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Building Energy Efficiency Requirements

Efficiency Standards and Codes UpdateASHRAE Syracuse Local Chapter Meeting

February 3, 2016Richard Lord

Richard Lord Background• Employer: Climate Controls and Security – Carrier, which is a division of United Technologies• Title: Carrier Senior Fellow and ASHRAE Fellow• Experience: 43 years experience in the design and application of Commercial air conditioning equipment• Member of the new Carrier Innovation and Research Group • Industry Organization membership

Co-Chair of ASHRAE 90.1 - Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings ASHRAE 189.1 - Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings ASHRAE 90.1/189.1 Advanced Energy Standards Working Group AHRI Systems Steering Committee (past chair) Alliance to Save Energy Systems Initiative (mechanical chair) C873 – BEEM Energy Efficiency Standard for Buildings CSA HVAC Committee WHPA Energy Savings & DEER Committee WHPA Fault Detection Committee California CQI Field Measurement Data Specification Working Group AHRI 340/360 (Unitary Products) – Past Section Chair, Engineering Committee, Compliance committee AHRI 550/590 (Chiller Products) – Past Section chair, Engineering Chair, Compliance committee AHRI 1060 (Energy Recovery) – Section and Engineering Committee ASHRAE 205 – Standard Protocol for Equipment Ratings ASHRAE 207P – Rooftop Diagnostics Test Procedures ASHRAE 196 – Leak Measurement Standard UL/IEC60335-2-40 Working Group (Replacement for UL 1995)

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Learning Objectives• The primary objective of this presentation is to provide an overview and update

on building efficiency standards applicable in the North America and specifically in New York State.

• The presentation will cover the following standards and codes with a focus on HVAC and mechanical systems Minimum Efficiency Standards and Codes

DOE Requirements ASHRAE 90.1 IECCNY York State Code

Higher Tier Standards and CodesCEE EnergyStar LEED

Applicable AHRI Rating Standards Updates• The presentation will also provide some details on future changes to standards

and new long range initiatives

3Please feel free to ask questions as I go through the presentation topics

Efficiency Standards and Codes

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Building Energy Efficiency• Building Efficiency Standards first started back in

1975• Since 2000 the focus on efficiency of buildings and

their components have escalated in the USA and globally resulting in significant activity in efficiency standards and codes

• Why is there a focus on building energy efficiency Buildings used 40 Quads of total energy

(40.7%) in 2014 Use 11.6% of the primary energy (not including

electric grid losses) Use 74.1% of the electricity

• Buildings also have other environmental impacts Generate 66.1% of the total greenhouse gases Generate 136 million tons of waste with 44%

from residential and 57% from commercial Consume 13% of the potable water

5Data based on DOE/EIA-0035 report, EPA Waste Report, and Water report 1405

Overall Building Related Codes and Standards

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Environmental Regulations (EPA)

Energy Efficiency Standards

Safety Standards & Codes

Efficiency requirements have been a focus, but

since 2000 the regulations have

increased

With environmental issues there now significant focus globally on

greenhouse gases

In the past safety codes have not been an issue but with new refrigerants they

will be important

Today these are addressed thru separate

initiatives

Overall Building Related Codes and Standards

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Environmental Regulations (EPA)

Energy Efficiency Standards Safety Standards

& Codes

In the future it will be important that the three initiatives are linked

Reducing direct emissions, that result in decreased efficiency can do more harm to environment due to indirect emissions

New refrigerants will likely have to be semi-flammable

USA HVAC Energy Efficiency RegulationsActivity continues to be very high on efficiency regulations and new higher efficiency guidelines

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Efficiency Regulations

Residential(<65K, Single Phase)

Commercial(≥65K, 3 Phase)

DOE NAECA/ESIA Standards and Test

Procedures

EnergyStar (EPA)

Minimum Efficiency

Federal RegulationsEPACT/ESIA (DOE)

ASHRAE 90.1 Requirements

Higher Tier Requirements

FEMP (DOE)

EnergyStar (EPA)

ASHRAE 189.1, 2, 4

IGCC

CALGREEN

ASHRAE Advanced Design GuideFederally Controlled Requirements

Preempt all state and local codes

Requirements not federally preemptively controlled and subject to change at the discretion of the author

Minimum Efficiency Higher Tier Requirements

CEE

LEED

LEED

CALGREEN

Recent Changes

State Energy and Buildings Codes

CEE & Utility Rebates

Revisions in process

Overall Energy Efficiency Activity has been extremely high

IRC and ASHRAE 90.2 Standards

AHRI Rating and Test Standards

IECC Requirements

State Energy Efficiency and Building Codes

AHRI Rating and Test Standards

Federal Requirements (DOE)

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Federal Preemption Requirements• Some HVAC efficiency requirements are regulated at a federal level by DOE under the

NAECA, EPACT and ESIA ACT’s

NAECA – National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 – Focus is residential HVAC, water heaters and other appliances

EPACT – Energy Policy Act of 2005 – Address overall energy use and climate change in the US

EISA – Energy Independence and Security Act 2007– Focus on overall US Energy including commercial, power generation, renewable energy and energy independence. Replaces the EPCA

• Where there are defined requirements for HVAC&R and appliances they preempt all state and local energy efficiency standards.

NAECA covered products including less than 65K residential products (single phase), appliances, and motors DOE has primary control for defining the requirements

For commercial ASHRAE 90.1 has the lead, but DOE must review and approve and can reject or make further improvements

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Products Covered by Federal Requirements• Window Air Conditioners

• Residential water heaters

• Residential furnaces (<225,000 Btu/h)

• Residential Unitary Cooling and Heat Pump Split Systems and Packaged Units

(<65,000 Btu/h)

• Water Source Heat Pumps

• PTAC Units

• Motors

• Duct Free Units

• VRF Units

• Commercial Furnaces (>225,000 Btu/hr)

• Air Cooled Commercial Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Units (<760,000 Btu/h)

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Residential Requirements

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Building Requirements for Residential• For residential building there are two main building codes

IRC-2015 - International Residential Code ASHRAE 90.2 -2007 – Energy Efficient Design of New Low-Rise Residential

Buildings. • Most states either use the IECC IRC code or a local state code

13Chart is not right for NYS 2014 Energy Conversation Code, that is effective 1/1/2015 is based on IECC 2012 with revisions

International Residential Code (IRC)Table of Contents• Part I - Administrative• Part II – Definitions• Part III – Building Planning and Construction• Part IV – Energy Conservation (Chapter 11)• Part V – Mechanical• Part VI – Fuel Gas• Part VII – Plumbing• Part VIII – Electrical• Part IX – Referenced Standards• Appendix A – Sizing and Capacities of Gas Piping• Appendix B – Sizing of Venting Systems Serving Appliances Equipped with Draft Holds, Category I Appliances, and Appliances

listed for use with Type B Vents• Appendix C – Exit Terminals of Mechanical Draft and Direct-Vent Venting Systems• Appendix D – Recommended procedure for safety inspection of existing appliance installation.• Appendix E – Manufactured Housing used as dwellings• Appendix F – Passive Radon Gas Control• Appendix G Piping Standards for Various Applications• Appendix H – Patio Covers• Appendix I – Private Sewage Disposal• Appendix J – Existing Buildings and Structures• Appendix K – Sound Transmissions• Appendix L – Permit Fees• Appendix M – Home Day Care• Appendix Q – Reserved• Appendix R - Light Straw-Clay Construction• Appendix S – Strawbale Construction• Appendix T – Recommended procedure for worst-case testing of atmospheric venting system• Appendix U Solar Provisions 14

International Residential Energy ConservationThe Table of Contents for the Energy Conservation Chapter 11

• Section N1101 – General• Section N1102 – Building Thermal Envelope• Section N1103 – Systems• Section N1104 – Electrical Power and Light Systems (Mandatory)• Section N1105 – Simulated Performance Alternative (Performance)• Section N1106 – Energy Rating Index Compliance Alternative• Section N1107 – Existing Buildings General• Section N1108 – Additions• Section N1109 – Alterations• Section N1110 – Repairs• Section N1111 – Change of Occupancy Use

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Unlike commercial there are no appliance Efficiency requirements and all these are defined by DOE federal requirements as defined in the federal register

< 65,000 Btu/h Single Phase Efficiency • On June 27, 2011, the

Department of Energy (DOE) issued a final rule amending the federal minimum energy efficiency standards for the single-phaseresidential central air conditioners and heat pumps.

• The new single phase SEERs and HSPFs went into effective on January 1, 2015.

• This was a major change in efficiency regulations and is the first implementation of regional efficiency requirements

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Air Conditioning Heat Pumps

North 13 SEER14 SEER8.2 HSPF

South 14 SEER14 SEER8.2 HSPF

Southwest14 SEER

12.2 EER<45K11.7 EER ≥45K

14 SEER8.2 HSPF

DOE <65K Btu/h Single Phase Minimums(Effective 1/1/2015)Zones

< 65,000 Btu/h Single Phase Efficiency • The nation was divided into two main regions (North and South) based on the

population weighted number of heating degree days (HDD). States with 5,000 HDD or more are considered part of the northern region States with less than 5,000 HDD are considered part of the southern region.

• The Department of Energy further split the southern region into two regions:1. “Hot-dry” Southwest region2. “Hot-humid” Southeast region

• The hot-dry region and hot-humid regions were determined based on the number of cooling operating hours and relative humidity during those operating hours per year

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< 65,000 Btu/h Single Phase Efficiency• For the North, the amended standards that impact the northern region are

based on the product’s date of manufacture

Units manufactured before January 1, 2015, have to meet the standards that went in effect before January 1, 2015.

After January 1, 2015, units have to meet these new standards.

• For the southern region are based on date of installation. Therefore, units installed on or after January 1, 2015, should meet the new standards.

DOE clarified that it would not penalize installers who install units manufactured prior to January 1, 2015 and will allowed installation of old units until July 1, 2016

After July 1, 2016, however, contractors should not install in the Southeast or Southwest any unit that does not meet the new standards.

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Future DOE Changes• DOE and the Industry (ASRAC) are now in negotiations on the next round of

residential equipment efficiency levels and furnace efficiency levels (as of a few weeks ago they agreed on 2023 as the new effective date)

• It is likely that most furnaces will be required to have a minimum efficiency of 92% except for the some limited replacement applications

• Cooling efficiency levels will be revised, but there is also a push to raise the rating fan static pressure from the current 0.10 to 0.20 in-H2O to more like 0.65in-H2O

• They also will likely change the load line for generation of HSPF

• Effective date will be 1/1/2023

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Commercial Efficiency Requirements

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Commercial Code Adoption

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NYS states has adopted the IECC 2012 with mandatory requirements from ASHRAE 90.1-2010 as document in the 2014 NYS Supplement

Commercial Efficiency Requirements

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DOE(must approve for federal covered

products)

IECC Requirements

ASHRAE 90.1 Defines Requirements

as per ESIA Act

DOE Must ApproveFederally controlledrequirements

State Building and Energy

Codes

FederalPreemption

With modifications

New York State has adopted the IECC 2012 with modification based on ASHRAE 90.1 and local modifications, but will update to IECC 2015 in 1/1/2017

Typically the 90.1 requirements Are implemented in IECC but there are exceptions

ASHRAE 90.1 vs IECC• Typically all the HVAC efficiency requirements are harmonized between the two

standards.• Some of the prescriptive requirements for things like economizers, controls, and

insulation levels are different.• One major difference in the IECC 2012 standard is the required compliance options

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Section C406Additional Efficiency Package Options

C406.1 Requirements Buildings shall comply with at least one of the following:

1. Efficient HVAC Performance in accordance with Section C406.2

2. Efficient Lighting Systems in accordance with Section C406.3

3. On-Site Supply for Renewable Energy in accordance with Section C406.4

IECC Optional Compliance Requirements• C406.2 has defined optional efficiency requirements by climate zone

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There are additional tables for heat pumps, PTAC’s, Furnaces, Boilers, Chillers.

In the 2015 IECC standard this has been changed to a flat 10% efficiency improvement

NYS State Energy Efficiency Code• On November 18, 2014, the New York

State Fire Prevention and Building Code Council voted to adopt an update to commercial provision of the Energy Conservation Construction Code of New York State (ECCCNYS).

• The updated code is based on the 2012 IECC as modified by the 2014 Supplement and allows alternative design with the ASHRAE 90.1-2010, Energy Standard for Buildings, Except for Low Rise Residential Buildings, also as modified by the 2014 Supplement.

• The ECCCNYS 2014, primarily effects Commercial building construction and renovation, has an effective date of January 1, 2015; the Residential Energy provisions are being reviewed for adoption.

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http://www.dos.ny.gov/dcea/energycode_code.html

We have heard that NYS is likely going to adopt the IECC2015 effective 1/1/2017


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Standard can be viewed online at https://ashrae.iwrapper.com/ViewOnline/Standard_90.1-2013_I-P

ASHRAE 90.1 Standard• The ASHRAE 90.1 Standard is the primary source standard for all commercial buildings.

• Other standards like the IECC, ASHRAE 189.1, ASHRAE 189.4, IGCC and Title 24 (California) are developed but in most cases harmonize with ASHRAE 90.1 to some degree (There are differences)

• The standard is a continuous maintenance standards and 8 versions have been released and in recent years is revised every 3 years

1. ASHRAE 90-75 – Release in 1975 as the first commercial building standard2. ASHRAE 90A-19803. ASHRAE 90.1-19894. ASHRAE 90.1-19995. ASHRAE 90.1-20046. ASHRAE 90.1-20077. ASHRAE 90.1-20108. ASHRAE 90.1-20139. ASHRAE 90.1-2016 (will be release in Oct 2016)

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ASHRAE 90.1 Overall Efficiency ImprovementGreat progress has been made in Building and HVAC efficiency improvements

28Chart based on ASHRAE 90.1-2013 determination study conducted by PNNL

Background – Air Cooled Chiller


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Energy

Use Inde

x (1975

Use =100)

Year

USA New Commercial Construction Standard Strigency 1975‐2018

90‐75 90A‐1980

90.1‐198990.1‐1999

90.1‐2001

90.1‐2004

90.1‐2007

90.1‐2010

90.1‐2013

Path A

Path B

150 Ton AC Chiller

90.1‐2016

Background – Water Cooled Chiller


Background – Packaged Rooftop


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

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1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Energy

Use Inde

x (1975 Use =100)

Year

USA New Commercial Construction Standard Strigency 1975‐2018

90‐75 90A‐1980

90.1‐198990.1‐1999

90.1‐2001

90.1‐2004

90.1‐2007

90.1‐2010

90.1‐2013

Path A

Path B

150 Ton AC Chiller

90.1‐2016

Future Net Zero Energy GoalThe Future Challenges are Significant and can not be obtained with conventional approaches


Net Zero Building Goal

ASHRAE 90.1-2013 ContentsMain Standard1. Purpose2. Scope3. Definitions, Abbreviations, and

Acronyms4. Administration and Enforcement5. Building Envelope6. Heating Ventilating and Air

Conditioning7. Service Water Heating8. Power9. Lighting10. Other Equipment11. Energy Cost Budget Method12. Normative References

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Normative AppendixAppendix A – Rated R-Value of Insulation and Assembly U-Factor, C-Factor and F-FactorAppendix B—Building Envelope Climate CriteriaNormative Appendix C—Methodology for Building Envelope Trade-Off Option in Section 5.6Appendix D—Climatic Data

Informative AppendixAppendix E—Informative ReferencesAppendix F—Addenda Description InformationAppendix G—Performance Rating Method

ASHRAE 90.1 Section 5 - Envelope

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Section 5 – Building EnvelopSection 5 covers the minimum requirements for the building envelope

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Envelope Requirements5.1 General5.2 Compliance Path5.3 Simplified Building (Not used)5.4 Mandatory Provisions

5.4.1 Insulation5.4.2 Fenestration and Doors5.4.3 Air Leakage

5.5 Prescriptive Building Envelope Options5.5.1 Conditioned Space Requirements5.5.2 Semi-heated Space Requirements5.5.3 Opaque Area5.5.4 Fenestration

5.6 Building Envelope Trade-Off Options5.7 Submittals5.8 Product Information and Insulation Requirements

36

Climate Zones• A key factor in determining

requirements for the envelope as well as other sections is the climate zone.

• The US and the world is currently divided into 17 climate zones

37

ASHRAE 169-2013 Changes• Climate zones are defined by ASHRAE 169 standard

• The standard is based on TMY data which is a collation of selected weather data for a specific location, generated from a data bank much longer than a year in duration.

• For the prior version of the ASHRAE 169 standard they used TMY2 data which is based on 239 weather stations for the period of 1961 to 1990

• For the new 2013 ASHRAE 169 version they have used TMY3 data which is based 1020 US cities for the years of 1976 to 2005 and other international data bases

• In addition to the changes to existing climate zone mapping they also added two new climate zones for very hot and humid (0a) and hot and dry (0b)

• This new climate zone mapping will be adopted in ASHRAE 90.1-2016 as well as the IECC 2018 standard

38

Climate Zone Selection Criteria• ASHRAE 169 uses a 2 digit number to define climate zones• The first digit is what they call a thermal zone and is based on Heating and

Cooling Degree days • The second letter defines the sub-climate zone as humid (a), dry (b) and marine

(c) for a total of 19 climate zones

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New US Climate Zones (ASHRAE 169)

40

OLD NEW

In general climate zone boarders have moved north. Note that the colors are not the same

New York State Climate Zone Changes

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New York (NY) Old NewAlbany 5A 5AAllegany 6A 5ABronx 4A 4ABroome 6A 5ACattaraugus 6A 5ACayuga 5A 5AChautauqua 5A 5AChemung 5A 5AChenango 6A 6AClinton 6A 6AColumbia 5A 5ACortland 5A 5ADelaware 6A 6ADutchess 5A 5AErie 5A 5AEssex 6A 6AFranklin 6A 6AFulton 6A 6A

New York (NY) Old NewGenesee 5A 5AGreene 5A 5AHamilton 6A 6AHerkimer 6A 6AJefferson 6A 6AKings 4A 4ALewis 6A 6AMadison 6A 6AMontgomery 6A 6ANassau 4A 4ANew York 4A 4ANiagara 5A 5AOneida 6A 6AOnondaga 5A 5AOntario 5A 5AOrange 5A 5AOrleans 5A 5A

New York (NY) Old NewOswego 5A 5AOtsego 6A 6APutnam 5A 5AQueens 4A 4ARensselaer 5A 5ARichmond 4A 4ARockland 5A 5ASaratoga 5A 5ASchenectady 5A 5ASchoharie 6A 5ASchuyler 6A 5ASeneca 5A 5ASteuben 6A 5ASt. Lawrence 6A 6ASuffolk 4A 4ASullivan 6A 6ATioga 5A 5ATompkins 6A 5AUlster 6A 6AWarren 5A 6A

No change Warmer Colder

ASHRAE 169-2013 Changes

Global Climate Zones (ASHRAE 169-2013)

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We often get feedback that the ASHRAE 169 climate zones do not address the world but that is not true and in fact the 20 climates zones are mapped to the world

Typical Climate Zone Envelope Requirements

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ASHRAE 2016 Proposed Changes• For the 2013 to 2016 Update there have been 15 proposed addenda

1. Addendum AB - Filled cavity insulation 2. Addendum AC - Air spaces requirements3. Addendum A - Conditioned Space Thresholds4. Addendum L - Envelop Verification5. Addendum V - Building orientation6. Addendum W - Envelope Climate Zone Update7. Addendum AI - Fenestration Prescriptive Values8. Addendum AL - Coiling Doors9. Addendum AY - Roof Membranes10.Addendum BC - Opaque Doors11. Addendum BO - Shading Protection Factors12.Addendum CC - Sideling affective aperture13.Addendum CI - Fenestration Orientation14.Addendum CU - Wood Panel Sheathing15.Addendum CP - Metal Building Walls

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ASHRAE 90.1 Section 6 Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning

45

ASHRAE 90.1 Section 6

46

Section 6 covers the minimum requirements for the heating ventilating and air conditioning

Section 6.6 does not show in the current standard diagram, but it will be corrected in an Errata

Section 6 Table of ContentsTable of Contents6.1 General6.2 Compliance6.3 Simplified Approach Option for HVAC6.4 Mandatory Provisions

6.4.1 Minimum Equipment Efficiencies6.4.2 Calculations6.4.3 Controls6.4.4 HVAC Construction and Insulation

6.5 Prescriptive Path6.5.1 Economizers6.5.2 Simultaneous Heating and Cooling Limitations6.5.3 Air System Design and Control6.5.4 Hydronic System and Design6.5.5 Heat Rejection Equipment

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6.5 Prescriptive Path (continued)6.5.1 Economizers6.5.2 Simultaneous Heating and Cooling Limitations6.5.3 Air System Design and Control6.5.4 Hydronic System and Design6.5.5 Heat Rejection Equipment6.5.6 Energy Recovery6.5.7 Exhaust Systems6.5.8 Rating Heating Systems6.5.9 Hot Gas Bypass Limitations6.5.10 Door Switches6.5.11 Refrigeration Systems

6.6 Alternate Path6.7 Submittals6.8 Minimum Equipment Efficiency Tables

Equipment Efficiency Changes

• DOE issued a NOPR on 1/8/2015 to adopt the ASHRAE 90.1-2013 proposed changes for 3 phase cooling and heat pump packaged air conditioners and split systems less than 65,000 Btu/h

• DOE conducted a economic study and could not justify levels different than the proposed ASHRAE 90.1 efficiency levels.

• As part of this NOPR they also addressed efficiency requirements for water source heat pumps.

48

<65,000 Btu/h 3-Phase Efficiency

These are federally controlled and Preempt all national standards and state codes

Large Commercial Packaged Efficiency• ASHRAE 90.1 is charged with defining efficiency requirements for the 65,000

Btu/h packaged products.• In the ASHRAE 90.1-2010 standard an addendum was approved to increase

the IEER requirements for all products with an effective date of 1/1/2016• DOE is required by the Energy Policy Act to review and determine if ASHRAE

90.1 efficiency change proposal are justified or if alternate levels should be proposed.

• In parallel with this DOE had been evaluating the new IEER metric that AHRI/ASHRAE 90.1 had developed and adopted in 2010 to better represent the performance of commercial packaged products.

• They conducted an extensive study of the new ASHRAE 90.1 efficiency proposal and released a NOPR in Sept 2014 They proposed switch the federal regulated metric from EER to IEER They proposed significantly higher efficiency levels for the IEER

• There was a significant amount of comments and it was decided to begin an ASRAC ruling

49

Typical Annualized Efficiency Metrics• Recently the industry has started to used annualized metrics that also consider

part load operation

SEER – Seasonal Energy Efficiency ratio which is the total cooling output of an air conditioner during its normal annual usage period for cooling (in Btu/h) divided by the total electric power input during the same period (in W). Used on residential and light commercial

IPLV – Integrated part load Value which is a weighted average of the EER, or kw/ton at 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% loads for a typical US commercial building and climate zone. Used for chillers, and used to be used for rooftops, but was dropped in 2010

IEER – Integrated energy efficiency ratio which is the weighted average of the EER, at 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% loads for a typical US commercial building and climate zone.

HSPF - Heating seasonal performance factor which is the total heating output of a heat pump during its normal annual usage period for heating (in Btu/h) divided by the total electric energy input (in W) during the same period

50

Annualized Rating Metrics• In 2010 AHRI switched from the IPLV metric for rooftops to the IEER metrics.• This was adopted by ASHRAE 90.1 in the 2010 standard, but the old IPLV is still in

the Title 24 2008 Standard• The IPLV was dropped and replaced by the IEER due to errors that were not

properly representing the annualized performance of the HVAC mechanical system.• The new IEER is very close to the chiller IPLV and new requires EER ratings to be

weight averaged at 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% load using the following equation.

IEER = (0.020 x A) + (0.617 x B) + (0.238 x C) + (0.125 x D)

Where:A = EER at 100% net capacity and an ambient of 95 FB = EER at 75% net capacity and an ambient of 81.5 FC = EER at 50% net capacity and an ambient of 68 FD = EER at 25% net capacity and an ambient of 65 F

51

Note that is only a metric for the refrigeration system and excludes the hours where economizers are being used.

52

Part Load EER Calculation• There were some questions about why the packaged EER calculation

for the cyclic last stage was not the same as the chiller.• Packaged units are more complex than a chiller as they include an

indoor fan, that does not cycle and is on all the time during occupied periods.

• The equation for the packaged units is;

• The equation for the chillers is;

• The degradation factor CD for the packaged units is only applied to Compressor and condenser fans which cycle on and off, but not to the indoor fan and control circuit power which are always on

D C CD IF CT

LF·Net CapacityEERLF·(C ·(P P )) P P

Equipment Refrigeration Load Profile

53

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Ambine

t

% Refrigeration System Load

Refrigeration Load Profile

AHRI IEER Rating Point

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Part Load Rating ConditionsTable 5. Part-Load Rating Conditions

CONDITIONS F C Indoor Air

Return Air Dry-Bulb Temperature Return Air Wet-Bulb Temperature Indoor Airflow rate

80.0 67.0

Note 1

26.7 19.4

Note 1 Condenser (Air Cooled)

Entering Dry-Bulb Temperature Condenser Airflow rate (cfm)

for %Load >44.4% OAT = 0.54 * %Load + 41.0

for %Load <= 44.4 % OAT = 65 F

Note 2

FOR %Load>44.4% OAT = 0.3 * %Load + 5.0

For %Load <=44.4% OAT = 18.3 C Note 2

Condenser (Water Cooled) Entering Condenser Water Temperature Condenser water flow rate (gpm)

for % Load >34.8% EWT = 0.460*%LOAD+39.0

FOR %Load<=39.4 EWT = 55 F

full load flow

for % Load >34.8% EWT = 0.256*%LOAD+3.8

FOR %Load<=34.8% EWT = 17.8 C

full load flow Condenser (Evaporatively Cooled)

Entering Wet-Bulb temperature

For % Load > 36.6 EWB= 0.35*%Load + 40.0

For % Load <=36.6 EWB = 52.8 F

For % Load > 36.6 EWB= 0.19*%Load + 4.4

For % Load <=36.6% EWB = 11.5 C

NOTES 1 For fixed speed indoor fans the cfm should be held constant at the full load cfm.

For VAV units the cfm at part load should be adjusted to maintain the full load measured leaving air dry-bulb temperature, but with the design external static For units using descrete step fan control, the fan speed should be adjusted as specified by the controls.

2 Condenser airflow should be adjusted as required by the unit controls for head pressure control. Include units for each value.

Note that this is going to change in 2016 with a new release of AHRI 340/360

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Advantages of New IEER• The new IEER allows for a uniform rating of all products including single stage

and multiple stage

• It corrects the old equation issues where you could get the best IPLV with a unit with 2 stages with one at 100% and the second at 99%

• It allows for improved part load IEER values with variable speed or stepped speed fans

• It encourages control logic and designs that can improve part load performance and recent new product improvements have confirmed that it has resulted in the way the industry designs packaged equipment

EER and IEER Industry Data

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10.00

11.00

12.00

13.00

14.00

15.00

16.00

17.00

18.00

19.00

20.00

21.00

10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0

IEER

EER

YAC 65K to 135K

Tier 0

Tier 1

Tier 2Tier 2

Tier 0,1

ASHRAE 90.1<2106

ASHRAE 189.1 <2005

ASHRAE 189.1 >2005

IECC STD

IECC 1‐5

IECC 6‐8

ASHR

AE 90.1

ASHRAE 90.1 2016

ASHR

AE 189

.1 <20

05 ASHR

AE 189

.1 >20

05

IECC

1‐5

IECC

6‐8

IECC

STD

IEER Metric Summary• Note that the IEER metric is only a metric for the mechanical refrigeration capacity and

does not include the impact of economizers and other hybrid systems like energy recovery and evaporative pre-coolers

• It is based on 100% return air with a constant 80/67 return air• It does take into account the operation of the indoor fan and assumes continuous fan

operation as required by 62.1 for ventilation but only includes fan power during mechanical cooling

• Building energy consumption varies significantly based on many factors including, but not limited to, local occupancy schedules, ambient conditions, building construction, building location, ventilation requirements and added features like economizers, energy recovery, evaporative cooling, etc.

• IEER is comparative metric representing the integrated full load and part load annualized performance of the mechanical cooling of the air conditioning unit over a range of operating conditions. It does not include performance of hybrid system features like economizers, energy recovery and heat reclaim.

• IEER is not intended to be a predictor of the annual energy consumption of a specific building in a given climate zone. To more accurately estimate energy consumption of a specific building an energy analysis using an hour-by-hour analysis program should be performed for the intended building using the local weather data.

57

Large Commercial Packaged Efficiency• On 9/8/2015 the ASRAC committee has completed their negotiations on the commercial

packaged equipment and have agreed to a roadmap plan

• This was a new and important agreement as it not only defined efficiency new requirements, but it also laid out a roadmap for efficiency improvement thru 2023 as well as new initiatives to further enhancement and improve the IEER metric.

• The agreement included the followingA. Gas-fired commercial warm air furnaces manufactured on and after January 1, 2023

must have a thermal efficiency at the maximum rated capacity (rated maximum input) not less than 81 percent. Note current level is at 80%

B. The IEER test procedure is to be amended to better represent the total fan energy use, including considering a) alternative external static pressures and b) operation for other than mechanical cooling and heating. The new test procedure and any resulting revised metric will not be used for assessing representations or compliance with the standards described in this term sheet. (Intent is to implement sometime after 2023)

58

Large Commercial Packaged Efficiency• ASRAC Agreement (continued)

C. Recommendation to the Fans and Blowers Working Group that supply air fans and outdoor coil fans embedded in these products not be considered for test procedures, certifications, or standards in the fans and blowers rulemaking.Create a new Dual Duct Unit product class. Existing EER standard levels as provided in Table 1 of part 431.97 shall continue to apply to dual duct air conditioners and heat pumps.Definition: Dual duct air conditioner or heat pump means air-cooled commercial package air conditioning and heating equipment that1. Is either a horizontal single package or split-system unit; or a vertical unit that

consists of two components that may be shipped or installed either connected or split;

2. Is intended for indoor installation with ducting of outdoor air from the building exterior to and from the unit, where the unit and/or all of its components are non-weatherized and are not marked (or listed) as being in compliance with UL 1995 or equivalent requirements for outdoor use;

3. (a) if it is a horizontal unit, the complete unit has a maximum height of 35 inches or the unit has components that do not exceed a maximum height of 35 inches;(b) if it is a vertical unit, the complete (split, connected, or assembled) unit has component that do not exceed maximum depth of 35 inches; and

4. Has a rated cooling capacity greater than and equal to 65,000 Btu/h and up to 300,000 Btu/h.

59

Large Commercial Packaged Efficiency

60

Final Term Sheet on Efficiency LevelJanuary 1, 2018 (ASHRAE 90.1-2016) January 1, 2023 (Increased IEER)

Large Commercial Packaged Efficiency Summary

61

Overall Summary for Commercial Packaged Cooling Units

These products up to 760,000 Btu/h are under federal control. But the current federal control is on EER until 2018 and the EER values did not change from 2010. It is

anticipated that NYS will adopt IECC 2015 in 1/1/2017 so the ASHRAE 1/1/2016 values for IEER will go into effect on 1/1/2017

ASHRAE 90.11-2010

ASHRAE 90.1 1-2015

ASHRAE 90.1 1-2016

DOE 1/2017

DOE 1-2018

DOE 1-2023

ASHRAE 90.1 1-2023

Minimum Efficiency

Minimum Efficiency

Minimum Efficiency

Minimum Efficiency

Minimum Efficiency

Minimum Efficiency

Minimum Efficiency

All Split Systems ARI 210/240 13.0 SEER 13.0 SEER 13.0 SEER 13.0 SEER 13.0 SEERAll Single Package ARI 210/240 13.0 SEER 14.0 SEER 14.0 SEER 14.0 SEER 14.0 SEER

11.2 EER 11.2 EER 11.2 EER 11.2 EER11.4 IEER 11.4 IEER 12.9 IEER 12.9 IEER 14.8 IEER 14.8 IEER11.0 EER 11.0 EER 11.0 EER 11.0 EER11.2 IEER 11.2 IEER 12.7 IEER 12.7 IEER 14.6 IEER 14.6 IEER11.0 EER 11.0 EER 11.0 EER 11.0 EER11.2 IEER 11.2 IEER 12.4 IEER 12.4 IEER 14.2 IEER 14.2 IEER10.8 EER 10.8 EER 10.8 EER 10.8 EER11.0 IEER 11.0 IEER 12.2 IEER 12.2 IEER 14.0 IEER 14.0 IEER10.0 EER 10.0 EER 10.0 EER 10.0 EER1.01 IEER 10.1 IEER 11.6 IEER 11.6 IEER 13.0 IEER 13.0 IEER9.8 EER 9.8 EER 9.8 EER 9.8 EER9.9 IEER 9.9 IEER 11.4 IEER 11.4 IEER 12.5 IEER 12.5 IEERFederal

PreemptionEER only

State Adoption New

Construction

State Adoption New

Construction

Federal Preemption IEER only



Estimated

9.7 EER 9.7 EER 9.7 EER 9.7 EER9.8 IEER 9.8 IEER 11.2 IEER 11.2 IEER9.5 EER 9.5 EER 9.5 EER 9.5 EER9.6 IEER' 9.6 IEER' 11.0 IEER 11.0 IEER

State Addoption

State Addoption

State Addoption

State Addoption

State Addoption

State Addoption

State Addoption

ARI 340/360

ARI 340/360

Electric (or None)

All other Split Systems and Single Package

Split Systems and Single Package

Test Procedureb

Equipment Type Size Category Heating

Section Type

Sub-Category or Rating

Conditions

ARI 340/360

ARI 340/360

>65,000 Btu/h and

< 135,000 Btu/h

Electric (or None)


ARI 340/360

ARI 340/360

Electric (or None)


ARI 340/360

Electric (or None)



ARI 340/360

<65,000 Btu/hc

Air Conditionsers

Air CooledSplit Systems and Single Package

>760,000 Btu/h

All other

>135,000 Btu/h and

< 240,000 Btu/h


>240,000 Btu/h and <760,000

Btu/hr


62

Overall Summary for Commercial Heat Pump Packaged Cooling Requirements

ASHRAE 90.11-2010

ASHRAE 90.1 1-2015

ASHRAE 90.1 1-2016

DOE 1/2017

DOE 1-2018

DOE 1-2023

ASHRAE 90.1 1-2016

Minimum Efficiency

Minimum Efficiency

Minimum Efficiency

Minimum Efficiency

Minimum Efficiency

Minimum Efficiency

Minimum Efficiency

All Split Systems ARI 210/240 13.0 SEER 14.0 SEER 14.0 SEER 14.0 SEER 14.0 SEER 14.0 SEER 14.0 SEERAll Single Package ARI 210/240 13.0 SEER 14.0 SEER 14.0 SEER 14.0 SEER 14.0 SEER 14.0 SEER 14.0 SEER

11.0 EER 11.0 EER 11.0 EER 11.0 EER11.2 IEER 11.2 IEER 12.2 IEER 12.2 IEER 14.1 IEER 14.1 IEER10.8 EER 10.8 EER 10.8 EER 10.8 EER11.0 IEER 11.0 IEER 12.0 IEER 12.0 IEER 13.9 IEER 13.9 IEER10.6 EER 10.6 EER 10.6 EER 10.6 EER10.7 IEER 10.7 IEER 11.6 IEER 11.6 IEER 13.5 IEER 13.5 IEER10.4 EER 10.4 EER 10.4 EER 10.4 EER10.5 IEER 10.5 IEER 11.4 IEER 11.4 IEER 13.3 IEER 13.3 IEER9.5 EER 9.5 EER 9.5 EER 9.5 EER9.6 IEER 9.6 IEER 10.6 IEER 10.6 IEER 12.5 IEER 12.5 IEER9.3 EER 9.3 EER 9.3 EER 9.3 EER9.4 IEER 9.4 IEER 10.4 IEER 10.4 IEER 12.3 IEER 12.3 IEERFederal

PreemptionEER only

State Adoption New

Construction

State Adoption New

Construction




Estimated

Air Cooled(cooling mode)

<65,000 Btu/hc

>65,000 Btu/h and

< 135,000 Btu/h

Electric (or None)


Equipment Type Size Category

Heating Section

Type


Conditions

Test Procedureb

ARI 340/360

All other Split Systems and Single Package ARI 340/360

>135,000 Btu/h and

< 240,000 Btu/h

Electric (or None)

Split Systems and Single Package ARI 340/360


>240,000 Btu/h and <760,000

Btu/h

Electric (or None)






63

Overall Summary for Commercial Heat Pump Packaged Heating Requirements

ASHRAE 90.11-2010

ASHRAE 90.1 1-2015

ASHRAE 90.1 1-2016

DOE 1/2017

DOE 1-2018

DOE 1-2023

ASHRAE 90.1 1-2016

Minimum Efficiency

Minimum Efficiency

Minimum Efficiency

Minimum Efficiency

Minimum Efficiency

Minimum Efficiency

Minimum Efficiency

Split Systems ARI 210/240 7.7 HSPF 8.2 HSPF 8.2 HSPF 8.2 HSPF 8.2 HSPF 8.2 HSPF 8.2 HSPF

Single Package ARI 210/240 7.7 HSPF 8.0 HSPF 8.0 HSPF 8.0 HSPF 8.0 HSPF 8.0 HSPF 8.0 HSPF

47⁰F db/43⁰F wb 3.30 COP 3.30 COP 3.30 COP 3.30 COP 3.4 COP 3.4 COP

17⁰F db/15⁰F wb 2.25 COP 2.25 COP 2.25 COP 2.25 COP


17⁰F db/15⁰F wb 2.05 COP 2.05 COP 2.05 COP 2.05 COP


17⁰F db/15⁰F wb 2.05 COP 2.05 COP 2.05 COP 2.05 COPFederal

PreemptionEER only

Federal PreemptionEER only

State Adoption New

Construction



Estimated

Equipment Type Size Category


Conditions

Test Procedureb

Rating Conditions

Air Cooled(cooling mode)

<65,000 Btu/hc

>65,000 Btu/h and

< 135,000 Btu/h


>135,000 Btu/h and

< 240,000 Btu/h>240,000 Btu/h and <760,000

Btu/hr





Future IEER Evaluation• As a result of the ASRAC IEER DOE ruling it was agreed to begin work in 2016

on evaluation of the next generation IEER

• The energy advocates and DOE want to include more of the fan operating hours during ventilation.

• Industry is Ok with this, but has pushed back that if the metric is modified to include more ventilation (no mechanical cooling) then it should consider some of the following;1. New concepts in fan control (2 speed, 3 speed, variable speed)2. Positive cooling from options like economizers3. Demand ventilation 4. Hybrid cooling concept like Energy Recovery and Evaporative cooling

• AHRI has started to work on a tools that can be used to evaluate the options and help finalize the solution

64

Next Generation IEER Modeling

65

EvaporatorCoilFilterEconomizer

BarometricRelief

Outside AirIntake/Evaporitive Precooler

FanFan

Fan

FanFan

Fan Exhaust Fan

Makeup airfan Supply

Fan gas or electricheat

Compressor

Air/Evaporatively Cooled CondenserSection

EnergyRecovery

Supply Duct

Terminal Terminal

Occupied Space

2016 study will determine where the best place to draw the control parameter should be which will then help guide the next generation IEER and metrics

AHRI Modeling Approach

Other 2013 Code Changes• In addition to changes in requirements for IEER there also have been

many other initiatives and changes in the industry Indoor Fan Airflow and Fan Speed Control Compressor Staging requirements Integrated Economizers and Controls Fan Efficiency Requirements Exhaust Air Energy Recovery Chiller Efficiency Requirements Refrigeration System Requirements VRF Efficiency Requirements Motor Efficiency Requirements PTAC Efficiency Requirements

66

Chiller Efficiency Requirements

67

• Chillers are not federally controlled so implementation depends on state adoption

• If NYS adoptions IECC 2015 then the chiller efficiencies in NYS will go into effect on 1/1/2017

• The new table• Increased most of the

efficiency requirements• Revised some of capacity

categories• Added IPLV requirements for

chillers

• Not shown, but there were no changes to absorption chillers

Exhaust Air Energy Recovery• In ASHRAE 90.1-2010 the requirements for exhaust air energy recovery were

revised and again in 2013 they were further revised and expanded

68These same tables are in IECC-2015 so they will go into effect in 1/1/2017 in NYS

Prescriptive Requirements – Fan Control• One of the other very large energy savings changes that has been implemented

in both ASHRAE 90.1 is to require 2 speed fans as a minimum on packaged units.

• The energy savings is significant because the fan power decreases to the cube of the speed

• There are added benefits in that latent capacity increases and sensible heat factor decreases as well as there is a significant sound reduction

• This change applies to DX packaged units as well as fan coils and air handlers.

69

ASHRAE 90.1 Requirements• 6.5.3.2 Fan Control

• 6.5.3.2.1 Fan Airflow Control Each cooling system listed in Table 6.5.3.2.1 shall be designed to vary the indoor fan airflow as a function of load and shall comply with the following requirements:

a. DX and chilled-water cooling units that control the capacity of the mechanical cooling directly based on space temperature shall have a minimum of two stages of fan control. Low or minimum speed shall not exceed 66% of full speed. At low or minimum speed, the fan system shall draw no more than 40% of the fan power at full fan speed. Low or minimum speed shall be used during periods of low cooling load and ventilation-only operation.

b. All other units, including DX cooling units and chilled water units that control the space temperature by modulating the airflow to the space, shall have modulating fan control. Minimum speed shall not exceed 50% of full speed. At minimum speed, the fan system shall draw no more than 30% of the power at full fan speed. Low or minimum speed shall be used during periods of low cooling load and ventilation-only operation.

c. Units that include an air-side economizer to meet the requirements of Section 6.5.1 shall have a minimum of two speeds of fan control during economizer operation.

70

ASHRAE 90.1 Requirements• 6.5.3.2 Fan Control (continued)

• Exceptions:1. Modulating fan control is not required for chilled-water and evaporative cooling units

with <1 hp fan motors if the units are not used to provide ventilation air and the indoor fan cycles with the load.

2. If the volume of outdoor air required to meet the ventilation requirements of Standard 62.1 at low speed exceeds the air that would be delivered at the speed defined in Section 6.5.3.2.1(a) or 6.5.3.2.1(b) then the minimum speed shall be selected to provide the required ventilation air

71

The same requirements are in Section C403.4.1 of the IECC-2015 Standards so if NYS adopts the IECC 2015 standard then these requirements would be effective in NYS in 1/1/2017

2 Speed Fan Benefit Analysis• In the following two charts I show savings analysis that was done for ASHRAE 90.1

72

Taylor Drybulb Single Speed

Cooling Mechanical Economizer Total Power

Cost Indoor Fan

Exh Fan Ton-hrs Non Integrated

hrs>28 Btu/lb

Integrated hrs<55 F LAT

hrs<50 LAT

hrs <45 LAT

hrs hrs hrs ton-hrs kw-h $ kw-h kw-h Ton-hrs hrs hrs hrs hrs hrs 1A Miami 3226 2911 332 8675 14734 1383.49 6991 86 298 36 53 53 13 01B Riyadh 3434 2543 1039 7850 20300 1906.16 9845 476 1157 2 307 86 0 02A Houston 2834 2074 774 6028 11670 1095.84 6142 122 609 117 56 56 21 02B Phoenix 3134 2053 1212 6046 16394 1539.36 8985 479 1219 2 291 65 0 03A Memphis 2654 1556 1134 4853 10170 954.92 5752 171 938 60 106 106 40 03B El Paso 3031 1549 1660 5409 14548 1366.07 8690 550 1763 22 345 108 1 03C San Francisco 2711 535 2638 3144 10354 972.27 7773 1113 3225 0 762 595 179 04A Baltimore 2278 1136 1194 3693 8178 767.87 4937 181 1008 39 131 131 66 14B Albuquerque 2881 1138 1943 4456 12739 1196.21 8260 547 2142 2 362 155 14 04C Salem 2023 604 1652 2665 8197 769.66 5800 609 1904 2 405 274 89 05A Chicago 1980 1028 1001 3260 7127 669.22 4291 160 852 27 109 109 44 15B Boise 2235 794 1622 3180 9565 898.20 6408 484 1791 0 345 192 25 05C Vancouver 1881 345 1811 2574 7224 678.30 5393 747 2477 6 525 491 229 126A Burlington 1834 737 1273 2604 6181 580.41 3975 351 1139 32 331 329 136 36B Helena 2008 575 1683 2717 8328 782.00 5757 596 1879 0 417 198 46 07 Duluth 1737 412 1460 2117 6629 622.47 4980 419 1803 15 252 210 62 08 Fairbanks 1444 296 1390 1973 5631 528.79 4140 531 1785 0 379 272 113 7

Taylor Drybulb 2 speed

Cooling Mechanical Economizer Total Power

Cost Indoor Fan

Exh Fan Ton-hrs Non Integrated

hrs>28 Btu/lb

Integrated hrs<55 F LAT

hrs<50 LAT

hrs <45 LAT

Total Power

Total Cost

Indoor Fan

Power

hrs hrs hrs ton-hrs kw-h $ kw-h kw-h Ton-hrs hrs hrs hrs hrs hrs % % %1A Miami 3226 2911 332 8675 9374 880.22 2538 86 298 36 53 53 13 0 -36.4 -36.4 -63.71B Riyadh 3434 2543 1039 7850 13984 1313.11 4970 476 1157 2 307 86 0 0 -31.1 -31.1 -49.52A Houston 2834 2074 774 6028 7849 737.00 2972 122 609 117 56 56 21 0 -32.7 -32.7 -51.62B Phoenix 3134 2053 1212 6046 11454 1075.48 5073 479 1219 2 291 65 0 0 -30.1 -30.1 -43.53A Memphis 2654 1540 1134 4853 5425 509.38 1668 29 480 70 69 69 25 0 -46.7 -46.7 -71.03B El Paso 3031 1549 1660 5409 11065 1039.02 5899 550 1763 22 345 108 1 0 -23.9 -23.9 -32.13C San Francisco 2711 535 2638 3144 10173 955.23 7624 1113 3225 0 762 595 179 0 -1.8 -1.8 -1.94A Baltimore 2278 1136 1194 3693 6163 578.72 3269 181 1008 39 131 131 66 1 -24.6 -24.6 -33.84B Albuquerque 2881 1138 1943 4456 10363 973.06 6351 547 2142 2 362 155 14 0 -18.7 -18.7 -23.14C Salem 2023 604 1652 2665 7276 683.26 5045 609 1904 2 405 274 89 0 -11.2 -11.2 -13.05A Chicago 1980 1028 1001 3260 5309 498.55 2785 160 852 27 109 109 44 1 -25.5 -25.5 -35.15B Boise 2235 794 1622 3180 8015 752.58 5160 484 1791 0 345 192 25 0 -16.2 -16.2 -19.55C Vancouver 1881 345 1811 2574 7053 662.32 5250 747 2477 6 525 491 229 12 -2.4 -2.4 -2.66A Burlington 1834 737 1273 2604 5141 482.78 3111 351 1139 32 331 329 136 3 -16.8 -16.8 -21.76B Helena 2008 575 1683 2717 7508 705.02 5095 596 1879 0 417 198 46 0 -9.8 -9.8 -11.57 Duluth 1737 412 1460 2117 5949 558.61 4416 419 1803 15 252 210 62 0 -10.3 -10.3 -11.38 Fairbanks 1444 296 1390 1973 5498 516.23 4030 531 1785 0 379 272 113 7 -2.4 -2.4 -2.7

Economizer

Zone CITY Operating hours Building Load

Energy Use Economizer 2 Speed Energy Savings

Zone CITY Operating hours Building Load

Energy Use

As you can see the 2 speed 66% low speed fan option offers significant energy and cost savings

California climate zones

Room Air and Temperature Control• In the past we had two primary air and temperature distribution concepts for

controlling the temperature in the space

• Constant Volume – This concept basically supplied a constant amount of air to the space and the temperature of the air varied based on the room thermostat. Typical units had 1 or two stages of capacity. Typically these systems were used for a single zone.

• VAV – This concept cooled the space by providing a constant supply air temperature and the varying the air volume flow at the zone level. The units were typically used with multiple zone systems.

• With the requirements for 2 speed or more fan control on constant volume the old constant volume system is really not a constant volume units. Some have been calling this a single zone VAV unit

73

New AHRI Definitions• 3.13 Multi Zone Variable Air Volume (MZVAV). Units with control systems

designed to vary the indoor air volume and refrigeration capacity/staging at a controlled discharge air temperature and static pressure as a means of providing space temperature control to independent multiple spaces with independent thermostats.

•• 3.23 Single Zone Variable Air Volume (SZVAV). Units with a control system

designed to vary the indoor air volume and refrigeration capacity/staging as a means to provide zone control to a single or common zones, controlled by a single space thermostat input. The capacity, as well as the Supply Air shall be controlled either through modulation, discrete steps or combinations of modulation and step control based on the defined control logic.

74

VAV Systems

75

Multi Zone Variable Air Volume (MZVAV). Single Zone Variable Air Volume (SZVAV)

There are a lot of new variations on the SZVAV being introduced to the market

down to as low as 5 tons

These units have been in the market for a long time and typically for packaged units started at about 20 tons

Single Zone VAV• Control Option 1 – The option involves direct control of the mechanically

cooling capacity by the thermostat and the fan control is then a secondary control tied to the stages of compression capacity. These units are typically used with a standard Y1, Y2 staged thermostat.

• Control Option 2 – For this concept a proportional thermostat is used and directly controls the CFM supply to the room. Compression capacity is then controlled to provide a supply air temperature which is usually constant, but can be reset based on outdoor air or load. This is similar to a VAV multizone system except that for multizone VAV systems that fan is controlled to provide s duct static pressure instead of a room temperature

76

Air Economizer Requirements

77

New Air Economizer RequirementsIn ASHRAE 90.1-2010 & 2013 there are new requirements for economizers.

• Reduction in the capacity threshold from 65K & 135K to 54K Btu/h

• Change in the zone requirements to all ASHRAE climate zones except 1A and 1B.

• New tradeoff climate zone dependent trade off requirements to eliminate economizers based on IEER (they are slightly different in ASHRAE 90.1 and IECC)

• New high limit changeover limits and elimination of some methods

• Damper leakage requirements

• Diagnostic Requirements for Economizer Controls ( will be in IECC 2018)

• Factory Testing, warranty requirements, and field commission (will be in IECC 2018)

• Sensor Accuracy Requirements

• New Integrated Economizer Requirements New designs and quality improvement by manufacturers to address field problems

78

Airside Economizer Technology• Shown is a typical packaged rooftop with an airside economizer

79

High Limit Sensor

Typical Commercial Building Load Profile

80

Economizer only Operation1322 hrs

Integrated EconomizerComp + Economizer

1316 hrs

Mechanical CoolingNo Economizer

73 hrs

Economizer Annual Energy Savings• The following chart shows the energy savings for an integrated economizer vs. a small

rooftop unit without an economizer for a small office building. Note that these savings are not factored into the IEER metric

81

4.95%

11.37%

15.77%

17.19%

13.28%

26.93%

39.71%

30.70%

35.69%

37.24%

29.41%

37.13%

41.05%

31.99%

37.96%

44.73%

41.97%

0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00% 35.00% 40.00% 45.00% 50.00%

1A - Miami

1B - Riyadh

2A - Houston

2B - Phoenix

3A - Memphis

3B - El Paso

3C - San Francisco

4A - Baltimore

4B - Albuquerque

4C - Salem

5A - Chicago

5B - Boise

5C - Vancouver

6A - Burlington

6B - Helena

7 - Duluth

8 - Fairbanks

NYS climate zones

Economizer Operating Hrs• The following chart shows the operating hr profiles for a small office building in each of

the ASHRAE climate zones and benchmark cities and the benefits of integrated economizers

82

219

593

630

782

1004

981

1322

904

1106

979

765

980

808

913

1029

801

728

113

446

144

430

130

679

1316

290

837

673

236

642

1003

360

654

659

662

2894

2395

2060

1922

1520

1371

73

1084

938

371

979

613

70

561

325

277

54

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

1A ‐Miami

1B ‐ Riyadh

2A ‐ Houston

2B ‐ Phoenix

3A ‐Memphis

3B ‐ El Paso

3C ‐ San Francisco

4A ‐ Baltimore

4B ‐ Albuquerque

4C ‐ Salem

5A ‐ Chicago

5B ‐ Boise

5C ‐ Vancouver

6A ‐ Burlington

6B ‐ Helena

7 ‐ Duluth

8 ‐ Fairbanks

Annual hrs

Economizer Only Integrated Mechanial Only

3236

3434

2834

31342654

3031

27112278

2881

20231980

223518811834

2008

1734

1444

NYS climate zones

Integrated Economizer• An integrated economizer allows both the economizer to be used and then

supplemented by mechanical cooling

• This allows as shown in the prior example a much broader operating range and for economizers and considerable savings.

• The concept is allow the economizer to satisfy the load until the economizer is then full open, and then turn on the mechanical cooling to supplement the economizer. During this period the desire is to lock the economizer open.

• Some units, have controls problems where the economizer and mechanical cooling were not interlock and the mechanical cooling would drop the leaving air temperature very quickly and cause the economizer to close, and be locked out or in some units to cause cycle of the economizer and mechanical cooling

• Not all units had this problem but as part of ASHRAE 90.1 changes for 2013 we have added some requirements to address this. Similar changes made to Title 24

83

Economizer Integration Requirements• Building standards require that economizers be integrated where the

economizer can be used and supplemented by mechanical cooling• Some controls today do not do this properly, especially for VAV and the

economizer and compression fight each other due to poor control integration as shown in the following plot

84

New requirements have been added to ASHRAE 90.1-2013 to address this

New ASHRAE 90.1 Integrated Requirement• The following are the new ASHRAE 90.1 and Title 24 integrated economizer

requirements

Units that include an air economizer shall comply with the following:a. Unit controls shall have the mechanical cooling capacity control interlocked

with the air economizer controls such that the economizer is at the 100% open position when mechanical cooling is on and the economizer does not begin to close until the leaving air temperature is less than 45 F.

• We have also implemented another change in both Title 24 and ASHRAE 90.1 to require a minimum of 2 stages of capacity which also helps the operation of integrated economizers.

85

Economizer Problems• Several field studies have been conducted in California and other states and the

following problems have been found with economizers

Damper Linkage Failure Economizer damper motor not functioning Economizer disconnected Minimum ventilation position not properly set Changeover sensor inaccuracy and failure Solar impact on changeover temperature sensor failure Supply temperature sensor failure and inaccuracy Integrated Economizer controls and operational issues Building pressurization (improper exhaust/relief) Exhaust air recirculation Damper blade leakage (outside and return) Lack of Maintenance Lack of and improper commissioning

86

These are being addressed by the industry thru new economizer design, new economizer controllers, and new standards requirements like the Title 24 2014 diagnostics and commissioning requirements

Economizer Problems

87

Damper Linkage Problems Damper Leakage ProblemsEconomizer Hoods and Maintenance Problems

Sensor and Actuator Problems

High Limit Controls and Sensor Accuracy Integrated Economizer and Controls Problems

Economizer Improvements• The benefits of the use of economizers are significant but prior studies have shown actual

savings in the field were not being obtained due to problems previously mentioned.

• So the industry has been working to improve the economizers and their performance

• Some of the things the industry has implemented are; New drive configurations using gears New digital economizer with electronic feedback Low leak dampers on outdoor and return air New sensors with digital signals and error detection New control logic for integrated control Reliability Cycle Testing Factory run testing Outdoor cfm sensors New microprocessor based controllers Integrated displays and error detection 2 speed and 3 speed fan Economizers for reduced energy use Integration with energy recovery

88

Economizer Improvements

89

New Configurations Blade Seals

Gear Drive Economizers

Leakage Testing

Life Testing

Economizer Improvements

90

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

25

35

45

55

65

75

85

95

105

19:27:32

19:28:50

19:30:08

19:31:26

19:32:45

19:34:03

19:35:21

19:36:39

19:37:56

19:39:13

19:40:30

19:41:48

19:43:05

19:44:23

19:45:40

19:46:57

19:48:15

19:49:32

19:50:50

19:52:06

19:53:24

19:54:41

19:55:59

19:57:17

19:58:35

19:59:53

20:01:11

20:02:28

20:03:46

20:05:04

20:06:22

20:07:40

20:08:57

20:10:15

20:11:33

20:12:50

20:14:07

20:15:25

20:16:42

20:17:59

20:19:17

20:20:34

20:21:51

20:23:08

ECONOCMD

ECONOPOS

OA_TEMP

SAT_DISP

COMP_A

COMP_B

Y1

Y2

Low Cool SAT Setpoint = 60High Cool SAT Setpoint = 50SAT Min High = 55SAT Min Low = 45

48‐644‐180: 57 ambient, free cooling, Y1 then Y2, B stayed off due to SAT

Many new smart economizer controllers

Advanced controllersWith integrated diagnostics New digital sensors

New high limit control concepts New integrated control logic to eliminate damper cycling

Compressor Staging

91

Prescriptive Requirements for Compressor Stages

• In both Title 24 and ASHRAE 90.1 we have added new requirements for mechanical cooling staging.

DX units that control the capacity of the mechanical cooling directly based on occupied space temperature shall have a minimum of two stages of mechanical cooling capacity per the following effective dates:

≥75,000 Btu/h Rated Capacity – Effective 1/1/2014≥65,000 Btu/h Rated Capacity – Effective 1/1/2016

Effective 1/1/2014, all other DX units, including those that control space temperature by modulating the airflow to the space shall comply with the requirements of table 6.5.1.4

92Title 24 essential has the same language

Compressor Staging• As a result of this requirement and optimization to improve IEER for the 2016

requirements as well as the DOE challenge, manufacturers are looking at several concepts for compressor stage and you will see these in new products starting to be introduced;

• Some of these concepts are; Unloading scroll compressors Digital scroll compressors Variable speed scroll and rotary compressors Unequal size manifolded compressors (i.e. 1 size, 2 size, results in 3

stages) (Stage 1 1 comp, Stage 2 – 2 comp, Stage 3 1+2 comp) Combinations of digital scroll compressors and fixed compressors Combinations of variable speed and fixed speed compressors

• Variable speed may sound very interesting, but the controls are expensive and cause some full load loss. They also have limited speed reduction due to oil pressure. Turning compressors off, but with more stages is still very efficient and cost effective.

93

Future ASHRAE 90.1-2016 ChangesThere are a current 53 addendums proposed for further improvements to HVAC

94

1. Damper Leakage2. Air Terminal Unit Leakage3. Hydronics4. Humidification5. Data Center and computer room definitions6. Elevator efficiency7. Data Center Tables8. Water economizers9. Hotel/motel guest room control10. Energy recovery equation modification11. Fan power adjustment12. Computer room economizers13. Remove ventilation optimization exception for ERV14. Small motors15. IEER for Water Cooled VRF16. Duct Sealing17. Certification requirements for heat rejection equipment 18. Return Air Duct allowance19. Reheat Requirements20. Kitchen exhaust transfer air21. Output motor power 22. Water heater table correction 23. Vestibule cooling limit 24. Return relief fans25. Fan Power – VAV control 26. NAECA Footnote in 6.8.1-2

27. Energy Recovery terminology28. Mechanical "configured to"29. Exhaust air energy recovery exemptions 30. Chiller plant metering31. Ventilation air heating control requirements 32. Chilled water coil selection33. Parallel fan power terminal box control 34. Water economizer requirements 35. Max ventilation design requirements 36. Mechanical CZ 0 criteria37. Water cooled VRF efficiencies 38. Transformer efficiency requirements 39. Domestic hot water branch insulation 40. CRAC Unit efficiencies41. heat rejection equipment fan speed controls 42. ductwork insulation43. DX-DOAS44. Exhaust air energy recovery 45. HVAC equipment replacement 46. Water heating requirements and Appendix H47. Service factor heat rejection thresholds 48. Restrict throttling valves in VAV pumps 49. Refrigerant based economizers 50. Motor efficiencies51. Cooling tower efficiencies in water economizer applications 52. Indoor Pool Humidifiers 53. Datacenters and Computer Room Definitions

ASHRAE 90.1 Chapter 7Service Water Heating

95

Chapter 7 Requirements

96

There have not been a lot of changes to water heating other than some new requirements on boilers and boiler control

ASHRAE 90.1 Chapter 8Power

97

Chapter 8 Requirements

98

What is new in this section is requirements for recording and reporting

ASHRAE 90.1 Section 9Lighting

99

Chapter 9 - Lighting

100

Chapter 9 – Lighting ChangesChanges that have occurred in the 2013 lighting requirements are;• Revised power light allowances to reflect the increased availability of LED

lighting• Controls Requirements for lighting• Lighting Alterations Requirements

For 2016 there are currently 12 proposed addenda

101

1. Nighttime Emergency Control2. Daylight controls exception3. Voltage drop4. Lighting alterations5. Daylight responsive controls for top-lighting6. Simplified Office Lighting7. Emergency lighting controls8. Parking garage daylighting9. Lighting restroom/stairwell local control10. Parking lot occupancy controls

11. Daylight calibration 12. Parking lot LEDs13. Parking garage LPDs14. Retail and school simplified lighting15. Digital control display16. Exterior lighting requirements17. interior LPDs

ASHRAE 90.1 Chapter 10Other Equipment

102

ASHRAE 90.1 Chapter 10 Other Equipment

103

• Section 10 is a short section and covers motors, pumps, elevators and escalators and building monitoring systems

• New requirements have been added on motors, elevators and building monitoring• Motors are federally controlled and new requirements will be added to the

ASHRAE 2016 standard effective July 1, 2016

ASHRAE 90.1 Chapter 11Energy Cost Budget

104

Chapter 11 Energy Cost Budget Method• This chapter defines the alternative whole building approach that can be used

as an alternate compliance path for chapter 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10• There have been very few changes to this section and most of the work on

whole building calculation has been for the appendix G

105

ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix G Performance Rating Method

106

Appendix G - Performance Rating Method• The building performance rating method is a modification of the Energy Cost

Budget (ECB) Method in Section 11 and is intended for use in rating the energy efficiency of building designs that exceed the requirements of this standard like LEED.

• This appendix does NOT currently offer an alternative compliance path for minimum standard compliance; that is the intent of Section 11, Energy Cost Budget Method.

• Rather, this appendix is provided for those wishing to use the methodology developed for this standard to quantify performance that substantially exceeds the requirements of Standard 90.1.

• It shall be used for evaluating the performance of all such proposed designs, including alterations and additions to existing buildings, except designs with no mechanical systems.

107

Appendix G 2016 Revisions• Addendum BM to ASHRAE 90.1-2013 has been approved to make the appendix G an additional

compliance path.• The approach used for this new compliance path is to establish a baseline building that is compliant

with ASHRAE 90.1-2004• The proposed building will then be compared to the baseline building and the Performance Cost Index

(PCIt) shall be greater than the required performance listed in table 4.2.1.1 using the following equation

PCIt = (BBUEC + (BPF x BBREC))/BBP

wherePCI = Performance Cost Index calculated in accordance with Section G1.2.BBUEC = Baseline Building Unregulated Energy Cost. The portion of the annual energy cost of a

baseline building design that is due to unregulated energy use.BBREC = Baseline Building Regulated Energy Cost. The portion of the annual energy cost of a

baseline building design that is due to regulated energy use.BPF= Building Performance Factor from Table 4.2.1.1. For building area types not listed in

Table 4.2.1.1 use “All Others”. Where a building has multiple building area types, the required BPF shall be equal to the area-weighted average of the building area types.

BBP = Baseline Building Performance.

108

New York State has been very interested in this approach and we expect they will implement in the 2017 Update the NYS Energy code

Appendix G 2016 Revisions

109

Higher Tier Standards

110

Higher Tier Standards• The HVAC industry over the past

10-15 years has grown into an industry where there are tiers of products

• The standards, codes and guidelines that are used are;

• Minimum Efficiency ASHRAE 90.1 IECC

• Higher Tier EnergyStar CEE (Consortium for Energy

Efficiency) ASHRAE 189.1 ASHRAE Guidelines LEED FEMP Green Globes

111

The higher tier requirements are often used by Utility rebate programs and information on these can be

found at;

CEE Residential SpecificationCEE has recently released both residential and commercial specifications which are used by many utilities for their rebate programs

112

Current Residential CEE Specification

CEE Commercial SpecificationJust last week CEE updated their commercial specification which goes into effect on 1/12/2016

113

Air Cooled Packaged

CEE Commercial Specification

114

Water Cooled Packaged

CEE Commercial Specification

115

Heat Pumps

Green Building Standards• There are currently two green building standards that

have been developed for use in beyond code efficiency and also to address water, building materials, IAQ, sounds and site selection

ASHRAE 189.1 - 2014 – Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings

IGCC -2012 International Green Construction Code

• These standards have higher efficiency requirements for HVAC, light and envelop, but do allow for use of federal minimums, but we higher renewable energy requirements

• For the next release the ASHRAE 189.1 and IGCC will be merged into one standard for USA applications

116

AHRI Standards Changes

117

AHRI Rating Standards and Certification• Most of the commercial HVAC ratings are based on AHRI rating standards and many products are

certified to AHRI certification programs.

• Over the past few years there have been several updates and new standards introduced AHRI 220-2014: Reverberation Room Qualification and Testing Procedures for Determining

Sound Power of HVAC Equipment AHRI 340/360-2015: Performance rating of Commercial and Industrial Unitary Air-

conditioning and Heat Pump Equipment AHRI 350-2015: Sound Rating of Non-ducted Indoor Air-conditioning equipment AHRI 370-2015: Sound Performance Rating of Large Air-cooled Outdoor Refrigerating and Air-

conditioning Equipment AHRI 400-2015: Performance Rating of Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchangers AHRI 430-2014 Performance Rating of Central Station Air-handling unit supply fans AHRI 540-2015: Performance Rating of Positive Displacement Refrigerant Compressors and

Compressor Units AHRI 550/590-2015: Performance Rating of Water-chilling and Heat Pump water heating

packages using the vapor compression cycle AHRI 580-2014: Non-condensable gas purge equipment for use with low pressure centrifugal

chillers AHRI 610 -2014: Performance Rating of Central System Humidifiers for Residential Applications AHRI 620-2014: Performance Rating of Self-contained Humidifiers for Residential Applications AHRI 700-2015: Specification for Refrigerants

118

AHRI Rating Standards and Certification AHRI 715-2014: Performance Rating of Liquid-Line Filters AHRI 740-2015: Performance Rating of Refrigerant Recovery Equipment and

Recovery/Recycling Equipment AHRI 760-2014: Performance Rating of Solenoid Valves for Use with Volatile Refrigerants AHRI 770 -2014: Performance Rating of Refrigerant Pressure Regulating Valves AHRI 840-2015 Performance Rating of Unit Ventilators AHRI 900 -2014, Performance Rating of Thermal Storage Equipment Used for Cooling AHRI 910-2014 Performance Rating of Indoor Pool Dehumidifiers AHRI 920 -2015, Performance Rating of DX-Dedicated Outdoor Air System Units AHRI 1060-2014 Performance Rating of Air to Air Exchangers for Energy Recovery Ventilation

Equipment AHRI 1240-2014 – Performance Rating for Active Chilled Beams AHRI 1250-2014 Performance Rating of Walk-in Coolers and Freezers AHRI 1270-2015 Requirements for Seismic Qualification of HVACR Equipment AHRI 1280-2014 Sound Power Ratings of Water cooled chillers AHRI 1350-2014 Mechanical Performance Rating of Central Station Air-handling Unit

Casings AHRI 1500-2015 Performance Rating of Commercial Space Heating Boilers

119

AHRI Certification Program• An important service that the industry provides is a third party

certification of the performance of products.• This is run by AHRI (American Heating and Refrigeration Institute) and

the testing is done by a contracted third party laboratory (ITS – Intertek) with testing in Cortland NY and Plano Tx.

• The programs typical certify key performance rating factors like EER, IEER, SEER COP and other metrics as defined in the rating standards

• 20% of each manufacturers available basic models are tested each year using units randomly selected from production and distribution

• For federally covered products the program is also audited by DOE• The program are typically a “certify all program” so all units within the

scope of the program must be certified• Certified ratings are published by AHRI on their certification webpage

(www.AHRInet.org) and can be search and certificates of performance downloaded

120

AHRI Packaged Unit Certification

121

Example of the AHRI Certification directory (all units <=760K Btu/h (63 Tons)

Certification NumberRatings

Model Number

Systems and Subsystems Approaches

122

Background• At the 2012 fall AHRI meeting, we reviewed a new initiative that had been

approved by the AHRI board to begin to look at a “Systems Approach for Efficiency for Commercial HVAC Systems”

• A new group had been formed called the “Systems Working Group” to begin to this work.

• The group was staffed with commercial industry experts from AHRI member companies with experience in a broad range of commercial equipment and systems

• The working group has been routinely meeting to develop the Systems Concept

• At the spring 2014 AHRI meeting an update on the work the group has been doing and the initiatives that have been formulated

• The group has now defined a conceptual approach for systems and has selected three benchmark systems as a proof of concept which will be completed in 2016

123

Possible Future Roadmap - Systems

124

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 2025 2028 2031 2034 2037

Regulated Bu

idling Energy Use vs A

SHRA

E 90

.1‐2004

Year

Commercial HVAC Efficiency Requirements

ASHRAE 90.1 Building Target

Possible Path to nearly Net Zero Buildings

Equipment Level Limit

MaxTech Limit Full Load Efficiency

Systems Approach &Renewable Energy

Chart is an estimate of possible future regulations to achieve Near Net Zero by 2034 based on studies done by Carrier on technical limits of HVAC equipment

Aver

age A

SHR

AE

90.1

2013

Req

uire

men

ts

What is a System Approach?• Most people think of systems as the complete

building, but this is not the only approach, and is the most difficult approach to implement

• Actually the system scope can be any of the following; Multiple buildings Complete building Major subsystem (mechanical, envelop,

lighting, etc.) Subsystem of a major system Applied components over the annual

operation with local climate and building data

• The degree to the amount of subdivision is a function of the compliance approach being chosen

125

Full Building Systems Approach

• This approach is already being used for high end expensive buildings and LEED building using procedures like ASHRAE 90.1 appendix G

• There are metrics that have been developed like the ASHRAE BEQ (Building Energy Quotient)

• The modeling is expensive and typically only used on about 20% of the buildings

• There are many assumptions and the tools are not accurate enough to predict absolute energy although some like NRCAN are trying to set building level energy intensity

• The typical approach has been to compare against a baseline building and show the relative improvement (ASHRAE appendix G)

• Some major changes have been made to support this with making appendix G normative and making the baseline always be ASHRAE 2004.

• The industry is also working on better modeling of key components thru standards like ASHRAE 205 and certification of performance maps.

• It is a desirable approach as it allows tradeoffs between all subsystems to optimize the building/site energy use

126

Subsystems Approach• The concept of a subsystems approach is to break the

system down at a level that is between the full building a component approach

• The ideal is to better represent the performance of the equipment as they are applied as a system factoring in the building load and local weather data.

• This would allow for systems tradeoffs vs the conventional component approach and would better represent the actual energy use and also stimulate technology development

• It will require the development of baseline systems and standard building and cities

• They will require new metrics and new certified calculation tools’

• This can even include new metrics like the IEER and IPLV that currently are used on a few products

• AHRI is focusing on this approach for three key systems Chiller Water System Rooftop System Refrigerated Rack System

127

Energy Savings & Innovation Potential

Level 1 - Component Full Load National Metric(EER, COP,)

Level 4 - Regional Annualized Metrics (PUE)

Level 2 – Combined Full load Metrics (Guideline V)

Level 3 National Annualized Metrics (IPLV, IEER)

Level 5 - Regional Combined Subsystem Annual Metrics

Level 6 - Regional Complete HVAC Metrics (SEM)

Level 7 - Complete building metrics (BEQ, EUI)

Level 8 - Building complexMetrics

Incr

ease

d Po

tent

ial

CurrentUS Approach

Some industry

use

Example System and Subsystem Approach• The concept is to look at higher level subsystems or the complete HVAC&R

systems and compare the proposed HVAC&R system vs a baseline system

• Concept is to allow for two system approaches

Option A – Use ASHRAE default building models and cities to allow for proof of compliance at a subsystem or system level with comparison to a baseline default equipment typical for the building as defined by ASHRAE 90.1

Option B – Use EnergyPlus to allow for a full building evaluation compliant with Chapter 11 or Appendix G relative to the based building requirements

• Option B is already allowed by most building stands but is complex and only used on about 20% of the buildings

• A key part of what I am trying to do is use state of the art visual interface software tied to ASHRAE 205.

128

Standards Implementation - ASHRAE 90.1

129

Chapter 6 Compliance Path

Section 6 – Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

Section 6.1 - General

Section 6.2 – Definitions of Compliance Paths

6.3 Simplified Approach

Section 6.4 – Mandatory Provisions

Section 6.5 –Prescriptive

Path

Section 6.6 –Alternate

Compliance Path

Section 11 –Energy Cost

Budget

Concept would use section 6.6 for option A and Chapter 11 Option B

Option ASubsystem & System

Option BComplete Building

Section 6.6 – Alternate Compliance Path• Prior to ASHRAE 2013 ASHRAE 90.1 did not

use the section 6.6 alternate compliance path• In the update for 2013 standard the alternate

compliance path for Data Centers The computer room PUE1 shall be less than

or equal to the values listed in Table 6.6.1. Hourly simulation of the proposed design, for purposes of calculating PUE1, shall be based on the ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Appendix G simulation methodology.

The computer room PUE0 is less than or equal to the values listed in Table 6.6.1, shall be the highest value determined at outdoor cooling design temperatures, and shall be limited to systems only utilizing electricity for an energy source. PUE0 shall be calculated for two conditions: 100% design IT equipment energy and 50% design IT equipment energy.

130

System Approach Option A• The use option A we would use

industry defined benchmark building models developed by ASHRAE 90.1 AES and PNNL to determine the HVAC&R load profiles

• Along with this we would use the new ASHRAE 169, 19 climate zones and benchmark cities to define the ambient profiles

• Calculations for the proposed system would be compared to the common industry defined benchmark system and if the annual energy is less then it would be an acceptable system

131

ASHRAE 90.1 Benchmark Cities

132

New Weatherfile Summary

No. CZ City State/country US Cities State Canada City Province City Country1 0A none no weather files no weather files SINGAPORE/CHANGI AI Singapore2 0B none no weather files no weather files JEDDAH (KING ABDUL AZIZ INTL) Saudi Arabia3 1A Miami FL HONOLULU INTL ARPT Hawaii no weather files KAOHSIUNG Taiwan4 1B Riyadh no weather files no weather files NEW DELHI/SAFDARJUN India5 2A Houston TX MACDILL AFB/TAMPA Florida no weather files XIAMEN China6 2B Phoenix AZ DAVIS‐MONTHAN AFB Arizona no weather files CAIRO AIRPORT Egypt7 3A Memphis TN ATLANTA HARTSFIELD INTL AP Georgia no weather files TOKYO Japan8 3B El Paso TX EL PASO INTERNATIONAL AP Texas no weather files AMMAN AIRPORT Jordan9 3C San Francisco CA SAN JOSE INTL AP California no weather files KUNMING China10 4A Baltimore MD CINCINNATI MUNICIPAL AP LUNKI Ohio no weather files MILANO/MALPENSA Italy11 4B Albuquerque NM ALBUQUERQUE INTL ARPT New Mexico no weather files SHIJIAZHUANG China12 4C Salem OR SEATTLE SEATTLE‐TACOMA INTL A Washington no weather files SEATTLE SEATTLE‐TACOMA INTL AUnited States13 5A Chicago IL BUFFALO NIAGARA INTL AP New York WINDSOR A Ontario KYIV Ukraine14 5B Boise ID BUCKLEY ANGB/DENVER Colorado KAMLOOPS A British Columbia YINCHUAN China15 5C Vancouver BC no appropriate weather files no weather files BARILOCHE AERO Argentina16 6A Burlington VT BISMARCK MUNICIPAL ARPT North Dakota CHARLOTTETOWN A Prince Edward Island MOSKVA Russia17 6B Helena MT BOZEMAN GALLATIN FIELD Montana MEDICINE HAT A Alberta HOHHOT China18 7 Duluth MN no weather files FORT MCMURRAY A Alberta NOVOSIBIRSK Russia19 8 Fairbanks AK no weather files YELLOWKNIFE A Northwest Territories KAMENSKOE Russia

InternationalCurrent Cities

City to use for ASHRAE 90.1 Studies

New Zones CanadaUnited States

ASHRAE 90.1 Default Building Updates• ASHRAE 90.1 is in the process of updating

the benchmark buildings and a specification has been generated

• The following will be considered in the update Update for TY3 weather data Update for new ASHRAE 169 climate

zones Update for the new benchmark cities Evaluate the current buildings and

update models and baseline system selections

Consider adding 3 new buildings including a laboratory, supermarket, and public assembly

• There currently is no funding for this, but we are trying to obtain DOE funding for PNNL work

133

Option B – Full System Analysis• For this option a full Energy Plus software

or other qualified model for the proposed building would be used

• This model would then be compared to a baseline building using the procedures of chapter 11 an appendix G of ASHRAE 90.1

• Again compliance would be determined if the proposed building energy was less than the baseline building

• Could also factor in the new ASHRAE addendum BM which is fixing the baseline building to 2004 and then the compliance would be a percentage improvement in energy use

134

What is a Systems & Subsystem Approach

135

Current ASHRAE 90.1 Chilled Water Regulations (Prescriptive Approach)

Full Load & IPLVHP/GPM

Full Load & IPLVHP/GPM

Maximum FanPower

CO2

Component EfficiencyRequirements

No Requirements

Prescriptive Requirements

Chilled Water System/Subsystem Example

136

Proposed Systems Approach

CO2

Cooling Tower

Cooling Tower

Water Cooled Chiller


Air Handler Economizer

Exhaust

ERV

Air Handler Economizer

Exhaust

ERV

VAV Terminal

VAV Terminal

VAV Terminal

VAV Terminal

VAV Terminal

VAV Terminal

VAV Terminal

VAV Terminal

VAV Terminal

VAV Terminal

Should is a diagram of a typical water cooled chilled water system and now the system could be divided into various subsystems and systems

This is going to be 1 of the three benchmark systems that AHRI System Steering Committee evaluates

Supermarket System Model ExampleSupermarket System (system 2 benchmark system)

137

Refrigeration Rack

Air Cooled Condenser

Refrigerated Display Case Plug-in Display Case

Space Conditioning Unit

Machine Room

Supermarket Store

Supermarket System Model ExampleSupermarket System Example

138

Refrigeration Rack




Machine Room

Supermarket Store

Option A1 Rack Sub-System

System Energy Index (SEI) relative to the baseline building


139

Refrigeration Rack




Machine Room

Supermarket Store

Option A2 – Rack Refrigeration System



140

Refrigeration Rack




Machine Room

Supermarket Store

Option A3 – All Refrigeration



141

Refrigeration Rack




Option 4 Complete Building


Rooftop System ExampleThe third system that will be evaluated is a rooftop subsystem

142

EvaporatorCoilFilterEconomizer

BarometricRelief

Outside AirIntake/Evaporitive Precooler

FanFan

Fan

FanFan

Fan Exhaust Fan


Fan gas or electricheat

Compressor

Air/Evaporatively Cooled CondenserSection

EnergyRecovery

Supply Duct

Terminal Terminal

Occupied Space

System & Subsystem Enabling Technology• Today only about 20% of the buildings are modeled due to the cost and

complexity.

• Typically this is done for large high end buildings and the average small building is not typically modeled and the prescriptive approach is used for compliance

• The industry is undertaking work to enabling greater use of modeling thru the following work;

Rating and certification of the complete operating map for the HVAC&R product – AHRI

Development of standards for standard representation of product performance and the electronic transfer of the data to simulation tools –ASHRAE 205P

Development of new tools that allow for easy use of option 1 and option 2 compliance methods – Carrier and AHRI

143

ASHRAE 205P Standard• The purpose of the standard is to facilitate

sharing of equipment characteristics for performance simulation by defining standard representations such as data models, data formats, and automation interfaces.

• The scope of this standard applies to data used in the performance simulation of any HVAC&R or other facility system, equipment, or component

• The committee has chosen to represent data in an xml tabular format vs defining correlation equations that can be used directly in models

• The standard is expected to be released for advisory public review in early 2016

144

Example I/O Diagram

System and Subsystem Modeling Tool• We have started to develop a tool to allow for quick modeling and use of the option A

systems and subsystems approach as well as Option B for compliance with energy standards

Option A – Use default models and cities to allow for proof of compliance at a subsystem or system level with default equipment typical for the building

Option B – Use the tool to interface with Energy Plus to allow for a full building evaluation compliant with Chapter 11 or Appendix G relative to the based building requirements

• Concept is to use a flexible visual Icon based system to allow for visual drawing of the systems and flow paths for air, chilled water, condenser water, hot water, etc.

• Each component in the model would have a performance correlation based on the new ASHRAE 205 Standard (Representation of Performance Simulation Data for HVAC&R and Other Facility Equipment)

145

Example Modeling Tool Input Screen

146

The following is an example of a chilled water system for a commercial buildingComponent Panel


Cooling Tower

Cooling Tower

Cooling Tower

Open Cooling Tower


Air Cooled Chiller

Water Pump

Indoor Fan System

Chilled Water Coiling Coil

Filter Section

Mixing Box

Analysis Envelop

1

1

2

3

45

67

8

9

10

11

12 13

1415

16

17

34

12

3

4

5

7

8

9 10

11

2



56

3 2

810

1112

13

57 9

Outside Air

Exhaust Air

ERV

Outs ide Air

Exhaust AirERV

Building Zone 1 Building Zone 2

1 14

2 15

4 164 164 164 16

517

6 187 198 20

2122

9 2110 2211 2312 2413 25

2 152 152 15

18

23

2425

26LocalBuildingExahaust

Exhaust

OutsideAir

Water Cooled Chilled Water System

Boiler

In addition there would be control model requirements defined for each of the low loops

Systems Approach Tool Concept Summary

147

Component Panel

Wate r Cooled Chiller

Cooling Tower

Cooling Tower

Cooling Tower

Open Cooling Tower


Air Cooled Chiller

Water Pump

Indoor Fan System

Chilled Water Coiling Coil

Filter Section

Mixing Box

Analysis Envelop

1

1

2

3

45

67

8

9

10

11

12 13

1415

16

17

34

12

3

4

5

7

8

9 10

112


Wat er Cooled Chiller

56

3 2

810

1112

13

57 9

Outside Air

Exhaust Air

ERV

Outside Air

Exhaust AirERV

Building Zone 1 Building Zone 2

1 14

2 15

4 164 164 164 16

517

6 187 198 20

2122

9 2110 2211 2312 2413 25

2 152 152 15

18

23

2425

26LocalBuildingExahaust

Exhaust

OutsideAir

Water Cooled Chilled Water System

Boiler

Benchmark Buildings Benchmark Cities and Weather Data

Typical Building Load Profile(pre-run and stored)

Equipment Models/Data

Visual Simulation Tool(industry tool)

Subsystem/System Results(Supermarket)

Option 1Rack+ Cond USubsystem

Option 2Rack+ Cond U + Display CasesSubsystem

Option 4Rack+ Cond U + Display Cases + StandaloneSubsystem

Option 5Rack+ Cond U + Display Cases + Standalone +HVACComplete SystemProposed system would be compared to

prescriptive minimum system

Example Subsystem Tool – 205 Models

148

EvaporatorCoil

FilterEconomizer

BarometricRelief

Outside AirIntake

FanFan

Fan

FanFan

Fan

Exhaust Fan


Fan

gas or electricheat

Return Air Supply Air

Compressor

Air Cooled CondenserSection

EnergyRecovery

System 1 – Refrigeration System (compressor and condenser fans)

System 2 – Airside economizer

System 3 – Indoor fan, filters and cabinet pressure losses

System 4 – Energy Recovery wheel

System 5 – Makeup air fan

System 6 – Exhaust fans

System 7 – heat section

Future Roadmap

149

Our Historical approach of using prescriptive requirements for components has been used since the 1970’s and is reaching the technological limits and alternate approaches need to be considered

Future Energy Reduction Strategies

Historical approach using prescriptive

component requirements

Subsystems and Systems Approach

Status Quo - We feel this will have limited success

and will be costly

Change required - will require different tools, revision to standards

and to federal laws

?

Chart prepared by Richard Lord

Questions

150

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