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Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown in gray. Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Page 1: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Buffer Overflow Attacks

Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A

has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown in gray.Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 2: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Avoiding Stack Canaries

Figure 9-22. Skipping the stack canary: by modifying len first, the attack is able to bypass

the canary and modify the return address directly.

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 3: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Code Reuse Attacks

Figure 9-23. Return-oriented programming: linking gadgets

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 4: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Format String Attacks

Figure 9-24. A format string attack. By using exactly the right number of %08x, the attacker can use the first

four characters of the format string as an address.

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 5: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Command Injection Attacks

Figure 9-25. Code that might lead to a command injection attack.

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 6: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Back Doors

Figure 9-26. (a) Normal code. (b) Code with a back door inserted.

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 7: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Login Spoofing

Figure 9-27. (a) Correct login screen. (b) Phony login screen.

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 8: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Executable Program Viruses (1)

Figure 9-28. A recursive procedure that finds executable files on a UNIX system.

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 9: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Executable Program Viruses (2)

Figure 9-28. A recursive procedure that finds executable files on a UNIX system.

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 10: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Executable Program Viruses (3)

Figure 9-29. (a) An executable program. (b) With a virus at the front. (c) With a virus at the end. (d) With a virus spread over free space within

the program.Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 11: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Boot Sector Viruses

Figure 9-30. (a) After the virus has captured all the interrupt and trap vectors. (b) After the operating

system has retaken the printer interrupt vector. (c) After the virus has noticed the loss of the printer

interrupt vector and recaptured it.Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 12: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Actions Taken by Spyware (1)

1. Change the browser’s home page.2. Modify the browser’s list of favorite

(bookmarked) pages.3. Add new toolbars to the browser.4. Change the user’s default media

player.5. Change the user’s default search

engine.

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 13: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Actions Taken by Spyware (2)

6. Add new icons to the Windows desktop.

7. Replace banner ads on Web pages with those the spyware picks.

8. Put ads in the standard Windows dialog boxes

9. Generate a continuous and unstoppable stream of pop-up ads.

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 14: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Types of Rootkits (1)

Five kinds of rootkits – issue is where do they hide?1.Firmware rootkit2.Hypervisor rootkit3.Kernel rootkit4.Library rootkit5.Application rootkit

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 15: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Types of Rootkits (2)

Figure 9-31. Five places a rootkit can hide.

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 16: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Firewalls

Figure 9-32. A simplified view of a hardware firewall protecting a LAN with three computers

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 17: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Virus Scanners (1)

Figure 9-33. (a) A program. (b) An infected program. (c) A compressed infected program. (d) An encrypted virus.

(e) A compressed virus with encrypted compression code.

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 18: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Virus Scanners (2)

Figure 9-34. Examples of a polymorphic virus.

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 19: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Code Signing

Figure 9-35. How code signing works.

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 20: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Jailing

Figure 9-36. The operation of a jail.

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 21: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Model-Based Intrusion Detection

Figure 9-37. (a) A program. (b) System call graph for (a).

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 22: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Sandboxing

Figure 9-38. (a) Memory divided into 16-MB sandboxes.

(b) One way of checking an instruction for validity.Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 23: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Interpretation

Figure 9-39. Applets can be interpreted by a Web browser.

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 24: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Java Security (1)

Checks on applets include:1.Does applet attempt to forge pointers?

2.Does it violate access restrictions on private-class members?

3.Does it try to use variable of one type as another?

4.Does it generate stack overflows or underflows?

5.Does it illegally convert variables of one type to another?

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 25: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

Java Security (2)

Figure 9-40. Some examples of protection that can be specified with JDK 1.2.

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 26: Buffer Overflow Attacks Figure 9-21. (a) Situation when the main program is running. (b) After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown

End

Chapter 9

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.


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