Building Sector – Major Role in Economic Prosperity and Carbon Reduction

Opportunity for Envelope Technologies

P Marc LaFrance, CEM

Building Technologies ProgramOffice of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Global Energy Efficiency WorkshopUSEA and USAID

9 Marc 2010

1

US Building Energy Use and Carbon Emissions

38% of U.S. Carbon Emissions38% of U.S. Carbon Emissions

72% of U.S. Electricity Consumption72% of U.S. Electricity Consumption

54% of U.S. Natural Gas Consumption54% of U.S. Natural Gas Consumption

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

(Quads)

Total U.S. Energy ConsumptionTotal U.S. Energy Consumption

Industry & Transportation

997 MMTC(62%)

Buildings610 MMTC

(38%)

21%

18%

33%

28%

Industry

Residential

Commercial

Transportation

Sources: BED 2009; AEO 2010

39% of U.S. Primary Energy Consumption39% of U.S. Primary Energy Consumption

2

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

FY 2005 FY 2006  FY 2007  FY 2008  FY 2009  ARRA FY 2010

Budg

et ($

1,00

0s)

Equipment Standards and Analysis

Technology Validation and Market Introduction

Emerging Technologies

Commercial Buildings Integration and Deployment

Residential Buildings Integration and Deployment

Source: U.S. DOE

Budget History

BTP’s funding has increased dramatically over the past 5 years.

4070

39

8688

22

125

48

35

15

222

346

3

Coal power plants – CCS rebuilds with EOR

Coal power plant –CCS new builds with EOR

2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.80.6

100

150

0.4

-100

-150

-200

-250

50

-50

Cost$2005/ton CO2e

0 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.00.2 2.42.2 2.60.8VolumeGt/year

0

Source: December 2008 analysis conducted by EERE with McKinsey using2008 DOE technology performance projections; mid-range case

EERE Energy efficiency

EERE Transport

EERE Power

DOE Nuclear/CCS

Cars fuel economy packages

Light trucks fuel economy packages

Cars Hybridization

Light Trucks Hybridization

Residential electronics

Commercial electronics

Residential buildings – lighting

Residential buildings –new shell improvements

Commercial LED

Commercial buildings –New shell improvements

Commercial buildings –CFL lighting

Biofuels cellulosic

Control systems

Commercial buildings – combined heat and power

Residential buildings –Shell retrofits

Power plant conversion efficiency improvements

Industry –combined heat and power

Residential water heaters

Industrial process improvement

Coal mining -CH4

Hydro-thermal

Enhanced geothermal systems

Manufacturing -HFCs

Existing hydro efficiency gains

Existing hydro capacity increases

Natural gas and petroleum systems management

Residential windows new build

Nuclear

Cars Plug-In Hybridization

Afforestation -pastureland

Solar CSPLand-based wind

Reforestation

New hydro in existing dams

Biomass cofiring

Afforestation –cropland

Distributed PV

Commercial HVAC equipment efficiency

Coal powerplant – CCS new builds

Industry – CCS new builds on carbon-intensive processes

Offshore wind

Coal powerplant – CCS rebuilds

Residential HVAC equipment efficiency

Coal-to-gas existing plants

Car HydrogenFuel CellVehicles

28

10

17

9

1421

Industrial

TransportPower

DOE Nuclear/CCS

Non-DOEBuildings

Technology Share of Abatement Volume%

Coal power plants – CCS rebuilds with EOR

Coal power plant –CCS new builds with EOR

2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.80.6

100

150

0.4

-100

-150

-200

-250

50

-50

Cost$2005/ton CO2e

0 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.00.2 2.42.2 2.60.8VolumeGt/year

0

Source: December 2008 analysis conducted by EERE with McKinsey using2008 DOE technology performance projections; mid-range case

EERE Energy efficiency

EERE Transport

EERE Power

DOE Nuclear/CCS

EERE Energy efficiencyEERE Energy efficiency

EERE TransportEERE Transport

EERE PowerEERE Power

DOE Nuclear/CCSDOE Nuclear/CCS

Cars fuel economy packages

Light trucks fuel economy packages

Cars Hybridization

Light Trucks Hybridization

Residential electronics

Commercial electronics

Residential buildings – lighting

Residential buildings –new shell improvements

Commercial LED

Commercial buildings –New shell improvements

Commercial buildings –CFL lighting

Biofuels cellulosic

Control systems

Commercial buildings – combined heat and power

Residential buildings –Shell retrofits

Power plant conversion efficiency improvements

Industry –combined heat and power

Residential water heaters

Industrial process improvement

Coal mining -CH4

Hydro-thermal

Enhanced geothermal systems

Manufacturing -HFCs

Existing hydro efficiency gains

Existing hydro capacity increases

Natural gas and petroleum systems management

Residential windows new build

Nuclear

Cars Plug-In Hybridization

Afforestation -pastureland

Solar CSPLand-based wind

Reforestation

New hydro in existing dams

Biomass cofiring

Afforestation –cropland

Distributed PV

Commercial HVAC equipment efficiency

Coal powerplant – CCS new builds

Industry – CCS new builds on carbon-intensive processes

Offshore wind

Coal powerplant – CCS rebuilds

Residential HVAC equipment efficiency

Coal-to-gas existing plants

Car HydrogenFuel CellVehicles

28

10

17

9

1421

Industrial

TransportPower

DOE Nuclear/CCS

Non-DOEBuildings

Technology Share of Abatement Volume%

EERE Technologies –Potential Carbon Abatement

Note: Preliminary analysis, under technical review

Energy efficiency Energy efficiency measures represent most measures represent most

of the noof the no--cost optionscost options

BTP believes opportunities BTP believes opportunities for Buildings are even for Buildings are even greater than predicted greater than predicted

4

Electricity Consumption by World Region

01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,000

Asia &

Oce

ania

North A

merica

Europe

Eurasia

Centra

l & S

. Ameri

caMidd

le Eas

tAfric

aB

illio

n K

Wh

Source: IEA 2005

5

Electricity Use in Buildings are High

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

Australia Canada China India Japan Korea USA Total

IndustrialTransportationBuildingsOther

Source: APEC and IEA Database

EU and ASEAN around 55 percent

APEC ~ 50 percent

6

Building Technologies Goal

Net-Zero Energy Buildings by 2025Net-Zero Energy Homes by 2020Low incremental cost.

7

Major Areas of Building Technologies Program• Emerging Technology (Component R&D)

– Lighting R&D (Solid State Lighting)– Envelope R&D (Windows and Thermal Materials)– HVAC, Water Heating, and Solar Thermal R&D

• Residential Integration and Deployment• Commercial Integration and Deployment

– Retail, Schools, Office Buildings, etc– Energy Plus Software

• Technology Validation & Market Introduction– ENERGY STAR– Building Codes

• Appliance and Equipment Standards

Research & Development

Deployment

Regulatory

8

Building Consumption – Envelope Relationship

Heating23%

Cooling13%

Lighting18%

Ventilation3%

Water Heating10%

Electronics7%

Appliances12%

Computers2%

Other12%

Has Impact on 57% of Loads

9

Next Generation of Windows

• Highly Insulating– Goal U value 0.10 (SI U value 0.56)– Possible vacuum glazings

• Dynamic solar control– Passive heating– Dramatic peak cooling reduction– Market ready, prices will drop with more investment– SHGC (0.08 - .53)

Prototype – Concept Window (Highly Insulating and Dynamic

U Value 0.18 (SI U value 1.0)SHGC 0.04 – 0.34)

Low cost unsealed center lite

10

• Advanced walls to reach R20 (U = 0.28 SI) in 3.5”(9cm) cavity, exterior insulation systems, R30 (U = 0.19 SI) total wall

• Next Generation of Attic/Roof System to save 50 Percent Energy

• New Material Development– 100 R&D Award in 2009

for phase change material (PCM) insulation

– Higher performing foams and aerogels

– Dynamic membranes

Thermal Envelope R&D

11

Cost-Effective New $2/ft2

Retrofit Roof System for Hot Climate

Continuing Mixed and Cold Climate Research

Retrofit (Attic Access Not Required)

12

Dynamic Insulation - Low-Flammable PCM-Enhanced Cellulose

Polymer coating

Bio-Based PCM Fp: ca. 80FΔ H: 170 J/g

5 - 25 µm

Recycled Paper Waste

2009 R&D 100 Award

13

Conduct Enabling Research

• Test protocols• Design guidelines• Modeling tools• Industry standards• Education Materials

14

Charleston SC

Tacoma WA

U. of Waterloo Ontario Canada

Natural Exposure

Test Facilities

ORNL

Unique facilities and expertise

15

Performance of Interior/Exterior Automated Shading Systems

16

Web-based Façade Design Tool

http://www.commercialwindows.org

17www.efficientwindows.orgOver 40,000 users per month

EDUCATION

18

Traditional R& D

Demonstration of Case Studies

Rating and Labeling Program

Appliance Standards and Building Codes

Financial Incentives

Technology Procurement

Policies – Commercialization Path

R&DMarket

IntroductionMainstream Deployment Regulation

Voluntary

Labeling For Compliance

Mandatory

Product Development/Market Conditioning Make Regulations More Viable and Probably

Largest Energy Savings

19

Importance of Building Codes• Building codes can be highly effective to address

a critical area of the economy that consumes a large amount of energy

• Building Codes along with appropriate infrastructure can play a major role in investment of new technologies in all economies, especially in developing economies

• Greater attention on building code implementation with harmonized infrastructure will lead to better building envelopes that reduce energy and peak electricity demand – mitigation of climate change

20

Cold Hot Summer Cold Winter

Temperate Hot Summer

Warm Winter

Severe Cold

Severe Cold Cold

Climate is a Major Factor and Challenge when Developing Codes

21

Key Elements are Interrelated and Work to Achieve Results

Infrastructure- Needed to assesskey building components

- Likely starting point, but hard to get interest w/o codes

Enforcement-Key issue to achieve results, but often not investigated deep enough

-Core problems include lack of productratings, product availability, lack of knowledge

Code Development- Sends a strong message

to economy - Sets goals to strive for

22

Building Code Considerations for Development

• Prescriptive (set of established measures that are easy to follow) vsperformance path is an important consideration – provides greater builder flexibility but allows for old technology to linger in the marketplace

• More stringent codes even if enforcement is a problem lead to better buildings

• Many countries establish building codes from National governmentperspective even though administered by non-profits, academia, etc

• New codes for developing economies need to be tailored to local economy practices, design conditions and climate, etc

• Just adopting other countries building codes does not work• Lack of infrastructure is a major problem for effective codes to be

implemented

23

Window Software to Simulate Performance -Avoid Expensive Prototype Testing

Design /Simulation Tools

DOE-2, EnergyPlusRadiance

THERM(Window

Frame)

Optics(Window

Glass)

WINDOW(Whole Window)

IGDB(SpecularGlass Data Source)

CGDB(Complex Glazing Data Base)

calculationcalculationcalculation

RESFEN(Whole Building

Residential)

COMFEN(Whole Building

Commercial)

http://windows.lbl.gov/software

NFRC Ratings

and Labels

• Design tools for advanced products• ISO 15099 Compliant• NFRC Ratings

24

Testing Used for Product Certification

Fenestration:• Simulation of U‐factor, Solar Heat Gain Factor and Visible transmittance ‐ ISO 15099

• U‐factor testing ‐ ASTM C 1363, C1199, NFRC 102• Solar Heat Gain Testing – NFRC 201• Spectral Optical Property – ASTM E903, NFRC 300, 301

• Air Leakage – ASTM E283, NFRC 400Wall Insulation• ASTM C 518, C 177Wall System• ASTM C1363, ASTM C1155

Hot Box

Solar Calorimeter

Spectrophotometer

Air Leakage

25

Well Established Test Methods – “Aged” Values Essential

Solar Reflectance• Reflectometer (ASTM C1549) • Spectrometer (ASTM E903)• CRRC-1 Test Method 1 • Pyranometer (ASTM E1918 and E1918A)

Thermal Emittance• Emissometer

(ASTM 1371)

Cool Roof Rating Council

26

Why Ratings are Important

Consumer Interest• Provides performance comparison • Provides a base line for

developments and product improvement

• Promotes energy efficiency• Help consumer to make informed

decision• Help meet the code requirements • International Harmonization

Manufacturer• Barrier for cheap inferior competition• Helps push the product through

performance in Codes• Sell more energy efficient products• Provides means to market products &

recognition• Small number of providers in large

market place• Harmonization helps less duplication

of certification and testing

27

Key Envelope Technologies for Developing Countries- mitigate heat gain and loss avoiding need for HVAC

• Cool Roofs Coatings and Materials• Cool Wall Coatings• Radiant Barriers• Window Film• Low E Glass• Insulation• Exterior Insulation Finishing Systems• Air Barriers• Solar thermal for hot water

(not really envelope but related)

28

Cool Roof Example

Photos from the CEC’s Consumer Energy Center, courtesy of Hydrostop81°C 34°C

29

• IR reflective coating on conventional walls saves cooling energy. Savings are 4% to 9% compared to non-IR reflecting walls

• Absolute savings vary from +240 (Phoenix) to +110 (Richmond)

MiamiPhoenix

Las Vegas

BakersfieldRichmond

Knoxville

Sacramento0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

4.25.0

5.3

6.2

7.1 7.6 9.0

Annual Electricity for Cooling (kWh)

Non WallsIR Walls

Walls: Wood Studs + R-11 Batts

% Savings for IR Walls

Cool Wall Coatings

Results for Hot Developing Countries with less Insulation will be Greater

30

0.70.5 0.6

0.5 0.50.4 0.4

0.7

1.61.4

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.8

HFT_1

/Wall

1HFT

_2/W

all3

HFT_3

/Wall

5HFT

_4/W

all6

HFT_5

/Wall

9HFT

_6/W

all 1

0HFT

_7/W

all 1

1HFT

_8/W

all 1

2HFT

_9/W

all 1

4HFT

_10/W

all 1

5

Hea

t Flu

x w

/m2

Series1

Exterior Insulation Finishing Systems – Example

BrickCementitiousBoards

Stucco

Concrete Block

EIFS

31

Window Films – Save Energy and Improve Safety ( blast, hurricane, security, etc.)

32

Radiant Barrier – Sheet or Liquid Applied Emissivity 0.05 to 0.25 compared to opaque (0.90)

33

Low E Glass

• Significant benefit for hot climates and cold climates• Reflects near infrared to reduce sun’s energy• Reflects far infrared to stop radiant heat, keep heat in for winter

and heat out for summer• Most effective in a double pane window, but is available in a

pyrolytic “hard coat” for exposure to environment

34

Final Remarks• The USA has initiated unprecedented investment

in energy efficiency and renewable energy• New technology will be essential to achieve zero

energy buildings – major investment with Stimulus Funding

• Developing building codes with infrastructure for product ratings will foster investment of advanced products in domestic economy

• DOE will have a greater focus for international activities and may be able to provide technical support to assist with development of rating organizations and technical transfer

35

Contact Information

P Marc LaFrance, CEM

Technology Development ManagerBuilding Technologies ProgramOffice of Energy Efficiency and Renewable EnergyUS Department of Energy

marc.lafrance@ee.doe.gov1-202-586-9142Fax 1-202-586-4617www.eere.doe.gov