical science focuses demand on improved

medical facilities with more reliable and effective medical support services. It is

primary objective of suppliers of medical gas distribution systems to provide the

creative technical service and quality products that keep pace with changing needs.

Since central piping systems supply medical gases in life support situations, it is

essential that the reliability and integrity of the system be the responsibility of all

professions- manufacturing, design, installation, testing and operation. There are

four medical gas systems normally installed and piped into medical care facilities.

Oxygen is used primarily for respiratory therapy and anaesthesia. Constant supply

and immediate availability throughout the Health Research Centre is essential. The

system is designed to provide 60 psig at the outlets. Nitrous oxide is used primarily

used in OT area. Pressure required at each outlet is 60 psig.

Medical air (compressed air) is primarily used for respiratory therapy in areas like

nurseries, emergency rooms, intensive care areas,

Although vacuum is not a medical gas, it is an essential part of medical gas system.

Vacuum is widely used throughout Health Research Centre facilities in patient

treatment and in laboratory. In surgical recovery and intensive care areas.

For ensuring this, the entire system need to be designed, installed and commissioned

with high degree of technical expertise skill and experience. The design and

planning of a medical gas distribution system may be divided under the following:

1. Location where it is required and the number of outlets.

2. System pipeline routing and determination of size of pipes.

3. Medical gas supply source.

4. Intermediate pipeline controls.

5. Gas service outlets.

6. Critical care area equipment.


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7. Alarm monitoring equipment.

8. System specification.

Water Supply

In the design of public and commercial buildings, engineering firms

commonly approach the problem as build it and plug it in to power, water, and

natural gas and flip the switch. As long as water, gas, and electricity are available

this works. In the event of a natural disaster this may not work.

It is important for property managers, building owners, hospitals, schools

and others to plan ahead for their emergency water needs in terms of the hardware

and the source of water.

Contingency Planning

1. SourcesBackup water supplies include ground-water from on-site wells or water that is

trucked to the site. In either case, on-site storage and water treatment are anecessity. Emergency water storage was in the form of a very large steel tank on

the roof of the Health Research Centre. Its elevated position provided gravity flow

through the Health Research Centre.

Ground water must be tested to ensure that it meets the Safe Drinking Water Act

standards and care must be exercised in the analysis.

2. StorageWe mentioned above storage tanks on the roofs of buildings that gravity feed into

the Health Research Centre. This is a particularly sensible option because during

emergencies electric power for pumps may not be available. Further pumps


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necessary to pump water to the top floors of a multistory building may not be

available.

Alternatively storage may be at ground level and may take the form of water bags or

water buffalo. Water buffalo come in nearly any size and are fitted with a wide

range of fittings and couplings. They are set at ground level or on elevated beams

to provide head. They may also be connected to pumps to move the water through

buildings and fixtures. The water buffalo can be connected to headers or manifolds

that have been equipped with spigots for distribution to small water containers or

hoses. The water buffalo alternative can be considered as either permanent or

temporary. The bags can be rolled up and stored when not needed.

Another option is a permanent on-site steel storage tank that is filled from water

trucks or municipal water as long as it is flowing.

3. Water TreatmentAll of the sources of water and alternative storage options can possibly provide

pathways of contamination. If water is not used it may stagnate in storage tanks.

Therefore, continuous treatment is needed in which water within the storage tanks

or water buffalos circulate continuously and water is treated to a stable residual

chlorine level. There are a number of systems that can perform this function.

Water Bank has evolved systems that it prefers and which are trouble free.

4. Design and Water SourcesWhen Water Bank was asked to provide emergency water for tall buildings. Each

building is unique in its height, water needs, and plumbing system. Consequently

each building needs to be uniquely engineered and this takes time. In some cases, a

one size fits all configuration can be worked out if water buffalos are used. These

are move-in move-out systems. They are modular systems to meet the needs of a

particular situation.


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Water sources must be identified ahead of time and arrangements developed for

equipping fire hydrants with water meters. All municipalities charge for installation

and removal of meters, weekly or monthly meter rental, deposits, and actual water

charges

Telephone/Fax System

Intercom systems are the communication solutions used daily by thousands

of Hospitals, Health Centers and Dental Surgeries.

Health Research Centre communications for departments inc. Accident &

Emergency, Radiology (X-Ray), Theatres, and Clean Rooms.

1. Operating TheatresHands free communications in an O perating Theatre or Sterile Department is

essential. The range of Clean Room Stations, include models that are designed

especially for clean room sterile environments, the stations faceplates have a

membrane that covers the keypad, loudspeaker and microphone, so allowing the

stations to be wiped down with disinfectants.

2. Health Care, Doctors Surgerys, Dentist SurgeryThe Intercom Systems are designed to meet the most demanding of requirements in

the Health Service whether it is NHS orPrivate Healthcare. The installation of an

Intercom/Public Address System will provide essential communication for staff and

patients and also a more pleasant environment with the use of background music.

The optional interfaces for CCTV and Access Control systems will allow for thefree movement of staff and controlled movement of visitors and patients.


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3. Accident & Emergency (A & E) & Walk In Departments Intercom points at Reception, Triage, Nurses Base, Consulting & Examination

Rooms, corridors and staff rooms provide an overall coverage for the department,

for either contacting individual members of staff or emergency calls. The waiting

rooms have loudspeakers installed enabling staff to call for the next patient and

provide background music. With additional intercom station points in other

departments such as X-Ray, Medical Records and Theatre, provide an additional

fast communication link to enable staff to make better use of their time and

resources

4. Radiology (X-Ray) DepartmentsGood communications between the different areas is essential to the efficient

running of the department to enable staff to make best use of the often, limited

resources.Loudspeaking intercom links between receptionist, waiting areas, X-Ray,

MRI and EBCT suites provide staff with a communications features that are not

available on a standard telephone system


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Conclusion

As what we know a Health Research Centre is an institution for health care

providing patient treatment by specialized staff and equipment, and often but not

always providing for longer-term patient stays.

Health Research Centres are usually funded by the state, by health organizations,

health insurances or charities, including by direct charitable donations. However,

Health Research Centres were often founded and funded by religious orders or

charitable individuals and leaders. Similarly, modern-day Health Research Centres

are largely staffed by professional physicians, surgeons, and nurses, whereas in

history, this work was usually done by the founding religious orders or by

volunteers.

Without all the major factor that had been discus above surely a Health Research

Centre complex will not withstand. I hope that with the information given can

minimize the interruption as well as providing comfort to he staff, patients and

visitors that come to the Health Research Centre.


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References

1. Peter Burberry Environment and Services 8th edition, Longman.2. Cyril M. Harris Handbook of Utilities and Services for Buildings

McGraw-Hill Publishing Company

3. Design Details for Health: Making the Most of InteriorDesign's HealingPotential by Cynthia A. Leibrock. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

1999.Innovative design solutions in key areas such as lighting, acoustics,

color, and finishes

4. Design Guide forImprovingHospital Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, andHigh Winds: ProvidingProtection to People and Buildings. FEMA, 2007.

5. Development StudyVA Hospital Building System by Building SystemsDevelopment and Stone, Marraccini & Patterson. Washington, DC: U.S.

Government Printing Office, rev. 1977.

6. Emergency Department Design: A Practical Guide to Planning for theFuture by John Huddy and Michael T. Rapp. Irving, Texas: ACEP

(American College ofEmergency Physicians) 2000.

7. Healthcare Facility Plannning: Thinking Strategically by Cynthia Hayward,AIA, FAAHC, ACHA. Health Admnistration Press and the AmericanCollege of Healthcare Executives, 2005.

8. Hospitals, the Planning and Design Process, 2nd ed. by Owen B. Hardy andLawrence P. Lammers. Rockville, Md.: Aspen Publishers, 1996.

9. Hospital Interior Architecture: Creating Healing Environments for SpecialPatient Populations by Jain Malkin. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

1992.

10.Healthcare DesignA quarterly magazine with design articles andpresentations of recent projects

11.Medical and Dental Space Planning: A Comprehensive Guide to Design,Equipment, and Clinical Procedures, 3rd Edition, by Jain Malkin. New

York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002.

12.UFC 4-510-01 Design: Medical Military Facilities

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