buckle down – genes and alleles review 8. important vocabulary gene – piece of a chromosome that...
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You are your parents! Dad’s chromosomes Mom’s chromosomesTRANSCRIPT
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Buckle Down – Genes and AllelesReview 8
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Important Vocabulary
•Gene – piece of a chromosome that codes for a trait• Trait – a specific characteristic that
varies from one individual to another
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You are your parents!
Dad’s chromosomes
Mom’s chromosomes
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Genes in Pairs
•You have 23 PAIRS of chromosomes•Allele from each parent•Can be dominant or recessive
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Phenotype and Genotype
•PHenotype: What you see (PHysical appearance)• ie.: blue eyes, blonde hair•GENotype: The GENes you have• ie.: Bb, BB, bb (Heterozygous,
homozygous, etc)
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Review Break!
• What do we know so far?
Gene – piece of a chromosome that codes for a trait
Trait – a characteristic
You get ½ your genes from mom, ½ from dad
Each gene has 2 alleles (one from mom, one from dad)
An allele is dominant or recessive
Dominant (T) will always be seen, recessive (t) will be seen if there is no dominant
Phenotype is physical (what you see)
Genotype is the gene itself (Tt, tt, or TT)
Turn to page 117…
Is “detached ears” a phenotype or genotype?
What genotype produces white flowers in a pea plant?
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Ratio?• Flipping a coin:• 50% chance of landing heads up, is a 1:1 ratio• If you flipped a coin, compared to your
partner, compared to the room…•Would there be an expected ratio? Is it
guaranteed?
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Genetics Basics
• Alleles shown using variables (2 alleles per gene, one from each parent) such as T or t• “Heterozygous” if it is hybrid (Tt) • “Homozygous Dominant” (TT) if pure dominant• “Homozygous Recessive” (tt) if pure recessive
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When doing a Punnett
• Alleles are shown with variable• Capital for dominant, lower case for
recessive•Mother goes on side, father goes on top• Parent alleles on outside, possible
offspring genotypes inside• Point is to find all possible genetic
variations and the probability for it to appear
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Tt
Tt
T t
T
t
Probability and Punnett
TT Tt
Tt tt
Genotype PhenotypeTT Red FlowerTt Red Flowertt White
Flower
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Punnett Possibilities
• Incomplete Dominance- Neither are completely dominant over the other • (White x Red = Pink)• Heterozygous means a new phenotype!
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Incomplete Dominance Tt
Tt
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
Genotype PhenotypeTT Red FlowerTt Pink
Flowertt White
Flower
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Punnett Possibilities
• Codominance- Both alleles contribute to phenotype • (Pink x White = Speckled pink and white)
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Codominance Tt
Tt
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
Genotype PhenotypeTT Red FlowerTt Red and
White Flower
tt White Flower
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Punnett Possibilities
•Multiple alleles- More than two alleles• Blood types!• IA = allele for A-type• IB = allele for B-type• i = allele for O-type
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Multiple AllelesB
A
IB i
IA IAIB IAi
i IBi ii
Genotype PhenotypeIAIA A-TypeIAi A-TypeIBIB B-TypeIBi B-TypeIAIB AB-Typeii O-Type
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Punnett Possibilities
• Sex-Linked Traits- genes found on the XY chromosome•Colorblindness• (XC vs. Xc vs. Y)
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Multiple AllelesXCY
XCXc
XC Y
XC XCXC XCY
Xc XCXc XcY
Genotype PhenotypeXCXC Female
NormalXCXc Female
ColorblindXCY Male
NormalXcY Male
Colorblind
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Review Break!
• What do we know so far?
You get ½ your genes from mom, ½ from dadAlleles are assorted randomly
Punnett Squares are used to determine chances of a trait occurring
Incomplete Dominance- Neither are completely dominant over the other
Codominance- Both alleles contribute to phenotype
Multiple alleles- More than two allelesSex-Linked Traits- genes found on the XY chromosome
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Pedigree
• Tracks transmission of a trait through generations• Circles = females, squares = males• Horizontal lines = mating, vertical lines =
offspring• Generations shown with Roman
numerals• Shaded = expressed trait
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I
II
III
1 2
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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