building a 21st century energy network...© 2017 enernex. all rights reserved. engineering renewable...

© 2017 EnerNex. All Rights Reserved. www.enernex.com

Building a 21st Century Energy Network

Smart Energy Symposium

May 24


EnerNex

Power Systems Engineering and Consulting

• Support for Utility Variable-Generation Integration Group (UVIG): https://www.uvig.org/

• Models and techniques to study the impact of wind generation and solar on bulk transmission and distribution networks

• Grid modernization to analyze and develop technologies and solutions for utility situational awareness, automation and control

Often applied to enable additional renewable and distributed generation

2

https://www.uvig.org/


Tom Thumb

3

https://wikihistoria.wikispaces.com/Tom+Thumb


Engineering Renewable Integration

1. Implications for power generation

2. Implications for grid infrastructure

3. Implications for power quality

4. Implications for Value of DER

4


Minnesota Distributed Solar Growth

5

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

2014 2015 2016

MW

Industrial

Commercial

Residential

https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=23972


Simple Distributed Solar Exponential Extrapolation

6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

MW

Feb 2017 EIA Estimate ~32MW


-

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

0:0

0

6:0

0

12

:00

18

:00

0:0

0

6:0

0

12

:00

18

:00

0:0

0

6:0

0

12

:00

18

:00

0:0

0

6:0

0

12

:00

18

:00

0:0

0

6:0

0

12

:00

18

:00

0:0

0

6:0

0

12

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18

:00

0:0

0

6:0

0

12

:00

18

:00

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

MW

Maximum

Average

Minimum

August Distributed Solar Output

7

http://pvwatts.nrel.gov/

53.5 MW


Simulated Week Output for Aug 2017

8

15.5 MW

8.8 MW

5.8 MW

Bulk Generation and Electricity Markets must balance electricity

supply and demand in real-time


Implications for power generation

As renewable generation increases in capacity, conventional generation is still needed to ramp up and ramp down output to balance supply and demand

As conventional generation transitions from providing base and block generation to more dynamic “ancillary service reserve” resources, the “heat rate” efficiency for those resources decreases

Demand Response, Energy Storage and Smart Inverters can all act as “shock absorbers” to mitigate the renewable output variability

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Hosting Capacity and Clustering of Solar Installation

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Heat Mapping Renewable Energy Capacity: SCE’s publicly available Distributed Energy Resource

Interconnection Map (DERiM) allows solar energy providers and customers to see the level of renewable

energy penetration in their neighborhoods: http://on.sce.com/derim

http://on.sce.com/derim


Implications for grid infrastructure

The U.S. electric grid has been called the biggest machine in the world

This machine was designed to deliver power from central utility scale generation to electricity consumers

Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) fundamentally change the use of the grid relative to the indendeddesign

Engineering analysis and investment is needed to ensure continued resiliency, reliability and safety

Grid modernization is the emerging term for enabling utility situational awareness, automation and control

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Electricity Voltage and Frequency

ANSI C84 NEMA

Nominal

ANSI Service Voltage Utilization

Motor Nameplate

NEMA Voltage

120 V +/- 5%

10% Bandwidth

-13% / + 6%

19% Bandwidth

115 V +/- 10%

20% Bandwidth

208 V 200 V

240 V 230 V

277V

480 V 460 V

IEEE 15477

Frequency

High 60.5 Hz

Desired 60 Hz

Low 57 Hz

When electricity supply exceeds electricity demand, the voltage waveform frequency drops.

When electricity demand exceeds supply, frequency increases

Similarly, significant changes in electricity supply and demand relative to each other can cause voltage spikes or sags

With distributed generation, there can be a local voltage or frequency condition that the utility systems cannot detect at a substation or distribution feeder

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Implications for power quality

Consumer devices and especially industrial machinery is sensitive to voltage and frequency violations

Utilities need increased monitoring and distribution control to identify areas experiencing voltage and frequency issues.

• New autonomous or connected voltage regulation devices can be cost effective approaches for addressing these issues

New “Smart Inverters” with “ride through” capability for voltage and frequency can help address power quality issues

• IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems

• North American Electric Reliability Corporation PRC-024-2 — Generator Frequency and Voltage Protective Relay Settings

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Where Does Electricity Come From? Majority of electricity provided by electric utility generation

and power purchase agreements (PPAs) with Independent Power Producers (IPP)• Includes both conventional and renewable generation

DER (predominately DG PV) is serving an increasing amount of consumer electricity needs

Many utilities participate in organized Regional Transmission Operator (RTO) or Independent System Operator (ISO) markets• Operates electric-transmission system• Manages wholesale day-ahead and real-time markets to

balance supply and demand Commodity – Prices high when demand exceeds supply

• Determines locational marginal price (LMP) for electricity• Midcontinent ISO (MISO - https://www.misoenergy.org)

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https://www.misoenergy.org/


Implications for Value of DER

Emerging question: How to value DER?

• Net Energy Metering Issues with cross subsidization from non-DER

customers

• Transactive Energy Applying ISO/RTO idea to distribution level

Energy & Services– If DG supplies electricity back to the grid, what is it worth?

– If smart inverters help regulate frequency and/or voltage, what is it worth?

– Does DG perform these functions autonomously or after being dispatched?

– How is performance verified? Is there a cost for non-performance?

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Conclusion

No silver bullet!

DER solutions like smart inverters as well as grid

infrastructure investment are needed to enable

progression and increased penetration renewable

generation

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building a 21st century energy network...© 2017 enernex. all rights reserved. engineering renewable...

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