building science ii: lighting report

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413 / BLD61303)

Project 1a: Lighting Performance Evaluation and Design

Tutor: Sivaraman Kuppusamy

Prepared by: Chen Ee Dong 0321181

Eunice Chan Yu Ming 0315729Foo Wei Min 0321577Koh Kar Yi 0320567

Saravanan Vytelingum 0320564Teo Chen Yi 0320618

CONTENT PAGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Aim and Objective

1.2 Site Information 1.2.1 Site Introduction 1.2.2 Site Selection 1.2.3 Technical Drawings

2.0 PRECEDENT STUDIES

2.1 Introduction2.2 Building and Artificial Lighting System 2.3 Methodology 2.4 Electric Lighting Performance 2.5 Conclusion

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Lighting Measuring Equipment3.2 Methodology3.3 Data Collection Method 3.4 Zoning

4.0 ANALYSIS

4.1 Zone A

4.1.1 Material Reflectance Value 4.1.2 Observation and Discussion

4.1.2.1 Observation4.1.2.2 Discussion

4.1.3 Daylight Factor Analysis4.1.4 Existing Lighting Fixtures4.1.5 Lumen Method

4.2 Zone B




4.3 Zone C




4.3 Zone D




5.0 CONCLUSION

6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.0INTRODUCTION

1.1 Aim and Objective

This project is mainly aimed to help students observe and analyze thus having a better understanding toward the lighting characteristic of Bean Brothers. Calculation will be done to assist the analysis on how the design approaches and material used affect the light performance of the space. They are lumen method which determines the artificial light level in a space and daylight factor (DF) which is used to measure for the subjective daylight quality in a room.

1.2 Site Information

1.2.1 Site Introduction

Building proposed is a 8000-square-feet Korean – operated headquarters factory café established by Keith, located in the industrial area at Sunway Damansara. It is a two – storeys building with orange fencing connected with Mayekawa MyCom, renovated from industrial-like warehouse space, hiding

from the busy shopping malls in Petaling Jaya. With its modern and contemporary interior hailed from Korea juxtaposing with its factory raw exterior look, Bean Brothers Coffee Malaysia scores significant points and this makes them a hit for all social influencers. In the ground floor are old bricks wall in white that stacks up to towards the high ceiling and numbers of slender dark steel pillars, giving a raw and rustic feel to the environment. Bar counter in the center of the café below the void allow costumer at 1st floor to overlook barista at work whereas the wooden as well as barrel ‘table’ go around the 360 degree area to cater crowds during peak hour.

Building Identification: Cuisine Café

Location: Jalan PJU 3/50, Sunway Damansara Petaling Jaya Selangor

Opening Hours: 9AM – 8PM

Figure 1.1: Photograph showing exterior view of the site. (Source: Malaysian Flavor, 2015)

Figure 1.2: Photograph showing interior view of the site. (Source: Malaysian Flavor, 2015)

1.2.2 Site Selection

One of the reason why this place is chosen is that it is an extremely spacious coffee bar that scores significant points with various photogenic corners, mainly contributed by the lighting design, the primary element in Architecture Design. In addition, it stands out from the other coffee bar due to its location and context at industrial area. With this given opportunity, we would like to evaluate this social-media-famous café and understand the impact of building design and material on acoustic qualities. Evaluation will be carried out to understand how the acoustic quality can be achieved in its open interior finished by various building materials such as concrete and steel frame and how it is affected by the open kitchen and bar area.

1.2.3 Technical Drawings

Figure 1.3: Ground Floor Plan. (Source: Keith. 2016)

Figure 1.4: First Floor Plan. (Source: Keith. 2016)

2.0PRECEDENT STUDIES

2.1 Introduction

It is an evaluation of lighting performance in office buildings with daylight control done by Danny H. W. Li and Joseph C. Lam. The use of daylighting along with artificial lighting control can provide a better sustainable working environment for buildings and their day to day operation. The electrical demand for buildings can be reduced drastically by setting up the proper infrastructure for these innovative systems to curb the demand for lighting. This research showcase the onsite lightning conditions present for a fully air-conditioned building in Hong Kong. Electrical consumption, indoor illuminance levels and room parameters affecting daylighting designs are recorded and analyzed. They range from various cellular offices having opposite orientations while some with and others without daylighting controls. The results indicates the possibility to save substantial energy from air conditioned office buildings in Hong Kong with the use of proper daylighting schemes. Findings are presented and design strategies are discussed accordingly.

2.2 Building and artificial lighting system

The building was constructed in 1989 with a total of 47 storeys (14/F and 32/F are refuge floors) with internal dimensions of about 40m x 40m. The total floor area of the main office would be of 54000m2

The office areas were equipped with ceiling mounted recessed fluorescent lights using conventional ballasts, each consisting of one 36W tube (T8) and standard diffusers. A total of five luminaries were installed for each cellular office giving a total lighting load of 180W together with the conventional ballast load. The replacement of luminaires were rated at 36W peak per luminaire using dimmable electronic ballasts. The dimming range is from 100 to 1% of the light output and two sensor were used to control them out of the five luminaries. Two were responsible for the ones near the windows while the other for the rest of the five. They were primarily used to detect the daylighting experienced and adjust the lighting accordingly to any changes as well as occupancy of the place.

2.3 Methodology

Measuring Equipment: Illuminance meters and a power harmonics analyser.

First stage: Investigation of illuminance levels of the cellular offices due to daylight as well as electric fluorescent luminaries using conventional ballasts or dimmable electronic ballasts.

Second stage: With and without daylighting control, they logged the electricity expenditure of fluorescent luminaires and daylight illuminance data for cellular offices.

2.4 Electric Lighting Performance

Results shows that the room using light fittings with the dimmable electronic ballasts tended to have higher illuminance level due to the better efficacy. The difference is about 160 lx.

According to the Chartered Institution of building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Code for Interior lighting, an office should have a design illuminance level of 500lx.

Reasoning: Due to the decline in lamp output and the gathering of dirt on the luminaire over a certain period of time. With dimming controls, the energy consumed by the newly installed light fittings with dimmable electronic ballasts would be less than their maximum rating if the indoor luminance level was set at 500lx.

Figure 2.1: A typical floor plan of the office building. (Source: Li, 2001)

Figure 2.2: Electric lighting layout plan with dimming system for a cellular office. (Source: Li, 2001)

Figure 2.3: Vertical daylighting factor for the north-facing cellular office. (Source: Li, 2001)

Figure 2.4: Vertical daylighting factor for the south-facing cellular office. (Source: Li, 2001)

Figure 2.5: Illuminance level using electric lighting with conventional ballasts. (Source: Li, 2001)

Figure 2.6: Illuminance level using electric lighting with dimmable ballasts. (Source: Li, 2001)

Figure 2.7: Frequency of occurrence for daylight illuminance on the north-facing office. (Source: Li, 2001)

Figure 2.8: Frequency of occurrence for daylight illuminance on the south-facing office. (Source: Li, 2001)

Figure 2.9: Electric lighting energy profile for a typical day using conventional ballasts. (Source: Li, 2001)

Figure 2.10: Electric lighting energy profile for a typical day using dimmable ballasts. (Source: Li, 2001)

2.5 Conclusion

Field measurements were carried out in an air conditioned building and indoor illuminance level of typical cellular office were recorded with and without daylight controls. The results show that the illuminance level were slightly lower than the standard recommended indoor illuminance for office environment (500lx). The new light fittings had on average 640lx of illuminance level. The room parameters affecting daylighting performance was recorded which includes window area, light transmittance, internal reflectance and total area of internal surfaces. Based on them, just below 20% and about 30% of the time the required indoor illuminance of 500lx can be provided by daylight for the north and south facing offices under and on off control. It was found that the energy savings in electric lighting were 0.3kWh/m2 per week and 15.7 kWh/m2 per year for the perimeter offices using the present daylighting scheme. The correlation between the daylight illuminance penetrated into an office and the possible electric lighting energy savings was evaluated. It was found that the percentage of energy savings in electric lighting could be up to 50% for the perimeter offices. Moreover, it is envisaged that the further electricity savings can be realized because of the reduction of heat dissipation from the artificial lighting and hence, lower cooling load. This indicates that daylighting designs can results in substantial energy savings in Hong Kong if proper daylighting schemes are incorporated.

Based on this research, we may conclude that daylighting plays a key role in the design of buildings and should not be considered lightly as it will affect the overall health of the building in the long run and will eventually determine its sustainability in which it becomes a key factor in the construction of building nowadays. Daylighting control is a must to have in modern architecture especially for tall building with large facades exposed to daylight. A huge amount of this energy should be controllably harvested to minimise cooling loads. Moreover, efficient artificial lighting that produce less heat as a by-product should be applied to achieve higher sustainability.

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Acoustic Measuring Equipment

Equipment Uses(a) Lux Meter To measure illuminances in the café

at different intersections of grid lines.

(b) Measuring Tape - To measure height of light source and the distance between table and light source.

- To find the intersections of grid on site for data recording.

(c) Camera - To record lighting condition and lighting appliances.

- To record materials of furniture and building components used.

3.2 Methodology

Floor plan provided by the owner is adjusted to scale in AutoCad. A grid of 1.5 meter by 1.5 meter is laid on the floor plan in order to plot readings for analysis. Several visitations were organized for data collection at different period of the day such as day and night time.

3.3 Data Collection Method

a) Prepare gridlines of 3m x 3m on the floor plan.

b) Stand at every intersection of gridlines and hold the device at 1m and 1.5m from the ground.

c) Record the possible sound source at each intersection point.

d) Repeat step a to c for another period of time (peak/non-peak).

3.4 Zoning

Figure 3.1: Plan with zonings.

Zone A is a seating area near to the office and has staircase accessible to second floor. It has a total area of 65m2 and 8 intersections of gridlines.

Zone B is located directly in front of the side entrance, consists of a bar counter where pastry and coffee are served. The zone where one can chat with the barista at work. It has a total area of 75.4m2 and 8 intersections of gridlines.

Zone C caters most number of seats mainly used for dining and usually the most crowed area during peak hour. It has a total area of 70.8m2 and consist of 8 intersections of gridlines.

Zone D is located directly in front of the main entrance, consists a number of seats and a bar table before one approaches the bar counter. It has a total area of 72.8m2 and consist of 8 intersections of gridlines too.

4.0 ANALYSIS

4.1 Zone A

Figure 4.1: Zone A floor plan.

Figure 4.2: Light contour diagram for Zone A (day).

The lux readings obtained are results of data collected during the day during the afternoon to get optimum daylight in order to observe the influence of daylight within the building. However, at the point of data collection, artificial lighting is also switched on. It is observed that the top right area in Zone A is the darkest corner, whereas the bottom left corner registers the highest lux reading and it is hence the brightest. This is because the bottom left corner (Point A2) is exposed to natural daylight from the adjacent glass door opening.

4.1.1 Material Reflectance Value

No.

Materials Colour Reflectance (%) Surface

1. Clear epoxy floor finishing Dark Gray 15 Smooth

2. Concrete wall and ceiling Light Gray 80 Semi-Smooth

3. Concrete blocks wall Gray 48 Rough

3. Paper drum table (Aluminium top)

Silver 80 Smooth

7. Steel stool Black 10 Smooth

8. Laminated wood tables and chairs Light Brown 30 Semi-Smooth

4.1.2 Observation and Discussion

4.1.2.1 Observation

Readings during the day are higher than readings during the night in Zone A.

Average lux reading Day (1-2 pm) Night (6-8 pm)1.0 m 149 lux 104.5 lux1.5 m 134.5 lux 75.5 luxAverage lux value 141.75 lux (≈142 lux) 90 lux

Figure 4.3: Average lux reading of day and night times in Zone A.

4.1.2.2 Discussion

Zone A is the rear seating area of the cafe. It is bounded by solid walls made with dark grey concrete block without any openings. However, the readings obtained during the day are still higher than readings obtained during the night despite the lack of direct permeability of natural light and low reflectance of the walls. This can be justified as Zone A is located next to Zone B, which consists of two large double volume glass doors. The adjacency of this large opening allows a deeper reach of natural light into Zone A during the day.

Besides that, the higher lux value during the day can be justified by the high reflectance of material used in the zone, particularly the usage of aluminum table tops with luminaires mounted directly above them. The night time lux value is lower as daylight is no longer a factor in the illumination of Zone A, and its brightness is completely dependent on artificial illumination.

Figure 4.4: Zone A is located next to the side entrance. Hence, natural light spills into the space.

Figure 4.5: The high reflectance of the aluminum table tops reflects the light directly mounted above them, contributing to overall brightness of the zone during both day and night time.

4.1.3 Daylight Factor Analysis

Figure 4.6: Section showing daylight illustration.

Height/m Time Weather Luminance/lux Average/lux1.0 m (sitting height) Day

(1- 2 pm)Clear sky 69-229 149

1.5 m (standing height) 47-222 134.51.0 m Night

(6-8 pm)Dark, night 59-150 104.5

1.5 m 45-106 75.5Figure 4.7: Lux reading for day and night time in Zone A.

Average lux reading Day (1-2 pm) Night (6-8 pm)1.0 m 149 lux 104.5 lux1.5 m 134.5 lux 75.5 luxAverage lux value 141.75 lux (≈142 lux) 90 lux

Figure 4.8: Average lux value for day and night time in Zone A.

Luminance level/lux) Luminance example120000 Brightest sunlight110000 Bright sunlight20000 Shade illuminated by clear blue sky; midday1000-2000 Typical overcast day; midday400 Sunrise/sunset on a clear day (ambient)< 200 Extreme or darkest storm clouds; midday40 Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise< 1 Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/sunrise

Figure 4.9: Intensity according to MS 1525 standard.

Date and Time 12th September (1-2 pm), dayAverage lux value reading (E internal) 142 luxDaylight factor formula

D = EinternalEexternal

×100%

Standard direct sunlight 20000 luxCalculation

D = 14220000

×100%

= 0.71 %Figure 4.10: Calculations for daylight factor.

Zone Daylight Factor/% DistributionVery bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problems.Bright 3-6 GoodAverage 1-3 FairDark 0-1 Poor

Figure 4.11: Daylight Factor according to MS 1525 table.

Averaged day time lux reading collected in Zone A is 142 lux, whereas average night time lux reading is only 90 lux.

Using the average day time lux value, light distribution is minimal and considered to be dark as daylight factor falls in 0-1 % range. Zone A is not bounded by walls with window openings, however, light does spill into the zone from the neighbouring window openings.

4.1.4 Artificial Lighting

Figure 4.12: Lux readings obtained from site for Zone A (night).

Figure 4.13: Light contour diagram for Zone A (night).

Figure 4.14: Source of artificial lighting in Zone A.

Figure 4.15: Section showing artificial light illustration.

The lux reading shown is taken during the 6-8 pm interval (night). Artificial lighting is switched on during the process of data collection and has hence been mapped into the light contour diagram without the presence of daylight. The reading range is 45-106 lux, and are evidently lower much lower than day time. Zone A is quite reliant on artificial lighting during the night. The position of lighting fixtures (Figure X) coincides with the light contour diagram, showing the intensity of lux readings gradually getting higher towards the light source.

Indication Light Fixture Specification Units

Product Brand Philips LED Bulb 9Luminous Flux 806Colour Temperature

2700K

Colour Rendering Index

80

Beam Angle 150Power 8.5WPlacement Ceiling and wall lamp

Product Brand Antique PLT Edison Bulb

6

Luminous Flux 350Colour Temperature

3000K


30

Beam Angle 35Power 60WPlacement Ceiling

Figure 4.16: Light fixtures.

4.1.5 Lumen Method

Space dimensions, L × W (m)

11.6 m × 5.6 m

Total floor area (m2)

65 m2

Types of lighting fixture

Philips LED Bulb Antique PLT Edison Bulb Wall light Ceiling mounted

Quantity (N) 2 7 6Lumen of lighting fixture, F (lm)

806 806 350

Height of lighting (m)

1.61 1.9 2.25

Height of working plane (m)

0.74 0.9 0.9

Mounting height, Hm (m)

0.87 1 1.35

Reflection factors (%)

Ceiling: grey concrete (0.80)Wall: grey concrete block (0.80)Floor: epoxy finishing (0.15)Tables: laminated wood (0.30)

Ceiling: grey concrete (0.80)Wall: dark grey concrete block (0.80)Floor: epoxy finishing (0.15)Tables: grey aluminium (0.80)

Ceiling: grey concrete (0.80)Wall: dark grey concrete block (0.80)Floor: epoxy finishing (0.15)Tables: laminated wood (0.30)

Room index, K

RI = L×W

Hm×(L+W )

11.6×5.60.87×(11.6+5.6)= 65/14.96= 4.34

11.6×5.61×(11.6+5.6)= 65/17.2= 3.78

11.6×5.61.35×(11.6+5.6)= 65/23.22= 2.8

Utilization factor, UF(refer to table)

0.77 0.66 0.73

Maintenance factor, MF

0.8 0.8 0.8

Standard illuminance (lux)

200

Illuminance level required, Elux =

N × F×UF×MFA

2×806×0.77×0.865

= 15.28

7×806×0.66×0.865

= 45.83

6×350×0.73×0.865

= 18.86

Hence, the illuminance level required is 120 lux in order to reach the standard required illuminance of 200 lux as per MS 1525 requirements. To calculate how much more number of lighting fixtures is required:

Number of lighting fixtures, N =

E× A

F ×UF×MF

Philips LED Bulb Antique PLT Edison BulbWall light Ceiling mounted

200×65806×0.77×0.8= 26.18 (≈26)

200×65806×0.66×0.8= 30.54 (≈31)

200×65350×0.73×0.8= 63.6 (≈64)

Hence, 26 Philips LED wall lights, or 31 ceiling mounted Philips LED lights, or 67 Antique PLT Edison bulbs are required to achieve the standard illumination requirement of 200 lux.

4.2 Zone B

Figure 4.17: Zone B floor plan.

Figure 4.18: Light contour diagram of Zone B (day).

Lux readings between points A3-A4 are significantly higher as there is a pair of double volume glass doors which serves as the side entrance of the building. During the day, this huge glass opening allows a large influx of daylight, highly illuminating the left edge of Zone B. Thus, it can be mentioned that natural daylight is the main source of light in Zone B during day time. However, the interior is still dependent on artificial lighting to provide ample illumination, especially surrounding the bar area.


No.

Materials Colour Reflectance (%)

Surface




4. Glass Transparent

0 Smooth

5. Kitchen stainless steel table top Silver 80 Smooth

6. Paper drum table (Aluminium top) Silver 80 Smooth


4.2.2.1 Observation

Readings collected at zone B during daytime and night time are higher than zone A.

Average lux reading Day (1-2 pm) Night (6-8 pm)1.0 m 598.5 lux 126.5 lux1.5 m 872 lux 124.5 luxAverage lux value 735.25 lux (≈736 lux) 90 lux

Figure 4.19: Average lux value for day and night time in Zone B.

4.2.2.2 Discussion

Zone B is the bar counter area which is located right beside the entrance which has a full length glass door, it invites natural lighting in which lit up the entire zone during daytime. While during night time, zone B has more artificial lighting gathered at the counter bar which then explains it has a higher reading as well.

Besides, the higher lux value during day time can be due to the high reflectance of the furniture material in the zone, the stainless steel table top with lighting mounted above. The night time lux value is lower as there is not daylight at night and the entire zone is fully lit up by artificial lighting.

Figure 4.20: The artificial lighting at the bar counter with the high reflectance value of furniture material.

Figure 4.21: Zone B located adjacent to the entrance which allows natural lighting in during day time.


Figure 4.22: Sections showing daylight illustration.


(1- 2 pm)Clear sky 100-1097 598.5

1.5 m (standing height) 120-1624 8721.0 m Night

(6-8 pm)Dark, night 75-178 126.5

1.5 m 53-196 124.5Figure 4.23: Lux reading for day and night time in Zone B.

Average lux reading Day (1-2 pm) Night (6-8 pm)1.0 m 598.5 lux 126.5 lux1.5 m 872 lux 124.5 luxAverage lux value 735.25 lux (≈736 lux) 90 lux

Figure 4.24: Average lux value for day and night time in Zone B.





×100%


D = 73620000

×100%




Average day time lux reading collected in Zone B is 736 lux, whereas average night time lux reading is only 90 lux.

Light distribution at zone B is relatively high. The calculation shown is 3.68% which range bright according to the table provided in MS1525. This is due to the reason of the full length glass door which allows ample daylight in lighting up the space.

4.2.4 Existing Lighting Fixtures

Figure 4.28: Lux readings for Zone B during the night.

Figure 4.29: Light contour mapping for Zone B (night).

Figure 4.30: Sources of artificial lighting in Zone B.

Again, artificial lighting is switched on as the lux data is collected. Lux readings are particularly high around light sources surrounding the bar and illuminating the walkway beside the kitchen. Certain artificial light source provides a higher intensity (classic LED Spot MV bulb), as witnessed in the light contour diagram (three high lux value spots forming a triangle in Figure X). Since readings are taken during the night, the brightness intensity around the entrance is very low without natural daylight, and are reliant on artificial lighting to provide illumination.

Figure 4.31: Sections showing artificial light illustration.



2700K


80



11


3000K


30


Product Brand LED STAR PAR 16 8Luminous Flux 350Colour Temperature

2700k


80

Beam Angle 36Power 4.3WPlacement Bar Counter

Product Brand Classic LEDspotMV 3Luminous Flux 390Colour Temperature

2700K


80

Beam Angle 36Power 5.3WPlacement Bar Counter

4.2.5 Lumen Method


11.6 m × 6.5 m


75.4 m2


Philips LED Bulb(Ceiling light)

Antique PLT Edison Bulb

Classic LEDSPOT MV

LED STAR PAR 16

Quantity (N) 6 11 3 8Lumen of lighting fixture, F (lm)

806 350 350 390


3.2 1.35 3.2 3.2


- 0.35 0.8 0.8


3.2 1 2.4 2.4


Ceiling: grey concrete (0.80)Wall: grey concrete block (0.80)Floor: epoxy finishing (0.15)


Ceiling: grey concrete (0.80)Wall: dark grey concrete block (0.80)Floor: epoxy finishing (0.15)Tables: grey aluminum (0.80)

Ceiling: grey concrete (0.80)Wall: dark grey concrete block (0.80)Floor: epoxy finishing (0.15)Tables: grey aluminum (0.80)

Room index, K

RI = L×W

Hm×(L+W )

11.6×6.53.2×(11.6+6.5)= 75.4/57.92= 1.3

11.6×6.51×(11.6+6.5)= 75.4/18.1= 4.17

11.6×6.52.4×(11.6+6.5)= 75.4/23.22= 1.74

11.6×6.52.4×(11.6+6.5)= 75.4/23.22= 1.74

Utilization factor, UF(refer to table)

0.52 0.77 0.6 0.6


0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Standard illuminance (lux)

200


N × F×UF×MFA

6×806×0.52×0.875.4

= 26.68

11×350×0.77×0.875.4

= 31.45

3×350×0.6×0.875.4

= 6.68

8×350×0.6×0.875.4

= 17.82

Total = 82.63 (≈83)


Number of lighting fixtures, N =

E× A

F ×UF×MF

Philips LED Bulb Antique PLT Edison Bulb

Classic LEDSPOT MV

LED STAR PAR 16

200×75.4806×0.52×0.8= 44.98 (≈45)

200×75.4350×0.77×0.8= 69.94 (≈70)

200×75.4350×0.6×0.8= 89.76 (≈90)

200×75.4350×0.6×0.8= 89.76 (≈90)

Hence, 45 Philips LED ceiling mounted Philips LED lights, or 70 Antique PLT Edison bulbs, or 90 Classic LEDSPOT MV, or 90 LED STAR PAR are required to achieve the standard illumination requirement of 200 lux.

4.3 Zone C

`

Figure 4.32: Zone C Floor Plan Figure 4.33: Light contour diagram for Zone C (day).


No.

Materials Colour Reflectance (%) Surface




6. Paper drum table (Aluminium top) Silver 80 Smooth


8. Laminated wood tables and chairs Light Brown

30 Semi-Smooth

9. Leather cushion Black 10 Smooth

Figure 4.35: Lighting fixtures.


4.3.2.1 Observation

Reading collected at zone C during daytime and night time has a wide range change of reading.

Average lux reading Day (1-2 pm) Night (6-8 pm)1.0 m 295 lux 99.5 lux1.5 m 336 lux 121.5 luxAverage lux value 315.5 lux (≈316 lux) 65.5 lux (≈66 lux)

Figure 4.36: Average lux value for day and night time in Zone C.

4.3.2.2 Discussion

During daytime, the area nearer to the entrance is brighter as it has slight natural lighting coming in. However, further deep to the corner the reading is lower as it is remote away from the entrance and there are no openings but only artificial lighting. During night time, no natural lighting and thus it is darker and even darker at the corner.

Besides, the reflectance value of the furniture material also contributes to the reading of lux value, particularly the light colour of the table top and wall.

Figure 4.37: The opening near the zone allow slight and limited day light to the zone contributing to a higher value of lux value during day time.

Figure 4.38: The zone depends fully on artificial lighting during night time and darker compared to day time.


Figure 4.39: Section showing daylight illustration.

Height/m Time Weather Luminance/lux Average/lux1.0 m (sitting height)

Day(1- 2 pm)

Clear sky 67-523 295

1.5 m (standing height)

65-607 336

1.0 m Night (6-8 pm)

Dark, night

38-161 99.51.5 m 38-205 121.5

Figure 4.40: Lux reading for day and night time in Zone C.

Average lux reading Day (1-2 pm) Night (6-8 pm)1.0 m 295 lux 99.5 lux1.5 m 336 lux 121.5 luxAverage lux value 315.5 lux (≈316 lux) 65.5 lux (≈66 lux)

Figure 4.41: Average lux value for day and night time in Zone D.





×100%


D = 31620000

×100%

= 1.58 %

Figure 4.43: Calculations for daylight factor.



Average day time lux reading collected in Zone C is 316 lux, whereas average night time lux reading is only 66 lux.

The daylight calculation shown in Zone C is 1.58% which is considered averagely spread as it is ranged 1-3% according to the table provided in MS1525. This is due to the slight daylight which is allowed in through the entrance at the adjacent area.


Figure 4.45: Lux reading for Zone C (night).

Figure 4.46: Light contour diagram for Zone C (night). Figure 4.47: Sources of artificial lighting in Zone C.

Figure 4.48: Section showing artificial lighting.

The curved corner of the zone (A8) has the lowest lux reading even during night time (38 lux for both 1 and 1.5 m). Zone C is the main dining area, an open space not bounded by any partitions or walls. As highlighted in Figure X, artificial light sources are arranged in a consistent manner, mounted above dining tables, hence the lux readings obtained are fairly consistent.



2700K


80



4.3.5 Lumen Method


(6 × 8.8) + (6 × 3)


70.8


Philips LED BulbWall Light Ceiling Mounted Light

Quantity (N) 3 16Lumen of lighting fixture, F (lm)

806 806


1.94 3.2


0.74 0.74


1.2 2.46



Room index, K

RI = L×W

Hm×(L+W )

6×8.81.2×(6+8.8)= 2.97

6×31.2×(6+3)= 1.67

Average= (2.97 + 1.67)/2= 2.32 (≈2.3)

6×8.82.46×(6+8.8)= 1.45

6×32.46×(6+3)= 0.81

Average= (1.45 + 0.81)/2= 1.13 (≈1.1)

Utilization factor, UF (according to table)

0.71 0.51


0.8 0.8

Standard illuminance required (lux)

200


N × F×UF×MFA

3×806×0.71×0.870.8

= 19.4

16×806×0.51×0.870.8

= 74.32

Total = 93.72 (≈94)


Number of lighting fixtures, N=

E× A

F ×UF×MF

Philips LED BulbWall Light Wall Light

200×70.8806×0.71×0.8= 30.93 (≈31)

200×70.8806×0.51×0.8= 43.06 (≈44)

Hence, 31 Philips LED wall lights, or 44 Philips LED ceiling mounted light are required to achieve the standard illumination requirement of 200 lux.

4.4 Zone D

Figure 4.50: Zone D floor plan.

Figure 4.51: Light contour diagram for Zone D (day).

The lower end of Zone D is highly exposed to daylight as it is the main entrance of the building. Similar to Zone B, the double volume glass doors allow a large influx of daylight into the area. The lux readings gradually decrease deeper into the zone, but rise again from the illumination of artificial lighting at the bar table and the walkway. Daylight is the main source of illumination during the day in Zone D, however, artificial lighting is still depended to provide illumination in deeper areas. The staircase on the far right is extremely dark as it is bounded by walls and completely unexposed to daylight.


No. Materials Colour Reflectance (%)

Surface




4. Glass Transparent 0 Smooth

6. Paper drum table (Aluminum top) Silver 80 Smooth


4.4.2.1 Observation

Readings taken during the day are double or more the readings taken during the night in Zone D.

Average lux reading Day (1-2 pm) Night (6-8 pm)1.0 m 193 lux 58 lux1.5 m 219.5 lux 57 luxAverage lux value 206.25 (≈206 lux) 57.5 lux

Figure 4.52: Average lux readings of day and night time in Zone D.

4.4.2.2 Discussion

Zone D is the space adjacent to the main entrance of the café. There is a drastic difference between the day and night time readings in Zone D. This is due to the fact that one of the boundaries is in fact the entrance of the building, which are pivoting glass doors, allowing permeability of natural light into the building. The large glass openings have a height of almost 2 stories, providing natural illumination into the double volume space in Zone D. The large glass entrance does play an important role in allowing the influx of natural light deep into the building, as there is an observable difference between day and night time brightness (Figure X). In a way, the lux reading in Zone D is highly reliant on the presence of daylight.

Figure 4.53: The main entrance of Bean Brothers – two large glass pivoting doors.



(1- 2 pm)Clear sky 51-388 219.5

1.5 m (standing height) 63-323 1931.0 m Night

(6-8 pm)Dark, evening sky

18-98 581.5 m 20-94 57

Figure 4.56: Lux reading in Zone D for both day and night times.

Average lux reading Day (1-2 pm) Night (6-8 pm)1.0 m 193 lux 58 lux1.5 m 219.5 lux 57 luxAverage lux value 206.25 (≈206 lux) 57.5 lux

Figure 4.57: Average lux value for both day and night in Zone D.

Luminance level/lux Luminance example120000 Brightest sunlight110000 Bright sunlight20000 Shade illuminated by clear blue sky; midday1000-2000 Typical overcast day; midday400 Sunrise/sunset on a clear day (ambient)< 200 Extreme or darkest storm clouds; midday40 Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise< 1 Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/sunrise


Figure 4.54: Zone D is very bright during the day. Figure 4.55: Zone D is extremely dark and seems to lack in artificial illumination.

Date and Time 12th September (1-2pm), dayAverage lux value reading (E internal) 206 luxDaylight factor formula


×100%


D = 20620000

×100%


Zone Daylight Factor /% DistributionVery bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problems.Bright 3-6 GoodAverage 1-3 FairDark 0-1 Poor

Figure 4.60: Daylight factor according to MS 1525 table.

There is a distinct difference in average lux readings for day and night time in Zone D. Average lux reading during the day amounted to 206 lux, whereas average lux reading during the night is only 57.5 lux, indicating that the window opening at the front plays an important role in permitting the entry of natural light.

The daylight factor value for Zone D is 1.03 %, which is considered averagely spread as it falls in the 1-3 % range according to the MS 1525 standard. This is due to the opening at the entrance which allows a large influx of light into the building. The balcony above the entrance has been removed, hence there is no sun-shading element to prevent natural light from reaching deep into the building.


Figure 4.61: Lux reading for Zone D (night).

Figure 4.62: Light contour mapping for Zone D (night) Figure 4.63: Sources of artificial light in Zone D.

Zone D is very daylight-dependent, relying on the natural daylight as one of the main sources of illumination. Hence, this is the reason why the lower end of the zone experiences a contrasting colour change from yellow to blue (extremely high luminance to extremely low luminance) from day to night. Without daylight during night time, Zone D is heavily reliant on artificial illumination, albeit not achieving the standard light requirements. Artificial illumination is not provided amply at the dining areas; however, the walkway and bar area is fairly illuminated. The staircase on the far-right hand corner is severely lacking in illuminance, and this might be a potential hazard to café patrons wishing to access the upper levels.



2700K


80



12


3000K


30



4.3.5 Lumen Method


(5.6 × 4.5) + (7 × 6.8)


72.8


Philips LED Bulb (8W)

Antique PLT Edison Bulb

Type Mounted over table Mounted over barQuantity (N) 5 5 6Lumen of lighting fixture, F (lm)

806 350 350


2.95 1.94 2.25


- (from ground) 0.74 0.9


2.95 1.2 1.35


Ceiling: grey concrete (0.80)Wall: dark grey concrete block (0.50)Floor: epoxy finishing (0.15)


Room index, K

RI = L×W

Hm×(L+W )

5.6×4.52.95×(5.6+4.5)= 0.85

7×6.82.95×(7+6.8)= 1.2

Average= (0.85 + 1.2)/2= 1.02 (≈1)

5.6×4.51.2×(5.6+4.5)= 2.08

7×6.81.2×(7+6.8)= 2.87

Average= (2.08 + 2.87)/2= 2.48 (≈2.5)

5.6×4.51.35×(5.6+4.5)= 1.85

7×6.81.35×(7+6.8)= 2.555

Average= (1.85 + 2.555)/2= 2.20 (≈2)

Utilization factor, UF(according to table)

0.47 0.71 0.67


0.8 0.8 0.8

Standard illuminance required (lux)

200 200


N × F×UF×MFA

5×806×0.47×0.872.8

= 20. 8142

Total = 20.8142 + 13.654 + 15.462= 49.93 (≈50)

5×350×0.71×0.872.8

= 13.654

6×350×0.67×0.872.8

= 15.462


Number of lighting fixtures, N=

E× A

F ×UF×MF

Philips LED Bulb Antique PLT Edison BulbMounted over table Mounted over bar

200×72.8806×0.47×0.8= 48.04 (≈48)

200×72.8350×0.71×0.8= 73.24 (≈73)

200×72.8350×0.67×0.8= 77.61 (≈78)

Hence, 48 Philips LED wall lights, or 73 Antique PLT Edison Bulb mounted over tables, or 78 Antique PLT Edison bulbs mounted over the bar are required to achieve the standard illumination requirement of 200 lux.

5.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, based on the daylight factor calculation, the natural lighting in Bean Brothers ranges from average to good. The strategic location of Bean Brothers has an important contribution with regards to natural lighting, as it is located at a corner of a block, allowing natural light to spill into the premise via two strategic double volume glass openings (side and main entrance). During day time, with the aid of artificial lighting, the space appears to be relatively bright and amply illuminated. This is also partially due to the reflectance of the materials chosen, for example, the table tops of the aluminum barrels contribute high but non-glaring reflectance which further helps illuminate the space. However, during night time, the space is significantly dimmer without the primary assistance of natural daylight.

Overall, the selection of light bulbs and typologies creates a comfortable and romantic ambience and atmosphere; however, the illumination provided contributes to a dimmer environment. Hence, to conclude based on thorough calculation and evaluation, Bean Brothers requires more and artificial lighting with better lighting properties to illuminate the space especially during night time, as it does not fulfill the standard requirement of MS 1525.

6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Malaysian Flavor. (2015). Bean Brothers Malaysia @ Sunway Damansara. Retrieved from http://www.malaysianflavours.com/2015/09/bean-brothers-malaysia-sunway-damansara-pj.html

2. Li, D. H., & Lam, J. C. (2001). Evaluation of lighting performance in office buildings with daylighting controls. Energy and Buildings, 33(8), 793-803. doi:10.1016/s0378-7788(01)00067-6