building accountability through civic...
TRANSCRIPT
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7th Global Conference of the Parliamentarians against Corruption,Doha, QATAR
Building Accountability through Civic Engagement
Kedar KhadkaGoGo FoundationKathmandu, Nepal
9 December 2019
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Everything
free
Our turn
Promotion without competition
Bidding without competition
I know more
Democracy
Free without
deserve
I’m
the
leader
Conflict of Interest
More benefits
DEMOCRACY DIVIDEND
We the winner
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GOVERNANCE PROBLEMS
Poor Access to Public Services▪ Inefficiency
Indifference, Collusion with Vested Groups▪ Non Responsiveness to Public
Rampant Corruption, Extortion by Agents & Middlemen▪ Weak Accountability
Loose Systems & Weak Integrity▪ Abuse of Discretion
Kedar Khadka, GoGo Foundation
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SERVICE DELIVERY PROBLEM
• Services do not benefit the poorest
• Resources not delivering results
• Increasing resources is not the only solution
POSSIBLE ROOTS OF PROBLEM
Budget Allocation Problem
• Governments spend on the wrong goods and people
Expenditure Tracking Problem
• Resources fail to reach service providers or users
Monitoring/Accountability Problem
• Weak incentives for effective service delivery
Participation/Awareness Problem
• Demand-side constraints
Kedar Khadka, GoGo Foundation
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Volcanic anger against Poor Public Services
Unmate need
Emotions
Anger
Escalating
anger
Rage of
violence
Kedar Khadka, GoGo Foundation
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Unmanaged Public Service Delivery
Corruption emerges
Side form
Position harder
Communication stops
Conflict goes outside the community
Perceptions become distorted
Sense of crisis emerges
Intensity of Anger
A B
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Invisible citizen
Visible citizen (VC) &power brokers
Political leaders
GOVERNMENT
Invisible citizen
Visible citizen &power brokers
Bureaucracy
Accountability ‘Deficit’
Kedar Khakda© Kedar Khadka, GoGo Foundation
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;/sf/GOVERNMENT
VC & Power Brokers
Political Leaders
Invisible Citizen
Invisible Citizen
Bureaucracy
VC & PowerBroker
Accountability
Kedar Khakda© Kedar Khadka, GoGo Foundation
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Demand Side Approaches
Supply Side Approaches
Accountability Relationships Framework
Making Services Workable for the Poor
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Changing Approaches
• From HIGH PITCHED to VOICES by Citizen
• From SHOUTING to COUNTING(Quantify voice and feedback)
• From REACTION (demonstration) to INFORMED ACTION
• From EPISODIC to ORGANIZED ACTION
• From CONFRONTATIONAL to WIN-WIN situation
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Concept of Social Accountability
• Improve effectiveness of development work
• Ensure community participation, transparency, responsiveness, accountability & inclusion
• Examines pubic office's responsiveness, access to information
• Evaluate how well public resources are being used and how to improve further
• It aims to ensure maximum community participation as it values of poor people whose voices are rarely heard
• Enhance local governance, particularly for strengthening accountability and transparency of public organization
Kedar Khadka, GoGo Foundation
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Basic Elements of SA
Citizen action
State action
Information
Interface
Civic mobilisation
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• Identify achievement, gap and community suggestions
• Community observation through SA process
• Achievement/changes• Annual performance score• No. of people benefitted
from any scheme• Challenges, lesson learned• Recommendations
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Issues for SA (some examples)
• Distribution of public goods and services
• Attitude of service providers
• Quality of education, health etc.
• Effective grievance handling mechanism
• Timely dissemination of annual program & budgets
• Quality of public infrastructure & services
Kedar Khadka, GoGo Foundation
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SA Tools Approaches in NepalSupply side approaches Demand side approaches
• Social Audit (with CRC,
Exit Poll, FGD, PH)
• Citizen charter
• Public displays of free &
subsidized services
available
• Grievance handling
approaches/complaint
boxes
Social Audit
Public Audit
Public Hearing
CRC
CSC
PETS
Community Radio
Participatory Planning
Kedar Khadka, GoGo Foundation
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Why Social Accountability ?
• Fundamental principle of democracy
• Contract between the state and its citizens
• Citizens have the right to demand accountability and public actors have an obligation to be accountable to their citizens
• Violation of contract and failure of existing mechanisms to
ensure accountability, resulted in emergence of social
accountability
Kedar Khadka, GoGo Foundation
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SA Practices & Citizens’ Engagement
Issuesand
Challenges
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SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY
• Approaching power holders to extract accountability for their policies, actions, decisions & use of resources.
• Ordinary citizen to power holders accountable.
• It is demand-driven bottom up approach.
• Relies on civic engagement
• Complements to non-effectiveformal accountability systems
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ACCOUNTABILITY
• Obligation of public office power- holders to account for or take responsibility for their action.
• Top-down & supply drivenapproach.
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SA: Conceptual Framework
Accountability
Constitution; executive, judiciary and legislative branches of govt.; investigative journalism, auditing requirements, financial rules, corruption prevention agency
Social Accountability
Independent pro-accountability agencies such as vigilance commission, social watch, privatization of public institutions, contracting or outsourcing public service for market-based accountability;
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SA: Conceptual Framework
Contemporary mechanisms
Participatory public policy-making,
budgeting, PETS, citizens’
monitoring, evaluation of public service
delivery…
Traditional mechanisms
Citizen or civil society led actions – public
demonstrations, protests, advocacy
campaigns, investigative
journalism, lawsuits, etc.
Kedar Khadka, GoGo Foundation
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Issues and Challenges
Issues and Gaps
• Supply-driven & not demand-driven
• Poor engagement of right holders & duty bearers.
• Lack of strong organized citizens’ groups
• Weak CSOs and Media
Challenges
• Break barrier of political, social & cultural appropriateness.
• Engaging service providers, users & beneficiaries
• Champions for access to information.
• Institutionalization of SA mechanisms.
Kedar Khadka, GoGo Foundation
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Causes & Fixes…
◼ Resources fail to reach service providers or users -PETS
◼ Service delivery gaps/problems – Lack of access to information - PH
◼ Poor transparency in use of public resources-Lack of
people's access to financial details- Public Audit
◼ Weak incentives for effective service delivery -monitoring/accountability Problem - CRC
◼ Demand-side constraints - participation/awareness
Problem – VOICE -CSCKedar Khadka, GoGo Foundation
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Choosing Tools
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Choosing tool & time frame…
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Potential Benefits and Risks of SABenefits
• Improved governance & service delivery
• Enhanced transparency
• Reduced corruption
• Poverty reduction
• Strengthened public sector reforms & decentralization
Risks• Raised expectations• Lack of sustainability or
institutionalization of SA• Mechanisms may not result in
service improvements• Depth of citizen involvement may
be superficial• May involve a small group of
actors• Misunderstanding by citizens &
misused by state institutions & therefore treated with suspicion
Kedar Khadka, GoGo Foundation
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Institutionalization of SA Mechanisms: Challenges & Possibilities
• Political will and accountability
• Bureaucratic commitment
• Enabling environment (genuine demand/recent uprising)
• Progressive law (RTI/Good Governance laws etc)
• Creation of independent mechanism for third party monitoring and funds required for the same.
• Capacity building of such institutions
• Need to create a pool of trained ‘SA Practitioners’
• Involvement of local administrative bodies
• Chances of being high jacked by the Govt. & loosing teeth in the process of institutionalization & making it ineffective.
Kedar Khadka, GoGo Foundation
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HOW PARLIAMENTARIANS CAN ENHANCE ACCOUNTABILITY ?
Rules and Regulations– timely administrative procedures, audits
in place
Bring in Market Principles– privatization or contracting out to
private sector/CSOs
Independent Agencies– ombudsman, vigilance commissionsKedar Khadka, GoGo Foundation
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Some observations ….
People are often check the accounts presented by the authorities at the PA. Often they argue for
long time for a small amount
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Some observations ….
Stopped eating with community after PA disclosed cost on refreshment & meals – be
careful !
Do we need to think of the volume & quality of information & data that can be digested and used within the PA event ? (good facilitator)
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Civic Engagement
Kedar Khadka, GoGo Foundation
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Kedar KhadkaExecutive Director
GoGo Foundation/Coordinator, GOPAC NepalMobile: 9779851072225
Email: [email protected] Website: www.gogofoundation
Kedar Khadka, GoGo Foundation