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D Z I E B A N I

The Journal

of the Centre for Archaeological Studies

Georgian Academy of Sciences

Tbilisi 2000

s,bkbcb

3

63&4 (2Г) 902$904 (479&22)

"531

v s f d f h b h t l f m n j h b % jsfh kjhsmbafyb"t E d i t o r - i n - C h i e f : Otar Lordkipanidze

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d& ]fafhb't^ u& yfhbvfybidbkb^ ,& ]jh,tyf't^ u& vbylbfidbkb^ l& ,fmhf't

E d i t o r i a l c o u n c i l : V. Licheli, I. Jalaghania, G. Kvirkvelia,

V. Japaridze, G. Narimanishvili, B. Jorbenadze,

G. Mindiashvili, D. Bakradze

c f h t l f m w b j r j k t u b f % l& rfzfhfdf^ u& rdbhrdtkbf^

u& yfhbvfybidbkb^ ,& ]jh,tyf't

E d i t o r s o f t h e V o l u m e : D. Kacharava, G. Kvirkvelia,

G. Narimanishvili, B. Jorbenadze

© fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhb^ 2000

3

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c n f n b t , b

A r t i c l e s

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't^ j& bjhbcb^ f& becnecb (uthvfybf)^ u& vfbcehf't^ f& vec[tkbidbkb^ v& ybj-

hf't^ r& cdbithb (fii)^ ]& cjkjqfidbkb^ h& athbyub (fii)& yfvfh[b flfvbfybc

yfist,bc f[fkb vjyfgjdht,b lvfybcib .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

5

L. Gabunia, A. Vekua, D. Lordkipanidze (Georgia) G.Bosinski (Germany), R.Ferring

(USA), O. Joris, A. Justus (Germany), G. Maisuradze, A. Mouskhelishvili, M .Nioradze, D.

Sologashvili (Georgia), C. Swisher (USA), M. Tvalchrelidze (Georgia). New Findings of the

Remains of Fossil Man from Dmanisi (Summary) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

12

u& a[frf't& vnrdfh-fhfmcekb rtht,bcf lf cfluht,bc ufdhwtkt,bc cfrbs[bcfsdbc

G. Phakadze. On the Disribution of Kura-Araxes Hearths and Andrions (Summary) .. .. .. .. .. .. . 15 19

Y& ifyifidbkb& @cfvobkflb rjvgjpbwbt,b# vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbc rthfvbrbc

jhyfvtynfwbfib .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. N. Shanshashvili. "Three-Part Compositions" in the Ornament of The Kura-Araxes Culture

(Summary) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

27

29 u& vbhw[ekfdf& ,jh,kbfyb nhfycgjhnbc ofhvjij,bcf lf ufydbsfht,bc tnfgt,b

cfmfhsdtkjib .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. G. Mirtskhulava. Stages of the Origin and Development of Wheeled Transport in Georgia

(Summary) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

37

42 u& yfhbvfybidbkb& 'd&o& ++ fsfcoktekbc cfhbnefkj upt,b shbfktsib .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

G. Narimanishvili. Ritual Routes of the 2nd

Millennium B.C. in Trialeti (Summary) .. .. .. .. .. ..

47 49

k& cf[fhjdf& j.ehtibc ,hby]fjc ufy'bc itcf[t, .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

L. Sacharowa. Über den Bronzehort aus dem Dorf Okureschi (Westgeorgien)

(Zusammenfassung) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

52 53

H& Gfgefidbkb& udbfy,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [fybc wtynhfkehb rjk[tsbc cfvfhjdfysf

fut,ekt,bcfsdbc .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. R. Papuashvili. Towards the Structure of the Necropolis of the Late Bronze – Early Iron Ages

from Central Colchis (Summary) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

55 59

y& cekfdf& cfvsfdhjc cfvfhjdybc ab,ekt,bfyb cfvfh[t,bc lfsfhbqt,bcfsdbc .. .. .. .. ..

N. Sulava. Towards Dating the Burials with Fibulae at the Necropolis of Samtavro (Summary) ..

65 67

v& cfubyfidbkb& vbybc cfytkcfw[t,ktt,bc – Kohl-tube-t,bc ufdhwtkt,f cfmfhsdtkj-

ib .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

M. Saginashvili. Distribution of Kohl-Tube Glass Unguentaria in Georgia (Summary) .. .. .. .. ..

72 75

s& zfybidbkb& sb[bc cfytkcfw[t,ktt,b ltljakbc ujhbc cfcf[kblfy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

T. Chanishvili. Clay Unguentaria from Dedoplisgora (Summary) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

77 79

b& dfhifkjvb't& hjvfekb [fybc vjytnt,bc ufy'b ujybj-facfhjcblfy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

I. Varshalomidze. Hoard of Coins of the Roman Period from Gonio-Apsaros (Summary) .. .. ..

81 83

l& vbyljhfidbkb& cfvfh[sf fqyfuj,f lf lfrh'fkdbc otcb udtktsbc cfvfhjdfypt .. ..

D. Mindorashvili. The Structure of Burials and Burial Customs at the Necropolis of Gveleti

(Summary) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

87

92

4

v b k j w d f C o n g r a t u l a t i o n

jsfh n.titkfidbkb – 75 okbcff .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

O. Tqeshelashvili – 75 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

96 96

fktmcfylht hfvbidbkb – 70 okbcff .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

A. Ramishvili – 70 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

97 97

f h m t j k j u b b c b c n j h b f

H i s t o r y o f A r c h a e o l o g y

u& ufv.htkb't& lbvbnhb ,fmhf't (1826-1890) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

G. Gamkrelidze. Dimitri Bakradze (1826-1890) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

98 98

]& rjgfkbfyb& ktdfy vec[tkbidbkb (1900-1942) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

J. Kopaliani. Levan Muskhelishvili (1900-1942) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

,& ]jh,tyf't& ktdfy vec[tkbidbkbc ihjvt,bc ,b,kbjuhfabf .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . .

B. Jorbenadze. L. Muskhelishvili's Works Bibliography .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

99 99 100 100

m h j y b r f

C h r o n i c l e

,& ]jh,tyf't^ [& ]jh,tyf't& fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhb 1999 otkc .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

B. Jorbenadze, Kh. Jorbenadze. The Centre for Archaeological Studies in 1999 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

102 102

u f [ c t y t , f

I n M e m o r i a m

h& gfgefidbkb& stbvehfp (uekb) vbmtkf't (1925-1998) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

R. Papuashvili . Teimuraz (Guli) Mikeladze (1925 -1998) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

115 115

itvjrkt,fsf cbf .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Abbreviations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

118 118

5

C N F N B T < B A R T I C L E S

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lf 27 vv-bf)& vfcnjblehb mtlb sbsmjc fuh'tkt,c rtabc 'dkbc ptlf ye[fkeh [fpc lf kfnthfkeh ptlfgbhc .jac obyf lf erf-yf yfobkt,fl& cfatsmkbc 'dfkb itlfht,bs uh'tkbf lf pjvbthfl vfqfkb& vbc ief yf-obkib itbvxytdf fctdt sulkus arteriae tempora-

lis mediae, hjvtkbw mdtvjlfy t,]byt,f crista

supramastoidea-c& tc erfyfcrytkb vbtvfhst,f ufybdfl ldhbkbct,ehb vjhxbc vbvfhs lf dhwtklt,f cfatsmkbc 'dkbc mbwdpt, sbs-mvbc cfatsmtk-catyjblfkeh yfrthfvlt& fq-ybiyek mtlcfw tn.j,f gytdvfnbpfwbbc rdf-kb, hjvtkbw uh'tklt,f .dhbvfkbc hrfkbc ,jkjvlt lf cjkbct,eh 'dfkptw& vfcnjb-lbcptlf mtlb mvybc ahfyraehnbc /jhbpjyn-

sfy lff[kjt,bs 23-bfy res[tc lf ufvj.j-abkbf ldhbkbct,ehb vjhxbcfufy jhb cecnb qfhbs& vjhxbc ae'bc vtlbfkeh v[fhtc in-

cisura mastoidea, [jkj fv erfyfcrytkcf lf rtaf-vfcnjbleh yfrthc ijhbc vjsfdct,ekbf crista occipitomastoidea.

nbvgfyehb abhabnf jhbtynbht,ekbf dth-nbrfkehfl& vbcb obyf rblbc kfnthfkehb v[fht vb[hbkbf erfy lf ufhtsf cvtybc [dht-kbc cfut,c mvybc& abhabnf jlyfd vtlbfke-hfl b[ht,f lf sfdlt,f gfnfhf ofodtnt,ekb vjhxbs& vbcb ae'bc erfyf v[hbc sbsmvbc ief yfobkib vjsfdct,ekbf [dhtkbct,ehb yfzlt-db cflubcbct,ehb vjhxbcfsdbc (pr. styeoide-

us), hjvtkcfw ufhtlfy t,]byt,f vrfabjl uf-vj[fnekb A. stylomastoideum. nbvgfyehb abh-abnbc chekb cbuh'tf 32 vv, [jkj cbvfqkt 17 vv& cvtybc [dhtkbc ufybdrdtsb jdfkehb ajhvbcff, hjvkbc uh'tkb qth'b sbsmvbc cojh res[tc mvybc ahfyraehnbc /jhb-pjynsfy& vbcb dthnbrfkehb lbfvtnhb 13 vv-bf, [jkj /jhbpjynfkehb 6,5 vv& gbhfvblbc ,fpfkehb ptlfgbhblfy xfyc canalis caroticus, [jkj fm itvjhxtybkb gnthbujblbc lblb ahsblfy itbvxytdf f. ovale lf f. spinosum, hjvkt,bw yfobkj,hbd vjsfdct,ekbf cfats-mkbc 'dfkpt (brdtst,f cfatsmtk-catyjblf-kehb yfrthbs)& mfkfc cfhmdtkbc vfhw[tyf mdtlf.,bc ajcj rfhuflff ofhvjlutybkb& vb-cb uh'tkb qth'b cfubnfkeh ptlfgbhsfy

mvybc 115-bfy res[tc& bc pjvbthfl uh'tkbf (21 vv) lf cfrvfjl ufybthb (31 vv)& cfcf[cht ajcjc cbqhvt 8 vv-bf& cf[chbcerfyf vjhxb (gjcnuktyjblfkehb) cfcf[cht ajcjc ufyb-th lf pjvbthfl vfqfk (11 vv) erfyf rtltkc mvybc& jlyfd vfcpt vfqfkbf (12 vv) cfcf[cht ,jhwdb, hjvkbc ptlfgbhb jlyfd xfpytmbkbf ufhlbufhlvj lf obybcfrtyff lf[hbkb& aj-cjc vtlbfkeh rtltkc mvybc cfuh'yj,kfl ufvjotekb tynj-cfcf[cht vjhxb, hjvkbc iblf rtltkpt itbvxytdf ntvgjhfkeh-catyjb-lfkehb yfrthb& lf,jkjc^ cfhmdtkbc obyf yf-

8

obkib xfyc celulae etmodale, ie,kbc cbyecbc ahfuvtynt,b lf crista frontalis.

cf[bc ptlfgbhpt itvjhxtybkbf sdfk,elt-t,bc ptlf rbltt,b, vbvlt,fht sdfk,elbcptlf kbkdbs lf 'kbth lfpbfyt,ekb w[dbhbc 'dkt,bs, hjvkt,bw vjvndhtekbf sbsmvbc w[dbh-ie,kbc yfrthbc sfdpt& vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf, hjv vjvndhtekb w[dbhbc 'dkt,bc ie,kbc 'dfksfy itthst,bc othnbkb itvjhxtybkbf, xdty vbth itvjsfdfpt,ekb D 2280 mfkfc w[dbhbc yfobkbc fqlutybc wlf hfvltyflvt gbhj,bsfl eylf xfbsdfkjc, dbyfblfy fhf dfhs lfhoveyt,ekb, hjv cfrvfhbcb cbpec-nbs ufydcfpqdhts w[dbhbc 'dkbc lf[hbkj-,f& sdfk,elbcptlf kbkdb pjvbthflff ufy-dbsfht,ekb, obyblfy vjvhudfkt,ekb, cec-nfl ufvjotekbf oby, [jkj kbkdbcerfyf gfnfhf qfhbc fhct,j,f ufyfgbhj,t,c ie,kbc erdt fqybiyek sfylfsfy fvfqkt,fc&

sdfk,elbcptlf kbkdb vfmcbvfkeh cbc-mtc (12 vv) fqotdc ief yfobkib, kfnthfkeh rbltcsfy bc cfuh'yj,kfl odhbklt,f (9,1 vv), [jkj rbltd eahj vtnfl – gbhfvblbc vf[-kj,kfl (8,1 vv)&

vskbfyfl mfkfc cfhmdtkbc rtlkt,b fh ufvjbhxtdf lblb cbcmbs% ie,kbc rblbc yf-obkib 13 vv-bf, sfqbc wtynhfkeh yfobkib 6 vv, cfatsmkbc 'dkbc mbwdbc vblfvjib 5 vv, rtabc yfobkib^ bybjysfy 8 vv, [jkj rtabc mtlpt 14 vv& lvfybcbc /jvbyblbc sfdbc mfkf fv yfobkibw ef[kjdlt,f rj,b ajhfc H. er-

gaster-bc sfdbc mfkt,c [26].

D 2282 sfdbc mfkfc vybidytkjdfyb kfnt-hfkehb lf ljhcjdtynfkehb ltajhvfwbf ufyewlbf& cfuh'yj,kflff lfpbfyt,ekb mfkfc vfhw[tyf cfatsmkbc yfobkb, itlfht,bs yfr-kt,fl – vfh]dtyf v[fht& xfz.ktnbkbf lf lfvc[dhtekbf gfnfh-gfnfhf yfobkt,fl rtaf lf sbsmvbc vskbfyfl ufyflueht,ekbf mfkfc ,fpfkehb yfobkb& .,bc ptlf yfobkib itvjh-xtybkbf cecnflvjwdtsbkb vfhw[tyf P

4, M

1,

lf vfh]dtyf M1, M

2, fctdt .dtkf r,bkbc fk-

dtjkt,b (ceh& 4-6)& r,bkt,bc cecnb vjwdtsf (P4

lf M1-pt

itbvxytdf ltynbybc vwbht rey'ekt,b), mfkfc cfhmdtkpt vrdtshfl ufvjcf[ek yfrtht,sfy thsfl, cfae'dtkc udf'ktdc dbdfhfeljs, hjv cfmvt udfmdc 'fkbfy f[fkufphlf bylb-dblsfy (lff[kjt,bs 13 okbc)& itlfht,bs gf-nfhf pjvt,b (mfkfc cbuh't 167 vv-bf), ie,-kbcf lf rtabc 'dkt,bc cecnfl ufydbsfht-,ekb htkbtab, fk,fs, vbesbst,c bvfpt, hjv mfkf tresdybc vltlhj,bs cmtcc&

mfkfc ajhvf (ceh& 4, 5) bctsbdtf hjuj-hbw D 2280 mfkfcb% catyjblfkehb, jlyfd ufufybtht,bs ldhbkbct,hb vjhxt,bc e,fypt

(lff[k& 128 vv)& ie,kbc evwbhtcb cbufyt 66 vv-bf, [jkj cbvfqkt ,thuvf-bybjyb) lff[kj-t,bs 74 vv& mfkfc c[df ufypjvbkt,t,b vjwt-vekbf cfthsj w[hbkib (w[h& 1)&

mfkfc kfnthfkehb ghjabkb ufdc D 2280

mfkfc ghjabkc, bv ufc[dfdt,s, hjv sdfk-,elbc ptlf kbkdbc itvltu ie,kb firfhfl eahj vrfabjl vfqklt,f, hfw ufvjodtekbf sdfk,elbcerfyf qfhbc fhct,j,bs, hjvtkbw cfthjl fh itbybiyt,f D 2280 mfkfpt&

ceh& 4

vfmcbvfkeh cbvfqktc mfkf fqotdc ,hut-

vbc vblfvjt,ib, hjvkbc itvltu ghjabkbc [fpb jlyfd lf,klt,f, hfw ufvjodtekbf mf-kfc lfpbfyt,bs, vfuhfv itvltu cojhlt,f lf v[jkjl j,tkbjysfy b[ht,f mdtdbs& jgbcnj-rhfybjyb lf bybjyb^ bctdt hjujhw D 2280 mf-kfpt fmfw tvs[dtdf thsvfytsc&

dthnbrfkeh yjhvfib itcfvxytdbf mfkfc vrdtshb itdbohjt,f, hjvtkbw sbsmjc yfr-kt,fl cfuh'yj,b udtxdtyt,f, dblht D2280 mf-kfpt (ie,kbc itdbohjt,bc byltmcb gbhdtk mfkfpt 66-bf, [jkj vtjhtpt 70)& fm .ehfl-qt,fc bg.hj,c erdt fqybiyekb sdfk,elbce-rfyf qfhb^ hjvtkbw cfrvfjl ufybthbf lf rfh-ufl fxtyc oby ufvjotek pjvbthfl cmtk sdfk-,elbcptlf kbkdc& Mvtnfgbjybc e,fypt xfyc vtn-yfrkt,fl ufydbsfht,ekb ie,kbc ,jhw-dt,b, [jkj ie,k-s[tvbc rbkb mfkfc kfv,-lbct,ehb yfobkbc cfubnfkehb [fpbc vstk cbuh'tpt, ufycfresht,bs rb bchbct,ehb yf-rthbc ufcodhbd& Lkfv,lfc e,fyb ufhsekt,e-kbf odhbkb lfvfnt,bsb 'dkt,bs, hjvkt,bw fh itbvxytdf fhf vfhnj D 2280 mfkfpt, fhf-vtl fhw c[df fahbrek flhtek H. erectus lf

9

H. ergaster-bc sfdbc mfkfpt& fqybiyekb lfvf-nt,bsb 'dkt,b uffxybf v[jkjl ER 1470 mf-kfc, hjvtkcfw lqtc H. rudolfensis-c fres-dyt,ty [4], fctdt pjubths fpbeh H. erectus-bc mfkfc& cfatsmkbc mtlt,b cfrvfjl rfhufl fmdc ufydbsfht,ekb xdtyc f[fkufphlf tuptvgkfhc lf mvybc kbhbct,eh yf[fpc pecnfl bct^ hjujhw D 2280 mfkfpt& erfy lf kfnthfkehfl vj[hbkb cfatsmkbc mtlt,b D 2282 mfkfpt, fk,fs, vbtvfhst,f vfcnj-blbcptlf mtlt,bcfrty, hjvkt,bw, cfvoe[f-hjl, fv mfkfpt fh xfyc& fcnthbjysfy f[kjc cfatsmkbc mtlt,b, eahj pecnfl, vfh]dtyf v[fhbc mtlb, hjvtkbw eahj ertsff itvjyf-[ekb, eahj fvj,ehwekb [lt,f lf sevwf xdty dth d,tlfds dfvnrbwjs, hjv fm itbybi-yt,f torus angularis parietalis-bc xfcf[df, vfuhfv fv itcf'kt,kj,bc ufvjhbw[dfw fh vbudfxybf cojhb* vbs evtntc, hjv cfmvt udfmdc f[fkufphlf^ lf xdtyb dfhfelbs^ vltlhj,bsb cmtcbc mfkfcsfy, hjvtkcfw tc ybifyb cecnfl /mjylf ufvjcf[ekb fy cekfw xfyfcf[bc vlujvfhtj,fib itb'kt,f .jabkb.j& mfkfc cfhmdtkbc ptlfgbhb cfatsmkbc 'dkt,bc e,fypt cojhbf lf ufybdrdtsib sf-yf,hfl ufvj,ehwekb hrfkbc ajhvf fmdc, hjvtkcfw ief flubkfc gfhbtnfkehb rbkbc itcfn.dbcb idthbkb uffxybf& cecnb xfpytmf, hjvtkbw H. ergaster-c eiefkjl kfv,lbc oby tvxytdf fm fh xfyc&

D 2282 mfkfc rtabc yfobkb, hjujhw erdt fqbybiyf, 'fkpt welflff itvjyf[ekb, ufycf-resht,bs vbcb erfyf yfobkb& vbe[tlfdfl fvb-cf fm firfhfl itbybiyt,f cecnfl ufvjcf[e-kb rtabc mtlb lf ptlf ye[fkehb [fpb, hjvkt,bw ufvj.jaty thsvfytsbcfufy rtabc ptlf lf mdtlf vjtlyt,c& cfatsmkbc 'dfkb fh fhbc vfqfkb lf cfiefkj cbuh'bcff& vfh-w[tyf v[fhtc, hjujhw erdt bsmdf, ofhvjl-utybkbf vtnyfrkt,fl chekb, vfuhfv vtlbf-kehfl uflfyfwdkt,ekb ufhtsf cvtybc [dht-kb, [jkj vfh]dtyf v[fhtc welfl lfwekb nbvgfyehb 'dfkb, mdtlf .,bc cfcf[cht ajcjc vbvlt,fht yfobkt,bs& fv 'dkt,bc ufydbsfht-,bc [fcbfsb, vlt,fhtj,f mfkfpt lf lf[hb-kj,bc ljyt lvfybcbc jhbdt mfkfc (D2280 lf D2282) sbsmvbc thsyfbhb fmdc& D2282 rtabc yfobkbc cfuh'yj,b ltajhvfwbbc vbe[tlfdfl, itcf'kt,kfl vbdbxybts vbf[kjt,bs ufyudt-cfpqdhf vbcb ndbybc vjwekj,f, hjvtkvfw 520 cv3 itflubyf& fvfc lfdevfnts 50 cv3, hfw, xdtyb fyufhbibs, cfdct,bs ittcf,fvt,f xfz.ktnbkb yfobkbc vjwekj,fc, lf vbdb-qts ndbybc rjkjabc vjwekj,f 570 cv3& se fvfc lftvfnt,f, yfhbjrjnjvtc flfvbfybc fyf-kjubbc vb[tldbs, 30 cv3, hjvkbsfw itb'kt-

,jlf ufphlbkb.j lvfybcbc flfvbfybc sfdbc ndbybc vjwekj,f phlbc lfchekt,bc itv-s[dtdfib, vbdbqt,s 600 cv3 ndbybc rjkjabc vjwekj,fc& se bvfcfw ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s, hjv fqybiyekb sfdbc mfkf itb'kt,f vltl-hj,bsb cmtcbc bylbdblc tresdybc lf, vfif-cflvt, itlfht,bs yfrkt,bf dblht vfvfrfwbcf, vfiby jh mfkfc ijhbc vbqt,ekb vjwekj,bc vrdtshb c[dfj,f fh eylf b.jc lblfl vje-kjlytkb&

D2282 mfkfpt pjvbthfl ufydbsfht,ekb sdfk,elbcptlf kbkdb mfkfc fhct,bs tkt-vtync ofhvjflutyc& sevwf ukf,tkfc obyf rblt vbvlt,fht w[dbhbc 'dkt,bs vjvndhte-kbf, vfbyw xfyc, hjv vbcb ptlfgbhb v[jkjl jlyfd lflf,kt,ekbf lf sdfk,elbcptlf kbkdb sbsmvbc vskbfybf& kbkdb ufvjbhxtdf cfuh'yj,b cbufybs (lff[k& 87 vv)& vbcb dth-nbrfkehb cbcmt sdfk,elbc ief othnbkbc ljytpt lff[kjt,bs itflutyc 9,4 vv, hfw cfuh'yj,kfl yfrkt,bf bmdt ufpjvbk obyf-erfyf cbcmtpt (13,5 vv)& fqcfybiyfdbf, hjv sf-dbcb fvj,ehwekb ptlfgbhbs kbkdb vbvfh-sekbf fhf vfhnj oby, fhfvtl hfvltyflvt ptvjsfw, hbc ufvjw eahj ufvjrdtsbkfl xfyc fhw se bct qhvf, vfuhfv ufybthb itk-abct,ehb kbkdbcptlf qfhb& sdfk,elbcptlf kbkdb cfuh'yj,kfl odhbklt,f kfnthf-kehfl (vbcb cbcmt cfvres[tlbc ljytpt fh fqtvfnt,f 8 vv)& sdfk,elbc ufhtsf rbltt,c ijhbc vfy'bkb (lff[kjt,bs 93 vv) cfrvfjl lblbf bctsb f[fkufphlf tuptvgkfhbcfsdbc, hjujhbwff D 2282. fv vfxdtyt,kbs sfdbc mf-kf, hjujhw xfyc^ firfhfl fqtvfnt,f yfhbj-rjnjvbc WT 15000 itcf,fvbc pjvt,c (w[h& +) [24]. sdfk,elbc ptlf rblt sbsmvbc /jhb-pjynfkehbf, [jkj kfnthfkehb lff[kjt-,bs dthnbrfkehb& .dhbvfkbc hrfkt,b itlf-ht,bs ufybthbf, vbvfhsekbf oby kfnthfke-hfl& .dhbvfkbc sdfk,elbc ptlfgbhb fk,fs jlyfd xfpytmbkbf& w[dbh-fkdtjkfhekb rkb-decb itlfht,bs ufybthbf lf ,hn.tkb& tidbc mtlb 'kbthff ufydbsfht,ekb, vfuhfv vbcb fvj,ehwekb ptlfgbhb firfhfl it,hn.tkt-,ekb xfyc& vbcufy kfnthfkehfl vjsfdct,e-kbf jlyfd itcfvxytdb lflf,kt,f, hjvtkbw fossa canina-c ittcf,fvt,f, [jkj vtlbfke-hfl, ief cfzhtkt,bc ptvjs _ cecnfl ufvj-cf[ekb fvj,ehwekj,f, hjvtkbw w[dbhbc [dhtksfy vbf[kjt,bcfc mht,f&

D 2282 mfkfc cfcf sbsmvbc chekbf (ceh& 6), pjvbthfl uh'tkbf (ufybdb yfrthblfy jhf-kfvlt 45,5 vv-bf, cnfabkjy-jhfkt rb lff[-kjt,bs 53 vv) lf ufybthb (M2

-bc ljytpt 31 vv)& cfcf fh ufvjbhxtdf cbvfqkbsfw (lff[k& 16 vv)& vbcb cbcmt cfcbc yfrthbc iefib fh fqtvfnt,f 5 vv-c& cfcbc ptlfgbhb ief lf

10

erfyf yfobkt,ib ukedbf lf itlfht,bs cojhb, [jkj obyf-cfzhtkt,bcobyf yfobkt,-ib lf,klt,f lf [fjbfyb [lt,f& rfhuflff uf-vjcf[ekb cfcbc ufybdb yfrthb, hjvkbc fvj-,ehwekb v[fht jhfkehflff vbvfhsekb& fctdt rfhufl itbvxytdf lblb [dhtkbw, hjv-tkbw, c[df /jvbyblt,bc vcufdcfl, vjsfdct-,ekbf cfcbc erfyf ufhtsf rbltpt&

ptlf .,bc fktdjkfhekb hrfkb pjvbthb cbuh'bcff (lff[kjt,bs 61 cv) lf dbohj% vbcb cbufyt M

2-bc ljytpt 40 vv-bf, M1-bc ljytpt

36, P4-bc ljytpt 33, P

3-bcf 31, tidt,pt-28,5,

I2-pt 25,7, [jkj I

1-pt lff[k& 15 vv& .,bc ghtvjkfht,bc obyf yfobkb firfhfl lfvj-rkt,ekbf lf vj,kfudt,ekb% hrfkbc itcf-,fvbcb yfobkb pjvbthflff fvj,ehwekb lf itlfht,bs cecnflff oby ufidthbkb&

ceh& 5 .,fib vjsfdct,ekbf cecnfl vjwdtsbkb

vfh]dtyf P4, M

1 lf vfhw[tyf M

1 lf M

2. .,fc

lfyfhxtyb r,bkt,b fh ithxtybf& r,bkt,b it-lfht,bs lblb pjvbcff, ufycfresht,bs vjkf-ht,b (w[h& ++)& fv pjvt,bc vb[tldbs^ lvfybcbc /jvbyblt,b ef[kjdlt,bfy ER 3733 lf WT

15000-c [6* 24* 26]& r,bkt,b cnhemnehbs vjudfujyt,c H. ergaster-cfc, sevwf hfvlt-yflvt ufy[dfdlt,f vfsufy pjubthsb ybiybs, hjvkt,bw, itcf'kjf, vjrkt,ekb fh b.jc cbcntvfnbreh vybidytkj,fc& ufycfresht,bs sdfkib cfwtvbf P4-bc gfnfhf pjvf, M1

lf M2-

bc lbcnfkehb rblbc erfyf _ kbyudfkehb idthbkb lf vjkfht,pt rfhf,tkbc rjvg-ktmcbc ybiyt,bc fhct,j,f&

lfcrdyt,b

D2280 lf D2282-bc itcf[t, vjnfybkb vjhajvtnhekb vjyfwtvt,b udbxdtyt,c, hjv jhbdt tc mfkf fhct,bs vcufdct,fc fv;qfdyt,c

H. erectus-bc sfdbc mfkt,sfy [15; 20; 25] ufy-

cfresht,bs fv ]ueabc flhtek fahbrek ajhvt,sfy [26], hjvtksfw lqtc ufycfres-ht,ek cf[tc H. ergaster-c fresdyt,ty& vfhsf-kbf, .dtkf fdnjhb fh sdkbc ]th rbltd lfcf,est,ekfl H. ergaster-bc wfkrt cf[tl ufvj.jafc, vfuhfv vbcb utjkjubehb cb'dt-kt, fqvjxtybc flubkt,bc cfuh'yj,b cbijht fpbbc nbgj,hbdb H. erectus-t,bc ufdhwtkt,bc e,yblfy lf mfkfcf lf r,bkt,bc gktpbj-vjhaekb lf fgjvjhaekb ybiyt,bc sfdb-ct,ehb thsj,kbj,f udfabmht,byt,c, hjv H.

ergaster yfvldbkb lfvjerblt,tkb cf[tf& ufdb-[ctyjs, hjv H. ergaster-c, ufhlf nbgj,hbdb

ER 992-cf lf mdtlf .,t,bcf ER730 lf ER 820, fresdyt,ty bcts rfhufl lfwek sfdbc mf-kt,c, hjujhbwff ER 3733, ER 3883, WT 15000

lf fhfchek mfkfc SK 847. ,eyt,hbdbf, hjv lvfybcbc yfvfh[ vfcfkfc 'bhbsflfl cojhtl H. ergaster-bc fqybiyek sfdbc mfkt,c dflfht,s&

lvfybcbc D 2282 v[jkjl okbyf[tdhbs lf jhb okbsff eahjcb WT 15000-pt [18],

vfuhfv fv erfyfcrytkbcfufy ufyc[dfdt,bs, bc itcf'kjf, vltlhj,bsb cmtcbcff& yfobkj,hbd fvbs fb[cyt,f, fk,fs, vbcb firfhfl gfnfhf pjvt,b lf ndbybc rjkjabc vwbht vjwekj-,f, hjvtkbw xdtyb ufvjsdkbs fh fqtvfnt,f 500-600 cv3& fhbc c[df ufyc[dfdt,fw WT

15000-cfufy hjujhw mfkfc pjufl ghjgjh-wbt,ib, bct cf[bc xjyx[bc lf r,bkt,bc fqyf-uj,fib [5]. sevwf lvfybcbc fv tuptvgkfhbc sfdbc mfkfc cbuh't v[jkjl 8 cv-bs yfr-kt,bf yfhbjrjnjvbcfpt (mfkfc vfmcbvfkehb cbufybc byltmcb lvfybcbc mfkfpt elhbc 67, [jkj WT 15000-pt 78)& lvfybcbc tuptvgkf-hbc cf[bc ptlf yfobkib .ehflqt,fc bmwtdc firfhfl eahj dbohj w[dbhbc [dhtkb% vbcb vfmcbvfkehb cbufyt D 2282 mfkfpt elhbc 28,1 cv, [jkj yfhbjrjnjvbc mfkfpt 34,6 vv& ufhlf fvbcf vfc, WT 15000-cfufy ufyc[dfdt-,bs, firfhfl ufvjcf[ekb w[dbhbcobyf aj-cjt,b fmdc, [jkj vc[kbct,ehb [dhtkbc rbltt,b hfvltyflvt vj,kfudt,ekbf& hfw it-t[t,f r,bkt,c, lvfybcbc /jvbyblc P4 eahj vjrktf WT 15000-c itcfn.dbc r,bkpt, [jkj

M1 itcfvxytdfl eahj lblbf& lvfybcbc tuptv-

gkfhbc jhbdt vjkfhpt Aitbvxytdf rfhf,t-kbc rjvgktmcbc ybiyt,b, hfw fh uffxybf fhf vfhnj yfhbjrjnjvbc /jvbyblbc r,bkt,c, fhfvtl fhw ths xdtysdbc wyj,bk H. ergaster-

cf lf H. erectus-bc ofhvjvflutykt,c& lf,j-kjc, D 2282 mfkfc cfhmdtkbc rtlkt,bc cbcmt eahj yfrkt,bf dblht yfhbjrjnjvb-cfpt, [jkj rfkdfhbbc ptlfgbhpt kfv,lbc e,fyib vfc itvjhxtybkb fmdc lfvfnt,bsb

11

'dkt,b, hjvkt,bw fhf fmdc fhw WT 15000 lf fhw H. ergaster-bc c[df ofhvjvflutykt,c (bcbyb f[fcbfst,c v[jkjl H. rudolfensis-cf lf pjubths H. erectus-c)& vfbyw mfkfc ajhvbc vcufdct,f, ie,kbc sbsmvbc thsyfbhb lfmf-yt,f, vcufdcb ghjabkb lf cfatsmkbc [fpt-,bc vj[fpekj,f, itlfht,bs cecnfl ufydbsf-ht,ekb sdfk,elbcptlf kbkdb, cf[bc xjy-x[bc vcufdcb ghjgjhwbt,b, fkdtjkfhekb hrfkbc sbsmvbc thsyfbhb vj[fpekj,f lf cfthsjl itlfht,bs gfnfhf pjvt,b ff[kj-t,ty lvfybcbc tuptvgkfhc yfhbjrjnjvbc /j-vbyblsfy& ufyc[dfdt,f fv erfyfcrytkbcfufy it-b'kt,f fhct,bsfl fb[cyfc ufyc[dfdt,ekb cmtcbsfw& sevwf hjujhw lvfybcbc sfdbc mfkt,bc thsvfytssfy itlfht,fv udbxdtyf, vfs ijhbcfw rb fhbc cfuh'yj,b ufyc[dfdt,f, hfw 'bhbsflfl vbtotht,f fv tuptvgkfht,bc ufy-c[dfdt,ek bylbdblefkeh fcfrc lf cmtcj,-hbd resdybkt,fc&

ceh& 6 rfhufl xfyc fctdt D 2282-bc vcufdct,f H.

ergaster-bc c[df sfdbc mfkt,sfy (ER 3733 lf ER 3883), hjvkt,bcufyfw bc ufyc[dfdlt,f fhct,bsfl bvfdt sfdbct,eht,t,bs, hjvkt,bw vfc yfhbjrjnjvbc ajhvbcfufy ufyfc[dfdt,ty& sevwf fv itvs[dtdfib pjubthsb fqybiyekb sdbct,f ufcfut,b vbptpt,bc ufvj (gbhdtk hbuib buekbc[vt,f vybidytkjdfyb fcfrj,hb-db ufyc[dfdt,f) vfc eahj vrdtshfl fmdc uf-vj[fnekb (vfufkbsfl itlfht,bs vwbht pj-vt,b, mfkfc cfhmdtkbc rtlkt,bc yfrkt,b cb-cmt, ie,kbc sdfk,elbcobyf itdbohjt,f, mf-kfc cfhmdtkbc itlfht,bs yfrkt,b cbufyt, itlfht,bs yfrkt,fl ufydbsfht,ekb sdfk-,elbcptlf kbkdb lf c[d&)&

pjvt,bs (w[hbkb +) lf mfkfc cfhmdtkbc cfthsj bthbs elfdjl f[kjcff thufcnth-sfy lvfybcbc phlfchekb /jvbyblbw (D

2280), hjvtkbw ufyc[dfdlt,f ER 3733 lf ER

3883 tuptvgkfht,bcfufy 'bhbsflfl torus an-

gularis parrietalis-bc fhct,j,bsf lf mfkfc yfrkt,b cbufybs, ufycfresht,bs vbcb sdfk-,elbcerfyf lf rtabc yfobkt,ib (D2280-bc ,bfcnthekb cbufyt elhbc 100, vfiby hjlt-cfw bubdt vfxdtyt,kt,b nehrfybc ER 3733-cf lf ER 3883-pt elhbc itcf,fvbcfl 123 lf 115, [jkj yfhbjrjnjvbc .vfodbkbc – 106)& fctdt mfkfc vjhajkjubbc pjubthsb ltnfkbs (vfufkbsfl ukf,tkfc vblfvjc itlfht,bs yfrkt,b xfpytmbkj,f, cfatsmkbc mtlt,bc it-lfht,bsb cb,kfudt lf vfqfkb vlt,fhtj,f, vfsb kbhfct,ehb vj[fpekj,f, eahj lblb res[t ceghfvfcnjbleh mtlcf lf ahfyraeh-nbc cb,hn.tc ijhbc, itlfht,bs cecnfl uf-vjcf[ekb turos jmwbgbnfkbc lf sulcus sup-

ratoralis lf c[d&)& hfw itt[t,f D 2280-bc vcufdct,fc H. ergas-

ter-bc itctlfht,tk sfdbc mfkt,sfy, vfs cf-thsj pjvt,cf lf ghjgjhwbt,bc vcufdct,fc-sfy thsfl, f[fcbfst,s lff[kjt,bs vcufdcb sdfk,elbcerfyf e,ybc itdbohjt,f, ghjabkb, rtabcf lf ie,kbc ahfyraehnbc /jhbpjy-nbcflvb lf[hbc ljyt, mfkfc s[tvbc it-afhlt,bsb cbvfqkt, yfrtht,bc ufykfut,f, sdfk,elbcptlf kbkdbc ufydbsfht,bc ljyt, rtabc vjtlybc htkbtab, mfkfc cfhmdtkbc rtlkt,bc cbcmt, cfatsmtkmdtlf .,bc lfvf[f-cbfst,tkb itcf[cht,f, ndbybc rjkjabc it-lfht,bs vwbht vjwekj,f (lff[k& 780 cv3 D

2280 mfkfcb lf 775 cv3 ER 3733-cfsdbc) fctdt ie,ks[tvbc rbkbc ufydbsfht,f, mdtlf.,bc cfcf[cht ajcjc ufybdb qth'bc cfubnfkehb cb,hn.tt,bcflvb vlt,fhtj,f lf c[d&

hfw itt[t,f lvfybcbc tuptvgkfhbc ufy-c[dfdt,fc fpbeh H. erectus-t,bcfufy, rth'jl, bvfsufyfw, hjvkt,bw ef[kjdlt,bfy cfthsj pjvt,bs (Pithecanthropus + lf ++)^ vfs 'bhb-sflfl fyc[dfdt,c itlfht,bs yfrkt,fl ufydb-sfht,ekb sdfk,elbcptlf hrfkb, mfkfc cfhmdtkbc 'dkt,bc yfrkt,b cbcmt, itlfht,bs ufybthb mfkf, firfhfl gfnfhf vjwekj,bc ndbybc rjkjab lf c[d& fhct,bsfl tc bc ybiyt,bf^ hjvkt,bw ufyfc[dfdt,c fpbeh H.

erectus-t,c fahbrbc flhtek H. erectus-t,b-cfufy, hjvkt,cfw lqtc H& ergaster-c fres-dyt,ty& Ueylf fqbybiyjc, hjv lvfybcbc /jvb-yblc fmdc bctsb sfdbct,eht,t,bw, hjvkt,bw fh itbybiyt,f H. ergaster-sfy (vfufkbsfl M

1-

cf lf M2-pt rfhf,tkbc cbcntvbc rdfkbc fh-

ct,j,f)& H. erectus-sfy bctsb cfthsj ybifyb rb, hjujhbwff torus angularis parrietalis bub fh ud[dlt,f rjj,b-ajhfc ajhvt,ib (ER 3733

lf ER 3883) lf fhw yfhbjrjnjvbc sfdbc mfkfpt (WT 15000). sevwf cfae'dtkb udfmdc dbabmhjs, hjv t. angularis itcf'kjf

12

ofhvjij,bkb.j /jvbyblt,bc ufydbsfht,bc c[dflfc[df injib lf c[dflfc[df lhjc gfhfktkehfl& ufdb[ctyjs, hjv Tobias [22]

fqybiyfdc fv ybiybc fhct,j,fc OH5-bc mfkfpt, [jkj Brauer lf Mbua [7] OH 9 lf OH 12 mfkt,pt& fvbnjvfw lvfybcbc flfvbfybc sfdbc mfkt,pt torus angularis-bc, [jkj M

1 lf

M2-pt rfhf,tkbc cbcntvbc fhct,j,f, bctdt,

hjujhw itlfht,bs lf,fkb mfkf lf lfvhtwb ie,kb, mfkfcf lf r,bkt,bc pjubthsb c[df ybifyb fh wdkbfy cfthsj cehfsc% fv ybiyt,bc evhfdktcj,f esejl fh flfcneht,c H. erectus-bc cbyfgjvjhaekj,fc lf lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf, fk,fs, Homo-c e'dtktcb ofhvjvflutykt,bcsdbc& se dbvc]tkt,s fm ufy[bkekb lvfybcbc yfvfh[b yfist,bc ybiyt,bc thsj,kbj,bc vb[tldbs, eylf lfdfcrdyfs, hjv lvfybcbc flfvbfyb eahj vzblhjlff lfrfdibht,ekb H. ergaster-

sfy^ dblht H. erectus-sfy (dbohj ufut,bs)& vcufdc lfcrdyfvlt xdty vbudb.dfyf ]th rbltd 1992 o& lvfybcbc mdtlf .,bc (D 211) itcofdkfv^ hjvkbc itcf[t, vfiby dothlbs^ hjv vbcb vcufdct,f ER 992-sfy lf ER 730-sfy vb-udfybiyt,c lvfybcbc yfvfh[b /jvbyblt,bc cb-f[kjdtpt fahbrbc flhtek H. erectus-sfy, hjvkt,cfw iefktlehb flubkb erfdbfs H.

habilis-cf lf udbfyltk H. erectus-c ijhbc [9].

lvfybcbc flfvbfybc H. ergaster-sfy vcufdct,bc itcf[t, f[kf[fy othlyty Rosas lf Bermudez

de Castro [16] lf Tattarsall [21]. vbe[tlfdfl .jdtkbdt fqybiyekbcf, ]th-

]thj,bs 'ytkbf bvbc smvf, se fhf tc vcufdct,f, hjv lvfybcbc /jvbyblb ufdfbubdjs

H. ergaster-sfy& lvfybctkb /jvbyblbc itlf-ht,bs dbohj w[dbhbc 'dfkb, mfkfc cfhmdt-kbc itlfht,bs vwbht cbufyt, M

1 lf M

2-pt

rfhf,tkbc cbcntvbc ybiyt,bc fhct,j,f, P4-bc

cfuh'yj,b lfvjrkt,f^ fctdt mdtlf .,bcf lf mdtlf.,bc r,bkt,bc pjubthsb sfdbct,eht,f lf c[df [1; 9; 10], itcf'kjf, vjovj,c fv yf-vfh[b flfvbfybc thsudfh cbcntvfnbreh ufy-v[jkjt,ekj,fc& fvbnjv lvfybcbc /jvbyblbc sfdbc mfkt,bc eahj ltnfkehfl lf qhvfl itcofdkfvlt, vfhst,ekfl vbudfxybf vbdfres-dyjl bub Homo ex gr. Ergaster-c&

fvfdt lhjc, dt.hlyj,bs hf lvfybcbc yf-vfh[b flfvbfybc mfkfcf lf r,bkt,bc @thtm-nect,bcfsdbc# lfvf[fcbfst,tk ybiyt,c^ it-udb'kbf dbdfhfeljs, hjv lvfybcbc flfvbfyb tresdyjlf fahbrblfy itvjqotek bv e'dt-ktc flfvbfysf ]ueac, hjvtkcfw tdhfpbfib ufycf[kt,bcf lf pjvbthb cfhn.kbc gbhj,t-

,bcflvb ituet,bc ghjwtcib ufvjt.j H. ere-

ctus-bc fpbehb inj&1

L. Gabunia, A. Vekua, D. Lordkipanidze (Ge-orgia) G.Bosinski (Germany), R.Ferring (USA), O. Joris, A. Justus (Germany), G. Ma-isuradze, A. Mouskhelishvili, M .Nioradze, D. Sologashvili (Georgia), C. Swisher (USA), M. Tvalchrelidze (Georgia)

NEW FINDINGS OF THE REMAINS OF FOSSIL MAN FROM DMANISI (Summary)

The geologic, paleontological, geochronologic,

and paleomagnetic studies of the Dmanisi site point to an earliest Pleistocene age, ca.1.7-1.8 Ma.

In 1999 the site yielded two hominid skulls. Both D2280 and D2282 display a number of essential similarities with the crania of H. erectus sensu lato and particularly with its early African forms, attributed at present to H. ergaster. In particular, they share similar overall dimensions and proportions including the relative narrowness of the post-orbital region and moderate height of the cranial vault, small endocranial volume, simi-lar frontal and occipital inclination relative to the Frankfurt Horizontal, similar relief of the occipital area (particularly apparent in D2280), comparable appearance of the lateral profile and temporal crests, thickness of the cranial vault bones, sub-stantial pneumatization of the mastoid area, simi-lar morphology of the temporo-mandibular articu-lation, similar proportions of the facial skeleton including the narrowness of the alveolar arch, and morphology of the supraorbital tori as well as the character of the fronto-parietal keeling, and the disposition of the foramena in the base of the cal-varia.

D2280 and D2282 differ from Asian H. erectus specimens, in particular those closest in overall measurements such as Trinil and Sangiran 2, in essentially the same features that differentiate H. erectus senso strticto and H. ergaster of Africa.

If we base our judgement on the combination of the most significant features of the cranium and teeth of the Dmanisi hominids, they are closer to H. ergaster than to H.erectus sensu stricto. Never-theless, at this time pending more detailed inves-tigation of the crania we prefer to assign the Dmanisi hominids to Homo ex cf. ergaster. Given the presence of some H. erectus features of the Dmanisi hominid crania and teeth we suggest that these hominids represent those that initially dispersed from Africa and from which the Asian branch of H.erectus was derived.

1 yfihjvb itchekt,ekbf cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc = 1318 uhfynbc lf[vfht,bs&

13

kbnthfnehf 1. Габуния Л. К., Векуа А. К. Дманнисский

ископаемый человек и сопутствующая ему фауна позвоночных. Тбилиси, 1993.

2. Габуния Л. К., Векуа А. К., Юстус А. О. О нижней челюсти ископаемого человека из позднего виллафранка Дманиси. – Известия АН Грузии, серия биологическаяб т. 18, № 6, 1992, с. 418-427.

3. Габуния Л. К., Векуа А. К., Лордки-панидзе О. Д. Природная обстановка первич-ного проникновения древнего человека в умеренные широты. – Известия АН России, серия географическая, № 6, 1996, с. 36-37.

4. Alexeev V.P. The Origin of the Human Race. Moscow, 1986.

5. Begun D., Walker A..The Endocast. – The Nariokotome Homo Erectus Skeleton. Ed. A. Walker and R. Leakey. Harvard, 1993, pp. 326-358

6. Braun B., Walker A..The Dentition. – The Nariokotome Homo Erectus Skeleton. Ed. A. Walker a. R. Leakey. Harvard, 1993, pp. 161-192

7. Brauer G., Mbua E. 1992. Homo Erectus Feauters Used in Cladistics and their Variability. – Asian and African hominids. J.Hum. Evol., 22, 79-108, London.

8. Dzaparidze V., Bosinski G., Bugianishvili T., Gabunia L., Justus A., Klopotovskaja N., Kvavadze E., Lordkipanidze D., Maisuradze G., Mgeladze N., Nioradze M., Pavlenishvili E., Schmincke H., Sologashvili D., Tushabra-mishvili D., Tvalcrelidze M., Vekua A. Der altpalaolitische Fundplatz Dmanisi in Georgien (Kaukasus). – JRGZ, 36, 1991, Mainz, S. 67-116.

9. Gabunia L.K.. Der menschliche Unterkiefer von Dmanisi (Georgien, Kaukasus). – JRGZ, 39, 1992, S. 185-208

10. Gabunia L., Vekua A., La mandibule de L'Homme fossile du Villafranchien superieur de Dmanissi (Georgie orientale). – L'Anthropologie (Paris), 1995, v. 99, = 1, pp. 29-41.

11. Gabunia L., Vekua A., Lordkipanidze D. A hominid Metatarsal from Dmanisi (Eastern Georgia). – Anthropologie, 37, 1, 1999, Brno. pp. 45-48.

12. Kvavadze E., Vekua A., Vegetation and Climate of the Dmanisi Man Period (East Geor-gia) from Palynological Data. – Acta Palaeo-botanica. Cracov, = 33(2), 1993, pp. 343-355.

13. Maisuradze G., Geologisch-geomorpholo-gisch Universuchungen im Masavera-Becken (Süd-ost-Georgien). – JRGZ, 42, 1995, Mainz, S. 25-49.

14. Muskchelishvili A., Die Kleinfauna von Dmanisi. – JRGZ, 42, 1995, Mainz, pp.181-182

15. Rightmire G.P. The Evolution of Homo Erectus. Cambridge, 1990.

16. Rosas A. a. J.M. Bermudez de Castro. On the Taxonomic Affinities of the Dmanisi

Mandible (Georgia). – Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 107, 1998, 145-162.

17. Schmincke H.-U., Bogaard P., Die Datie-rung des Masavera-Basaltlavastroms. – JRGZ, 42, 1995, Mainz, S. 75-76.

18. Smith B.Holly. The Physiological Age of KNM-WT15000. – The Nariokotome Homo erec-tus skeleton. Ed. A. Walker a. R. Leakey. Harvard, 1993, pp. 195-220.

19. Sologashvili D., Pavlenishvili E., Gogi-chajshvili A., Zur Frage der palaomagnetischen Stratigraphie einiger junger Vulkanite und Sedi-mentgesteine im Maŝavera-Becken. – JRGZ, 42, 1995, Mainz, S. 51-74.

20. Stringer C. B. The Definition of Homo Erectus and the Existence of the Species in Africa and Europe. Cour Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg, 69, 1984, pp. 131-143.

21. Tattersall I. Out of Africa Again...and Again? – Scientific American, April, = 4, 1997, pp. 60-67

22. Tobias P.V. The Cranium and Maxillari Dentition of Australopithecus (Zinjanthropus) Boisei. – L. S. B. Leakey, ed. Olduvai Gorge, vol. 2. Cambridge, 1967.

23. Vekua A., Die Wirbeltierfauna des Villa-franchium von Dmanisi und ihre biostratigra-phische Bedeutung. – JRGZ, 42, 1995, Mainz. S. 77-180.

24. Walker A., Leakey R. The skull. – The Nariokotome Homo erectus skeleton. Ed. A.Walker a. R.Leakey. Harvard, 1993, pp. 63-94.

25. Weidenreich F. The Skull of Sinanthropus Pekinensis: a Comparative Study on a Primitive Hominid Skull. Paleont. – Sinica n.s.,D, 10, 1-484, Peking.

26. Wood B .A. Koobi Fora Research Project, Volume 4, Hominid Cranial Remains From Koobi Fora, pp. 1-492. Oxford, 1991.

cehfst,bc fqothbkj,f

ceh& 1& – lvfybcbc flubkcfgjdt,kbc ufs-[ht,bc utuvf&

ceh& 2& lvfybcbc yfvfh[b flfvbfybc mfkf (D 2280) obyblfy&

ceh& 3& lvfybcbc yfvfh[b flfvbfybc mfkf (D 2280) udthlblfy&

ceh& 4& lvfybcbc yfvfh[b flfvbfybc mfkf (D 2282) obyblfy&

ceh& 5& lvfybcbc yfvfh[b flfvbfybc mfkf (D 2282) udthlblfy&

ceh& 6& lvfybcbc yfvfh[b flfvbfybc mfkf (D 2282) cfcbc v[fht&

Description of the Figures Fig. 1. Map of Excavation Fig. 2. D-2280 Superior view Fig. 3. D-2280 Lateral view Fig. 4. D-2282 Superior view Fig. 5. D-2282 Lateral view Fig. 6. D-2282 Occlusal view

14

w[hbkb + ufypjvbkt,t,b (vv-ib) D2280 D2282 ER3733 ER3883 WT-15000 cfyubhfyb H. erectus erectus

ukf,tkf – bybjyb 176 166 182 182 175 17 194

,hutvf – bybjyb 127 125 --- --- --- --- ---

ukf,tkf – ,hutvf 100 (95) (106) 104 --- --- 113

,hutvf – gjhbjyb 91 (70) 92 (82) (87) 92 99

,hutvf – ,fpbjyb (105) (92) 108 107 (102) (105) ---

sdfkie,kbc cbvfqkt --- (37) 36 36 --- --- 36 ie,kbc evwbhtcb cbufyt 75 66 91 88 90,5 (79) 86 ,bjh,bnfkehb --- (93) (104) 108 83,5 --- ---

w[hbkb ++

D2282 ER3733*

WT 15000** cfyubhfyb4***

H. erectus erectus***

cbuh't cbufyt byl& cbuh't cbufyt byl& cbuh't cbufyt byl& cbuh't cbufyt byl& cbuh't cbufyt byl& P4

vfh]& 8 10 125 8,1 12,1 149 8,1 11,7 144 8,2 12,2 149 8 11,6 145

M1

vfh]& 12 12,9 105 --- --- --- 12,2 12,2 100 11,8 13,3 113 11,8 13,2 112

M1

vfhw[& 12,5 13 104 12,6 --- --- 11,3 12,1 107 --- --- --- --- --- ---

M2 vfhw[&

12,9 12,1 94 12 13,7 142 11,8 11,3 96 12,9 13,8 11,5 12,3 14 114

* B. Wood (1991)

** A. Walker . R. Leakey (1993)

*** F. Weidenreich (1937)

15

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VNRDFH-FHFMCEKB RTHT<BCF LF CFLUHT<BC UFDHWTKT<BC CFRBS{BCFSDBC

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vnrdfh-fhfmcekb rthf lf cflufhb v[j-kjl fv reknehbc resdybkt,ff lf fhw ob-yfvjh,tl tgjmfib (tytjkbsb) lf fhw vjv-ltdyj ief ,hby]fjc [fyfib fh ud[dlt,f&3

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wyj,bkbf bcbyb xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc 'tukt-,blfyfw% keujdjt^ cth;tybehnb (xfxyts-by-ueitsb)^ ljkbycrjt (.f,fhlj-,fk.fhtsb)^ dt-kbrtynb^ xbhrtb^ ufkufkfskb (lfqtcnfyb)&

vnrdfh-fhfmcekb rtht,b sb[bcff^ vhudf-kb ajhvbc^ xdtekt,hbd iblf ptlfgbhb vjg-hbfkt,ekb fmdc& ufhtsf v[fht rb e[tib^ hflufy rthf^ hjujhw otcb^ cfsfdcjc wty-nhib bfnfribf xfluvekb& cfmfhsdtkjib vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbcfsdbc lfvf[fcbf-st,tkb rthbc .dtkf nbgbf lfvjovt,ekb& tctybf% ,jhlbehbfyb^ mjhlbfyb^ 'bhpt uf-[dhtnbkb^ idthbkt,bfyb&

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2 vj[ctyt,f ofrbs[ekbf 1998 o& vfbcib b[& frw | cfvtwybthj ctcbf @vcjakbj reknehek-bcnjhb-ekb ghjwtcb lf cfmfhsdtkj#& vj[ctyt,fsf st-pbct,b& s,&^ 1998^ ud& 5-6& 3 ,tltybcf lf vnrdfh-fhfmcbc ithtek rekne-hek atyfib (yfwfhujhf^ wb[bfujhf) rthbc fhct-,j,f ,eyt,hbdfl vbudfxybf^ [jkj ceasf ,tltyeh yfcf[kfhpt (,thbrkltt,b) rthbc fqvjxtyf bctdt vnrdfh-fhfmcek nhflbwbt,pt vbudbsbst,c&

,jhlbehbfyb rtht,b lflfcneht,ekbf vnrdfh-fhfmcbc bcts flhtek yfcf[kfh at-yt,ib^ hjujhbwff [bpfyffysujhbc E ljyt [3^ ud& 36] lf stshb o.fhjc yfcjakfhbc mdtlf /jhbpjynb [1^ ud& 37] (nf,& +1)&

rthbc tc nbgt,b ufyfuh'j,c fhct,j,fc vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbc vstk cbuh'tpt^ v[jkjl eahj udbfyltk tnfgpt vfsb ,jh-lbehb mdbcufy rtslt,f (jpyb^ stshb o.fhj)& pju itvs[dtdfib bub jhyfvtynbsff ufajh-vt,ekb^ vfu& othjc ufvjcf[ekt,f fvbhfybc ujhbc rthfpt^ cgbhfkt,b lf jhvfub lhjibc ufvjcf[ekt,f tkfhbc rthbc ,jhlbehpt [18^ nf,& \|]& js[b htkbtaehb hrfkb lf M-ct,ehb lfyf'thot,b cbubnvfc yfcf[kfhbc rt-hfpt lf c[d& [10^ ud& 220]&

fpth,fb]fycf lf xhlbkj rfdrfcbfib bub rthbc thsflthsb nbgbf – qhvf sfcbc ajh-vbcf^ ufybthb itcmtkt,ekb lf uflvjikbkb yfgbhbs (mbekstat +^ ++)^ [7^ ud& 134^ nf,& 23]^ dtkbrtynb^ xbhrtb^ vtrtub [9^ ud& 220]& fvfdt nbgc vbtresdyt,f vhudfkb rthf 'bhpt ufzhbkb yf[dhtnbs& bub stshb o.fhjc yf-cf[kfhbc vhudfk yfut,j,fib fqvjxylf lf u& uj,t]bidbkbc vbth @cfvc[dthgkjl# b.j vbx-ytekb (nf,& +2)&

fctsbdt rthbc thsb cf[tj,ff mjhlbfyb rthf^ hjvtkbw cfrvfjl bidbfsbf^ cflqtbcjl stshb o.fhjlfy lf fhudtsbc yfcf[kfhblf-yff wyj,bkb& lfybiyekt,f wjnf ufehrdtdt-kbf^ sevwf u& uj,t]bidbkb vfc @kfvgfhc# eojlt,lf (nf,& ++1)&

wtw[ksfy lf rthfcsfy eylf b.jc lfrfd-ibht,ekb^ xdtyb fphbs^ vhudfkb^ afhsj lf lf,fkb nfabct,ehb zehztkb^ hjvtkcfw ,hn.tkb 'bhb^ cojhb rtlkt,b lf wfk v[fhtc qbj,b /mjylf& bcbyb ufhtlfy e[tibf^ [jkj ibuyblfy yfghbfkt,bf lf ufajh-vt,ekbf yf[dhtnt,bs gbhmdti (ufkufkfskb +) [9^ ud& 143] fy idthbkt,bs qbj,bc jhbdt v[fhtc ([bpfyffysujhf E) [3^ ceh& 4]&

fyfkjubehb zehztkb ,tdhbf mdfw[tkfpt^ uelf,thn.fpt^ ,tisfityib^ jpybib& xdtekt,-hbd qbj,bc vjgbhlfgbht v[fht itlhtrbkbf lf ptl .ehbf vb'thobkb& [bpfyffysujhbc fctsb wfkb wtw[kbcfufy itvehekbf^ fvbnjv b& rbrdb't vfs cfhbnefkj zehzkfl vbbx-ytdlf^ hfw cfdct,bs lfvf]tht,kfl udtxdtyt-,f& cjv[tsib bub wyj,bkbf fhtdbrblfy [17^ ud& 163-164]^ fpth,fb]fyib mbekstatlfy [7^ ud& 134]&

rthbc .dtkfpt ufdhwtkt,ekb ajhvf idt-hbkt,bfyb rthff& bub vnrdfh-fhfmcbc ufydb-

16

sfht,ekb lf abyfkehb tnfgt,bcfsdbcff lf-vf[fcbfst,tkb& idthbkt,b yfbhudfhbf% mbvb-ct,ehb^ vjvhudfkt,ekb^ ofvf[dbkt,ekb^ lf-of[yfut,ekb lf c[d&^ hjvkt,bw xdtekt,hbd rthbc iblf v[fhtcff vb'thobkb (nf,& ++2^3)&

wyj,bkbf ths^ jh^ cfv^ js[ lf [esidt-hbkbfyb rtht,b& rthbc iblf gbhb^ xdtekt,-hbd^ ptlvbotdybsff ufghfkt,ekb& idthbkt,b fhfsfyf,hflff ufyfobkt,ekb lf jh idt-hbkc ijhbc pju]th sfhjct,ehb itqhvfdt-,f ud[dlt,f^ pju]th rb gfnfhf n.egb idt-hbkb& [ibhfl iblfgbhb jhyfvtynbht,ekbf (cgbhfkt,b^ jhvfub qepf)&

idthbkt,bfyb rtht,b fqvjxylf stshb o.f-hjc^ jpybc^ mek,fmt,bc^ reke[jvbc^ [bpfyf-fysujhbc^ mdfw[tkfc^ fvbhfybc ujhbc^ wb[bf-ujhfc^ jh[tdbc^ ;bydfkbc^ fhudtsbc^ lble-,bc (vjltkb) lf c[d& yfcf[kfht,pt&

cjv[tsib rkfcbreh vfufkbsc ofhvjfl-utyc ityufdbsbc^ ufhybc^ tkfhbc idthbkbfyb rtht,b& fpth,fb]fyib^ hjujhw erdt bsmdf^ idthbkbfyb rtht,b fh udfmdc&

rthf^ hjujhw otcb^ cfsfdcjc wtynhibf xfluvekb^ vbc erfy vjsfdct,ekbf wtynhf-kehb ,j'b^ [jkj rtltksfy sb[bc itvfqkt-,ekb vjtlfyb-gjlbevb^ hjvtkptlfw [ibhfl lfv[j,bkbf cfufyut,jl itchekt,ekb lf itvrekb zehztkb& fmdtf sb[bc vjktcbkb yfwfhuhjdt,b ([bpfyffysujhf^ mdfw[tkf)& cf-sfdcjc tc yfobkb j]f[bc otdht,bc sfdit-.hbcf lf cfreknj hbnefkt,bc xfnfht,bc ovbylf flubkc ofhvjflutylf&

rthbc f[kjc^ xdtekt,hbd^ cfluht,bw ud[dlt,f^ cfluht,b ibyffhcbsf lf cbv,jkb-rbs cojhtl rthfcsfy fhbc lfrfdibht,ekb lf thsb cfthsj bltf-hovtybc ufvj[fnekt-,fc ofhvjflutyc&

rthbcf lf cfluhbc thsbfyj,fpt vbudbsb-st,c bc afmnb^ hjv [bpfyffyujhbc E atyfib fqvjxtybk ,jhlbehsfy rthbc 'bhpt hmbfyb cflufhb b.j vb'thobkb& cfbynthtcj fphb fmdc ufvjsmvekb fvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs b& rbrdb'tc^ hjvtkbw sdkblf^ hjv idthbkbfyb rtht,b ofhvjbidf ,jhlbehbfyb rthbcf lf hmbct,ehb cfluhbc itho.vbc itltufl [3^ ud& 177]& mdfw[tkfc yfcf[kfhbc C atyfib yfyf[bf sb[bc vjltkb – cfvat[f cflufhpt vlufhb js[idthbkbfyb rthf – hfw rbltd thsb lf-lfcneht,ff rthbcf lf cfluhbc thsbfyj,bc&

vnrdfh-fhfmcbc cfluht,b c[dflfc[df ajh-vbcff^ fhbc rjzbct,hb^ wbkbylhek-,kjrbct-,ehb^ rjyecbct,ehb^ [fhbc hmbct,ehb lf yfkbct,ehb (nf,& +++)& cjv[tscf lf fpth,fb-]fyib eahj [ibhbf otkib ufvj.dfybkb zehzkbct,ehb^ vskbfyb [fhbc abuehbct,e-hb lf cfvat[f cfluht,b (mbekstat^ ,f,flthdb-ib^ fhtdbrb^ ihti-,kehb^ fhbzb lf c[d&) [15^ ud& 99* ceh& 21]& at[bfyb rjzbct,ehb^ rjyecb-ct,ehb lf hmbfyb cfluht,b fqvjxylf xhlb-

kjts rfdrfcbfibw (nf,& +|)& hjujhw bhrdt-df^ vstk fv xfvjsdkbk cfluht,ib .dtkfpt vtnb ufdhwtkt,f vfbyw hmbct,ehvf cflufhvf /gjdf& vfuhfv tc ajhvf .dtkf htubjyib ths-yfbhb fh fhbc& vfu&^ fpth,fb]fybc (mbekstat +^ ++^ ,f,f-lthdbibc [10^ ud&15])^ ufycfresht,bs rb xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc hmbfyb cfluht,b vfcbe-hbf^ js[res[tlbc ajhvbc^ udthlib yf[dht-nbs lf pju]th yf[tdfhcathekb .ehbs& wfk v[fhtc hmbct,hb ofyfidtht,b fmdc& vfs @hmbfy fueht,c# eojlt,ty& fctsbf ljkby-crjtc (.f,fhlj-,fk.fhtsb)^ keujdjtc [14^ ud& 171^ nf,& +++], cth;ty-behnbc (xfxyts-by-ueitsbc) [15^ ud& 543& nf,& 78^ 79]^ ifekt-utnbc (xhlbkjts jctsbc) vfcfkt,b& cfmfh-sdtkjib fqvjxtybkb hmbfyb cfluht,b eahj yfrkt, vfcbehbf lf lf[dtobkj,bs ufvjbh-xtdf& wfkb v[fht vhudfkbf lf fm ufvzjkb yf[dhtnb fmdc^ vjgbhlfght v[fhtc rb hmb-ct,ehb ofyfidtht,b (ptvj fdzfkf^ reke[j-vb^ pqelhbcudthlf^ mek,fmt,b lf c[d&)&

,& reanbyb sdkblf^ hjv hmbfy cfluht,ib fhtrkbkbf @lblb ltlbc# reknb lf vbcsdbc itcfobhb w[jdtkb – [fhb [12^ ud& 70-71]&

j& ]fafhb'tc [fhbc cfreknj j,btmnfl mwtdf chekbfl ,eyt,hbd vjdktyfl vbfxylf^ vbcb ghjlemnekj,bc lf ufvotd 'fkfl ufvj-.tyt,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,bs& [fhbc reknc erf-dibht,lf u& uj,t]bidbkb yfwfhujhbc udbfy-,hby]fjc [fybc cfvkjwdtkjib fqvjxtybk hmbfy cfvc[dthgkjc yfkbct,h rthfcsfy lf hmbfy cfluht,sfy thsfl [2^ ud& 260]&

hmbfyb cfluht,b fqvjxtybkbf vthcbyib [24^ ud& 135^ 143* ceh& 90^ 166]& bjhlfy-st-atpt^ rjhrersfy^ rhtnf-vbrtybc rekneht,ib [22^ ud& 332^ ceh& 189]&

fv vjcfpht,bc cfvfhskbfyj,fc flfcne-ht,c cjv[tsbc cfluht,b^ hjvkt,bw [fhbc vskbfy abuehfc fcf[fdty pehupt .ehbs [18^ nf,& |++] (nf,& +|2)&

.dtkfpt ufdhwtkt,ekb cfluhbc nbgb vf-byw yfkbct,ehbf& vfhnbd yfkbct,eh cfl-uht,c iefib .ehb fmds& [jkj eahj hsekc fyshjgjvjhaekb lf pjjvjhaekb lf,jkj-t,t,b& fvfs vrdktdfhsf yfobkb uflfcfnfy rt-hfc eojlt,c lf sdkbc^ hjv vfs lfvjerb-lt,tkb cfreknj vybidytkj,f /mjylf (vey-xftdb^ rjptb^ cfujyf lf c[d&)&

cfmfhsdtkjib yfkbct,hb cflufhb fqvjxt-ybkbf [bpfyffysujhfpt [3^ ud& 52& ceh& 85]^ jpybib [19^ ud& 36]^ pqelhbcudthlfpt [4^ ud& 83] lf fvbhfybc ujhfpt [5^ ud& 57] (nf,& +++4-6)&

yfkbct,ehb cflufhb ufycfresht,bs ,td-hbf vl& fhfmcbc fepib – fhvfdbh-,kehb^ ufhyb^ ityufdbsb^ rjcb-xjnthb^ mbekstat^ fvfcbf^ tkfhb [18^ ud& 178]& mbekstatc yfkb-ct,ehb cfluht,bc wtynhib vjuh'j ajhvbc idthbkbf^ hjvtkcfw pehublfy .ehb fmdc

17

vb'thobkb^ cfluhbc lf,jkjt,t,b flfvbfybc nthac ufvjcf[fdty^ pjubths vfsufypt gf-nfhf ofyfidtht,bf at[bc sbst,bc vcufdcb [7^ ud& 135^ nf,& 23]&

yfkbct,hb cflufhb^ wtynhfkeh idthbkpt flfvbfybc cf[bc ufvjcf[ekt,bs^ wyj,bkbf cfv[hts lfqtcnyblfy – ifhfreyblfy [16^ ud& 45]& ufycfresht,bs cfbynthtcjf cjv[tsib fqvjxtybkb yfkbct,hb cfluht,b* pjub vfs-ufyb cfv at[pt lufc^ [jkj lf,jkjt,t,b w[dhbc sfdt,c ofhvjcf[fdty& fctsb cfluht,b fhbc fhbzblfy^ fvfcbflfy [19^ ud& 72] lf ity-ufdbsblfy [8^ ud& 225]& cfbynthtcjf hjv .dtkf itvs[dtdfib w[dhbc abueht,b ufyc[df-dt,ekb cnbkbsff itchekt,ekb (nf,& +|1)&

cjv[tsbc vsbfytsbc ths-ths 'tukpt yf-kbct,ehb^ iefib ofyfidthbfyb cfluht,bc ,hn.tkb nthabct,hb lf,jkjt,t,b 'fkbfy cfbynthtcjlff ufajhvt,ekb& ptl ufvjcf[e-kbf flfvbfybc cf[t% jhb ajcj – sdfkt,b^ htkbtaehb [fpb – w[dbhb& sbsj lf,jkjt-,fpt fctsb ufvjcf[ekt,f jhbf^ thsb ptlf rbltcsfy^ vtjht rb – mdtdbs 'bhsfy [18^ ceh& 13^ nf,& |++] (nf,& +|7^8)& pju ofyfidthc af-kjcbc ajhvf fmdc& cfmfhsdtkjib lflfcne-ht,ek yfkbct,h cfluht,c ijhbc .ehflqt-,fc bmwtdc f[fkwb[bc fvbhfybc ujhbc cflu-ht,b& vfsb wtynhfkehb idthbkb vfvfrfwbc cf[tc ufvjcf[fdc^ ,hn.tk sfdpt ajcjf lf-nfybkb [5^ ud& 81]& .jdtkb vfsufyb bsbafke-hbf lf^ hjujhw n& xe,bybidbkb abmhj,lf^ at[t,ufikbkb vfvfrfwbc ufvjcf[ekt,fc ofh-vjflutyc&

yfkbct,hb cfluht,b^ bctdt hjujhw idt-hbkbfyb rtht,b^ vnrdfh-fhfmcbc vjudbfyj^ ufydbsfht,ek tnfgc f[fcbfst,c&

hfw itt[t,f wbkbylhek-,kjrbct,eh^ rj-zbc ajhvbc^ zehzkbc ajhvbcf lf cfvat[f cfluht,c vfs^ hjujhw xfyc^ eahj ghfmnb-rekb lfybiyekt,f /mjylf& yfobkb cfifvae-htt,fl b.j vbxytekb (,& reanbyb^ d& kfv,b^ h& fvbhfyb lf c[d&)^ yfobkb rb zehzkbc cfl-ufvt,fl ufvjb.tyt,jlf (/& rjptb)&

rthbcf lf cfluhbc aeymwbbcf lf ibyffh-cbc itcf[t, ,tdhb fphbf ufvjsmvekb^ sevwf vfsb cfrhfkehb lfybiyekt,f fhw ths vrdkt-dfhib tzdc fh bodtdlf& ,& reanbyb vhudfk rthfc^ gbhdtk.jdkbcf^ velvbd wtw[kbcf lf yf.jabtht,bc vafhdtk @lblb ltlbc# reknc erfdibht,lf& [jkj hmbct,eh cfluht,c [fhbc ufvjcf[ekt,fl vbbxytdlf lf sdkblf^ hjv lblb cfhut,kbfyj,bc ufvj ([jhwb^ n.fdb^ ufvotdb 'fkf) @lblb ltlbc# ovbylf w[jdtkc ofhvjflutylf& vhudfk ,jkjib lfnfybk yf-[dhtnib^ vbcb fphbs^ ovbylf [bc njnc fvfu-ht,lyty (@xbxbkfrc#) lf tc b.j chekb hb-nefkb yf.jabtht,bc mfkqdsft,bc reknvcf-[eht,bcf& fm vfc vj/.fdlf itlfht,f rhtnf-

vbrtybc hmbfy cfrehs[tdkt,sfy^ hjvtksf yf[dhtnib jhvfub wekbc ufvjcf[ekt,f bl-uvt,jlf (hmbfyb cfrehs[tdkt,b fqvjxtybkbf w[bydfkbc yfwfhujhfpt)&

yf.jabtht,bcf lf ufvhfdkt,bc reknb ]th rbltd mdbc [fyfib xfbcf[f^ lf vafhdtkb mfkbc cf[bs b.j uffpht,ekb& wyj,bkbf mf-kbc vwbht abueht,b hjujhw rfdrfcbbc^ fct-dt obyf lf vwbht fpbblfy& bub sfdbc rek-vbyfwbfc fqotdc vofhvjt,kehb vtehytj,bc lfvrdblht,fcsfy thsfl^ hjltcfw j]f[bc thsbfyj,bc^ cbvnrbwbcf lf rtsbklqtj,bc cbv,jkjl bmwtdf&

vbofsvjmvtlt,bc ufydbsfht,f lf yf.jab-tht,bc phlf lblfl b.j lfvjrblt,ekb vpbcf lf wbeh vyfsj,sf vj'hfj,fpt^ hfvfw ofh-vjidf rjcvjujybehb ofhvjlutyt,b% rthf ufb-ubdt,ekb bmyf vptcsfy^ [fhbc hmt,b – vsdf-htcsfy& [jkj se ajkrkjhcfw vjdbidtkb-t,s^ vpt mfkbf^ vsdfht rb – vfvfrfwb& b& rbr-db't^ hjvtkvfw cgtwbfkehfl itbcofdkf cf-reknj cfuyt,b lf hbnefkt,b lf itf]thf tsyjuhfabek vjyfwtvt,sfy^ bv lfcrdyfvlt vbdblf^ hjv rthf^ cflufhb lf velvbdb wtw-[kb – tc fhbc nhbflf^ hjvkbsfw ofhvjl-utybkbf vbofsvjmvtlb cfpjufljt,bc fcnhf-kehb gfystjyb lf hjvtkbw rfhufl erfdibh-lt,f mfhsdtk njvsf 'dtksfufy vjvlbyfht htkbubeh it[tlekt,t,c [11^ ud& 182^ 186^ 190]&

itvlujvib^ hjujhw bsmdf^ [lt,f vhudfkb rthbcf lf hmbfyb cfluhbc itho.vf^ hbc it-ltuflfw vrdblhlt,f idthbkbfyb rtht,b& fvf-dt gthbjlib lbl ufdhwtkt,fc gjekj,c yf-kbct,hb ajhvbc cfluht,b fye ptcfluht,b&

sfdlfgbhdtkfl yfkbct,hb ajhvbc cflu-ht,bw vrkfdt,ufikbk mfkqvthsbc – @lblb ltlbc# reknc lferfdibhtc (,& reanbyb)^ vfuhfv fvbhfybc ujhfpt fqvjxtybkvf yfkb-ct,hvf cflufhvf hflbrfkehfl itwdfkf tc fphb& fv cfluhbc wtynhib ufvjcf[ekb b.j vfvfrfwbc cf[t lf [fpufcvekb vfvfrfwehb ybiyt,b^ hbc cfae'dtkptlfw n& xe,bybidbk-vf^ cfdct,bs cfvfhskbfyfl vbbxybf bub at-[t,ufikbk v]lfh vfvfrfwfl^ hjvtkbw rthbc f[kjc fy vbcb ptcfluhbc vlujvfhtj,fib rt-hbc ufyf.jabtht,bc hbnefkc tvcf[eht,jlf& yfkbct,hb cfluht,b cfpjufljt,fib vfvfrf-wbc hjkbc ufphlbcf lf gfnhbfhmfnbc vf-ybiyt,tkb b.j&

xdty vbpfyc fh itflutyc rtht,bcf lf cfl-uht,bc lf vfs vbvfhs ufvjsmvekb c[dflf-c[dfyfbhb vjcfpht,t,bc .jdtkv[hbdb lf lt-nfkehb ufy[bkdf& xdtysdbc vsfdfhb b.j it'kt,bclfudfhfl ofhvjudtxbyf fv cfuyt,bc elbltcb vybidytkj,f bvlhjbyltkb flfvbfyb-cfsdbc& w[flb uf[lf^ hjv vnrdfh-fhfmcek cfpjufljt,fc erdt cfdct,bs xfvj.fkb,t,ekb ofhvjlutyt,b /mjylf cfv.fhjpt^ rjcvjpt^ ,eyt,bc vjdktyt,pt* hbnefkt,bc nhflbwbf

18

yf.jabtht,bc^ ufvhfdkt,bc^ vjofsvjmvtlt,bc^ velvbdb wtw[kbc j]f[bcf se udfhbc vafh-dtk qdsft,fsf sf.dfybcwtvbcfsdbc&

tc hsekb cekbthb cfv.fhj sfdbcb cbv-,jkjt,bs% rthf^ cflufhb gjlbevb^ itktcb-kb yfwfhuhjdt,b^ ovbylf yfwhbc jhvjt,b lf c[d& cojhtl vnrdfh-fhfmctkbc ituyt,bc^ fq-mvbcf lf fphjdyt,bc ljybc ufvj[fnekt,fc ofhvjflutylf& fvbnjvfw 'fkpt vybidytkjdf-ybf fv tktvtynt,bc fqvjxtybc afmnt,b vnrdfh-fhfmcbc 'bhtekb nthbnjhbbc ufhts&

wyj,bkbf^ hjv vnrdfh-fhfmcb ufcwbklf rfdrfcbbc afhukt,c lf ufdhwtklf obyf lf vwbht fpbbc vbvfhsekt,bs (fyfnjkbf^ cb-hbf^ gfktcnbyf^ bhfyb)& ybifylj,kbdbf^ hjv .dtkf yfcf[kfhpt^ cflfw udfmdc vnrdfh-fhfm-cekb rthfvbrf lfcnehlt,f fv reknehbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb rthf lf cfluht,b& ufvjyfr-kbcc bhfyb ofhvjflutyc^ bm nbgbeh vnrdfh-fhfmcek yfcf[kfht,pt (utjbstat^ bfybrst-at^ ujlbystat) rtht,b lf cfluht,b fh xfyc^ itcf'kjf bvbnjv hjv vbc vjcfpqdht fpth-,fb]fyibw bcbyb yfrkt,fl xfyc ufvj.tyt,ekb&

hfw itt[t,f fyfnjkbbc 'tukt,c^ bm vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbc ofv.dfyb tktvtynt,b che-kflff ofhvjlutybkb* tctybf% mfhfpb^ geke-hb^ lt]thvtystat^ ntgt]brb^ rjhertstat^ yjh-ieystat^ ,berstat-/eberb^ cjcstat lf c[d&

mfhfpbc ujhfyfcf[kfhbc 15-17 atyt,ib nbgbehb vnrdfh-fhfmcekb lfcf[kt,ff nthf-cekb nbgbcf& mdbc cf'bhrdtkpt ufvfhsek fkbpbc yfut,j,fib fqvjxtybkbf cfv- lf js[-idthbkbfyb rtht,b^ jh itvs[dtdfib idthb-kt,fotekb^ jhyfvtynbht,ekb (nf,& |1)&

gekehbc ujhfyfcf[kfpt cf[kt,cf lf jsf[t,ib (= 62^ 64^ 79^ 100^ 101 lf c[d&) lfabmcbht,ekbf sb[bc vhudfkb ,jhlbehbf-yb rtht,b^ yfkbct,hb cfluht,b^ hjvkt,cfw sdbs /& rjptb @cfvc[dthgkj uflfcfnfy rt-hfc# eojlt,c& hfvltybvt itvs[dtdfib yfkb-ct,ehb cflufhb gbhlfgbh rthfpt lufc lf rthbc ufyf.jabtht,bc cwtyfc ofhvjcf[fdc [24^ nf,& \]^ cfluhbc wtynhcf lf jhbdt lf,jkjt,fpt flfvbfybc cf[tf ufvjcf[ekb [ud& 38]& jsf[t,ib fhbc gjlbevt,b ptl lfv-[j,bkb zehzkt,bs&

ufvs[htkb /& rjptb othc% @tc htubjyb bvltyfl f[kjf thsb v[hbd rfdrfcbf-bhfysfy^ [jkj vtjht v[hbd cbhbf-gfktcnbyfcsfy^ hjv bydfpbt,bcf lf vj'hfj,bc lblb itcf'-kt,kj,ff* rth'jl rb tc gthbjlb (flhtekb ,hby]fj) 'kbth ew[jeh ufdktyt,pt vtn.dt-kt,c# [26^ ud& 121]&

lt]thvtystat^ +-+| flht,hby]fjf& rthf-vbrbc 84~ vnrdfh-fhfmcekbf^ fkbpbc ityj-,fsf wtynhib cfvat[f^ rjzbct,ehb lf yfkb-ct,ehb cfluhbc ahfuvtynt,bf& h& lehe fd-kt,c gfhfktkt,c yjhieyc^ gekehcf lf mf-hfpsfy [21^ ud& 76-77] (nf,& |2^3)&

ntgt]brbc flht,hby]fj ++-+++ atyt,b fkbpbc yfut,j,t,bsf lf vnrdfh-fhfmcekb rthfvbrbsff ofhvjlutybkb& e& ecbyb @rbh-,tnrthfrc# eojlt,c& bfnfrt,ib xfluvekbf vhudfkb ,jhlbehbfyb lf yfkbct,hb vj.dfyb-kj,bc rtht,b& pjubc ptlfgbhb jmhbs obs-kflff itqt,bkb [23^ ud& 84^ 86]& fyfkjub-ehb cehfsbf rjherestatpt (nf,& |)&

yjhieystat [tkjdyehb ,jhwdbf^ vt-18-19 atyt,b flht,hby]fjc tgjmbcff (flhtekb ,hby]fjc +^ ++^ +++)& fkbpbc jsres[f cf[kt,-ib vhudfkb sb[bc rtht,bf fqvjxtybkb& yjh-ieystatc rtht,b hfvltybvt nbgbcff% ,jhlbe-hbfyb^ jhidthbkbfyb lf cfvidthbkbfyb& fhbc yfkbct,hb (|) ajhvbc rtht,bw^ hjvtksf erfy sb[bc crfvbf^ ptl lfv[j,bkb zehzkbs& rthfvbrbc evhfdktcj,f vnrdfh-fhfmcekbf [25^ nf,& 182* 6^ nf,& 30-32] (nf,& |5^6^7)&

xhlbkj-fqvjcfdkts fyfnjkbfib jhb 't-ukb bs[ht,f^ jhbdtpt vnrdfh-fhfmcekb at-yt,bf fqvjxtybkb&

,beberstat-/eberbc flht,hby]fjc atyfib vjoyekb mdbc cf'bhrdtkpt yfut,b cfsfdcjt-,bf^ hjvkt,ibw sb[bc vhudfkb rtht,b lf yf-kbct,hb cfluht,b lflfcnehlf fyshjgjvjh-aekb lf afkjcbct,ehb lf,jkjt,t,bs [27^ ud& 71& ceh& 2]& f& cfujyfc fphbs^ tc rtht,b nbgbehb lfvf[fcbfst,tkb ybifybf nhfycrfdrf-cbf-fyfnjkbbcf lf ktdfynbcfsdbc& atyf 'd&o& +++ fsfco& gbhdtkb vtjs[tlbs sfhbqlt,f&

cjc-/berpt ('d&o& 28-25 cc&) flht,hby]f-jc 5 cfvityt,kj /jhbpjynbf^ ityj,t,b oye-kbf^ sb[bs itktcbkb^ itvltu rb fkbpbcff mdbc cf'bhrdtkpt& rthfvbrf vnrdfh-fhfmce-kbf^ hjvtkcfw f& cfujyf eojlt,c @nhfycrfd-rfcbehc#& jsf[t,ib lfabmcbht,ekbf vhudfkb sb[bc rthf fotekb idthbkt,bs mfhfpbc nb-gbcf^ ,jhlbehbfyb rtht,b lf yfkbct,ehb cfluht,b afkjcbct,ehb ,jkjt,bs fy ptlf-gbhpt ajcjt,bs (nf,& +|4^5)& tctyb fdnjhc cfrhfkeh ybdst,fl vbfxybf& fvudfhbdt rtht,b wyj,bkbf nfireyvtdrbcf lf ueptkjdfc yfvj-cf[kfhpt [28^ ud& 33& ceh& 9] (nf,& |+1^2^3)& rtht,b lf ufycfresht,bs yfkbct,ehb cfl-uht,b wyj,bkbf fvemblfy (n,fhf tk-frhflb)^ rbh,tn-rthfrblfy^ ,tn-ifyb lf ,tn-bthflfy lf fbc yfcf[kfhblfy& fbc yfcf[kfhbc cfl-uhbc wtynhfkeh idthbkcf lf nthabct,eh ,jkjt,pt flfvbfybc cf[tf fvjrdtsbkb& h& fvbhfyb sdkbc^ hjv fv hbubc ybdst,b xylt,f flht,hby]fj +++ gthbjlib lf firfhfl cf-reknj-hbnefkehb lfndbhsdf fmdc [20^ ud& 9]& bcbyb 'fkpt ufdhwtkt,ekbf @nhfycrfdrf-cbeh reknehfib# lf fqotdc cbhbf-gfktc-nbyfcfw (rbh,tn-rthfrb)* vfs eojlt,ty [fy ptcfluht,c^ [fy rb e,hfkjl cfluht,c& h& fvb-hfyb othc% @rbh,tn-rthfrbc reknehf itvj-cekbf vbcb cfvij,kjlfy nhfycrfdrfcbblfy

19

fhf dfzhj,bsf lf tmcgjhnbs^ fhfvtl vfsb itvmvytkb [fk[bc vbuhfwbf-tmcgfycbbs [20^ ud& 9]. vfhskfw^ tcff cfdct,bs kjubrehb lfcrdyf fhct,ekb vfcfkt,bcf lf afmnt,bc j,btmnehb uffpht,bc cfae'dtkpt&

hjltcfw kfgfhfrbf kbsjybc ybdst,bc^ bfhfq-cfvrfekbc fy seylfw ytlktekbc (j,-cblbfyb^ vflfyb) ufdhwtkt,fpt cfv[hts rfd-rfcbbc nthbnjhbbc ufhts^ tc itb'kt,f fb[-cyfc dfzhj,bs^ ufwdkf-ufvjwdkbs^ ufvjwlb-kt,bcf lf xdtdt,bc uflfqt,bs^ sevwf pjub vrdktdfhb (y& vthgtnb) sdkbc^ hjv fv itv-s[dtdfibw rb fk,fs [tkjcybc lf [tkjcfysf ]ueat,bc uflfflubkt,f [lt,jlf& bubdt it-b'kt,f bsmdfc rthfvbrek ghjlemwbfpt& vfu-hfv hjwf cfmvt t[t,f chekbfl ufycfpqd-hekb nbgbc rthbc lf cfluhbc ufdhwtkt,fc^ vbc nhflbwbek flubkc cfsfdcjc bynthb-thib^ vbc erfy vjsfdct,ek sb[bc gjlbevt,c^ ptl lfv[j,bkb sb[bc zehzkbs – tc erdt e,hfkj lfvs[dtdf fh itb'kt,f b.jc& xdty ptvjsfw dsmdbs^ hjv rthf^ cflufhb lf vfc-sfy lfrfdibht,ekb fnhb,enbrf vnrdfh-fhfmcbc cfpjufljt,bc hsekb cekbthb cfv-.fhjc^ vbcb fphjdyt,bcf lf vbcb hovtyf-ofh-vjlutyt,bc ufvj[fnekt,ff& fvbnjv vfsb lf-lfcneht,f lfijht,ek htubjyt,ib eylf ufy-db[bkjs fhf hjujhw afmnb vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbc ufdktybcf fy ehsbthsj,t,bcf^ fhfvtl fv reknehbc vfnfht,tkb vjcf[kt-j,bc vj'hfj,f-uflfflubkt,bcf vwbht lf ob-yf fpbbc vbvfhsekt,bs&

G. Phakadze

ON THE DISRIBUTION OF KURA-ARAXES

HEARTH S AND ANDRIONS

(Summary)

Heartls and andirons are the most characteristic

features of the Kura-Araxes culture in the Caucasus

as well as its specific ceramic production.

They belong to the Early Bronze Age, not occu-

rring in Aeneolithic and Middle Bronze cultures.

Clay hearths and andirons are discovered in all

settlements of south Caucasus; in Georgia (Tetri

tsqaro, Gudabertqa, Kvatskhela, Khizanaant Gora,

Amiranis Gora, Ozni, Zveli, Argveti, etc), in Armenia

(Shresh-blur, Armavir-blur, Shengavit, Elar etc), in

Aazerbaijan (Kültepe I, II, Babadervish, etc). They

are common as well at North Caucasus settlements

(Lugovoe, Sezjen-Urt, Velikent, Chirkey etc).

Kura-Araxes clay hearths are of round shape

and usually fixed in the floor in the centre of the

room. There are known several types of hearths,

but two of them – hearths with bordure, and

hearths with projections are most common.

Among various clay andirons (potstands) two

main forms must be mentioned: horn-shaped and

horseshoe shaped ones.

Hearths with three and more projections and

horseshoe shaped andirons with zoomorphic and

anthromorphic ending are characteristic of the

developed and final stages of the Kura-Araxes

culture. As a rule, they are met always side by

side and are interpreted as cult implements,

although their practical function is not excluded.

Apparently they reflect the complicated beliefs

of Kura-Araxes society with corresponding cult

rituals (astral, fertility, fire, farming etc).

The Kura-Araxes culture was widespread

from the Transcaucasus to the south towards Asia

Minor and the North East.

In the Iranian settlements (Geoi-tepe Yanik-

tepe, Godin-tepe etc), where Kura-Araxes cultural

layers and pottery are attested, hearths and andi-

rons of the above-mentioned type, are unfortuna-

tely, not known yet.

But absolutely similar hearths and andirons of

the same function have been discovered at settle-

ments in Anatolia, Syria and Palestine (so-called

Khirbet-Kerak culture) with typical Kura-Araxes

pottery (Karaz, Pulur, Norshun, Tepejik, Sos

Hüyük, Koruku, Amuq plain). Scholars suppose

that this culture must be of Transcaucasian origin

(R. Amiran, A. Sagona, Ch. Burney).

Hearths and andirons represent the spiritual

and religious symbols of Kura-Araxes society,

and its distribution beyond the Caucasus mani-

fests not only mutual influences, but even migra-

tion of Kura-Araxes tribes towards Asia Minor

and the Near East.

kbnthfnehf 1& uj,t]bidbkb u& stshbo.fhjc yfcja-

kfhb& s,&^ 1973& 2& uj,t]bidbkb u& cnfkbybhbc yfwfh-

ujhf& – vbvjv[bkdtkb^ ++^ s,&^ 1951^ ud& 209-276&

3& rbrdb't b& [bpfyffys ujhbc flht,hby-]fjc [fybc yfcf[kfhb& s,&^ 1972&

4& ]fafhb't j& mfhsdtk njvsf bcnjhb-bcfsdbc& kbsjybc ofhvjt,f flhtek cfat-[ehpt& s,&^ 1961&

5& xe,bybidbkb n& vnrdhbcf lf fhfrcbc jhvlbyfhtsbc e'dtktcb reknehf& s,&^ 1965&

6& qkjynb k&^ ]fdf[bidbkb r&^ rbqe-

hf't s& [hfvbc lblb ujhbc fyshjgjvjh-

aekb mfylfrt,t,b& – 'v^ = 33^ 1973^ ud& 5-16& 7& Абибуллаев О А. Энеолит и бронза на

территории Нахичеванской АССР. Баку, 1982.

20

8& Байбуртян Е. А. Культовый очаг из

раскопок Шингавитского поселения в 1936-

1937 гг. – ВДИ, № 4, 1938, с& 255–259.

9& Гаджиев М. Г. Раннеземледельческая

культура Северо-Восточного Кавказа. М.,

1991.

10& Исмаилов Г. С. Археологические иссле-

дования древнего поселеня Баба-Дервиш.

Баку, 1977.

11& Киквидзе Я. И. Земледелие и земледель-

ческий культ в древней Грузии. Тб., 1988.

12. Куфтин Б. А. К проблеме энеолита

внутренней Картли и Юго-Осетии. – ВГМГ,

XIV-B, 1947, c.67-88.

13. Куфтин Б. А. Археологические раскоп-

ки 1947 года в Цалкинскиом районе. Тб., 1948.

14. Круглов А. П., Подгаецкий Г. В. До-

линское поселение у г. Нальчика. – МИА, 3,

1941, c.23-147.

15. Мунчаев Р. М. Кавказ на заре брон-

зового века. М., 1975.

16. Пикуль М. И. Раскопки в Южном Даге-

стане в 1961-1962 гг. Махачкала, 1973.

17. Ханзадян Э. В. Раннебронзовое поселе-

ние близ с. Аревик. Ереван, 1964.

18. Ханзадян Э. В. Культура Армянского

нагорья в III тысячелетии до н.э. Ереван, 1967

(на арм. яз.).

19. Хачатрян Т. С. Древняя культура Ши-

рака. Ереван, 1975.

20. Amiran R. A note on two items of the

Kirbet-Kerak ware culture. – Anatolia and the

Ancient Near East. Ankara 1989, p. 8-13.

21. Duru R. Deqermentene excavations Keban

project, 1978. Ankara, 1977.

22. Evans A. The Palace of Minos II. London,

1928.

23. Esin U. Tepejik excavation 1974. – Keban

project. Ankara, 1982, p. 95-127.

24. Garstang J. Prehistoric Mersin Oxford

1983.

25. Hauptmann H. Die guabungen ouf them

Norshuntäpe 1974. –Keban project. Ankara 1982,

p. 41-95.

26. Kozay H. Pulur Excavations 1968-1970. –

Keban project. Ankara, 1976.

27. Sagona A. Büyük tepe Hüyük – Anatolian

Studies, XLIII, 1993, p. 41-69.

28. Sagona A. Sos tepe excavations. –

Anatolian Studies, XLVI, 1996, p.27-53.

nf,ekt,bc fqothbkj,f nf,& +& – rtht,b& 1 – ,jhlbehbs^ 2 –

yf[dhtnbs^ stshb o.fhjlfy& nf,& ++& – rtht,b& 1 – mjhlbfyb^ stshb

o.fhjlfy^ 2-3 – idthbkt,bfyb^ wb[bfujhflfy& nf,& +++& – cfluht,b cfmfhsdtkjc c[dflf-

c[df 'tukt,blfy% pqelhbcudthlf^ ptvj fdzf-kf^ fvbhfybc ujhf&

nf,& +|& – cfluht,b 1-2^ 7^8 – cjv[tsblfy^ 3^5 – xhlbkj rfdrfcbblfy* 4^ 6 – fpth,fb]f-yblfy&

nf,& |& – rtht,b 1 – mfhfpblfy^ 2^ 3 – lt-]thvtystatlfy* 4 – rjherestatlfy* 5^ 6^ 7 – yjhieystatlfy* 8-9 – ntgt]brblfy&

nf,& |+& – cfluht,b 1^ 2^ 3 – cjc-/ebe-rblfy^ 4^ 5 – ,eberstat-/eberblfy&

Descriptions of the Plates

Pl. 1. – Round hearths with bordure, 2 -round

hearth with sacrificial hole from Tetri Tsqaro.

Pl. 2. – Round hearth with chord, 2, 3, round

hearths with projections from Georgia. (Tetri

Tsqaro, Tshikiagora).

Pl. 3. – Various types of andirons (potstands).

1 – bobbinshaped, 2 – cylindric, 3 – horn-shaped,

4, 5, 6, horseshoe shaped 7 – tripod Georgia.

(Zghudrisgverda, Zemo Avchala, Amiranis Gora,

Kvatskhela).

Pl. 4. – Andirons of various types: 1, 2, 7, 8

from Armenia, 3, 5 from North Caucasus, 4, 6

from Azerbaijan.

Pl. 5. – Hearth from Karaz, 2 – hearths with

bordure from Dejermentepe, 4 – hearth from

Korukutepe, 5, 6, 7, hearths from Norshuntepe, 8,

9 hearths from Tepejik (Turkey).

Pl. 6. – Andirons from Sos Hüyük 1, 2, 3,

from Büyük-tepe-Hüyük 4, 5 (Turkey).

21

nf,& +

22

nf,& ++

23

nf,& +++

24

nf<& +|

25

nf,& |

26

nf,& |+

27

ybyj ifyifidbkb

@cFVOBKFLB RJVGJPBWBT<B# VNRDFH-FHFMCBC REKNEHBC RTHFVBRBC JHYFVTYNFWBFIB

vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbc rthfvbrbc jh-

yfvtynfwbfib ufdhwtkt,ekb vjnbdb – jhvfub cgbhfkb^ pju]th ud[dlt,f t&o& @cfvobkflb rjvgjpbwbt,bc# wtynhib& bub akfyrbht-,ekbf jhb thsyfbhb^ thsvfytsbcfrty gbhbc-gbh ufvjcf[ekb abueht,bs (nf,& +1-5)& vfh-ytekbc hfbjyib ufs[hbkb lfyuhtekb uj-hbc .jhqfybc rthfvbrfpt jhvfub cgbhfkb ufvjcf[ekbf jhb ahbydtkbc sfy[kt,bs [4^ ceh& 56 – 5^ 13]. vcufdcb ufvjcf[ekt,ff fvb-hfybc ujhfpt \|++-f cfsfdcjib fqvjxtybk ths-ths zehztkpt [4^ ceh& 13 -3]. cjv[tsbc 'tukt,pt @cfvobkflb rjvgjpbwbt,b# pju]th c[df cf[bsfw ud[dlt,f% wtynhib utjvtnhbe-kb abuehff – cfvres[tlb fy hjv,b^ udth-lt,pt rb cgbhfkbf [8^ ud& 101^ 155-158].

@cfvobkflb rjvgjpbwbt,b# [ibhfl ud[dlt-,f c[dflfc[df [fk[t,bc [tkjdyt,fib& [fk[e-hb [tkjdyt,bc pjubths nhflbwbek cathj-ib rb (yfmfhuj,f^ jhyfvtynb [tpt) ityfhxeyt-,ekbf xdty lhjvlt& fctsb ufvjcf[ekt,t,bc wtynhibf vsf^ vwtyfht^ .dfdbkb^ fylf fyshj-gjvjhaekb (fy pjjvjhaekb) abuehf^ udth-lt,pt rb vbcrty vbmwtekb fljhfynt,bc^ fy-lf w[jdtkt,bc abueht,b [9^ ud& 47]. fctsb rjvgjpbwbt,b gjgekfhekbf nhflbwbek hecek^ uthvfyek lf ,fknbbcgbhek [tkjd-yt,fib [9^ ud& 48^ yf[& 20 b-g]. gjgekfhekbf fctsb vjnbdt,b xbyeh nhflbwbek brjyjuhf-abfib [9^ ud& 48].

@cfvobkflb rjvgjpbwbt,b# xylt,f lf 'fkpt ufdhwtkt,ekb [lt,f 'd&o& +++ fsfcok& obyf fpbfcf lf tudbgntib (nf,& ++)& ufvjcf[e-kt,t,b^ hjvtksf wtynhib [t^ qdsft,f^ fylf hfbvt c[df abuehff lf udthlt,pt jhb ths-vfytsbcrty vbnhbfkt,ekb fyshjgj- fy pjj-vjhaekb abueht,bf^ wyj,bkbf ievthek^ fmfleh^ 'dtk,f,bkjyeh^ [tseh^ [ehbnek [tkjdyt,fib&

@cfvobkflb rjvgjpbwbt,bc# ufvjxtyfc oby ecoht,c vf[kj,tkb fqvjcfdktsbc flhtcf-vbofsvjmvtlj rekneht,bc 'fkpt ibyffh-cj,hbdb lf vlblfhb jhyfvtynbc ufqfhb,t,f [14^ ud& 110].

'd&o& |++-+| fsfcok& vf[kj,tk fqvjcfd-ktsib ufdhwtkt,ekb b.j cbv,jkehfl 'fk-pt lfndbhsekb^ [ibhfl nhbfkbc ghbywbgpt fut,ekb^ vfylfkfc nbgbc jhyfvtynbfyb rthf-vbrf (nf,& +++^ +|)&

vfylfkf cfycrhbnekb cbn.dff lf ybiyfdc cfrhfkeh ]dfhc fy ohtc^ ,jh,fkc^ wtynhc

[16^ ud& 16].

vfylfkf tc fhbc cfrhfkehb ufvjcf[ekt-,f^ hjvkbc wtynhib ]dfhbf^ fy hfbvt c[df abuehf^ vbc bhudkbd ohtf^ fy rdflhfnb^ hjvkt,cfw fmds t&o& @lthtayt,b# cbdhwtib& tc ufvjcf[ekt,f rbltd itvjcfpqdhekbf ohbs&

vfylfkf eybdthcfkehb cbv,jkjf& u& ne-rbc fphbs^ tc fhbc eybdthceevbc cmtvf [15^ ud& 29].

bub ufdhwtkt,ekbf .dtkf vcjakbj ht-kbubfib& itcf,fvbcfl wtynhib ufvjcf[ekbf qdsbcvij,tkb^ fy vfw[jdfhb^ mff,fc mdf^ fy ,elf&

kfvfbcneh cfv.fhjib vfylfkf tc fhbc cfv.fhjc vbsehb ufvjcf[ekt,f& wtynhib v,h'fyt,kbc flubkbf^ cfblfyfw bub cfv.fhjc fvj'hfdt,c [15^ ud& 29], (nf,& |1)&

vfylfkf cfae'dkfl eltdc rjcvbeh rfyjy-pjvbtht,fc ,eyt,fib^ vbrhj lf vfrhjrjcvjc-ib& vhfdkfl ud[dlt,f vfylfkfc ajhvbc cbvt-nhbekb cnhemneht,b& vfylfkfc ajhvbcff .dfdbkb^ sdfkb^ j,j,fc mctkb^ [bc zhbkb^ .byekbc rhbcnfkb [16^ ud& 18].

hjujhw yblthkfyltkb v[fndfhb g& nj-htycvf othc^ vfylfkf fhbc flfvbfysf ibyf-ufyb cfzbhjt,bc^ ufhtvjcsfy ehsbthsitsfy-[vt,bc^ thsbfyj,bcf lf vskbfyj,bc fqlutybc cfiefkt,f [16^ ud& 35]&

vfylfkf fhmtnbgbf& tc wyt,f vjlbc fhmf-ekb lhjbc vbst,blfy lf pqfght,blfy lf cgjynfyehfl bcf[t,f sfyfvtlhjdt flfvbfybc mdtwyj,btht,blfy jwyt,t,ib^ cbpvht,ib^ afy-nfpbt,ib^ yf[fnt,ib [16^ ud& 17].

vfylfkf 'fkpt gjgekfhekb uf[lf sfyf-vtlhjdt acbmjsthfgbfib& vfc b.tyt,ty vtlb-nfwbbcfsdbc ufhtcfv.fhjcsfy /fhvjybekb sfy[vj,bc ituh'yt,bcfsdbc& cekbthfl fhfv-luhfl flfvbfyt,c ehxtdty vfylfkfc ufvjcf[-dfc yt,bcvbthb cfiefkt,bs ufhtvj cfv.fhjc-sfy /fhvjybbc lfcfv.fht,kfl [16^ ud& 35-36].

cojhtl tc fhmtnbgb b.j 'fkpt gjgekf-hekb 'd&o& |++-+| fsfcok& vf[kj,tkb fqvj-cfdktsbc vj[fnekb rthfvbrbc jhyfvtynfwb-fib&

;& l& ajhtcnbc fphbs^ tc ohbekb ufvj-cf[ekt,t,b cfv.fhjc eybdthcfkehj,fc ufl-vjudwtvty& wtynhib itvmvytkt,b fhbfy^ mfkt-,bc^ ]dht,bc^ fylf c[df cbv,jkjt,bc cf[bs^ vfs bhudkbd rb – cfpjufljt,f& .dtkf eo.dtn rfdibhcf lf vj'hfj,fib fhbc [14^ ud& 37].

j,tblbc gthbjlbc ,jkjc jhyfvtynfwbf qfhb,lt,f [14^ ud& 110]. 'd&o& +++ fsfcoktekb-lfy rb vf[kj,tkb fqvjcfdktsbcf lf tudbg-

28

nbc [tkjdyt,fib uf,fnjyt,ek flubkc brf-dt,c t&o& @cfvobkflb rjvgjpbwbt,bc# ufvjcf-[ekt,f&

fv wdkbkt,fc ;& l& ajhtcnb ewyfeh at-yjvtyfl sdkbc& vbcb fphbs^ tc ufvjodtekbf @cgtwbfkbpfwbbc vtmfybpvbc# wdkbkt,bs – rthfvbrbc lfvpflt,f mfkbc [tkblfy uflflbc vfvfrfwbc [tkib [14^ ud& 110].

rthfvbrbc jhyfvtynfwbbc ufqfhb,t,f ;& l& ajhtcnbc fphbs^ ufvjodtekbf cjwbj-rek-nehekb wdkbkt,t,bs [14, ud& 110]. itcf,fvb-cfl bwdkt,f bltjkjubfw&

ytjkbsib ufdhwtkt,ekb ]dhbc^ fy dfh-crdkfdbc ufvjcf[ekt,f bwdkt,f vwtyfhtekb (cfrhfkehb [bc) ufvjcf[ekt,bs& hmjcfyb w[jdtkt,b rb cfrhfkehb [bc vjgbhlfgbht v[fhtt,pt ufyfcf[btht,ty cfpjufljt,fc& tc vtnfajhekb ufvjcf[ekt,f – cfrhfkehb [t^ hjvtkbw ,flt,c cfpjufljt,bc ce,cnfywbfc lf f'ktdc cbwjw[kbctek 'fkfc^ etzdtkbf erdt vtatf^ hjvtkbw brfdt,c cwtybc wtynhc lf [tkv'qdfytkj,c vjmvtlt,fc& bub brfdt,c vtlbfnjhbc flubkc qdsft,fcf lf sfdbc [fk[c ijhbc& tc fhbc cfvtaj 'fkbc blt-jkjubbc xfvj.fkb,t,bc gbhdtkb wlt,b& vtat fhbc otchbubc ufhfynb& bub fotchbut,c flf-vbfysf w[jdht,fcf lf rjcvbeh rfyjypjvbt-ht,fc& bub fhbc eptyftcb qdsft,bc ufyut,f [14^ ud& 138-139]. u& dfuythbc fphbs^ vcufdcb rjvgjpbwbt,b uflvjudwtvty fhf rjyrhtnek ufvjcf[ekt,fc^ fhfvtl lbl^ ljuvfneh wyt-,fc [7^ ud& 50-52].

vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbc rthfvbrfpt ufvjcf[ekb @cfvobkflb rjvgjpbwbt,bc# wty-nhfkehb abuehf – jhvfub cgbhfkb^ r& rei-yfhbjdfcf lf n& xe,bybidbkbc fphbs^ cfrhf-kehb [bc ufycf[btht,fc ofhvjflutylf [10^ ud& 167]. f& ltvbh[fybfybc fphbsfw^ @cfvobkf-lb rjvgjpbwbt,bc# wtynhfkehb abuehf rj-cvbeh qth'c ufyfcf[btht,c [8, ud& 157-158]. xdtyb fphbs^ jhvfub cgbhfkb^ eptyftcb qdsft,bc cbv,jkj b.j [12].

eylf fqbybiyjc^ hjv @cfvobkflb rjvgj-pbwbt,b# vnrdfh-fhfmcek rthfvbrfpt xylt,f vbcb fhct,j,bc ,jkj tnfgpt&

u& vbylbfidbkbc ufvjrdktdt,bs^ tc bc lhjf^ hjltcfw [lt,f lblb cjwbfkehb 'dht,b cf-pjufljt,fib% @bc ufhtvjt,f^ hjv cfv[hts rfd-rfcbfib 'd&o& +++ fsfcoktekbc ief [fyt,blfy thsvfytsbc udthlbs fhct,j,c thsvfytsbcf-ufy cbvlblhbs ufyc[dfdt,ekb bylbdblefke-hb hbubsb cfvfh[t,b^ rjktmnbehb (cfj]f[j) .jhqfyt,b lf bylbdblefkehb c[dflfc[df pj-vbcf lf cbvlblhbc .jhqfyt,b^ hjvtksf ij-hbcfw cfrvfjl [ibhfl ud[dlt,f ufvjhxtekb gfnbdbs lfrh'fkeksf ufycfcdtyt,kt,b^ cf-iefkt,fc udf'ktdc dbdfhfeljs^ hjv vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbc abyfkehb^ fye fl-

ht.jhqfyekb tnfgbc cfpjufljt,f sfdbcb [fcbfsbs flhtrkfcj,hbdsfy eylf .jabkb.j vbf[kjt,ekb lf fvltyfl^ hf smvf eylf^ vfcib erdt sfdbcsfdfl buekbc[vt,f cfv[tl-hj-ltvjrhfnbekb cfpjufljt,bcfsdbc lfvf-[fcbfst,tkb ehsbthsj,t,b# [1^ ud& 95-96].

bpbfht,c hf /& rkftcybc lf r& crfkybrbc it[tlekt,fc flhtekb cf[tkvobajc xfvj.f-kb,t,bc tnfgt,bc sfj,fpt^ u& vbylbfidbkb itcf'kt,kfl vbbxytdc^ hjv 'd&o& +++ fsfcok& ief [fyt,blfy vfbyw rfdrfcbfib vnrdfh-fhfm-cbc reknehbc vfnfht,tkb njvt,b flhtekb cf[tkvobajc xfvj.fkb,t,bc + fy ++ cfat[eh-pt eylf vlufhb.dyty [1, ud& 96].

flhtekb cf[tkvobajt,bc cfo.bcb tnfgbc cfpjufljt,t,bcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tk ehsb-thsj,t,c itcf,fvbcb bltjkjubfw eylf /mj-yjlf& dbyfblfy @cfvobkfl rjvgjpbwbt,ib# wtynhfkehb abuehf .jdtksdbc cfrhfkeh [tcsfy^ cfv.fhjc qth'sfyff ufbubdt,tkb^ xdty ufvjcf[ekt,t,ib rb wtynhfkehb abue-hf – jhvfub cgbhfkb^ eptyftcb qdsft,bc cbv,jkeh ufvjcf[ekt,fl itb'kt,f xfbsdf-kjc^ lfcfidt,fl vbudfxybf^ hjv fm cfmvt udfmdc njvbc ,tkflbc^ njvbc cfthj lf cf-cekbthj 'fkfeakt,bc vfnfht,kbc eptyftc hfyuib f.dfybc bltfcsfy&

]& ahtpthbc ufvjrdktdt,bs^ vcjakbjc sbsmvbc .dtkf [fk[ib b.j ufdhwtkt,ekb hovtyf^ hjv ,tkflc^ fy vtatc uffxybf pt,e-yt,hbdb sdbct,f^ hjvkbc vtidtj,bsfw vfc it-e'kbf ptvjmvtlt,f vjf[lbyjc fhf vfhnj flfvbfyt,pt^ fhfvtl ,eyt,bc 'fkt,ptw& fhmf-ek wbdbkbpfwbt,ib vtat qvthsbc vjyfwdkt b.j ltlfvbofpt^ qvthsbc idbkb^ vbcb ofh-vjvflutytkb lf otchbubc lfvfv.fht,tkb [11^ ud& 105].

itcf'kjf^ fvudfhb bltbc vfnfht,tkbf @cfvobkflb rjvgjpbwbt,b# vnrdfh-fhfmcbc rthfvbrfpt&4

'd&o& ++ fsfcok& ief [fyt,blfy obyf fpbbc [tkjdyt,fcf lf fhmbntmnehfib rdkfd sfdc bxtyc lf 'fkpt afhsjl dhwtklt,f cfrhf-kehb vfylfkf& vfylfkfc ghbywbgpt but,f mf-kfmt,b^ nf'ht,b^ .jhqfyt,b^ cfvfh[t,b [15], (nf,& |2^3* nf,& |+)& vfylfkfc [tkjdyt,fib uf,fnjyt,ek vlujvfhtj,fc fmdc& wtynhf-keh flubkc vfylfkfib brfdt,c f[kf fhf 4 vjudbfyj [fyfib^ 'd&o& ++ fsfcok& obyf fpbfib cfvobkflb rjvgjpbwbt,b eahj firfhfl b'tyc @bvgthbek# [fcbfsc& fcbhbek vfufkbst,pt lf.h-lyj,bs^ c& gfhgjkf fcrdybc^ hjv cfrhfkehb [t fynbstnehb abueht,bs lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf bvgt-hbekb bltjkjubbcfsdbc& bub xylt,f cfvtaj nfy-cfwvtkpt^ cfbedtkbhj yfofhvpt^ jabwbfkeh cf-,tzlfdt,pt^ rtlkbc v[fndhj,fib lf mfylfrt,t,pt cfvtaj cfcf[ktib& fiehyfcbhafk ++-bc cfnf[nj jsf[ib^ rfk[fib bub wtynhfkeh vjnbdc ofhvj-flutyc [18, 163].

29

qdsft,hbdb 'fkf lf cfv.fhjc itvmvytkb ce-kb^ fhfvtl – vtat-qvthsb&

fh fhbc ufvjhbw[ekb^ hjv 'd&o& +++ fsfcok& cfv[hts rfdrfcbehb .jhqfyt,b lf fyfnjkbfib fqvjxtybkb cfvtaj cfvfh[t,b^ hjvkt,bw fctdt vfylfkfc ghbywbgptf fut,e-kb^ cojhtl vtabc qdsft,hbj,bc bltbc vfnfht,tkb b.j&

fvltyfl^ vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbc ,jkj tnfgpt cjwbfkeh-gjkbnbreh wdkbkt,t,c^ flhtekb cf[tkvobajc xfcf[dfc^ vj/.df wdkbkt,t,b bltjkjubfibw^ hfvfw fcf[df /gjdf rthfvbrbc jhyfvtynfwbfcf lf lfrh'fk-dbc hbnefkib&

N. Shanshashvili

"THREE-PART COMPOSITIONS" IN THE

ORNAMENT OF THE KURA-ARAXES

CULTURE (Summary)

The paper deals with ornament chara-

cteristics of the final stage of the Kura-Araxes

Culture – the so-called "three-part compositions":

a double spiral in the centre and two birds on each

side.

In the 7th-5

th millennia B.C. richly ornamen-

ted pottery was widespread in the Near East. An

ornamental type similar to mandala was charac-

teristic of this pottery. Mandala is of Sanskrit ori-

gin, meaning a holy magic disc, circle, wheel,

centre. Since the 3rd

millennium B.C. the ornament

of pottery became poor. So-called "three-part

compositions" prevailed in the part of the Near

East with a tree, deity or some other figure

represented in the centre, flanked on each side by

anthropo- and zoomorphic figures. Such rep-

resentations are known in Sumerian, Akkadian,

Ancient Babylonian, Hittite and Hurritic art.

Impoverishment of ornamentation on

pottery was possibly caused by socio-cultural

changes. The diffusion of "three-part

compositions" was possibly connected with the

establishment of class society. In the author's

view, this process was reflected in the

ornamentation of the final stage of the Kura-

Araxes Culture.

kbnthfnehf

1& vbylbfidbkb u& flhtekb .jhqfyt,b

cfv[hts rfdrfcbfib& – lbcthnfwbf bcnjhbbc vtwybtht,fsf rfylblfnbc [fhbc[bc vjcfgj-dt,kfl& s,&^ 1993 (byf[t,f fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhbc ,b,kbjstrfib)&

2& vbylbfidbkb u& flhtekb .jhqfyt,b cfv[hts rfdrfcbfib (cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbrehb fcgtmnb)& – cflbcthnfwbj vfwyt bcn& vtwy& rfyl& cfvtwy& [fhbc[bc vjcfgjdt,kfl& s,&^ 1993&

3& jh]jybrb't f& cfvw[t-]fdf[tsb flht-,hby]fjc [fyfib& s,&^ 1983&

4& mdtvj mfhskbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlb-wbbc itltut,b (1965-1971)& s,&^ 1975&

5& ifyifidbkb y& vnrdfh-fhfmcbc rek-nehbc thsb jhyfvtynekb vjnbdbc bynth-ghtnfwbbcfsdbc& s,&^ 1997&

6& xe,bybidbkb n& fvbhfybc ujhf& s,&^ 1963&

7& Вагнер Г. К. Проблема жанров в древне-

русском искусстве. М., 1974.

8. Демирханян А. Р. К проблеме симво-

лики трехчастной композиции Древней Арме-

нии. – ИФЖ, № 4, Ереван, 1982, с. 98–165.

9. Евсюков В. В. Мифология китайского

неолита. Новосибирск, 1988.

10. Кушнарева К. Х., Чубинишвили Т. Н.

Древние культуры Южного Кавказа (V-III тыс.

до н.э.). Л., 1970.

11. Фрезер Дж. Золотая ветвь. М., 1986.

12. Чубинишвили Т. К древней истории

Южного Кавказа. Тб., 1971.

13. Ben-Tor A. The Archaeology of Ancient

Israel, Hew Haven. London, 1992.

14. Forest G. D. Mesopotamie. L'apparition de

l'État. VIIe-III

e Millenaires. Paris, 1996.

15. Brentjes B. Das Ur-Mandala (?) von

Daschly-3. – Ir.An., vol. XVIII, 1983, p. 24-49.

16. Huyser A. Das Mandala – Arbeitsbuch.

München, 1996.

17. Jastrow M. Bildermappe zur Religion

Babiloniens und Assyriens. Leipzig, 1912.

18. Parpola S. The Assyrian tree of life:

tracing the origins of Jewish monotheism and

Greek philosophy. – JNES, 52, n.3. 1993, p. 161-

208.

19. Prinz H. Altorientalische Symbolik.

Berlin, 1915.

20. Tobler A. Excavation at Tepe Gawra, vol.

II, Levels IX-XXX. Philadelphia, 1950.

30

nf,ekt,bc fqothbkj,f

nf,& + – 1& iekfdthb [4^ ud& 113^ ceh& 56-13* 10^ ceh& 44-113]; 2& cflf[kj [10^ ceh& 44-112];

3. fvbhfybc ujhf [3^ nf,& +\8]; 4& lfyuhtekb ujhf [4^ ud& 113^ ceh& 56-2]; 5& fvbhfybc ujhf [3^ nf,& +\9]; 6& lfyuhtekb ujhf [4^ ud& 113^ ceh& 566]; 7. fvbhfybc ujhf [12, nf,& \\|++33^34* \+\2].

nf,& ++ – 1-3& 'dtkb tudbgnt [19^ nf,& +|2^3^5]; 4-7& fcehtsb [17^ ceh& 55^ 214-216].

nf,& +++ – 1-2& stat ufdhf^ \\-\|++ ljyt

[20^ nf,& C\+\^ ceh& 72^ 71]; 3-6& stat ufd-hf^ A atyf [20^ nf,& C\+^ ceh& 18^ 21^ 15^ 16].

nf,& +| – 1& stk-u/fcekb^ dfhcrdkfdb^ rtlkbc v[fndhj,f [13^ nf,& |+++]; 2-9. cfvfhf [14^ ceh& 22].

nf,& | – 1& rkfcbrehb nb,tnehb vfylfkf [15^ ceh& 3]; 2–3& lfikb-3^ mfkfmbc utuvf lf fmcjyjvtnhbf [15^ ud& 33].

nf,& |+ – 1& fk-vfycehbc mfkfmb ,fqlfl-ib^ |+++ c& [15^ ceh& 11]; 2& fh;fy-.jhqfyb^ ne-df^ 'd&o& |+++ c& [15, ceh& 8]; 3& rjb-.hbkufy-.fkf^ [jhtpvekb mfkfmb^ 'd&o& +| c& [15^ ceh& 10].

Description of the Plates

Pl. I – 1. Shulaveri [4, p. 113, figs. 56-13; 10,

figs. 44-113]; 2. Sadakhlo [10, figs. 44-112]; 3.

Amiranis-gora [3, pl. IX8]; 4. Dangreuli-gora [4,

p. 113, fig. 562]; 5. Amiranis-gora [3, pl. IX9]; 6.

Dangreuli-gora [4, p. 113, fig. 566]; 7. Amiranis-

gora [12, pls. XXVII33,34; XIX2].

Pl. II – 1-3. Ancient Egypt [19, pl. IV2,3,5]; 4-7.

Assyria [17, figs 214-216; 55].

Pl. III – 1-2. Tepe-Gawra, levels XX-XVII [20,

pl. CXIX, fig. 72, 71]; 3-6. Tepe-Gawra, layer "A"

[20, pl. CXI, figs 18, 21, 15-16].

Pl. IV – 1. Tel-Ghasul [13, pl. VIII]; 2-9.

Samara [14, fig. 22].

Pl. V – 1. Classical Tibetan mandala [15, fig.

13]8 2-3. Dashly-3, plan of the city and

axonometry [15, fig. 11].

Pl. VI – 1. City of Al-Mansur in Baghdad, 8th

century [15, fig. 11]; 2. Arjan-barrow, Tuva, the

8th century B.C. [15, fig. 8]; 3. Koi-Krylgan-kala,

city of Khoresm, 4th century B.C. [15, fig. 10].

31

nf,& +

32

nf,& ++

33

nf,& +++

34

nf,& +|

35

Nf,& |

36

nf,& |+

37

uehfv vbhw[ekfdf

<JH<KBFYB NHFYCGJHNBC OFHVJIJ<BCF LF UFYDBSFHT<BC TNFGT<B CFMFHSDTKJIB

vofhvjt,kehb vtehyt,bc ufydbsfht,bc ths-

thsb vybidytkjdfyb vbqotdff ,jh,kbfyb nhfyc-gjhnbc ofhvjij,f& vfc elbltcb vybidytkj,f fmdc cfpjufljt,bc cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbrehb^ gjkbnbrehb lf tsybrehb ufydbsfht,bc ghj-wtcib& lbfktmnbreh rfdibhib ufyb[bkt,f fuht-sdt ,jh,kbc^ rthfvbrekb vjhudbcf lf rdb-hbcnfdbc itmvyf& nhfycgjhnbc ofhvjij,fc vj/-.dt,f cfvtehytj lf reknehek ehsbthsj,fsf uf'kbtht,f lf bo.t,f lblb tsybrehb vbuhfwbt,bc gthbjlb& wyj,bkbf^ hjv e'dtktcb lhjblfydt lfcf[kt,bc rhbnbrekb hbw[jdyt,f htuekbhlt-,jlf ufvj.jabsf lf f[fkb lfcf[kt,bc itmvybs& nhfycgjhnbc ofhvjij,fv tc ghjwtcb uffbjkf lf cfvj'hfj fhtfkb uffafhsjdf& fct xfyc tc byljtdhjgtksf lblb vbuhfwbt,bc lhjc [22^ ud& 731]^ hjwf vbuhfwbt,c [tkc eo.j,c nhfycgjhnb^ [jkj sfdbcsfdfl vbuhfwbf [tkc eo.j,c cfpblht,bc lbl fhtfkpt ufdhwtkt,fc& fctdtf vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehfibw^ hjwf tc reknehf lbl htubjyt,c vjtlj^ [jkj itvltu rfdrfcbfcfw ufcwlf [7^ ud& 17]&

cfrbs[c^ cfl lf hjlbc ofhvjbidf ,jh,kbfyb nhfycgjhnb^ fhmtjkjut,sfy thsfl brdktdty bc-njhbrjct,b^ tsyjuhfat,b lf tyfsvtwybtht,b& u& xfbklb sdkbc^ hjv ,jh,kbfyb cfpblfhbwf lf rthfvbrekb vjhudbw eherbc gthbjlbc ievthbc ufvjujyt,ff [48^ ud& 358]& vfhskfw +| fsfc-oktekbc ++ yf[tdhbs fhbc lfsfhbqt,ekb eherbc abhabnt,b ievthekb gbmnjuhfabekb ybiyt,bs [47^ ud& 69]^ cflfw ufvjcf[ekbf cf[ybcb^ ,jh,kbfyb cfpblfhb lf vfh[bkb& fvfdt lhjbcff ntk-afhfpt fqvjxtybkb js[ vfcbeh ,jh,fkpt itvlufhb w[jdtkbc sb[bc abuehf [47^ ud& 43]& +++ fsfcoktekbc lfcfo.bcc tresdybc ievthbcf lf tkfvbc @cfvtaj cfvfh[t,bc# cfpblht,b [36^ ud& 22] lf c[d& +++ fsfcoktekbc ief [fyt,blfy bphlt,f lf afhsjdlt,f cfpblht,bc ufdhwtkt,bc fhtfkb% xylt,f rfdrfcbfib (,tltyb [6]^ tkbcnf [43^ ud& 147^ 153])^ xhl& ifdbpqdbcgbhtsib [46^ ud& 71^ ceh& 28] lf leyfbcgbhtsib [26^ ud& 109^ ceh& 4]& +++ fsfcoktekbc ,jkjc xylt,f lfcfdkts tdhj-gfib& vtcjgjnfvbfib flhtdt xfyc hjujhw jh,jh,kbfyb^ fctdt js[,jh,kbfyb cfpblht,b& ++ fsfcoktekbc lfcfo.bcblfy fm js[,jh,kbfyb cfpblht,b fqfh fhbc^ fhbc v[jkjl jh,jh-,kbfyb^ [jkj fv lhjblfy js[,jh,kbfyt,b xylt,f vwbht fpbfib [24^ ud& 191^ nf,& +]& abmhj,ty^ hjv +++ fsfcoktekbc lfcfo.bcib^ rfhgfnj-leyfbcgbhtsib^ vf[kj,tkb fqvjcfdktsbc ufdktybs^ itb'kt,f itbmvyf reknehekb rthf^ cflfw eylf .jabkb.j ,jh,kbfyb cfpblht,b [24^ ud& 191]& fv lfcrdybc cfiefkt,fc sbsmjc eylf b'ktjltc bm fqvjxtybkb gbmnjuhfabekb ybi-yt,b^ nhbgjkbtc reknehbc sb[bc ,jh,kt,b lf c[df vjyfwtvt,b [41^ ud& 205]&

obyf fpbfcf lf tdhjgfib^ rfdrfcbfcf lf ief fpbfib fv flhtek gthbjlib lfabmcbht,ekb jh se js[,jh,kbfyb cfpblht,bc ,jh,kt,b vskbfyb [bcufy fhbc ufvjskbkb^ fy 2 fy 3 ctuvtynbfybf^ fmdc vfcbehb vjhudb^ evtntcfl jhv[hbd&

sfdlfgbhdtkfl ufvotd 'fkfl trdblt,b xfyc^ itv-ltu xylt,f [fhb – [jkj ief fpbfib – fmktvb [24^ ud& 191]& ,jh,kbfyb nhfycgjhnbc ufdhwt-kt,bc cehfsb lf ufycfresht,bs flhtek tnfgpt vfcbehb ,jh,kt,bc rjycnhemwbbc thsudfhjdyt-,f^ vrdktdfht,c fabmht,byt,c fv ufvjujyt,bc blt-bc lbaepbbc itcf[t, vbcb ofhvjmvybc wtynhblfy [48^ ud& 358]& tc eylf b.jc fhtfkb^ hjvtkbw vlblfhbf vrdhbdvthmybfyb [bc vfcfkbs lf cflfw ufydbsfht,ekbf ,hby]fjc vtnfkehubf^ dbyfblfy kbsjybc bfhfqbc ufhtit ite'kt,tkbf cfpblht-,bc lfvpflt,f [22^ ud& 733]& fcts htubjyfl vbxytekbf xhlbkjts vtcjgjnfvbbcf lf cfv[hts rfdrfcbfc ijhbc nthbnjhbf& fmtlfy cfpblht,bc ufdhwtkt,bc cfdfhfelj upt,b itvltuyfbhfl ofh-vjblubyt,f% 1& obyf fpbf – vwbht fpbf – ,fkrfytsb – lfcfdkts tdhjgf* 2& obyf fpbf – rfdrfcbf – xhlbkjts ifdbpqdbcgbhtsb – lfcfdkts tdhjgf& dfhfelj,ty fuhtsdt rfcgbbcgbhtsbc fqvjcfdkts cfyfgbhjc upfc djkubcgbhtspt lf fqvjcfd-ktsbcfrty byljtscf lf xbytsfvlt [22^ ud& 734]& u& xfbklb^ h& /fyxfhb^ c& cjghjyb^ b& cvjkbfyb lf c[dt,b rfdrfcbbc upbc vjv[htyb fhbfy& n& cekbvbhcrbc fphbs^ rfdrfcbblfy tdhjgfib ufdhwtklf jh,jh,kbfyb cfpblht,b^ [jkj ,fk-rfyts-leyfbcgbhtsbc [fpbs – js[,jh,kbfyt,b [31^ ud& 71]& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv tdhjgbcfsdbc vybi-dytkjdyfl vbbxytdty rfdrfcbbc hjkc ,jh,kbfyb nhfycgjhnbc cfrbs[ib – fyfkbpt,vf fxdtyf^ hjv ++ fsfcoktekbc fqvjcfdkts tdhjgbc cfpblht,b lfvpflt,ekbf rfdrfcbehb ofhvjvfdkj,bc [bc vfcfkbcfufy [30^ ud& 12]& cfv[hts hectsbc cnt-gt,ib^ bfvyfbfcf lf rfnfrjv,eh reknehfsf cfvfh[t,ib^ cflfw vfcbehfl fhbc jh lf js[-,jh,kbfyb cfpblht,b^ [bc fyfkbpt,bc vb[tldbs dfhfelj,ty^ hjv rfnfrjv,ehb reknehf vpf cf-pblht,c bqt,lf rfdrfcbblfy [31^ ud& 12]& rfdrfcbfib .dtkfpt flhtekb ,jh,kbfyb cfpblfhbc – jh-,jh,kbfyb ehvbc sb[bc vbybfnehekb vjltkb (nf,& ++1) fqvjxtybk bmyf cfmfhsdtkjib fhmtj-kjubehb rdktdbc wtynhbc bdhbc [tj,bc fhmt-jkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc vbth sbfytsbc hfbjyib^ ,flffybc flht,hby]fjc [fybc yfcf[kfhpt^ t&o& cfvtehytj jhvjib^ hjvtkbw cfdct b.j c[df-lfc[df rthfvbrekb vfcfkbs [9^ nf,& L\|+++]& yfcf[kfhb 'd&o& +++ fsfcoktekbc vtjht yf[tdhbs sfhbqlt,f& nf,ekfpt vjltkb ofhvjlutybkbf htcnfdhbht,ekb cf[bs* ehtvc ufrtst,ekb fmdc zfkt,b^ [tkyf^ eqtkb^ itluvekbf qth'-,jh,kt,pt& htcnfdhfwbf^ hfcfrdbhdtkbf^ fh fhbc sfdbceafkb* hjujhw nf,ekfptw xfyc sb[bc vj-ltkc fmdc [tkybc^ qth'bcf lf zfkt,bc ufcf-.htkb ajcjt,b lf fvltyfl htcnfdhfwbf ghby-wbgekb [fcbfsbcff& lff[kjt,bs fvfdt [fybcff cfx[thtib^ yfxthmtptdbc = 13 cfvfh[ib fqvjxt-ybkb ,hby]fjc mby'bcsfdb (nf,& +1) jhsdfkf ehvbc cnbkbpt,ekb ufvjcf[ekt,bs [12^ ud& 172^ nf,& \++3^ 10& ceh& 11]& mby'bcsfdpt rfhufl xfyc zfkt,b^ ,jh,kt,b lf [fhbc hmt,b& ,jh,kbc tc ajhvf lflfcneht,ekbf tsyjuhfabek cbyfvldb-ktib cfmfhsdtkjib lf vbc ufhtsfw (nf,& +15^17)&

38

,& reanbyvf^ hjvtkvfw fqvjfxbyf tc mby'bcsfdb^ vfibydt [fht,it,vek jhsdfkf tnkbc ufvjcf[e-kt,fl vbbxybf bub [18^ ud& 88]. cfmjykbc ufvj-cf[ekt,bcf lf cfpblht,bc itho.vekb gkfcnbrf [ibhbf& fctsb sb[bc vjltkb erdt df[ctyts ntk-afhflfy^ fyfkjubehbf ufdhf |+-ib [48^ ceh& 109]^ [jkj ief fpbfib fknbystatcf [37^ ud& 15^ ceh& 121] lf [faepstatpt [42^ ud& 64] fhbc cfpblht,bc sb[bc vjltkt,b^ hjvtksfw obyf yfobkib fmkt-vbc sfdt,bf xf'thobkb& [fhbc sfdbc ufvjcf[ekt-,bfyb jhsdfkf cfpblht,bf cfv[hts-fqvjcfdkts tdhjgfib^ leyfbcgbhtscf lf ,fkrfytsib [26^ ud& 108]& w[jdtkbc sfdbc ufvjcf[ekt,bs fhbc itvrekb k& dekbc vbth fqvjxtybkb ltljafk ie,flbcf lf vtat f,fuhbc tnkt,b ehib [21^ ud& 62-72]& cfpblhbc [tkyt,bc obyf yfobkbc [fhbc sfdbs itvrj,f lflfcneht,ekbf cf,bl-f[xfc = 5 .jhqfyib fhct,ek cfpblfhpt [13^ ud& 13]& cfx[thekb mby'bcsfdbc tc ajhvf hecekb T-c vfudfhb mby'bcsfdt,bc cf[tkbs fhbc wyj,bkb (nf,& +4^7)& bub cfx[thbc .jhqfyekb cfvfh[t-,bcfsdbc fhbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb [14^ ud& 140]& fctsb thsb mby'bcsfdb wyj,bkbf mdfw[tkfc B ljyblfy [23^ ud& 5^ nf,& 1-8]& tc ljyt cnhfnbuhfabekfl lfsfhbqt,ekbf +++ fsfcoktekbc ief [fyt,bs [11^ ud& 59]& vjudbfyt,bs bub dhwtklt,f xhlbkj rfdrfcbfib [25^ ceh& 28^ 34]& fv nbgbc cfrby't,b^ hjujhw xfyc^jhsdfkf tnkbc cnbkbpt,ekb ufvjcf[ekt,ff lf fhfvfhnj fv nbgbcf* cnbkb-pt,ekb jhsdfkf ehvbc ufvjcf[ekt,f xfyc fctdt cfx[thek vjudbfyj [fybc cfrby't,ib (nf,& +2^6)^ erdt cjkt,bfyb ,jh,kt,bs [33^ ud& 14^ ceh& 1156^7] lf itcf'kt,tkbf^ kehbcnfybc cfrby'bw (nf,& +3) lf cfthsjl djkent,bfyb cfrby't,bw fv fcgtmnbs utytnbeh rfdibhib b.dyty thsvfytssfy (nf,& +5^8)& cfvres[fe,bfyb jhsdfkf ehvbc ufvjcf[ekt,f fhbc xhlbkj-rfdrfcbfib^ rfbfrtyn-[jhjxjbc reknehbc mdbc cfvfh[bc rtltkpt [50^ ud& 24^ ceh& 10]&

cfbynthtcjf cfnhfycgjhnj cfiefkt,fsf tdj-kewbbc ghjwtcb& vtwybtht,b dfhfelj,ty^ hjv ufvotd'fkbfyb cf[ybcb lf cfpblfhb sbsmvbc thslhjekfl ofhvjbidf^ cf[ybcbc vwbht egbhf-ntcj,bs [27^ ud& 298]& gbhdtkb cfpblfhb^ hj-vtkibw ufvotdb 'fkf bmyf ufvj.tyt,ekb^ rfdt,pt ufo.j,bkb cfshtdtkff (nf,& ++2^8)^ hjvkbcufyfw ndbhsbc lfv'bvt,fv vfh[bkb ofhvjidf& itvltu [lt,f ,jh,kbc ufvjujyt,f lf jh- lf js[,jh-,kbfyb cfpblht,bc c[dflfc[df nbgt,bc xfvj-.fkb,t,f fvf se bv htubjybc htkbtabc ufsdf-kbcobyt,bs&

nhfycgjhnbc itmvybcf lf ufydbsfht,bc vrf-abj cmtvf itmvyf f& /jlhbrehvf& vbcb cmtvbs ]th ofhvjbidf [tkybfyb cfshtdtkf^ itvltu jh,jh-,kbfyb cfpblfhb^ [jkj itvltu rb js[,jh,kbfyb

[28^ ud& 170]& cfmfhsdtkjib^ zbfsehbc hfbjyib tsyjuhfabekfl lflfcneht,ekbf e,jh,kj cfshtdtkfc cf[tj,f – ax[bkt (kfirbyb) [5^ nf,& \\-\\+]& /& rjstc vb[tldbs^ tsyjuhfabek cbyfvldbktib ax[bkt fctdt lflfcneht,ekbf erhfbyfib^ byljtsib [5^ ud& 20]& cfshtdtkfc /fk-rjkbsehb gthbjlbc ufvjcf[ekt,fl vbbxytdty tcgfytsib^ cfv[hts-lfcfdkts b,thbfib^ kjc ,etnhjcbc rkltpt lf[fnek cfvres[tlt,c^ ,jh,kbfyb cfpblht,bc udthlbs [27^ ud& 301]& flht,hby]fjc [fybs fhbc lfsfhbqt,ekb

xhlbkjts bnfkbfib – kbuehbfib rkltpt fqvjxtybkb ax[bktc ufvjcf[ekt,f (nf,& ++8)^ [5^ ud& 20]& fmdtf fqvjxtybkb fvfdt gthbjlbc [fht,bs [dybc fvcf[dtkb yf[fnb [27^ ud& 109^ ceh& 47]^ (nf,& ++9)& tc gthbjlb bnfkbfib obyfhtbyljtd-hjgekb [fyff& ax[bktcfufy lhjsf ufyvfdkj,fib ofhvjbidt,f vfh[bkb^ hjvkbc mdti cfujhfdt,bc ufvj.tyt,fv (mctkb^ seib) ,jh,kbc ofhvjij,fvlt vbudb.dfyf (nf,& ++3^4)& ufydbsfht,bc cmtvf fctsbf% ax[bkt – vfh[bkb – mctkb – seib – fxfxf ehtvb – mfhsek-rfdrfcbehb jhsdkbfyb ,fhbc ehtvb& fvfdt lhjc fv cmtvbc .dtkf hujkbc cfpblfhb lfvjerblt,kfl ufyfuh'j,c fhct,j,fc^ hfw xfyc mfhsek tsyjuhfabek cbyfvldbktib& sbsjtekb vfsufyb ufhrdtek utjuhfabek ufhtvjib ufvj-cf.tyt,tkb cfnhfycgjhnj cf[tj,ff& mfhsek-rfdrfcbeh ehtvc y& ,juftdcrb .dtkpt flhtek cf[tj,fl vbbxytdc ,jh,kbfy cfpblht,ib [20^ ud& 8^ ceh& 321]^ [jkj u& vthw,f[thb jh,jh,kbfy ehtvc rfdrfcbehc eojlt,c [51^ ud& 448^ ceh& 321]. tdhjgtk fdnjhsfufy 'fkbfy cfbynthtcj wyj,t-,bf ntktcajhj lt fhfywflbc yfihjvib – tcgfyeh-gjhneufkbehb nhfycgjhnbc itcf[t,& xfyc nthvbyjkjubehb it[dtlht,b lf rjycnhem-wbekb vcufdct,f ,jh,kt,ib& ,fcrehb nbgbc vfcbehb ,jh,kt,b lflfcneht,ekbf hjujhw mfhsek tsyjuhfabek cbyfvldbktib^ fctdt ptvjs fqothbk cfx[thek mby'bcsfdpt (nf,& +11-19)&

mfhsekb [fk[ehb nhfycgjhnb cfae'dkbfyfl fmdc itcofdkbkb v& ututib'tc [5]& vfy cfpblb cfiefkt,t,b cfv ]ueafl lf/.j% 1& e,jh,kj (ax[bkt^ kfirbyb^ vfh[bkb)* 2& ithtekb nbgbc cfpblht,b (fxfxf ehtvb^ ,jkjshbf^ mctkb^ seib)* 3& jh,jh,kbfyb ,fhekb ehtvb&

mfhsek-rfdrfcbehb ehtvb cfvres[f'bhbfyb cfndbhsj cfpblfhbf& ehvbc obyf yfobkb^ eqkbc cfiefkt,bs ufvotd 'fkfc t.hlyj,f^ vtjht cf.hltyb rb qth'-,jh,kt,bf& ehvbc rjycnhemwbf uekbc[vj,c ojyfcojhj,fc^ hjvkbc wtynhbf ,jh,kt,bc qth'b& eqtkb fv'bvt,c ehvbc ojyf-cojhj,fc obybcrty lf wfhbtkb ehvbc itv-s[dtdfib eqkbc nf,brt,pt it,vekb fgteht,b cfmjytkc mdtvjlfy fh fodt,f& ehvbc tc nbgb cfuh'yj,kfl ufyc[dfdlt,f obyffpbeh se tdhjgek jh- lf js[sdfkf cfpblht,bcfufy^ hjvtksfw js[res[f ptcflufhb fmds& rfdrfcbehb ehvbc thsb ,jh,fkb qth'pt v.fhfl fhbc lfvfuht,ekb lf qth'sfy thsfl nhbfkt,c^ vtjht rb sfdbceakfl ,heyfdc qth'ib& tc rjycnhemwbekb sfdbct,eht,t,b ehvbc ths flubkpt itvj,heyt,bc cfiefkt,fc b'ktdf lf fvudfh nhfycgjhnc ufwbkt,bs efldbklt,f vj'hfj,f hsek rfdrfcbeh htkbtapt& js[-,jh,kbfyb nhfycgjhnbcfsdbc fvudfh htkbtapt vj'hfj,f hsekbf^ ufycfresht,bs vbcb ofhvjij-,bc flhtek tnfgpt^ hjltcfw [tkyt,b e'hfdfl b.j lfvfuht,ekb 'fhfpt& fv cfrbs[c cfrvfjl lfvf]tht,kfl fcf,est,c v& ututib't sfdbc yfi-hjvib [5^ ud& 34]& g& rj;byb fqybiyfdc^ hjv js[-,jh,kbfy tnkib e'hfdb [tkyf ufvjhbw[fdc vj'hfj,fc vsfujhbfy htkbtapt [28^ ud& 174]& e'hfdb [tkyf fb'ekt,c cfmjytkc vbobcrty lfb[fhjc^ [fy obyf sdkt,b fbotdf /fthib fy fgteht,b cfmjytkc .tkib vbfodt,f& fvltyfl ,jh-,kbfyb nhfycgjhnbc ofhvjmvybc cfo.bc tnfgpt rfdrfcbfib js[,jh,kbfyb cfpblfhb fh eylf ofhvjij,bkb.j& cfvres[f [tkyf^ hjvtkbw 'fhfc

39

vj'hfdfl ethslt,f^ erdt rjycnhemwbekb chek-.jaff^ sevwf hsekb htkbtabcfsdbc vfbyw yfrkt,fl ufvjcfltub& fctsb vj'hfd[tkybfyb cfpb-lfhb rfdrfcbfib fh xfyc fhw obyfht bcnjhbek [fyfib^ [jkj cfthsjl js[sdkbfyb ehvt,bc ufvj.tyt,f mfhsek bcnjhbek cbyfvldbktib fh lfcnehlt,f& dfh'bbc \++ cfereybc ahtcrfpt vjwtvekbf rfdrfcbehb ehtvb& 1240-50 oo& cbutk-ib vj[ctybt,ekbf @ehtvb qdbyj# [8^ ud& 29]^ [jkj qdbybc nhflbwbekb zehzkbc – mdtdhbc fy hev,bc uflfcfnfyb cgtwbfkehb ehtvb cfvres[f'bhbfybf [30^ ud& 119^ nf,& L\+\]& vhfd-kfl fhbc fvudfhb ehvbc ufvjcf[ekt,f cfakfdbc mdt,pt&

fv cfrbs[sfy lfrfdibht,bs cfbynthtcjf fuhtsdt ,jh,kbc ofhvjij,bc cfrbs[b& zbfsehbc hfbjyib^ cfvtkt rklbc tytjkbseh^ gbhdtk e'hfd atyfib vjgjdt,ekbf sb[bc ,jh,kbc vjltkt,b lf rdbhbcnfdt,b [19^ ud& 14]& vcufdcb ybdst,b vrdktdht,c lfvjovt,ekb fmds @,fh,j-kbc# cfkjwfdsfy lfrfdibht,bs^ hjvtkbw vc[dbkat[f cfmjykbc vafhdtkbf [3^ ud& 21] lf hfw cf,jkjjl @,jh,fkc# erfdibhlt,f& itvlujv tnfgpt^ vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehfib ,jh,kbc vjltkt,b afhsjl dhwtklt,f& ,jh,kbc obyf cfat[ehb^ t&o& ujujht,bf^ itvltu rb ,jh,kt,b bmvyt,f& flhtekb ,jh,kt,b 3 cf[bcff% 1& vskbfyb [bcfufy ufvjskbkb (bm cflfw fhct,j,lf fctsb vfcfkf)* 2& jhyfobkbfyb^ cjuvfyt,bs itrhekb& fm vjhudb wfkrt rtslt,f lf vfuhlt,f ,jh,fkib* 3& cfvyfobkbfyb^ fctdt cjuvfyt,bs itrhekb^ cflfw vjhudb wtynhfkeh yfobksfy thsfl fhbc ufvjskbkb& flhtek ,jh,kt,pt lfabmcbht,ekbf cmtkb n.fdbc uflfcfrhfdbc fhct,j,f [24^ ud& 187]& ++ fsfcoktekib xylt,f cjkt,bfyb ,jh,kt,b& vfs ofhvjij,fc byljtdhjgtkt,c erfdibht,ty& ,jh,kbc ofhvjij,bc itcf[t, .dtkfpt flhtekb lf vbcfqt,bf t& ntbkjhbc stjhbf [45^ ud& 103]^ hjvtkcfw c[df vrdktdht,sfy thsfl bpbfht,c v& ututib't [5^ ud& 134]& fv stjhbbc vb[tldbs^ gbhdtkflbf vhudfkb [bc vjhb cbv'bvtsf uflfcfujht,kfl& tc cfujhfdb itvlujv ief yfobkib ufbskt,f^ lfodhbklt,f lf bmvyt,f qth-'b jhb vjhudbct,ehb ,jkjsb – cfujhfdt,tkb ujujhfsb (nf,& +10)^ hjvkbcfufyfw itvlujv bmvyt,f ,jh,fkb&

ofhvjlutybkb cmtvf ufcfjwfhb cbpecnbs lfcnehlt,f mfhsek tsyjuhfabek cbyfvldb-ktib& .dtkfpt flhtekbf mctkbc cfvj'hfj fgf-hfnb – cfujhfdb^ hfw afmnj,hbdfl ths vskbfy vjhc ofhvjflutyc^ iefib vwbhtl ufskbkc^ ptcfluhbc lfcfluvtkfl& itvltubf seib – cflfw erdt bmvyt,f qth'b jhb vjhudbct,ehb ,jkjsb – ujujhfsb^ cfblfyfw ofhvjbidf rbltw vfcbehb ,jh,fkb [5^ ud& 92-99]& fv nbgbc cfpblht,c zehbc ehtvcfw eojlt,ty& vfs b.tyt,lyty xfrbhekb mdtdht,bc uflfcfnfyfl^ hjvtkbw ufycfresht,bs v'bvtf lf ,jh,fkb dth e'kt,lf& fvfcsfyfdt bc lf,fkbf lf fldbkb lfcfndbhsb& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv hfzfib^ ndbhsbc lbl fqvfhspt fcfnfyfl mctkc cfujhfdcfw fh elt,lyty lf bc vfh[bkbc ghbywbgpt veifj,lf&

hjujhw fqbybiyf^ js[,jh,kbfyb cfpblht,b gbhdtkfl flhtlbyfcnbeh ehib ufvjxylf& u& xfbklb fv gthbjlbc v'bvt cfv[tlhj tnkt,c nfyrc flfht,c [4^ ud& 232]^ sevwf vfkt bub ,h'jkbc dtkpt eahj cohfavf jhsdkbfyvf

tnkt,vf itwdfkf& [jkj 4 lf lf 6 ,jh,kbfy v'bvt cfpblht,c wb[t-cbvfuhtsf cffk.j cfmvtib b.tyt,lyty& cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbfpt^ hjujhw xfyc^cfv[tlhj cfmvtib dthw thsvf cf[tj,bc tnk-vf dth ufeobf rjyrehtywbf w[typt fv[tlht,ek vtjvfhc^ hjvtkcfw vsfujhbfy htkbtaptw rb cgtwbfkehb upf fh czbhlt,f& cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbfpt js[sdkbfyb cfpblht,b xylt,f t&o& .jhqfyekb rekneht,bc ufvjxtyblfy^ hjvtkbw thsb gthbjlb vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehfcsfy sfyffhct,j,c^ itvltu rb itcf'kt,tkbf shbfkt-sbc reknehfib nhfycajhvbhlt,f& vbwdf-kt,ekbc tnkpt lfrh'fkdbc otcb obyf fpbfib b.j ufdhwtkt,ekb flhtekb gthbjlblfy& xdtysfy tc otcb ,tltybcf lf shbfktsbc reknehfib xylt,f lf cfdfhfeljf^ hjv js[,jh,kbfyb cfpbl-ht,b rfdrfcbfv fv gthbjlib ufbwyj^ hjvkt,bw .jdtk itvs[dtdfib fv flhtek tnfgpt vfbyw cfreknj lfybiyekt,bcff lf cgtwbfkehfl lf-cfrh'fkfdfl vpfllt,f& vfu& cf,bl-f[xfc = 5 .jhqfybc tnkbc ,jh,kt,c wdtsf fh tn.j,f^ ob-yf lf erfyf qth't,b bct f[kjf thsvfytssfy^ hjv ,jh,kt,c ijhbc (hjvtksf d-1^25 cv-bf) vfy'bkb 15 cv-bf& ,jh,kt,b abzdbcff^ hfw fhfghfmnb-rekbf lf fh vpfllt,jlf fv vfcfkbcfufy& cfpbl-hbc [tkyt,b gfhfktkehbf^ [jkj bmdt fhct,ekb eqtkb vfcpt fh lfbluvt,jlf& eqtkc fmdc cfvres[f [tkyfpt lfcfvfuht,tkb ief ajcj lf fvbnjvfw j& ]fafhb't dfhfelj,c^ hjv fv lhjc erdt fhct,j,c eqkbfyb cfvtehytj cfpblfhb^ [jkj cfvfh[ib xfluvekb cfreknjf [13^ ud& 16]& ,& reanbybc vbth fqvjxtybkb cfpblht,bc ,jh,-kt,bc yfobkt,b c[dflfc[df [bcfufy fhbc yfvpflb^ hfw fhfsfyf,fh wdtsfc bodtdc lf ufvjcf.tyt,kfl edfhubcbf& [ibh itvs[dtdfib cfvfh[ib ehtvb fh fhbc chekfl lfrjvgktmnt,ekb& vrdktdfhsf evtntcj,f sdkbc^ hjv cfvfh[t,ib cgtwbfkehfl cfhbnefkjl lfvpflt,ekb tnkt,b bluvt,f [29^ ud& 64]& u& rkfhrb fqybiyfdlf^ hjv vfcbehb lbcrjct,ehb ,jh,kt,b cjkt,bfybc udthlbs^ lqtdfylkfvlt [vfht,fibf tdhjgfib – bhkfylb-blfy b,thbfvlt& fvbnjvfw bub dfhfelj,c^ hjv itb'kt,f fv e[tib lf ghbvbnbekb ajhvbc ,jh,kt,bc fhct,j,f jhsdfkf tnkt,bcf lf js[-sdfkf cfhbnefkj cfpblht,bc udthlbs^ vbe-sbst,c hfqfw eahj cflf cfvtehytj cfpblht,bc fhct,j,fpt [27^ ud& 305]&

hjujhw fqdybiyts^ tnkpt lfrh'fkdbc otcb .dtkfpt flht ievthblfy fhbc wyj,bkb& fv cfvfh[t,bc cjwbjkjubehb bynthghtnfwbf^ hjujhw @cfvtajcb#^ cfrvfjl lfvf]tht,tkbf& vbs evtntc ths-ths cfvfh[ib fqvjxylf cf,tzlfdb vbwdfkt,ekbc cf[tkbsf lf nbnekbs @ehbc vtat# [21^ ud& 84]& u& xfbklb cfvfh[ib tnkbc fhct,j,fc cf[tkvobaj 'fkfeakt,bc ybiyfl vbbxytdlf [48^ ud& 232]& j& ]fafhb'bc fphbs^ ,eyt,hbdbf vtcjgjnfvbbc ufdktybc fhct,j,f vtpj,tk mdt.yt,pt [13^ ud& 256]^ vfuhfv tc [lt,f fhf vtmfybrehfl^ fhfvtl vfiby^ hjwf rfdrfcbfib 'kbthlt,f cjwbfkehb lbathtywbfwbf lf ,tkf-lt,bc ufvjxtyf rbltw fbcf[f lfrh'fkdbc otcib – rth'jl cfvfh[bc ajhvfib& tc fhbc vfbrjgbc^ ,tltybc^ shbfktsbc^ vfhn.jabc^ cfvujhbc^ pthnfrtnbc^ fkfpybc dtkbc^ kxfitybc^ flbfvfybc^ exstatcf lf c[df .jhqfyt,b& gbhdtkb .jhqfyt,b cfmfhsdtkjib ufvjxylf ]th rbltd vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehfib& tc fhbc tyfvsbc^ ujhitdfhltybc^ vfuhfytsbc^ vfhytekbc = 3^

40

vfiyffhbc^ yfjvfhbujhbc^ fhfltsbc^ yerhbfybc^ aehwtkffyso.fhjc = 7^ [bhcbc^ n.dbfdbc .jhqfyt,b& mhjyjkjubehfl tc +++ fsfcoktekbc ++ yf[tdfhb eylf b.jc& .jhqfyekb cfvfh[bc nbgb vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbc resdybkt,f fh xfyc& dfhfelj,ty xhlbkjeh bvgekct,c^ cflfw fv lhjc vfbrjg-yjdjcdj,jlyfbfc .jhqfyekb rek-nehf fhct,j,c& ybifylj,kbdbf^ hjv fv rekneht,c tnkpt lfrh'fkdf fh f[fcbfst,c& sfdbcsfdfl vnrdfh-fhfmcekb .jhqfyt,b fh fhbc bctsb vfcinf,ehb^ hjujhw xhlbkjrfdrfcbeht,b& eahj vjphlbkb pjvbcff shbfktsbc flhtekb .jhqfyt,b^ hjvtksfw vzblhj rfdibhb fmdc vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehfcsfy& tnkpt lfrh'fkdbc otcb fhw fm xfyc^ se fh xfdsdkbs = 46^ t&o& @vodfyt .jhqfycf# lf vt-11 .jhqfyib fhct,ek jh gfhfktkeh qfhc^ hjvtkcfw ehvbc rdfkfl vbbxytdty& serb tc yfvldbkfl ehvbc rdfkbf^ cfabmht,tkbf^ hjv ehtvb ufvj.tyt,ekbf lfrh'fkdbc wthtvjybfkib^ vfuhfv ehtvpt lfrh'fkdbc otcb ]th fh fhbc uf,fnjyt,ekb& cfvujhbcf lf vfhn.jabc .jhqfyt,b erdt cfrvfjl vjphlbkb cfvfh[t,bf^ cflfw xylt,f rfvthfib 'tkehb yfut,j,bc ufvfhsdbc otcb^ xylt,f rhtvfwbf^ vfuhfv ehtvpt lfrh'fkdf fh xfyc& fh xfyc tc otcb pehnfrtnbcf lf sjarfh + lf ++ .jhqfyt,ib^ sevwf ,& reanbyb sdkbc^ hjv bc itb'kt,f .jabkb.j lf fh itvjbyf[f [38^ ud& 15]& gbhdtkfl tc otcb ufvjxylf lf lfabmcbhlf shbfktsbc reknehfib^ itvlujv rb sfdb bxbyf ,tltybc .jhqfyt,ib& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv shbfktseh reknehfc vrdktdht,b cfrvfj atcdt,c e't,ybfy obyfht reknehfib^ [jkj ,tltybc reknehf chekbfl ew[jl ufvjb.eht,f& cfdfhfeljf^ hjv ,tltybc lfvcf[eht,ff xdtyib cfthsjl js[,jh,kbfyb cfpblht,bc ufvjxtyf& tnkpt lfrh'fkdf cfpjufljt,bc vfqfkb atyt,bc otcfl fhbc vbqt,ekb& fctsbdt cbf[ktf fv atyt,b-cfsdbc rhtvfwbf^ hjvtkbw ,tltyc ]th rbltd fh f[fcbfst,c& by/evfwbff shbfktsehb reknehbc hbubsb otdht,bc cfvfh[t,ib& tnkpt lfrh'fkdf lf rhtvfwbf 'dtkfqvjcfdkehb nhflbwbt,blfy vjlbc [15^ ud& 9]^ itvltu rb afhsjl dhwtklt,f^ hfw ufvjcf[ekbf vfu& eyuhtsib^ tlty,ehuib vjgjdt,ek lfcfrh'fkfd ehyt,pt [27^ ud& 302^ ceh& 169]& obyffpbeh cfv.fhjcsfy ehsbthsj,f j& ]fafhb'bc fphbs^ v[jkjl ofhxbyt,ekt,c tmyt-,jlfs [16^ ud& 72]& cfpjufljt,bc tc atyf^ fye vvfhsdtkb atyf^ wlbkj,c ufvjhxtekb b.jc hbubsb otdht,bcfufy&fvbnjvfw^ vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv cfvtehytj [vfht,fib eylf b.jc jhsdfkf rfdrfcbehb ehtvb^ lfcfrh'fkfdfl bc nbgb b[vfht,f^ hjvtkbw nhflbwbekbf fv otcbcfsdbc lf cfblfyfw uflvjbqtc bub& rfdrfcbfib fv gthbjlib ehtvc^ xfyc fhw cfjvhfl b.tyt,lyty lf fhw lfcfrh'fkfdfl& tnkpt lfrh'fkdbc otcb afhsjl b.j ufdhwtkt,ekb bfvyfbfcf lf rfnfrjv,eh rekneht,ib [31^ ud& 68]& fqcfybi-yfdbf^ hjv bidbfsbf cfvfh[ib chekfl ufo.j,bkb cfpblfhb& [ibh itvs[dtdfib cfpblht,c frkbf [tkyt,b^ eqtkb& vjudbfyt,bs rb cfpblht,bc v[jkjl wfkrtekb yfobkt,bf xfnfyt,ekb& fvfcsfyfdt sbsmvbc .dtkufy cfpblht,c cfmjykbc sfdbcf lf rbleht,bc 'dkt,b f[kfdc& vfu&^ oyjhbc = 1 .jhqfyib v[jkjl ,jh,kt,b b.j^ = 2 .jh-qfyib – lfikbkb cfpblhbc yfobkt,b^ vfhn.jabc = 3 .jhqfyib v[jkjl ,jh,kbc yfist,b fqvjxylf^ cf,bl-f[xfc = 5 – .jhqfyib fctdt

wfkrtekb yfobkt,b^ kzfitybc = 3 cfvfh[ib v[jkjl [tkyf^ = 5-ib rb js[res[f 'fhf ,jh,kt,bc ufhtit& fmdt b.j jhb w[tybcf lf jhb [fhbc sfdbc mfkf [40^ ud& 142]& bfvyfbfc reknehbc cfvfh[t,ib^ rhfcyjlfhbc v[fhtib^ lfikbk cfpblht,c cfvfh[bc sfdpt fo.j,lyty [31^ ud& 70]& tnkbc sb[bc ,jh,kt,bf lbqjvib ufs[hbk cfvfh[ib [49^ ceh& 10] lf yfhtrdfdbc = 35 cfvfh[ib^ cflfw sb[bc jh ,jh,fkc ijhbc [fhbc sfdbc mfkf blj [2^ ud& 34^ ceh& 2]& js[b ,jh,fkb blj 'fhbc ufhtit esfvbisbc .jhqfyib lfqtcnfyib [32^ ud& 47^ ceh& 3^4]& vfhn.jabc = 6 ,tltyeh .jhqfyib ]dfhtlbyfl lfo.j,bkb js[b [fhbc vskbfyb xjyx[b fqvjxylf [1^ ud& 71]& fctdt js[b [fhbc xjyx[b fqvjxylf flbfvfybc .jhqfyib cfpblht,sfy thsfl [39^ ud& 157]& kzfitybc = 8 .jhqfyib jhb cfpblfhb b.j jh,jh,kbfyb lf js[,jh,kbfyb& fmdt b.j jhb [fhbc lf thsb w[tybc sfdbc mfkf& jhb [fhbc sfdbc mfkf lf rbleht,bc 'dkt,b b.j cf,bl-f[xfc = 5 .jhqfyib cfpblfhsfy thsfl^ [jkj = 6 .jhqfyib v[jkjl jhb [fhbc sfdbc mfkf b.j tnkbc ufhtit& [fhbc vskbfyb xjyx[b b.j vfhytekbc = 1 .jhqfyib [17^ ud& 138]& dfhfelj,ty^ hjv [fhbc xjyx[bcf se ehvbc yfobkt,bc xfnfyt,f lfrfdibht,ekbf bvfdt ghbywbgekb vybidytkj,bc flfssfy^ hfw tnkpt lfrh'fkdfc uekbc[vj,c* nhflbwbf uh'tklt,f^ v[jkjl cf[tc bwdkbc lf gbhj,bs [fcbfsc bqt,c [38^ ud& 102-103]&

vtc[tsib flhtekb .jhqfyt,b fh fhbc^ fhw flhtshbfktsehb xfyc& .jhqfyt,b xylt,f shbfktsehb reknehbc t&o& f.dfdt,bc [fyblfy& tc fhbc .jhqfyekb ]ueat,b^ cflfw sbsj lblb .jhqfyb ufvjbhxtdf& fv ufvjhxtekb .jhqfybc rfvthf vbobcptlff^ mdbc lblb abkt,bs yfut,b^ gfnfhf .jhqfyt,b rb jhvjbfybf& rhtvfwbf fh fhbc* lbl .jhqfyt,ib sbsj^ bidbfsfl jhb vbwdfkt,ekbf^ gfnfhf .jhqfyt,b rb rjktmnb-ehbf [15^ ud& 159]& lblb .jhqfyt,bc vfcfkf shbfktsehbf^ gfnfht,ib zfh,j,c flubkj,hbdb

[15^ ud& 161]^ hjvtkbw f[kjc fhbc vnrdfh-fhfmcsfy& v[jkjl thsufy^ f[xbfc = 3 .jhqfyib^ fqvjxylf thsb ,jh,kbc yfisb [15^ ud& 33^ nf,& |++2]& iblf mfhskbc shbfktseh cfvfh[t,ib lfrh'fkdbc otcb bctd vnrdfh-fhfmcekbc vcufdcbf – udthlpt^ [tkat[vjrtwbkb& fctf tc idbylbfybc cfvfh[t,ibw lf vtc[tsbc .jhqfyt,ib [15^ ud& 160]& fctsb cehfsbf fhfhfnbc dtkpt^ cflfw^ hjujhw xfyc^ .jhqfyb itlbc shbfktseh reknehfcsfy thsfl^ lff[kjt,bs 'd&o& \|++ c-ib& fhnfifnbc vf[kj,kfl ufs[hbk vjvwhj cfvfh[t,ib rthfvbrf ]th rbltd vnrdfh-fhfmcek bthc fnf-ht,c lf by/evfwbehbf^ [jkj fhbxbc .jhqfyt,ib^ eahj vlblhekb @shbfktsehb# bydtynfhbf lf xylt,f rhtvfwbf& fctsb lfrh'fkdbc otcbf xhlb-kj lfcfdkts fpth,fb]fybc ufhrdtek nthbnj-hbfptw^ cflfw shbfktsehb reknehf dhwtk-lt,f& fvhbufl .jhqfyt,ib lfrh'fkdbc otcb eahj cohfafl dhwtklt,f* bub obyfvjh,tlvf vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehfvfw ufbsfdbcf ufhrdtekobkfl^ hfw bvbc vfybiyt,tkbf^ hjv vvfhsdtkb ptlf atyf eahj vrdtshfl ufvjb[fnf^ vfuhfv sdbs lfrh'fkdbc nhflbwbekb hbnefkb eahj 'ytkfl bwdkt,f lf fhfnhflbwbekb rhtvfwbf lf ehtvpt lfrh'fkdf flubkj,hbd vjcf[ktj,fib gjgekf-hekb fh fhbc&

41

lfcfchekc^ thsb cfrbs[c itdt[t,bs vjrktl& bhvbc ufvjcf[ekt,f vnrdfh-fhfmcek reknehfib e'dtktcb [fyblfy xylt,f& bhvbc hmbc vbobc lf-cfveifdt,tkb bfhfqt,b xylt,f flhtcfvbofsvjm-vtlj [fybc rekneht,ib^ [jkj vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehfib mdfw[tkfpt bhvbc hmbc cf[dytkbw fqvjxylf& ]th rbltd y&vfhb fqybiyfdlf bhvbc hmbc elbltc vybidytkj,fc vtehytj,fib kbsjybc itvjcdkfvlt [35^ ud& 33] lf fhfvfhnj cfvbofs-vjmvtlj cfmvbfyj,fib& vfu&^ yjhajkrbc cfuhf-ajib fhct,ek^ rf;bc vjcfgjdt,kfl cfv if[nfib 328 bhvbc hmbc bfhfqb fqvjxylf [27^ ud& 102]& fvfdt lhjc y& vfhb dfhfelj,lf^ hjv bhtvb itb'-kt,f .jabkb.j gbhdtkb vjibyfeht,ekb ufvotdb 'fkf^ [jkj itcf,fvbcfl vfh[bkb se cfshtdtkf – gbhdtkb cfpblfhb [35^ ud& 34]& bhtvb lf bhvbcyfbhyb hjv ufvotd 'fkfl b[vfht,jlf^ fvbc lfcnehbf 'dtk tudbgneh ufvjcf[ekt,fpt fhct-,ekb vbobc [dybc ghjwtcb fynbkjgt,bs [44^ ud& 235^ ceh& 40]& wyj,bkbf fuhtsdt^ hjv vtcjgj-nfvbfib e'dtktc cfpblht,pt [fhbc ufvjxtyfvlt trdblt,b xfyc* vfkt vfs flubkc vrdblhfl brfdt,c [fhb (wtynhfkeh fpbfib fmktvb)& y& vfhb flfc-neht,c^ hjv vtehytj,fib f[fkb w[jdtkbc ufvjxtyf obyfhtc hjkib^ bodtdc [ibhfl vbcb cf-[tkbc uflfcdkfcfw [35^ ud& 23] lf fvbc vhfdfkb vfufkbsb vj/.fdc& fv cfrbs[pt cfbynthtcj yfi-hjvb fmdc y& ,htuf'tc^ cflfw mfhsekb tsyj-uhfabekb vjyfwtvt,bs xfyc^ hjv fuhfhek reknsfy lfrfdibht,bs [fk[eh hovtyf-ofhvjl-utyt,ib lfabmcbhlf bhvbc xfyfwdkt,f [fhbs [4^ ud& 58]& hjujhw xfyc^ vtehytj,fib vjv[lfhb xfyfwdkt,f fbcf[f cfreknj otct,ibw& fv vbvfh-st,bs cfbynthtcjf u& xbnfbfc vbth xfothbkb [fk[ehb uflvjwtvf bhvbcf lf [fhbc uf]b,ht,bc itcf[t, ptwfib^ cflfw [fhc ufevfh]dybf lf ptwfpt lfhxtybkf (rdfkb @bhvbc yf[njvbcf# lf @lblb lfsdbc sfyfdfhcrdkfdtlbc# mfhsekb cf[tkojlt,bs @uesytekbc#^ cf[bs)& fctsb lfrfd-ibht,t,b vfhnj mfhsekb vjdktyf fh fhbc* lblb lfsdbc sfyfdfhcrdkfdtlbc cfpblfhc erfdibht,c ahbubekb uflvjwtvf^ ,jh,fksfy lf cfpblfhsfy lfrfdibht,ekb hecekb nthvbyb кол lf erhfb-yekb виз fctdt lblb lfsdbc sfyfdfhcrdkfdtlbc fqvybidytkbf [22^ ud& 718]& fctdt fv sfyfdfh-crdkfdtlsfy fhbc ufbubdt,ekb [tst,sfy v'bvt js[,jh,kbfyb lf [tkybfyb cfpblfhbc ufvjcf[e-kt,f [22^ ud& 725]& b& f,ekf'bc 'dtkb mfhsekb tybc ktmcbrjyib fv sfyfdfhcrdkfdtlc @ehtv-[fhc# eojlt,c^ [jkj @bhvbc yf[njvc# – @[fhbc yfrdfktdbw# mdbf& 'dtk mfhsekib [fhb ybiyfdlf [fh-kfqc fye [fh-bhtvc% vfc itvltu hfw [fhvf itwdfkf vtehytj,fib bhtvb^ bhvbc tc cf[tkb uflvjlbc [fhpt^ [jkj bhvbc cf[tkb cfpblfhsfy lfrfdibht,bs itvjbyf[f ehtvib& w[tybc ufvjxtybc itvltu htv ae't mvybc f[fk cf[tklt,t,c – htvf – w[tyt,bc ]jub^ e[tlyb w[tyb^ htvfrb – e[tlyb zfrb w[tyb& fyfkjubehb cehfsbf hecekib% соха – rfdb^ thmdfyb^ сохатый – hmbfyb bhtvb^ kjcb* косуля – fhbc bhvbc idbkb lf fxfxf^ thmdfyb [4^ ud& 58]& fvhbufl^ itcf'kt,tkbf cojhb b.jc y& vfhbc dfhfelb^ hjv flhtek tnfgpt e,jh,kj nhfycgjhnbc ufvotdb 'fkf b.j bhtvb^ hjvtkcfw itvlujv ,jh,kbfy nhfycgjhnpt [fhb wdkbc^ itvltu rb xdtysfy itvjlbc w[tybw&

fvhbufl^ hjujhw vfcfkt,b udbxdtyt,ty^ rfd-rfcbfib lf rth'jl cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbfpt^

fk,fs +++ fsfcoktekbc lfcfo.bcblfy itbmvyf cfnhfycgjhnj cfiefkt,t,b ufvotdb 'fkbc ufvj-.tyt,bs^ hjujhw e,jh,kj^ fctdt ,jh,kbfyb^ lf-ybiyekt,bcf lf htubjybc vb[tldbs& ,jh,kbc vj-ltkt,b rfdrfcbfib erdt tytjkbsbc [fyblfy udfmdc^ [jkj flht,hby]fjc [fyfib vfcbehb [lt-,f& ,jh,kbc thsb afmnbc lflfcneht,fw rb eylf vbesbst,ltc fk,fs vbc ufvj.tyt,fpt^ vbs evtntc^ hjv ,jh,kbfyb nhfycgjhnbc ofhvjij,fc oby eylf ecoht,ltc cf[ybcbcf lf e,jh,kj cfpblhbc fhct,j,f& .jdtk itvs[dtdfib^ fk,fs vnrdfh-fhfm-cbc reknehbc obfqib ofhvjbidf lf itvlujv xfvj.fkb,lf mfhsek-rfdrfcbehb ehvbc nbgb jh,jh,kbfyb^ cfvres[fe,bfyb^ hjvtkbw lqtdfy-lkfvlt ufyfuh'j,c fhct,j,fc lf tsyjuhfabekb lf fhmtjkjubehb vjyfwtvt,b cfiefkt,fc b'ktdf sdfkb ufdfltdyjs fvudfhb ehvbc itmvybcf lf ufydbsfht,bc vstkc ghjwtcc&

G. Mirtskhulava STAGES OF THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WHEELED TRANSPORT IN GEORGIA (Summary)

The invention of wheeled transport was un-

doubtedly an achievement of the human economy. It was connected with the principal branches of economy – agriculture, cattle-breading and metal manufacture. The invention of the wheel was in dialectical interrelation with the potter's wheel and the whorl. With the appearance of transport cul-tural relations increased, followed by the period of great ethnic migrations. As is known, the critical number of population was originally regulated by separation and establishment of new settlements. Transport facilitated this process and expanded the area of conveyance. This is the picture emerging with respect to the Indo-Europeans as well as the Kura-Araxes culture, covering large territories and then going beyond the bounds of the Caucasus.

The evolution of transport facilities is of definite interest. Scholars believe that plough agriculture and draught transport appeared almost simultaneously, the plough perhaps coming a little earlier. It is supposed that the first cart using power was a sledge on runners. The problem of strengthening the carrying capacity was solved by creating the sledge. Then the wheel appeared and two- and four-wheeled carts of various designs were created in conformity with the relief of the region.

The oldest clay model of a two-wheeled cart – araba was discovered in Georgia on the Badaani settlement site of the Kura-Araxes culture by the Iori Valley Expedition. The settlement is dated to the second half of the 3

rd millennium B.C. A

bronze pin – stylized representation of a two-wheeled araba – from burial 13 of Nacherkezevi in Sachkhere, belongs to the same period. The

42

araba and the pin have the shape of the Caucasian ethnographic cart and the existence of the cited form in the second half of the 3

rd millennium B.C.

allows to assume that preceding forms were in use at the beginning of the 3

rd millennium B.C. At the

same time, if we recall the clay models of the wheels on the sites of the Kura-Araxes culture, then it is safe to assume that at the beginning of the 3

rd millennium B.C. a two-wheeled cart –

araba appeared in the Caucasus and in particular, on the territory of Georgia, giving rise to the Caucasian type of araba-cart with a triangular frame and yoke. Such a cart has two points of rest: the axle and the yoke. The principle of the design implies equilibrium with the centre on the axle. Its specific feature is that one wheel was fixed tightly on the axle and the other revolved freely. The axle revolved freely. The axle revolved together with the wheel. These peculiarities of design allowed the cart to revolve on the spot and, unlike four-wheeled carts were more mobile on the rugged Caucasian terrain.

The four-wheeled cart appeared on the territory of Georgia together with barrow culture, then possibly transforming into the Trialeti culture. With barrows of Bedeni and Trialeti cultures the custom appeared of burying four-wheeled carts and the Caucasus seems to have familiarized itself with four-wheeled carts with rectangular frame, initially made for a cult purpose.

Thus, it should be noted that the two-wheeled cart-araba with a triangular frame was the inven-tion of the Kura-Araxes culture, continuing to exist to the present day in ethnographic reality. The ethnographic and archaeological evidence allows to retrace the process of formation of the cited type of cart. kbnthfnehf

1& fdfkbidbkb u&^ fawbfehb y&^ rtrt-

kb't s&^ rj,fkf't v&^ xtxtkfidbkb v&^ othtstkb f& s,bkbcbc cf[tkvobaj eybdth-cbntnbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc 1989-1990 okt,bc veifj,bc fyufhbib& – fhmtjkj-ubehb rht,ekb^ +^ s,&^ 1994^ ud& 61-74&

2& fafmb't f&^ .babfyb u&^ ybrjkfbidb-kb d& yfhtrdfdbc f[kflfqvjxtybkb cfvfhj-dfyb& – vbkcfltybc fhmtjkjubf^ +^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 32-36&

3& ,fhlfdtkb't d& mfhsdtksf e'dtktcb cfhoveyjt,bc bcnjhbblfy (qdsft,f ,fh,fh-,f,fh)& s,&^ 1941&

4& ,htudf't y& [fhb lf bhtvb& – [tktehb& s,&^ 1985^ ud& 57-63&

5& ututib't v& mfhsekb [fk[ehb nhfyc-gjhnb& s,&^ 1956&

6& uj,t]bidbkb u& ,tltybc ujhfcfvfh[t-,bc reknehf& s,&^ 1981&

7& vbhw[ekfdf u& vnrdfh-fhfmcbc rek-nehbc ufdhwtkt,bc cfrbs[bcfsdbc& – cfvtw-ybthj ctcbf @vcjakbj reknehek-bcnjhb-ekb ghjwtcb lf cfmfhsdtkj# (fhmtjkjub-ehb vfcfkt,bc vb[tldbs)& vj[ctyt,fsf stpb-ct,b& s,&^ 1993^ ud& 16-17&

8& ;jhlfybf s& mhjybrt,b^ obuyb ++^ nab-kbcb^ 1897&

9& cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubf^ ++^ s,&^ 1992&

10& mjhb't l& vfnthbfkehb reknehbc e'dtktcb 'tukt,b (cfx[thbc hfbjyb)& s,&^ 1961&

11& ]fdf[bidbkb f&^ qkjynb k& eh,yb-cb& +^ s,&^ 1962&

12& ]fafhb't j& mfhsdtkb njvt,bc bcnj-hbbcfsdbc kbsjybc ofhvjt,bc flhtek cfat[ehpt& s,&^ 1961&

13& ]fafhb't j& fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht,b shbfktsib 1957-58 oo& s,&^ 1960&

14& ]fafhb't j& mfhsdtk njvsf tsybre-hb bcnjhbbc cfrbs[bcfsdbc& s,&^ 1976&

15& ]fafhb't j&^ rbrdb't b&^ fdfkbidb-kb u&^ othtstkb f& vtc[ts-]fdf[tsbc fhmt-jkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc veifj,bc itltut,b& s,&^ 1981&

16& ]fafhb't j& fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht,b shbfktsib& s,&^ 1969&

17& ]fafhb't j& ,hby]fjc [fybc .jhqfyt-,b& – mdtvj mfhskbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlb-wbbc itltut,b (1965-1971 oo&)& s,&^ 1975^ ud& 137-165&

18& ]fafhb't j& kbsjybc ofhvjt,bc flhtekb cfat[ehb cfmfhsdtkjib& s,&^ 1955&

19& ]fdf[bidbkb u& .dbhbkbc [tj,bc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc vbth zbfsehbc hfbjybc cja& mdtvj pjlib ufvjmdf,ek cfvt-kt rkltib 1966 otkc xfnfht,ekb veifj,bc itltut,b& – ccvft^ 1969^ ud& 12-18&

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28. Кожин И. М. К проблеме происхожде-ния колесного транспорта. – Древняя Анато-лия. М., 1985, с. 169-182.

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nf,ekt,bc fqothbkj,f nf,& + – 1& ,hby]fjc mby'bcsfdb yfxth-

mtptdblfy^ cfx[tht* 2^ 6& ,hby]fjc mby'bcsf-dt,b cfx[thbc ief,hby]fjc [fybc cfvfh[t-,blfy* 3& ,hby]fjc mby'bcsfdb kehbcnfyblfy* 4& ,hby]fjc mby'bcsfdb mdfw[tkfc B ljyb-lfy^ eh,ybcb* 5& ,hby]fjc jhdjkenbfyb mby-'bcsfdb xhlbkjts rfdrfcbblfy* 7& ,hby]fjc mby'bcsfdb cfx[thtlfy* 8& ,hby]fjc mby'bcsf-db xhlbkjts rfdrfcbblfy* 9& ,hby]fjc mby-'bcsfdb skbflfy^ iblf mfhskb* 10& cfujhf-dbc ufydbsfht,bc cmtvf% +& cfujhfdb* ++& mct-kbc cfujhfdb* +++& seibc qth'-,jh,kt,b (v& ututib'bc vb[tldbs)* 11-15& ehvbc ,jh,kt,b mfhsekb tsyjuhfabekb vjyfwtvt,bs (v& ut-utib'bc vb[tldbs)* 16& ievthekb ,jh,fkb* 17-19& gjhneufkbehb lf ,fcrehb ,jh,kt,b (v& ututib'bc vb[tldbs)&

nf,& ++ – 1& ehvbc sb[bc vjltkb ,flffybc yfvjcf[kfhblfy* 2& ax[bkt zbfsehblfy* 3& mctkb fv,hjkfehbc hfbjyblfy* 4& seib cfx-[thbc hfbjyblfy* 5& fxfxf ehtvb ,fqlflbc hfbjyblfy (2-5 v& ututib'bc vb[tldbs)* 6& sb[bc ,jh,kbc vjltkb lbqvbc cfvfh[blfy* 7& sb[bc ,jh,kbc vjltkb yfhtrdfdbc cfvfh-[blfy* 8& [fhit,vekb cfshtdtkfc ufvjcf-[ekt,f rkltpt^ kbuehbf^ bnfkbf* 9& [fht-,bs [dyf^ kbuehbf^ bnfkbf* 10& lfrh'fkdbc ghjwtcb^ ufvjcf[ekt,f mdfpt^ tlty,ehub^ ey-uhtsb* 11& cfvres[fe,bfyb jhsdfkf ehvbc ufvjcf[ekt,f mdfpt^ rfbfrtyn-[jhjxjbc rek-nehf (xhlbkj rfdrfcbf)&

Description of the Plates Pl. I – 1. Bronze pin from Nacherkezevi,

Sachkhere; 2, 6. Bronze pins from Middle Bronze Age burials of Sachkhere; 3. Bronze pin from Luristan; 4. Bronze pin from level B of Kva-tskhela, Urbnisi; 5. Bronze double-volute pin from the Northern Caucasus; 7. Bronze pin from Sa-chkhere; 8. Bronze pin from the Northern Cau-casus; 9. Bronze pin from Tlia, Shida Kartli; 10. Diagram of the development of sledge runner: I. Runner; II. Runner of kseli; III. Axle and wheels of tushi (according to M. Gegeshidze); 11-15. Wheels of the araba according to ethnographic evidence (according to M. Gegeshidze); 16. Su-merian wheel; 17-19. Portuguese and Basque wheels (according to M. Gegeshidze).

Pl. II – 1. Clay model of an araba from the Badaani settlement site; 2. Pchkhile from Chia-tura; 3. Kseli from Ambrolauri district; 4. Tushi from Sachkhere district; 5. Achacha araba from

44

Baghdadi district (2-5 according to M. Gege-shidze); 6. Clay model of a wheel from a Dighomi burial; 7. Clay model of a wheel from a Narekvavi burial; 8. Representation on a rock of a sledge runner with oxen harnessed to it, Liguria, Italy; 9. Ploughing with oxen, Liguria, Italy; 10. Process of burying the dead, representation on stone, Eden-burg, Hungary; 11. Representation of a triangular framed two-wheeled araba on stone, Kayakent-Khorochoi culture (the Northern Caucasus).

45

nf,& +

46

nf,& ++

47

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'D&O& ++ FSFCOKTEKBC CFHBNEFKJ UPT<B SHBFKTSIB

shbfktsbc fhmtjkjubehb itcofdkf byntycbehfl \\ cfereybc 30-bfyb okt,blfy lfbo.j^ hjltcfw ofkrbc o.fkcfwfdbc vj-vfdfk acrthpt ghja& ,& reanbybc vbth fhf-thsb vtnfl vybidytkjdfyb 'tukb ufbs[fhf& ufycfresht,bs cf.ehflqt,jf flht lf ief ,hby]fjc [fybc .jhqfyt,b& fm fqvjxtybkb vfcfkf cfae'dkfl lftlj cfmfhsdtkjc e'dt-ktcb bcnjhbbc rdktdbc f[fk tnfgc& fst-ekb okt,bc vfy'bkpt tc 'tukt,b^ chekbfl cfvfhskbfyfl^ tnfkjyehfl bsdkt,f&

40-bfyb okt,bc itvltu ghja& ,& reanbybc vbth ufs[hbk .jhqfysf lblb yfobkb o.kbc mdti vjtmwf [5]& itecofdktkb lfhxf vhfdf-kb vwbht .jhqfyb lf ufs[hbk .jhqfysf vbvlt,fht nthbnjhbt,b&

90-bfyb okt,bc lfcfo.bcblfy^ tythutnb-rek rhbpbcsfy lfrfdibht,bs^ o.fkcfwfdbc ljytv sfylfsfy brkj& ofkrf-shbfktsbc fh-mtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbf^ itcf'kt,kj,bc afh-ukt,ib^ .jdtksdbc wlbkj,lf ufvjdktybkb 'tukt,bc abmcfwbfc lf ufs[hfc& 1996 otkc ,& reanbybc vbth ufs[hbk \+\ .jhqfybc xhlbkj-lfcfdktsbs 40 v-bc lfwbkt,bs uf-

bs[fhf ,tltyehb reknehbc mdf.hbkbfyb mdf-.esb^ fmdt lf \ .jhqfybc lfcfdktsbs lf-abmcbhlf vwbht pjvbc ohbekb mdf.hbkt,b& 1997 otkc \+\ .jhqfybc cfv[hts-lfcfdkt-sbs 1^0 rv-c lf \ .jhqfybc cfv[hts-fq-vjcfdktsbs 1^2 rv-c lfwbkt,bs^ ufbs[fhf udbfyfynbrehb [fybc mdf.esb&

1999 okbc ctmntv,thib ofkrbc o.fkcf-wfdbc afhsj,b bvltyfl itvwbhlf^ hjv lqbc cbyfsktpt fvjdblf 30-bfy okt,ib xf'bhekb cjakt,b itgbfrb^ cfyjvthb lf obyo.fhj& xdtyb ufycfresht,ekb .ehflqt,f vbbmwbf fhmtjkjubehvf 'tukt,vf& ufvjdkbylf o.kbc vjmvtlt,bc itltufl ufibidkt,ekb .jhqfyt-,b lf cfvfhjdyt,b (ceh& 2-3)& fctekj,bs /t-mnfhpt (ufibidkt,ekb ptlfgbhbc cbuh't 5 rv-pt vtnbf^ cbufyt rb 0^5-1^5 rv-c elhbc) ufykfut,ekb @ghtgfhbht,ekb# 'tukt,b uflf-elt,tk abmcfwbfc cfzbhjt,lf& fhmtjkjube-hb rdktdbc wtynhbc lbhtmnjhvf ghja& js& kjhsmbafyb'tv cfcohfajl vbfdkbyf tmcgt-lbwbf u& yfhbvfybidbkbc^ u& vbylbfidbkbc^ ,& vehdfyb'bc^ f& stdpf'bcf lf i& vtkbmb'bc it-vflutykj,bs^ o.fkcfwfdbc .jabk acrthpt ufvjdktybkb 'tukt,bc abmcfwbbc vbpybs&

ceh& 1

48

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ceh& 2 xfnfht,ekb cfveifjt,bc itltufl ufbh-

rdf^ hjv ,& reanbybc vbth ufs[hbk pjubths .jhqfyc fqvjcfdktsbc v[hblfy cfhbnefkj-cfghjwtcbj upt,b fmdc& fctsbdt upt,b lflfcnehlf rbltd hfvltybvt^ ufes[htk .jhqfysfy& .dtkf itvs[dtdfib^ upf .jhqfyb-lfy vrfwhfl fqvjcfdktsbcfrtyff vbvfhsekb&

ufycfresht,ek bynthtcc bodtdc ,& rea-nbybc vbth ufs[hbkb + .jhqfybc (,tber-stat) lfcfdktsbs 500 v-bc lfwbkt,bs lf-lfcneht,ekb .jhqfyb (nf,& +1)& bub ofhvj-flutyc 60 v-bc lbfvtnhbc lf 1^2-1^5 v-bc cbvfqkbc mdf.hbkbfy .jhqfyc^ hjvtkcfw 1^0 v-bc cbufybc^ lblb pjvbc mdt,bcfufy itl-utybkb cfhn.tkb itvje.dt,f& vrfwhfl fqvj-cfdktsbc vbvfhsekt,bs .jhqfypt vbluve-kbf 356 v-bc cbuh'bc lf 6 v-bc cbufybc^ mdbs vjrbho.kekb upf& upbc yfgbht,b lblb pj-vbc mdt,bsff itvfuht,ekb& .jhqfybc ufhitvj c[dflfc[df pjvbcf lf nbgbc .jhqfyb lflfc-nehlf^ hjvtksf ijhbc jhc fmdc upf& fmdtf js[res[f yfut,j,t,bc cfae'dkt,b lf c[df-lfc[df tgjmbc cfvfh[b mdf.est,b&

ufvjdktybkb 'tukt,bc sfhbqbc lf ,& rea-nbybc vbth ufs[hbkb lf lqtbcfsdbc ufvjd-ktybkb .jhqfyt,bc bltynbabwbht,bc vbpybs yjtv,thib ufyvtjht,bs bmyf vbdkbyt,ekb ofk-rf-shbfktsbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbf& tmc-gtlbwbfib vjyfobktj,lyty u& yfhbvfybidbkb^ u& vbylbfidbkb^ p& vf[fhf't^ ,& vehdfyb't lf u& nfnbidbkb& tmcgtlbwbbc lfabyfyct,bc byb-wbfnjht,fl ufvjdblyty ghbywb /fyc ajy pfm-

cty-fknty,ehub lf fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhbc lbhtmnjhbc vjflubkt b&v&l& d& kb-xtkb^ hjvtksf iefvfdkj,bs fii vjmfkfmtv ljmnjhvf ljy jkctyvf ufvj.j 1200 $.

tmcgtlbwbfv vbpfyitojybkfl vbbxybf ,tb-erstatc cfv[htsbs vlt,fht^ ths-thsb upb-fyb .jhqfybc ufs[hf (nf,& +2)& bub ofhvj-flutyc 24 v-bc lbfvtnhbc lf 1^0 v-bc cbvfq-kbc mdf.hbkbfy .jhqfyc^ hjvtkcfw ufhitvj lblb pjvbc mdt,bc cfhn.tkb itvje.dt,f& .jhqfyc fqvjcfdktsblfy 48 v-bc cbuh'bc lf 3 v-bc cbufybc^ mdbs vjrbho.kekb upf ethslt,f& .jhqfybc .hbkb wtynhfkeh yf-obkib lfotekb b.j& cfvfh[b rfvthbc cbqh-vtib ufwbkt,bs lblb pjvbc mdt,b b.j xf.-hbkb^ dblht ptlfgbhpt& .hbkbc fqt,bcfc uf-bovbylf udbfy,hby]fjc [fybc xfidt,ekb cf-vfh[b& lblsjdkj,bc ufvj .jhqfybc ufs[hf dth lfcheklf^ ufvjbrdtsf cfvfh[b rfvthbc cfv[htsb lf lfcfdktsb rtlkt,b^ wtynhf-keh yfobkib ufvjxtyf lfbo.j cfvfh[tekvf rthfvbrfv& fv tnfgpt bmyf lfrjycthdt,ekb ufs[hbsb cfveifjt,b&

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ceh& 3 tmcgtlbwbbc vbth vjgjdt,ekb vfcfkbc lf

,& reanbybc ufs[ht,bc itltut,bc cfae'dtk-pt itb'kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv upbfyb .jhqfyt,b 'bhbsflfl @shbfktsbc .jhqfyt,bc ,ho.bydf-kt reknehbc# sfyflhjekbf& ief ,hby]fjc [fyfc ufytresdyt,f xdtycf lf ,& reanbybc vbth ufs[hbkb |+ lf \| .jhqfyt,b (nf,& +3)& sevwf fctsb .jhqfyt,b eahj flhtekb (vfu& \ .jhqfyb^ hjvtkbw 'd&o& +++ fsfcok& ++ yf[& sfhbqlt,f [1^ ud& 15^ 95* 4^ ud& 11^ 53])

49

fy jlyfd vjudbfyj itb'kt,f b.jc (nfibhbc = 5 .jhqfyb^ hjvtkbw 'd&o& \| c-bs sf-hbqlt,f [2^ ud& 88^ 97]). cfbynthtcjf n.db-fdbc .jhqfyt,sfy lflfcneht,ekb cbnefwbf [3^ ud& 32^ nf,& |].

fvltyfl^ itb'kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv ofkrf-shb-fktsbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc vbth vj-gjdt,ekb vfcfkt,b chekbfl eybrfkehbf fhf v[jkjl rfdrfcbbc^ fhfvtl cfthsjl .jh-qfyekb reknehbc fhtfkbcfsdbcfw& .jhqfy-sf cfhbnefkj upt,b ief,hby]fjc [fybc cf-pjufljt,bc cjwbfkehb vlujvfhtj,bc f[kt-,eh f[cyfc vjbs[jdc&

ofkrbc o.fkcfwfdbc nthbnjhbfpt ufvjd-ktybkb 'tukt,b uflfelt,tk itcofdkfc cf-zbhjt,c^ hflufy ufpfa[ekbc o.fklblj,fc-sfy thsfl bcbyb o.kbs lfbafht,f&

G. Narimanishvili

RITUAL ROUTES OF THE 2ND

MILLENNIUM B.C. IN TRIALETI

(Summary)

Intensive archaeological investigation of Tria-

leti began in the 1930s when on the future bottom

of the Tsalka water storage reservoir a number of

significant remains were excavated by B. Kuftin.

Specially to be noted among these are barrow bu-

rials of the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Mate-

rials obtained buy him served as the foundation

for the beginning of a new stage in the study of the

ancient history of Georgia. For decades these

monuments have been considered to be standard.

After the 40s most of the barrows excavated by

Kuftin were covered with water [5]. Numerous

small barrow burials and territory adjacent to the

excavated barrows remained unstudied.

Since the 90s, in connection with the power

crisis, the level of water in the storage reservoir

lowered gradually. The Tsalka-Trialeti Archaeo-

logical Expedition of the Centre for Archaeologi-

cal Studies, tried within its capacities to record

and excavate the monuments identified.

By September 1999 the area of the Tsalka

storage reservoir reduced to such extent that the

villages of Shepyak, Sanomer and Tsintqkaro,

flooded in the 30s, were laid bare. Archaeological

monuments attracted our special attention. Under

the impact of water barrows and burials were

brought to light (figs. 2-3). The "conserved"

remains, situated over hundreds of hectares (the

length of the uncovered area is over 5 km, width

0.5-1.5 km) required urgent fixation.

With a view to studying the remains on the

bottom of the storage reservoir, an expedition was

sent to Trialeti by O. Lordkipanidze, Director of

the Centre for Archaeological Studies (members

of the expedition: G. Narimanishvili, G. Mindia-

shvili, B. Murvanidze, A. Tevzadze, Sh. Meliki-

dze). A topographic plan of the area under inves-

tigation was drawn, all revealed monuments were

plotted, graphic and photo recording were made.

The main achievement of the expedition was

the discovery of grand roads leading to the

barrows – both excavated by Kuftin and some not

excavated yet.

The work carried out by our expedition showed

that ritual routes for funeral processions were

adjacent to some barrows excavated by Kuftin.

Such routes were also confirmed near some

unexcavated barrows. In all cases they were

strictly oriented to the East.

Of special interest is the barrow burial

identified 500 m west of barrow I (Beiyuk-tepe)

excavated by Kuftin (pl. I).

This barrow is 60 m in diameter with a 1.2-1.5

m high embankment enclosed with a belt of large

stones. A 356 m long and 6 m wide road paved

with stones, leads directly to the barrow. It is also

oriented straight East, The road was strengthened

with large stones on each side. Some other

barrows of various sizes and types were attested

around this one. Roads lead to two of these.

Foundations of quadrangular structures and cyst,

belonging to different periods were also confirmed

here. With a view to dating and identifying

barrows – both excavated by Kuftin and newly

discovered ones – in November the Tsalka-Trialeti

Archaeological Expedition was again sent out to

the site (G. Narimanishvili, G. Mindiashvili, Z.

Makharadze, B. Murvanidze, G. Tatishvili). The

initiators of financing the expedition were Hans

fon Saxen-Altenburg and V. Licheli, Deputy

Director of the Centre for Archaeological Studies,

through whose mediation Dr. Don Olsen, a citizen

of the USA, allotted $1200.

The expedition found it advisable to study one

of the barrows with a road leading to it. A barrow

to the south of Beiyuk-tepe was chosen. The stone

embankment of the barrow (diameter: 24 m,

height: 1 m) was enclosed with cromlech of a

large stones. From the east a stone-paved road

(length: 48 m, width: 3 m) adjoins the barrow.

Upon removing the embankment, an entrance bu-

rial of the Late Bronze Age was discovered. The

southern and western walls of the burial chamber

appeared and in the central part pottery of the

main burial was found. At this stage the exca-

vations were suspended owing to bad weather.

50

A pit burial of the "Bedeni" culture, 11 cysts of

the Bronze Age were excavated by the expedition.

The excavations of two barrows have begun.

According to the expedition and the results of

the excavations carried out by Kuftin, it may be

presumed that the barrows with roads are largely

contemporaneous with the "magnificent culture of

the Trialeti barrows". Barrows VI and XV, exca-

vated by us and Kuftin, belong to the Middle

Bronze Age. However, such barrows may be ear-

lier (e.g. barrow X dated to the second part of the

3rd

millennium B.C. [1, p. 15; 4, pp. 11, 53]) or

later (barrow 5 of Tashiri, dated to the 15th cent.

B.C. [2, pp., 88, 97]. The situation found with the

barrows of Tqviavi [3, p. 25, pl. V] is of interest.

Thus, it may be stated that materials obtained

by the Tsalka-Trialeti Archaeological Expedition

are quite unique not only for the Caucasus but also

for the area of diffusion of the barrow culture in

general. Ritual roads of barrows call for a new

explanation of the social status of the society in

the Middle Bronze Age.

The sites revealed on the territory of the Tsalka

storage reservoir stand in need of immediate

investigation because they will come under spring

flood.

kbnthfnehf

1& ujuf't t& shbfktsbc .jhqfyekb

reknehbc gthbjlbpfwbf lf utytpbcb& s,&^ 1972&

2& rf[bfyb r&^ qkbqdfidbkb t& nfibhbc

= 5 .jhqfyekb cfvfh[b& – lvfybcb^ +^ s,&^ 1998^ ud& 88-107&

3& vfrfkfsbf c& n.dbfdbc .jhqfyekb cfvfh[t,bc fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht,b& s,&^ 1943&

4. Жоржикашвили Л. Г., Гогадзе Э. М.

Памятники Триалети эпохи ранней и средней

бронзы. Тб., 1974.

5. Куфтин Б. А. Археологические раскопки

в Триалети. Тб., 1941.

cehfst,bcf lf nf,ekbc fqothbkj,f

ceh& 1& .jhqfybcfrty vbvfdfkb cfhbnefkj

upf& ceh& 2-3& ufes[htkb .jhqfyt,b o.fkcf-

wfdbc acrthpt& nf,& +& – 1& ,tber-statc lfcfdktsbs

vlt,fht .jhqfyb* 2& 1999 otkc yfobkj,hbd ufs[hbkb .jhqfyb* 3& ,& reanbybc vbth ufs-[hbkb \| .jhqfyb&

Description of the figures and plate

Fig. 1 – Ritual road leading to the barrow.

Figs. 2-3 – Unexcavated barrows on the bottom

of the rerservoir.

Pl. I. – 1. Barrow, situated west of Beiyuk-

tepe; 2. Barrow excavated partially in 1999; 3.

Barrow XV excavated by B. Kuftin.

51

nf,& +

52

kfvfhf cf[fhjdf

J>EHTIBC <HBY}FJC UFY"BC ITCF{T<

1924 otkc cjatk j.ehtisfy (ktx[evb)^ flubk kf]j,bc 'bhib^ t& f[dktlbfyvf itvs-[dtdbs fqvjfxbyf ,hby]fjc ufy'b& ufy'b lfa-kekb b.j ,hby]fjc zehzkbs lf itbwfdlf 32 ybdsc& ufy'b byf[t,f frfl& c& ]fyfibfc cf-[tkj,bc cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj vepte-vbc fhmtjkjubehb ufy.jabkt,bc ajylib& ufy'bctekb ,hn.tkb wekb (ccv-bc rjk& = 11-32%64)^ hjvtkbw ufvjmdt.yt,ekb fmdc ,& reanbyc^ lfrfhuekbf [8^ ud& 33].

ufy'bc itvflutykj,fibf% ,hby]fjc cfvb zehztkb^ 3 cfvf]ehb^ cgbhfkehsfdt,bfyb cf.tkehb^ 6 wfkb gbhuf[cybkb hujkb^ wek-cfrfab^ 9 wfkb + nbgbc rjk[ehb we-kb^ [jkj 6 wfkb ++ nbgbcf* thsb wfkb .efjhathlf lf fcbvtnhbekgbhbfyb wekbf& thsbw fctsbdtf^ v[jkjl vbybfnehekb lf .efpt rjgbs [4^ ud& 11-14].

1980 otkc wfuthbc hfbjybc ufptsib uf-vjmdt.ylf wyj,f^ hjv wfuthbc v[fhtsvwjl-ytj,bc veptevbc vfibyltkvf lbhtmnjhvf^ cb'dtktsf lblvf mjvfuvf ]& cfqbyf'tv^ j& fh]tdfyb'bc lf[vfht,bs vbfrdkbf fqybiyekb ufy'bc rbltd cfv ybdsc [1^ ud& 2].

fqvjxtybc dbsfht,fcsfy thsfl wyj,fc cfhoveyjc [lbc fqybiyek ybdssf gfnbyf^ ltrjhb lf cfthsjl vjhajkjubeh-ibyffh-cj,hbdb vbvfhst,f j.ehtibc ufy'bcflvb& tc ybdst,bf%

1& wekb (wvv-bc rjk& = 3900-1606) – ,hby-]fjcb& rjk[ehb wekbc + nbgb* f[fcbfst,c idtnbkb nfyb^ vf[dbkb .ef^ sbsmvbc cbvt-nhbekb vj.dfybkj,bc gbhb lf odtnbfy-jdfkehb cfnfht [dhtkb* uht[bkb jhyfvty-nbs itvrekb ief ob,ehb cfnfhbc ief yf-obkpt vrdtshfl e[dtdc erfy lf [dhtkbc erfyf gbhc ufcltdc^ bvtjht,c hf vbc vj[f-pekj,fc& obyf lf erfyf fctsbdt ob,eht,b [dhtkbc rtltkc ufcltdc .efvlt& wekbc otkc itvje.dt,f afhsj cfhn.tkb^ hjvkbc xfhxj itmvybkbf cfvvorhbdf pjkt,bs& cbdh-wt pjkt,c ijhbc itdct,ekbf ehsbthsuflf-vrdtsb bhb,b [fpt,bs& .ebc sfdbc itcfvrj,fl ufvj.tyt,ekbf hujkt,b^ hjv,t,b^ hjvkt,bw itdct,ekbf othnbkt,bs& ob,eht,c ijhbc nfybw othnbkt,bsff itdct,ekb&

wekbc cbuh't 18 cv-bf^ gbhbc cbufyt 6^5 cv (nf,& +2)&

2& wekb (wvv-bc rjk& = 3899-1605) – ,hby]fjcb^ ,hn.tkb^ thsb v[hblfy jlyfd htkbtaehb& otkc ptvjs^ jhbdt v[fhtc sb-sj idthbkb fmdc& wekbc ujhlf lf cbvtn-hbekb gbhb a[bcfrty sfylfsfy s[tklt,f&

wekbc cbuh't – 19 cv* gbhbc cbufyt – 6^5 cv (nf,& +1)&

3& wekb (wvv-bc rjk& = 3899-1605) – ,hby]fjcb& ,hn.tkb^ bctsbdt^ hjujhw pt-vjs fqothbkb& gbhyfrkekb&

cbuh't – 18^2 cv* gbhbc cbufyt – 6 cv (nf,& +3)&

gbhdtkb wekb^ hjvtkbw rjk[ehb we-kbc + nbgc ofhvjflutyc^ vtn-yfrkt,fl lf-cfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc .dtkf res[tibf lflfc-neht,ekb& udthlidthbkbfyb (rjnt,bfyb) ,hn.tkb wekt,bw nbgbehb rjk[ehb yfofh-vbf lf lf[dtobkbf rjk[ehb wekt,bc ptufd-ktybs&

fqybiyekb ybdst,b fh wdkbfy j.ehtibc ufy'bc nbgjkjubehb lf mhjyjkjubehb rdktdbc wyj,bk itltuc^ hjvtkbw ufy'bc sfhbqfl bsdfkbcobyt,c 'd&o& \-|+++ cfere-ytt,c [6^ ud& 34^ 116* 4^ ud& 23]. sevwf erfyfcrytk [fyt,ib k& afyw[fdfv cgbhfkeh-sfdt,bfyb cfvf]ehbcf lf kj.fitevrj,tkb wekt,bc vb[tldbs ufy'b vrdtshfl uff[fk-ufphlfdf lf 'd&o& |+++-|+ cfereytt,bs lff-sfhbqf [5^ ud& 58]^ hfw xdtyb fphbs^ vfhst-,ekb fh eylf b.jc& cfmvt bcff^ hjv vfcbehb hujkt,b (cfodbdtt,b se cfrfyzeht,b)^ cgbhf-kehsfdt,bfyb cfvf]eht,b lf cf.tkeht,b ([fnbceqtkb^ rbhrfkb se udthub)^ xylt,f udbfy,hby]fjc flhtek cfat[ehpt [3^ ud& 19* 9^ ud& 34-37^ 82* 7^ ud& 14-15] lf ufhrdtekb wdkbkt,t,bs fhct,j,c 'd&o& |++-|+ cfereyt-vlt [2^ ud& 54].

,hby]fjc cbnekt,bc lf pjjvjhaek.e-hbfyb njkxt,bc fhct,j,bc ptlf cfpqdfhb rfhufl bafhukt,f 'd&o& |++-|+ cfereytt,bs lf fvbc lfvflfcneht,tkb cfrvfjl ,tdhb vf-cfkf lfuhjdlf& vfuhfv mdtlf mhjyjkjube-hb cfpqdfhb hfvltyflvt ufehrdtdtkbf& fvbc vbptpbf gbhdtk hbuib bc^ hjv ]th]thj,bs rjk[ehb reknehbc ufdhwtkt,bc cathjib fh fhbc vbrdktekb lf itcofdkbkb 'd&o& \+-\-+\ cfereytt,bc cfvfh[t,b& .dtkfpt lblb hfjltyj,bs tc zehzkt,b fqvjxtybkbf ,hbkbcf lf skbfc cfvfhjdyt,pt& ]th]thj-,bs ufehrdtdtkbf ,hbkbc ++ atybc mhjyj-kjubehb xfhxj& tc atyf rb eiefkjl vjc-ltdlf ief,hby]fjc [fybc atyfc& lfcfpecnt-,tkbf skbfc cfvfhjdybc cfvfh[sf mhjyj-kjubehb vjyfwdktj,fw&

vfuhfv fh itb'kt,f fh ufdbsdfkbcobyjs jhb ufhtvjt,f& gbhdtkb bc^ hjv ,hby]fjc aehwkt,bcfufy vfyzdkt,bs itrthbkb kbsj-ybc zehztkb cfmfhsdtkjib ief,hby]fjc [fyblfy fhct,j,c (shbfktsbc .jhqfyt,b^

53

eahj vjudbfyt,bs cfvsfdhjc cfvfhjdfypt lf c[d&)& vtjht bc^ hjv sb[bc zehzkbc vjh-ajkjubehb ybiyt,b – rhfnthbct,ehfl ufvj.dfybkb gbhb^ rfytkeht,b lf pjjvjh-aekb .eht,b^ hjvtksf cfae'dtkptlfw abm-hj,ty^ hjv itveifdlf cbnekt,bcf lf pjj-vjhaek.eht,bfyb njkxt,bc ajhvt,b^ lf-lfcneht,ekbf rjk[ehb yfcf[kfht,bc e'dt-ktc atyt,ib (yjcbhbc +++ lf ++ atyf lf c[d&)&

se fv ufhtvjt,t,c ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s^ vf-iby cfabmht,tkbf^ hjv cbnekt,bcf lf pjj-vjhaek.ehbfyb njkxt,bc ajhvf ufwbkt,bs flht eylf itmvybkb.j dblht |+++-|++ cfereytt,bf&

ufy'ib itvfdfkb rjk[ehb wekt,b (,hn.tkb wekt,bw) fh b'ktdf ufy'bc uff[fkufphlf-dt,bc cfae'dtkc& fvbnjv ufy'bc lfsfhbqt,f 'd&o& \-|+++ cfereytt,bs vfhst,ekfl vb-udfxybf&

L. Sacharowa

ÜBER DEN BRONZEHORT AUS DEM

DORF OKURESCHI (WESTGEORGIEN)

(Zusammenfassung)

1924 wurde im Dorf Okureschi zufällig ein

Hort aus bronzesachen in einem Bronzekessel ge-

funden. 1980 wurden noch zusätzlich drei Gegen-

stände aus diesem Schatz entdeckt: ein kolchi-

sches Beil vom I. Typ und zwei Flachbeile. Der

Schatz wird in X.-VIII. Jh. v. Chr. datiert.

kbnthfnehf

1& rjveybpvbc c[bdb (wfuthb)^ 1980^ = 19^

12 st,thdfkb& 2& vbmtkf't s& rjk[tsbc flhthrbybc [f-

ybc cfvfhjdyt,b& s,&^ 1985& 3& hfvbidbkb fk& rjk[tsbc vfnthbf-

kehb reknehbc bcnjhbblfy& s,&^ 1974& 4& cf[fhjdf k& ,hby]fjc ufy't,b ktx-

[evblfy& s,&^ 1976& 5& afyw[fdf k& rjk[ehb reknehbc

v[fndhekb [tkjcyj,bc 'tukt,b& s,&^ 1988& 6& mjhb't l& rjk[ehb reknehbc bc-

njhbbcfsdbc& s,&^ 1965& 7. Козенкова В. Обряд кремации в кобан-

ской культуре Кавказа. – СА, № 3, 1982, с. 14–

34.

8. Куфтин Б. А. Урартский "колумбарий" у

подошвы Арарата и Куро–Араксский энеолит.

– ВГМГ, XIII-В, 1944, с. 1–172.

9. Садрадзе В. Мцхета в XV-XIII вв. до н.э.

Тб., 1991.

nf,ekbc fqothbkj,f

nf,& + – 1& 1980 otkc vbrdktekb j.ehtibc ufy'bc wekt,b* 2& rjk[ehb wekbc + nbgb* 1^ 3 & ,hby]fjc ,hn.tkb wekt,b&

Beschreibung der Abbildung

Abb. I – 1. 1980 entdekte Beile aus

Okureschischatz; 2. Kolchisches Beil vom I. Typ;

1, 3. Zwei Flachbeile.

54

nf,& +

55

Htdfp Gfgefidbkb

UDBFY<HBY}FJ-FLHTHRBYBC {FYBC WTYNHFKEHB RJK{TSBC CFVFHJDFYSF FUT<EKT<BCFSDBC

udbfy,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [fybc cfvfhjdyt-,b^ hjvkt,bw wtynhfkeh rjk[tsib bmyf vbrdktekb^ jhb 'bhbsflb yfobkbcfufy itl-ut,f% cfreknj vjtlybcf lf rjktmnbehb cf-vfh[b jhvjt,bcfufy& cfreknj vjtlyt,b sf-dbc v[hbd cfvb ctuvtynbsff ofhvjlutybkb& tctybf% hb.bc mdbcfufy itlutybkb .hbkt,b^ lfvodfhb lf lfmewvfwt,ekb 'dkt,bcfufy it-lutybkb uhjdt,b fy jhvjt,b^ fuhtsdt rek-nvcf[eht,bcf lf nhfgtpbc yfhxtyt,bc sfylf-sfyj,bsb lfatyt,bc itltufl ofhvjmvybkb reknehekb atyt,b& [ctyt,ekb cfvfhjdyt,b pju]th hfvltyflvt ufyc[dfdlt,bfy thsvfyt-sbcfufy^ vfuhfv ptvjs xfvjsdkbkb sfdbct-,eht,t,bs bcbyb cfvfhjdyt,bc ths ufhrdtek ]ueafl thsbfylt,bfy lf vrdtshfl ufvjbhxt-dbfy c[dflfc[df tgjmbc^ htubjyt,bcf lf rek-nehbc cfvfhjdfysfufy&

lqtbcfsdbc rjk[tsib xdblvtnb cfvfhjdf-ybf wyj,bkb^ hjvkt,ptlfw fqybiyekb sfdb-ct,eht,fyb vtn-yfrkt,b cbvrdtshbs itbybiyt-,f (nf,& +1)& tctybf% ]fyne[bc [25^ ud& 32-33]^ ,hbkbc [11^ ud& 111]^ rehpec [12^ ud& 55-69]^ cfk[byjc [3^ ud& 24]^ gfkehbc [10^ ud& 96-136]^ vth[tekbc [3^ ud& 68-770]^ ve[ehxbc [16^ ud& 28-30* 6]^ abxjhbc [15^ ud& 40-44]^ th-utnbc +-+|^ lqdf,bc^ ybudpbfybc^ ehtrbc [9]^ ujhf'bhbc [4] lf [ewe,ybc [7^ ud& 106-112] cfvfhjdyt,b&

ptlfgbhekb lfpdthdt,bsf lf vjgjdt,ekb vfcfkbc vb[tldbs^ cfdfhfeljl^ vcufdc 'tu-kt,fl vbdbxytds% yfktgcfjc^ ktxtc^ dtlbsrf-hbc^ vf[fsbc^ ueh'tvbc lf yf[eyfjc cfvfhjd-yt,c vfhndbkbc hfbjyib [14^ ud& 30-32]^ ]dhbc^ ze,eh[by]bc [18^ud& 125-126]^ yjcbhb-cf lf afhw[fyf.fytdbc rjktmwbt,c& fqcfybi-yfdbf^ hjv afhw[fyf.fytdbc rjktmwbfc ,& reanbybw cfvfh[tekb bydtynfhbc yfobkfl vbbxytdlf [22^ ud& 133-135]& vcufdc 'tukt,c eylf erfdibhlt,jltc mesfbcbc veptevib lf-wekb gtnht zf,erbfybc vbth 1933 otkc fh-mbtkbc ujhfpt^ wfw[dt,bc mexfpt vjgjdt,e-kb ybdsbthb vfcfkfw [17^ ud& 189]^ fuhtsdt dfybc hfbjyib^ cja& cekjhib cfrfrbktc ,jhwdpt vjgjdt,ekb bydtynfhbc yfobkb [8^ ud& 83* 20^ ud& 276-279]^ ptcnfajybc hfbjybc cja& cfpfyjib flubk ufqvf zfkfib fqvjxt-ybkb cfvfh[t,b [13^ ud& 45-46] lf [j,bc hf-bjyib^ cja& ce]eyfsbc @cf'dkt# [5^ ud& 19]&

eylf fqbybiyjc bc ufhtvjt,fw^ hjv [ctyt-,ek 'tuksf vybidytkjdfyb yfobkb cfdtkt-fhmtjkjubehb rdktdf-'bt,bc lfo.t,fvlt c[df-

lfc[df vbptpsf ufvj ufyflueht,ekb b.j& fctdt c[dflfc[df vbptpsf ufvj pjubths vfs-ufypt cfveifjt,b itxtht,ekbf^ pjubthsb rb v[jkjl ptlfgbhekb lfpdthdt,bsff wyj,b-kb lf vfspt fhmtjkjubehb rdktdf-'bt,f fhw ufy[jhwbtkt,ekf&

lfwekj,bc sdfkcfphbcbs^ ufyc[dfdt,ekb dbsfht,ff thutnfcf lf lqdf,fc cfvfhjdyt,pt (nf,& ++)& ufs[ht,bc lfo.t,fvlt bcbyb fhw qhvf s[hbkt,bs .jabkf ufyflueht,ekb^ fhw odbvt,bs uflfhtw[bkb lf fhw ufy'bc vf-'bt,kt,bcfufy lfyuhtekb& thutnbc +^ ++^ +| lf lqdf,bc cfvfhjdyt,pt cfveifjt,b sbsmvbc lfchekt,ekbf^ [jkj thutnbc ++ cfvfhjd-ybc itcofdkf fv;fvflfw uh'tklt,f& fqybiye-kbc ufvj^ dabmhj,s^ itlfht,bs chekb ofh-vjlutybc itmvyf [ctyt,ekb nbgbc cfvfhjdfy-sf fut,ekt,bc itcf[t, fm vbqt,ekb rdktdf-'bt,bc itltut,bc fyfkbpbsff itcf'kt,tkb&

bv flubkt,c^ cflfw itvlujv cfvfhjdyt,b lflfcnehlf vjcf[ktj,f @yffrfhlfvec# t'f[-lf& @yffrfhlfve# vtuhekb cbn.dff lf mfhse-kfl yffrklfvtdc ybiyfdc& eylf fqbybiyjc^ hjv ,& reanbyc ufvjmdt.yt,ekb fmdc ajsbc cfv[fhtsvwjlytj veptevbc .jabkb lbhtm-njhbc ,& ujujkbidbkbc vbth thutnbc c[df-lfc[df e,fyib ptlfgbhekfl frhtabkb rthf-vbrbc ahfuvtynt,b& fqvjxtybc flubkt,fl vb-sbst,ekbf% lb[f-pehuf^ wdfyt^ yfxrfle lf yfrfkfve [23^ ud& 189^ yf[& 47]. yfxrfle toj-lt,f thutnbc bv e,fyc^ cflfw + cfvfhjdfybf lflfcneht,ekb^ [jkj yffrfhlfve (,& rea-nbysfy yfrfkfve^ fk,fs itwljvbs^ hflufy yfrfkfvec cf[tkbs wyj,bkb njgjybvb thut-nfib fhff) – eiefkjl cfvfhjdybc nthbnj-hbfc& fmdt fqdybiyfds^ hjv thvbnf;ib rfdrf-cbehb vfcfkbc cfwfdib 1980 otkc vfcfkbc vwdtkvf ghja& b& ljvfycrbv udfxdtyf rthf-vbrbc ahfuvtynt,b thutnblfy^ hjvtkbw 30-bfy okt,ibf itrht,bkb f& btctybc vbth&

flubkt,b^ cflfw fqybiyekb cfvfhjdyt,b vlt,fhtj,c jlyfd itcfvxytdflff fvfqkt,ekb 100-200 v2 afhsj,pt&

fvfqkt,ekb afhsj,bc wtynhib pfvshj-,bs fy flht ufpfa[ekpt^ hjltcfw vwtyfht-ekb cfafhb ufycfresht,bs lf,fkbf^ itbybi-yt,jlf mdf.hbkt,b^ 'kbth ahfuvtynbht,ekb 'dkt,bc^ rthfvbrbc^ kbsjybc bydtynfhbcf lf v'bdcfvrfekbc ahfuvtynt,b^ [ibh itvs[dtdf-ib wtw[kbc 'kbthb rdfkbs&

thutnbcf lf lqdf,bc cfvfhjdyt,pt cfdtkt cfveifjt,bc gbhdtk tnfgptdt itvltub ce-hfsb lfcnehlt,f% eiefkjl rjhljdfyb at-ybc mdti sfdc bxtyc hb.bc mdbc .hbkt,bcfufy^

56

odhbkfl ahfuvtynbht,ekb lfvodfhb 'dkt-,bcf lf fhmtjkjubehb bydtynfhbcfufy itl-utybkb vjtlyt,b 'kbthb wtw[kbc rdfkbs& wtw[kbc rdfkb bvltyfl 'kbthbf^ hjv sb[bc zehzkbc ahfuvtynt,b [ibhfl ltajhvbht,e-kbf& pju]th rb sb[bcf lf kbsjybc yfofhvb thsvfytsptf itleqt,ekb& ud[dlt,f wtw[kb-cfufy ltajhvbht,ekb v'bdcfvrfekbw& cfhlb-jybc v'bdt,b wtw[kbc ptvjmvtlt,bc ufvj uf-stsht,ekbf lf [ibhfl lf[tsmbkb&

fvudfhb vjtlyt,bc afhsj,b lf cbv'kfdht c[dflfc[df cfvfhjdfypt c[dflfc[dff& se lqdf-,bc cfvfhjdfypt vbcb afhsj,b 60 v2 fh fqt-vfnt,jlf thutnbc + cfvfhjdfypt bc 150 v2-vlt fqotdlf& c[dfj,f c[dflfc[df cfvfhjdyt,-pt cfreknj vjtlybc afhsj,bcf lf vjt-lfypt reknehekb atybc cbv'kfdhtsf ij-hbc cfvfhjdybc aeymwbjybht,bc [fyuh'kdj-,bs eylf fb[cyfc& eghbfybf fmdt ufdb[ctyjs^ hjv lqdf,bc cfvfhjdfypt v[jkjl jhb cf-vfh[b jhvj lflfcnehlf^ thutnbc + cfvfhj-dfypt rb w[hf (nf,& ++)& fvfdt lhjc thutnbc + cfvfhjdybc vjtlfypt vjgjdt,ekb sb[bc yf-ofhvbc ufhrdtekb ]ueab nbgjkjubehfl ittcf,fvt,f s& vbmtkf'bctekb rkfcbabrfwbbs 'd& rjk[ehb gbhdtkb tnfgbc rthfvbrfc lf bcts 'tukt,sfy fv;qfdyt,c cbf[kjdtc hjuj-ht,bwff% yfj[dfve^ pehuf^ yjcbhb lf c[d& fm vjgjdt,ekb rthfvbrbc 'bhbsflb yfobkb rb ittcf,fvt,f 'd& rjk[ehb ++ [24^ nf,& \\\|++] lf fyfkjubehbf bcts 'tukt,pt vjgjdt,ek zehzkbcf^ hjujhbwff dfybc yfmf-kfmfhbc e'dtktcb atyt,b^ ve[ehxf^ ujhf'b-hb^ gfkehbc cf'dkt lf c[df& hfvltybvt ahf-uvtynb fm vjgjdt,ekb zehzkbcf ,th'yekb wtynht,blfyff bvgjhnbht,ekb& fctst,bf ufy-ktmbkb sb[bcfufy lfvpflt,ekb zehzkbc gbh-.tkb obstkb cfqt,fdbc rdfkbs^ ito.db-kt,ekb .ehbc ahfuvtynt,b lf vwbht pjvbc s[tkrtwbfyb^ ifdkfrbfyb zehzkbc (itcf'-kjf rbkbrbc) ahfuvtynt,b& fyfkjubehb db-sfht,f itbybiyt,f thutnbc c[df cfvfhjdyt,-ptw&

fvfdt vjtlyt,pt^ pju]th rjvgfmnehfl^ pju]th rb ufafynekfl itbybiyt,f hb.bc mdbc .hbkt,b (nf,& ++)& fqybiyekb thutnbcf lf lqdf,bc cfvfhjdyt,pt ufhrdtek ajhvfc fh qt,ekj,lf lf fhw hfbvt o.j,f itbybi-yt,jlf& fv v[hbd c[df dbsfht,ff gfkehbc cf'dktpt^ cflfw lflfcneht,ek yfkbct,ehb s[hbkbc rtlkt,sfy^ pjubths flubkfc^ itvjhxtybkbf hb.bc mdt,bc thsgbhb vihfkb o.j,f^ hjvkbsfw bub vjgbhrtst,ekb .jab-kf [10^ ud& 97]& elfdjf^ hjv thutnbcf lf lqdf,bc cfvfhjdyt,ptw hb.bc mdt,c hfqfw rjycnhemwbekb lfybiyekt,f eylf /mjyjlf^ vfuhfv hf^ fvbc smvf 'ytkbf^ sevwf yfstkbf^ hjv bc ityj,bc rtlkt,bcfsdbc fh ufvjl-ut,jlf^ cffvbcjl 'fkpt wjnff^ odhbkb lf

vjvhudfkt,ekbf& eylf fqbybiyjc bcbw^ hjv mdf cfufyut,jlff vjnfybkb fy pqdblfy^ fy vl& ]evbc yfgbht,blfy& jhbdt itvs[dtdfib vfy'bkb 4-8 rv fqtvfnt,f& vfhsfkbf^ th-utnbc cfvfhjdyt,sfy vfbyw .dtkfpt f[kjc fqybiyekb rfhbtht,bf vfuhfv^ bc^ hjv fq-ybiyek vjtlyt,pt cfufyut,jl hb.bc mdf b.j ithxtekb lf fhf c[df vbythfkb^ vbesbst,c ]fyne[bc cfvfhjdfypt lflfcneht,ekb mdbc fyfkjubehb cf[tj,fw& u& ifv,fc itybidybs^ hb.bc mdf fm cfufyut,jlff fvjnfybkb vl& vf[vfc [tj,blfy 1 rv vfy'bkpt^ 'ytkfl cfdf-kb upbs& vfiby hjltcfw rbhmdt,b e[dfl vj-bgjdt,f eiefkjl cfvfhjdybc vbvlt,fht nt-hbnjhbfpt& fcts dbsfht,fib hb.bc mdbc fh-ct,j,f vrdktdfhc fdfhfelt,byt,c vfs cfhb-nefkj lfybiyekt,fpt [26^ ud& 33]^ vfuhfv itb'kt,f fb[cyfc c[dfudfhflfw& rth'jl% hfl-ufyfw fqybiyek vjtlyt,pt wtw[kb fmnbe-hfl vjyfobktj,c (fvbc vtn.dtkb vfufkbsbf yf[ibhbc^ yfwhbc^ wtw[kbcfufy pju]th lt-ajhvbht,ekb bydtynfhb lf hfw vsfdfhbf lfvodfhb 'dkbc lfyfotdht,ekb ahfuvtynt,b) cfabmhfkbf mdt,bcfufy ufvfhsekb .jabkb.j meht,b^ vjo.j,bkb .jabkb.j jhvjt,b fy cfvc[dthgkjt,b^ hjvkt,ibw^ se hjvkt,ptw byst,jlf 'kbthb wtw[kb lf ofhvjbmvyt,jlf vfqfkb ntvgthfnehf& fctsb aeymwbehb lfn-dbhsdbc itvs[dtdfib^ hf smvf eylf^ hb.bc mdf f]j,t,lf rbhmdfc^ hjvtkbw wtw[kbc vb-vfhs eahj vuh'yj,bfhtf lf fvbc ufvj fl-dbkfl ikflb&

hfw itt[t,f lfvodfhcf lf cfufyut,jl lf-mewvfwt,ek 'dkt,c^ hjvkt,bw fct e[dflff ofhvjlutybkb .dtkf fqybiyek vjtlfypt^ ud[dlt,f ufafynekflfw lf rjvgfmnehflfw uhjdt,bc cf[bs cgtwbfkeh jhvjt,ib fy s[hb-kt,ib5& vfufkbsfl^ thutnbc + lf +++ cfvf-hjdyt,pt 'dkt,b (hjvkt,bw lfvodfhbf^ rfkwbnbht,ekb lf bvltyfl lfyfotdht,ekb^ hjv xylt,f tzdb vfsb cfufyut,jl lfmewvfwt-,bc itcf[t,) vfssdbc ufvj.jabk jhvjt,ibf sfdvj.hbkb^ vjtlybc wtynhfkeh yfobkib& bcbyb pju]th cfufyut,j s[hbkt,ibwff& vfufkbsfl% thutnbc +| cfvfhjdybc vjtlfypt

cgtwbfkehfl fvjzhbkb -ct,ehb ajhvbc jhvj (nf,& ++2)& fyfkjubehb jhvjf (vfc yfkbct,ehc eojlt,ty) gfkehbc cf'dktptw& vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv r,bkt,b xdtekt,hbd .dtkfpt ufv'kt 'dfkbf c[dt,sfy itlfht,bs^ sbsmvbc fhw ths s[hbkcf^ se jhvjib fhw thsb wfkb fh lflfcneht,ekf& fqybiyek jhvjt,ib vjgjdt,ekb bydtynfhb^ hjvtkbw hbw[dvhfdkj,bs fh ufvjbhxtdf^ fnfht,c wtw[kbc firfhf rdfkc&

5 jhvjt,cf lf s[hbkt,ib lfvjovt,ekb 'dkt,b cfufyut,jl itbcofdkf lf ufycfpqdhf vtlbwbybc vtwybtht,fsf rfylblfnvf gfdkt abhabkfidbkvf&

57

[fpufcvbs udbylf fqdybiyjs^ hjv eief-kjl jhvjt,cf lf s[hbkt,ib wtw[kbc rdf-kb fh lflfcneht,ekf& firfhff^ hjv 'dkt,b ptlfgbhptdtf lfvodfh-lfmewvfwt,ekb lf itvltuff jhvjt,cf lf s[hbkt,ib xf.hbkb&

vjtlybc hf yfobkib [lt,jlf 'dkt,bcf se udfvt,bc lfodf-lfveifdt,f fv]thfl 'ytkb cfsmvtkbf^ vfuhfv^ hjujhw ptvjs fqdyb-iyts^ itcf'kjf tc [lt,jlf cfufyut,jl uf-vfhsek cfvc[dthgkjt,pt fy cfrhtvfwbj me-ht,ib^ hjvtksf yfyuhtdt,cfw^ cfabmhfkbf^ fqybiyekb mdf.hbkt,b ofhvjflutylyty&

cfvc[dthgkjt,b^ se cfrhtvfwbj meht,b^ lfpbfyt,bc fy lfyuhtdbc itvs[dtdfib fk,fs htcnfdhbhlt,jlf^ fy f[fkb but,jlf bmdt^ fy vf[kj,kfl& fvbc vfybiyt,kfl vbudfxybf ths vjtlfypt hfvltybvt mdf.hbkbc lflfcneht,bc afmnb (nf,& ++1)&

[ctyt,ek vjtlyt,pt hjv bvfhst,jlf nhfgtpbw (mtkt[b)^ fvbc firfhf vjovj,f^ dabmhj,s^ vhfdfkhbw[jdfyb cfcvbct,bc^ [tkflt,bc^ ]fvt,bcf lf ceahbc zehzkbc c[dflfc[df ahfuvtynt,bf&

se itdf]fvt,s .jdtkbdt ptvjsmvekc^ dabmhj,s^ udt'ktdf cfae'dtkb fqybiyekb vjtlyt,b bcts flubkt,fl ofhvjdblubyjs^ cflfw cheklt,jlf vbwdfkt,eksf udfvt,bc lfveifdt,f^ rhtvfwbf^ rhtvbht,ekb 'dkt,bc cgtwbfkeh jhvjt,ib ufysfdct,f^ fhfrhtvb-ht,ekb^ cfufyut,j 'dkt,bcf lf bydtynfhbc cfvfh[-jhvjt,ib ufyfobkt,f& thsb cbn.dbs^ fqybiyek vjtlyt,pt cheklt,jlf ufhrdte-kb hbnefkb^ lfrfdibht,ekb vbwdfkt,ekbc reknsfy& itcf'kt,kfl vbudfxybf fqybiyek vjtlyt,c cfreknj fy cfhbnefkj^ fy cffqf-gt vjtlfyb deojljs& dfhxtds cfreknjc&

hfw eahj [fyuh'kbdfl lf byntycbehfl aeymwbjybht,c cfreknj vjtlfyb^ vbs eahj v'kfdhbf reknehekb atyf lf vtnbf vbcb afhsj,b& cfreknj vjtlfyb lhjsf ufyvfd-kj,fib afhsjdlt,jlf lf^ dabmhj,s^ pjub-thsb flhtekb^ itvlujv vbdbo.t,ekb cfvfh-[b^ fy chekbfl^ fy yfobkj,hbd vbc mdti tmwtjlf& vfufkbsfl% thutnbc + cfvfhjdfypt =1 cfvfh[b jhvj vskbfyfl cfreknj vjt-lybs b.j uflfafhekb (nf,& ++1)& thutnbc +| cfvfhjdfypt rb =3 cfvfh[b jhvj yfobkj,-hbd cfreknj vjtlybc mdti vlt,fhtj,lf (nf,& ++2)&

cfreknj vjtlybc itvflutytk rjvgjyty-nt,fl vbudfxybf% 1) nhfgtpbcf lf reknsfy lfrfdibht,ekb hbnefkbc vfnthbfkehb yfi-st,bc sfylfsfyj,bsb lfatyt,bc itltufl ofhvjmvybkb reknehekb atyf^ hjvtkbw ufycfpqdhfdc vjtlybc afhsj,c& 2) cgtwbf-kehb cf'dkt jhvjt,b fy s[hbkt,b vbwdf-kt,ekbc rhtvbht,ekb 'dkt,bcfsdbc lf 3) mdf.hbkt,b^ hjvkt,bw itcf'kjf cfrhtvfwbj meht,bc fy cfvc[dthgkjt,bc yfyuhtdt,c ufyf-cf[btht,ty&

rjk[ehb cfvfhjdybc vtjht 'bhbsflb yf-obkbf rjktmnbehb cfvfh[b jhvjt,b^ hjv-kt,bw thsvfytsbcfufy [ibhfl ufyc[dfdlt,bfy ajhvt,bs^ pjvt,bs^ cbqhvbs^ cfvfh[tekb atybc cbv'kfdhbs^ cfvfh[tekb bydtynfhbc sdbcj,hbdb lf hfjltyj,hbdb vfxdtyt,kt,bs&

cfvfh[b jhvjt,b evtntc itvs[dtdfib cf-reknj vjtlybc gthbvtnhpt fhbfy ufykfut-,ekb (nf,& ++)& vfsb rjyneht,b 'bhbsflfl 40-80 cv-bc cbqhvtpt bxtyc sfdc lf ybflfubc cfthsj ajypt vtnyfrkt,b cbvrdtshbs bcf-[t,f 10-15 cv cbafhsbc vjkeh]j-vjyfwhbc-ahj pjkbs^ dbyfblfy thutnbc +^ +++ lf +| cfvfhjdyt,b mdbiyfh ybflfuptf ufvfhsekb^ fvbnjv cfvfh[bc fqvybidytk pjkc ijhbc vjmwtekb afhsj,bw^ mdbiyfhbc ajypt vj.db-sfkj kfmbc cf[bs fldbkfl itcfvxytdbf&

hjujhw erdt bsmdf^ cfvfh[sf ajhvt,b lf pjvt,b fhff cnfylfhnekb& pjubthsb vfsuf-yb utuvfib ohbekb ajhvbc^ pjub res[tt,-vjvhudfkt,ekb vfhsres[tlbc ajhvbcff^ pjubw jdfkehb& lblb ufyc[dfdt,ff pjvt,-ibw& se pjubthsb cfvfh[bc ajhsj,b 10 v2 fh fqtvfnt,f^ pjubcf 50 v2 fzfh,t,c& fm egb-hfntcfl fhfrhtvbht,ekb 'dkt,b ud[dlt,f^ hjvkt,bw ybflfuib cbytcnbcfufy lfh,bkt-,ekbf lf lfikbkb& bc ithtekbf cfvfh[ib vj[dtlhbk c[df jhufyek ybdsbtht,t,sfy thsfl (n.fdbc yfofhvb^ ajskt,b^ vwtyfht-ekb yf.jab^ mcjdbkbc yfist,b lf c[d&) lf mvybc njhabct,eh vfcfc^ hjvtkibfw fhte-kbf cfvfh[tekb bydtynfhb& fvudfhfl ofh-vjmvybkb cfvfh[tekb atyf evtntc itvs[dt-dfib cfvfh[b jhvjc vstk afhsj,ptf vtn-yfrkt,b byntycbdj,bs ufyatybkb (nf,& +++)& vfsb cbv'kfdht c[dflfc[df cfvfh[ib c[dflf-c[dff^ vth.tj,c 10 cfynbvtnhblfy 50 cfynb-vtnhfvlt& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv fm^ ufyc[dfdt,bs cfreknj vjtlyt,bc cf'dkt jhvjt,bcfufy (cflfw chekt,bs fh ud[dlt,jlf r,bkt,b)^ lblb hfjltyj,bsff flfvbfybc r,bkt,b& sfyfw ,eyt,hbd itcf[cht,fib^ t&b& .,t,sfy thsfl& sevwf^ .,t,bc 'dkt,b .jdtksdbc fh abmcbh-lt,f& cfvfh[t,ib [ibhfl ud[dlt,f sfdbc mf-kt,b^ [tkbcf lf at[bc afkfyut,b^ bidbfsfl kekjdfyb 'dkt,b& sbsmvbc fh ud[dlt,f [th-[tvkbcf lf vty]bc 'dkt,b&

hfw itt[t,f cfvfh[ jhvjsf rjycnhemwb-ek sfdbct,eht,t,c^ firfhff^ hjv cfvfh[bc rjynehbc ufvjvcf[dtkb 10-15 cv cbafhsbc vjkeh]j-vjyfwhbcahj pjkb hfqfw cfuybc kgj,bc itltufl eylf ofhvjmvybkb.j& lqdf-,bc cfvfhjdybc = 1 cfvfh[b jhvjc vb[tldbs se dbvc]tkt,s^ bc [bc abwht,bc kgj,bc itltuflff ofhvjmvybkb& cfmvt bcff^ hjv lqdf,bc fqybiyek cfvfh[ib^ vbc xhlbkj fq-vjcfdkts rbltpt lfabmcbhlf dthnbrfkehfl xfcvekb [bc stmdcvtnb wfkb abwhbc yfisb (nf,& +++1)& abwht,bc cbvfqkt 30-40 cv-pt b.j itvjhxtybkb& fqybiyek abwht,sfy fqvjxylf

58

fuhtsdt [bc njnt,bc oyekb^ hjvkbc cbuh-'t 7^5 v fqotdlf lf^ hjvtkbw cfvfh[blfy fqvjcfdktsbs^ cfvfhjdybc wtynhbcfrty^ cf-reknj vjtlybcfrty b.j vbmwtekb lf sfy-lfsfyj,bs vbobc ptlfgbhbcfrty vbtvfhst,j-lf& fv fqvjxtyfv rbltd eahj uffqhvfdf tzdb bvbc itcf[t,^ hjv cfvfh[b jhvjt,b itvj-pqelekb b.j [bc abwht,bs lf vfc uffxylf itcfcdktkb cfreknj vjtlybc v[hblfy& fv fqvjxtyfvlt fvudfhb vjcfpht,bc eakt,fc udf'ktdlf bc ufhtvjt,f^ hjv cfvfh[ jhvjsf evhfdktcj,bc rjynehb v[jkjl cfvb v[hb-lfy brbs[t,jlf yfskfl& .jdtksdbc ath-vrhsfklt,jlf cfreknj vjtlybcfrty vbvfh-sek v[fhtc& thutnbc + cfvfhjdybc = 8 cf-vfh[ jhvjib firfhfl brdtst,jlf itcfcdkt-kbw (nf,& ++1)& itcfcdktkb firfhfl ufvjb-rdtsf 1997 otkc ufs[hbk ++ cfvfhjdfypt = 4 cfvfh[ jhvjibw (cfvfh[bc 'bhbsflb yf-obkb ]th rbltd ufes[htkbf)& fvhbufl^ xdty-sdbc cfbynthtcj cfvfh[b jhvjt,b^ ptvjs fqybiyekb cfdtkt lfrdbhdt,t,bc cfae'dtk-pt^ itvltuyfbhfl ofhvjudblut,f% ufhrdtek afhsj,pt^ ybflfuib^ fvjzhbkbf jhvj^ hjvt-kbw 'bhblfy vbobc ptlfgbhfvlt (itcf'kjf eahj vfqkfw) itvjhfuekbf [bc dthnbrf-kehfl xfcvekb abwht,bs^ hjvtkcfw cf-reknj vjtlybc v[fhtc lfnjdt,ekb fmdc qbj,b (itcfcdktkb)^ hjvtkbw^ sfdbc v[hbd^ rjhbljhbc se lhjvjcbc vtidtj,bs lfrfdib-ht,ekbf cfreknj vjtlfysfy& rjhbljhbc rtlkt,bw^ hjvtkbw cfreknj vjtlyblfy cf-vfh[bcfrty sfylfsfy tidt,f cbqhvtib^ pju-]th ufvfuht,ekbf oyekb qbj,bc vtidtj,bs (lqdf,bc vfufkbspt)&

fhff ufvjhbw[ekb^ hjv cfvfh[bc iblf cbdhwtib cfvfh[bc ajhvbc itcf,fvbcfl^ 50 cv cbvfqktpt^ vjo.j,bkb.j vth[b& ief ,hby-]fjc [fybc ,hbkbc frklfvbc vcufdcfl [2]^ cflfw^ pju]th cfvfh[tekb bydtynfhb kfu-lt,jlf& fk,fs^ fvbs eylf fb[cyfc^ hjv cf-vfh[tekb bydtynfhb cfvfh[bc rbltt,pt pju-]th 50 cv vfqkff^ cfvfh[tek atyfcsfy it-lfht,bs& mcjdbkib fy n.fdib it[dtekb by-dtynfhb itcf'kjf cfvfh[bc rtlkt,ptw b.j xfvjrblt,ekb&

fvudfhfl ufvfhsekbf vbwdfkt,ekt,bcfs-dbc ufyresdybkb vboehb fy yf[tdfhvboehb yfut,j,f (nf,& +|2)& dabmhj,s^ itwljvf fh bmyt,f se vfc pju]th cfvfh[b jhvjc yfwd-kfl vbwdfkt,eksf cf[kc fy frklfvfc de-ojlt,s& ufdb[ctyjs^ hjv vjcf[ktj,fw bv flubkt,c^ cflfw tc cfvfhjdyt,bf^ yffrfhlf-vec – yffrklfvtdc eojlt,c& ief ,hby]fjc [fybc mdbcfufy yfut,b cfvfh[bw ,hbkib [jv frklfvfl bojlt,jlf [2]. fyfkjubehb rjyc-nhemwbbc [bcfufy yfut,b frklfvt,b cfmfh-sdtkjc vfcfkt,ib xdtysdbc ewyj,bf^ vfuhfv bcbyb hbub rjycnhemwbekb sfdbct,eht,t,bs

(dthnbrfkehfl xfcvekb [bc abwht,bsf lf itcfcdktkt,bs)^ ufhrdtek vcufdct,fc fv-;qfdyt,ty xthrfcrbc jkmib^ cja& vfnecjdj-ib 1974 o& ufs[hbk t& o& htgbf[jdfnfbf vj-ubkfc = 1 lf = 2 cfvfh[t,sfy [19^ ud& 31^ yf[& 3^ 9]^ sevwf^ sdbs cfvfh[bc ibyffhcb f,cjkenehfl ufyc[dfdt,ekbf rjk[ehbcf-ufy&

thsb fvudfhb frklfvbc itdct,bc fy lfy-uhtdbc itvs[dtdfib but,jlf vtjht^ itcf'kjf hfvltyflvt ufyc[dfdt,ekbw^ bmdt udthlbs& se ufdb[ctyt,s^ hjv frklfvt,ib vbwdfkt-,eksf cfdfhfelj hfjltyj,f pju]th fcc fzfh,t,c^ vfiby eylf ofhvjdblubyjs^ hjv vbc itdct,fc ufhrdtekb lhj czbhlt,f^ [j-kj thsb lf bubdt cfvfhjdfypt c[dflfc[df jhvjib c[dflfc[df [fcbfsbc bydtynfhbc uf-xtyf fv lhjbc afmnjhbsff ufvjodtekb&

.jdtkbdt ptvjsmvekbc ufsdfkbcobyt,bs^ rjk[ehb cfvfhjdyt,bc jgnbvfkehb vjltkb itvltuyfbhfl ofhvjudblut,f% ufhrdtek nt-hbnjhbfpt (vjtlfypt) ufvfhsekbf vbwdfkt-,eksf lfcfveifdt,tkb vfublt,b^ cfvc[dthg-kjt,b^ cfrehs[tdkt,b lf cfrhtvfwbj meht-,b& ufvpflt,ekbf jhvj rhtvbht,ekb 'dkt,b-cfsdbc^ fmdt bvfhst,f vbwdfkt,ekbc rekn-sfy lfrfdibht,ekb nhfgtpb (mtkt[b)& fqybi-yekb vjtlyblfy vbwdfkt,ekbc ufycfresht-,ekb yfobkt,b^ lfeodfdfl^ bydtynfhsfy th-sfl it[dtekb (mcjdbkib fy n.fdib) rjhblj-hbc vtidtj,bs itfmds frklfvfib (nf,& +|1-2)& frklfvf aeymwbjybht,c vfyfv^ cfyfv fh fbd-ct,f^ fy fh lfbyuhtdf& fvbc itvltu vf[kj,-kfl c[df frklfvf but,f itcf'kjf hfv-ltyflvt ufyc[dfdt,ekbw&

xdty^ hf smvf eylf^ udtcvbc^ hjv fqybiye-kb vjltkb 'fkpt vbf[kjt,bsbf& ,tdhb hfv itcf'kjf cek c[dfudfhflfw [lt,jlf^ dblht xdty vbdbxybts^ vfuhfv^ dabmhj,s^ fvudfh df-hfelcfw fhct,j,bc eakt,f eylf /mjyltc&

ptvjsmvekb itt[t,jlf cfvfhjdfysf fut-,ekt,fcf lf ,eyt,hbdbf vbwdfkt,ekt,bc lfrh'fkdbc hbnefkbc bv yfobkc^ hjvtkbw vtnyfrkt,fl fhmtjkjubehfl abmcbhlt,f&

hfw itt[t,f lfrh'fkdbc hbnefkbc gbh-dtk yfobkc (v[tldtkj,fib udfmdc cfreknj vjtlfypt vj[dtlhfvlt vbwdfkt,ekbc vluj-vfhtj,f)^ vbcb fhmtjkjubehfl lfabmcbht,f fh [th[lt,f^ w[flbf^ fv hbnefkc vbofcsfy fhf fmdc rfdibhb& fh fhbc ufvjhbw[ekb it-cf'kt,kj,f^ hjv hbnefkbc fv yfobkc itfl-utyc rjk[t,bc e'dtktcb xdtekt,f^ hjvtkbw othbkj,bs o.fhjt,ibf lfabmcbht,ekb [9^ ud& 16]& cfrbs[b t[t,f fynbrehb [fybc fdnjh-sf% fgjkjybjc hjljctkb^ ybvajljh cbhf-reptkb^ ybrjkjp lfvfcrtkb^ rkfelbjc tkbyecb^ actdlj gkenfhmt [9^ 14-17] lf c[dfsf wyj,t,c vbwdfkt,eksf [tpt xfvjrb-lt,bc itcf[t,& fqybiyekb wyj,t,b dhwkfl

59

fhbc fhmtjkjubeh kbnthfnehfib ufy[bke-kb [22^ ud& 182-192* ud& 17^ ud& 68-72* 25^ ud& 37-42* 3^ ud& 12-17* 9^ ud& 13-20^ 35] lf vfspt fqfh itdxthlt,bs& v[jkjl fqdybiyfds^ hjv c[dt,sfy itlfht,bs yfstk lf lfodhbkt,bs wyj,t,c udfodlbc fgjkjybjc hjljctkb^ hjv-kbc vb[tldbsfw^ hjltcfw ,th'yt,vf gbhdt-kfl at[b lflutc rjk[tsbc vbofpt fm^ rbh-rtjyfl ojlt,ek dtkpt b[bktc% @vfqkf nj-nt,pt sjrbs vbrhekb b.j udfvt,b vbwdfkt-,eksf# lf itvltu @rjk[t,c lqtcfw rb sfd-pfhcf cwtvs lf wjldfl vbexfys udfvt,bc lfodf^ fhw ifd vbofib vfh[fdty rfwcf^ hjv ptl .jhqfyb fqvfhsjy vtht^ ]th uff[dtdty f[kfl lfrkekb [fhbc vjemytk n.fdib udfvcf lf vtht /rblt,ty vfqkf [tt,pt – v.elhj zfkt,ib mfkfmufhtsf& vfuhfv /fthbc rbltufy vbofw bqt,c sfyf,hfl bm sfdbc obk-cf^ hflufyfw mfkt,c^ hjv vjrdlt,bfy^ vbobc obfqib f'ktdty ,byfc& fctsb fhbc bv mdt-.fyfib vbwdfkt,eksf lfrh'fkdbc otcb!# [1^ ud& 122]& t[t,f hf lfrh'fkdbc otcc ehtrbc cfvfhjdfypt s& vbmtkf't fhmtjkjubehb vj-yfwtvt,bcf lf fgjkjybjcbc ptvjs vjnfybkb wyj,t,bc cfae'dtkpt ufvj.jac lfrh'fkdbc hbnefkbc jh tnfgc& gbhdtkc^ n.fdt,ib uf[-dtdbcf lf [tpt xfvjrblt,bc^ [jkj – itvltuc vtjhfl lfrh'fkdfc wfkrtekb yfist,bcfc ybdst,sfy thsfl^ cfsfyflj lfveifdt,bc itv-ltu& fvfdt lhjc sdkbc^ hjv fhujyfdnbrfib itvjyf[ekb wyj,t,b xdtekt,bc sfyflhje-kbf lf cbyfvldbktc ittatht,f& s& vbmtkf'bc vb[tldbs rjk[tsbc cfvfhjdyt,pt lflfcne-ht,ekb afmnt,b lf tc wyj,t,b fdct,ty ths-vfytsc lf lfc'tyc – @hjv fh fqvjxtybkb.j rjk[tsib [ctyt,ekb cfvfhjdyt,b^ 'ytkb ofhvjcflutyb bmyt,jlf itvlujvb tnfgb vbw-dfkt,eksf [tpt xfvjrblt,bc f[bht,ekb xdt-ekt,bcf lf gbhbmbs# [9^ ud& 13-20]& xdty che-kbfl dbpbfht,s fvudfh bynthghtnfwbfc lf lfd'tys^ hjv s& vbmtkf'bc fv yfihjvt,bc it-mvybc lhjc thutnbc cfvfhjdyt,pt cfveifj-t,b v[jkjl bo.t,jlf& itvlujvvf cfveifjt,-vf rb fvudfhb vjcfpht,bc cbcojht eahj uf-yfvnrbwf&

fmdt lfvfnt,bs udbylf ufdb[ctyjs fgjkj-ybjc hjljctksfy fqothbkb vtltfc mfkf-mblfy ufgfhdbc tgbpjlbw^ hjltcfw vtltf uf-ec[knf ueifut,c lf gbhlfgbh cfvkjwdtkj-ib ofcdkf bhxbf^ cflfw^ [ibhfl edkbf vbw-dfkt,ekbc udfvt,bc bhudkbd [1^ ud& 157]& tc wyj,f^ dabmhj,s^ vbfybiyt,c bvbc sfj,fpt hjv cflfw cfvfhjdyt,bf lfvjovt,ekb^ bm it-cf'kjf cfvkjwdtkjw .jabkb.j^ [jkj vbc fhmtjkjubeh lflfcneht,fl bmyt, bc cf-reknj vjtlyt,b vbdbxybjs hjvkt,bw sbs-mvbc .dtkf cfvfhjdybc wtynhibf abmcbht-

,ekb eiefkjl vbobc ptlfgbhpt lf hjvtk-ptlfw udmjylf ufvf[dbkt,ekb .ehflqt,f&

R. Papuashvili TOWARDS THE STRUCTURE OF THE

NECROPOLIS OF THE LATE BRONZE-EARLY IRON AGES FROM CENTRAL COLCHIS

(Summary) Occasionally such necropoleis differ somewhat

from one another. But according to the above-listed features they form a definite group of nec-ropoleis and are clearly distinguished from the necropoleis of different periods, regions and cul-tures.

Seventeen necropoleis of this type are known in Colchis; they are the necropolis of Jantuki, Ba-reli, Kurzu, Salkhino, Paluri, Merkheuli, Mukhur-cha, Pichori, Ergeta I-IV, Dghvaba, Nigvziani, Ureki, Goradzira and Khutsubani (Pl.I).

It should be noted that considerable part of the sites just named were distorted before the field archaeological investigations. For, some reason ar-chaeological investigations on some of them have been suspended. Some are known only by surface explorations.

According to the majority of scholars the cited necropoleis are dated to the first half of the 1

st

millennium B.C. At the necropoleis of Ergeta and Dghvaba (pl.

I.e) which are relativity in a good state of preser-vation and completely excavated, platforms were found directly under the layer, in the central part. They consist of three main parts: cobblestone embankments, burnt and crashed bones and cul-tural layer formed by the waste materials of cult service and funeral repast. The materials found on these platforms bore clear signs of a large fire.

Judging by the analysis of the field archaeo-logical investigations the platforms in question may be considered to be that part of the necropolis where the body of the deceased, placement of the cremated bones in separate pits, special uncremat-ed bones and objects were distributed in the pit burials, rituals associated with the cult of the deceased were performed (pl. N). The second part of the necropolis constitute pit burials. Most of them are located on the perimeter of the cult platform (pl. II). The contour of these pits often occurs at the depth of 40-80 cm and against the general background of the soil is distinctly outlined by a wide 10-15 cm bluish line.

In pit burials largely uncremated bones are mixed organic admixtures forming a 10-40 cm thick layer on the floor of the pit burial (pl. III). Various types of grave goods of the same category

60

occur in some burial pits unearthed at the same necropoleis. Occasionally the number of corpses in pit burials is more than a hundred.

According to the field archaeological materials the cited pit burials were built as follows: on a certain plot a pit was dug in the ground which was boarded vertically from the bottom to the surface of the ground (or even higher). It had an opening on the side of the cult platform which, was connected to the latter by a corridor or dromos (pl. IV2). Such a pit burial (it may be called a vault) functioned until it was filled up or destroyed. Then a new pit was built nearby – perhaps differing somewhat from the former one.

kbnthfnehf 1& fgjkjybjc hjljctkb& fhujyfdnbrf&

sfhuvfyb lf itcfdfkb othbkb frfrb utkj-dfybcf& s,&^ 1975&

2& ,fhfvb't v& ,hbkbc frklfvf& – cfmfh-sdtkjib 1960 otkc xfnfht,ekb fhmtjkjub-ehb rdktdf-'bt,bc itltut,b (1960 okbc cfdt-kt-fhmtjkjubehb rdktdf-'bt,bc itltut,b-cflvb vb'qdybkb ctcbbc vj[ctyt,fsf vjrkt ibyffhcb)& s,&^ 1961^ ud& 23-24&

3& ,fhfvb't v& vth[tekbc cfvfhjdfyb& s,&^ 1977&

4& ujuf't t&^ lfdkbfyb't w& ujhf'bhb& s,&^ 1981&

5& uhbujkbf u& lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc cf'bt,j fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc 1969 okbc veifj,bc itltut,b& – fhmtjkjubehb rdktdf-'bt,f cfmfhsdtkjib 1969 otkc& s,&^ 1971^ ud& 18-20&

6& tkbfdf u& gtnhtc yfrfhec fhmtjkjub-ehb vfcfkf& s,&^ 1987&

7& bjctkbfyb f& yfhrdtdt,b rjk[tsbc bc-njhbblfy& s,&^ 1973&

8& kjhsmbafyb't js& fhujyfdnbrf lf 'dtkb rjk[tsb& s,&^ 1986&

9& vbmtkf't s& rjk[tsbc flhthrbybc [f-ybc cfvfhjdyt,b& s,&^ 1985&

10& jmhjgbhb't y&^ ,fhfvb't v& gfkehbc cf'dkt& – vcrf^ +|^ 1974^ ud& 96-136&

11& cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubf& s,&^ 1959& 12& mjhb't l& itvs[dtdbsb fhmtjkjubehb

fqvjxtyf cjatk reh'eib& – ccvv^ \\++-B^ 1961^ ud& 55-72&

13& qfv,fib't js& itvs[dtdbs fqvjxtyb-kb 'tukt,b cja& cfpfyjlfy& – cfvtwybthj ctcbf vb'qdybkb 1962 okbc cfdtkt fhmtj-kjubehb rdktdf-'bt,bc itltut,bcflvb& vj[-ctyt,fsf fyjnfwbt,b& s,&^ 1963^ ud& 45-46&

14. Апакидзе Дж. Б. Центральная Колхида

в эпоху поздней бронзы раннего железа. Тб., 1991.

15. Барамидзе М. Б., Чигошвили Т. М.,

Квирквелия Г. Т., Джибладзе Л. В., Хубутия Н. Г. Основные итоги работ археологической

экспедиции Абхазии. – ПАИ, 1982 (1985), с. 28-55.

16. Гогадзе Э. М. К вопросу о хронологи-ческой периодизации памятников колхидской культуры. – ВГМГ, XXXVII-В, 1984, с. 28-55.

17. Иващенко М. М. Материалы к изу-

чению культуры колхов. – МИГК, II, 1940, c. 1-67.

18. Иессен А. А. К вопросу о древнейшей металлургии меди на Кавказе. – ИГАИМК, вып. 120, 1935, c. 7-238.

19. Ильинская В. А., Мозолевский Б. Н.,

Тереножкин А. И. Курганы VI в до н.э. у с. Матусов. – Скифия и Кавказ. Киев, 1980, c. 31-63.

20. Инаури Г. А. Археологические разведки в с. Сулори. – Причерноморье в VII-V вв. до н.э. Материалы V международного сим-позиума по древней истории Причерноморья. Вани, 1987. Тб., 1990, c. 276-280.

21. Куфтин Б. А. Археологические раскоп-

ки в Триалети. Тб., 1941. 22. Куфтин Б. А. Материалы к археологии

Колхиды. Т. I, Тб., 1949. 23. Куфтин Б. А. Материалы к археологии

Колхиды. Т. II, Тб., 1950. 24. Микеладзе Т. К. К археологии Кол-

хиды. Тб., 1990. 25. Трапш М. М. Труды. Т. II, Сухуми,

1970. 26. Шамба Г. К. Раскопки древних памят-

ников Абхазии. Сухуми, 1984. nf,ekt,bc fqothbkj,f nf,& + – 1& wtynhfkeh rjk[eh cfvfhjdfy-

sf ufdhwtkt,bc fhtfkb* 2& cja& thutnbc cbnefwbehb utuvf&

nf,& ++ – 1& thutnbc gbhdtkb cfvfhjdybc cfthsj utuvf* 2& thutnbc vtjs[t cfvfhjdybc cfthsj utuvf&

nf,& +++ – lqdf,bc cfvfhjdfyb& 1& =1 cf-vfh[b jhvjc utuvf* 2& =2 cfvfh[b jhvjc utuvf&

nf,& +| – 1& wtynhfkeh rjk[ehb cfvf-hjdybc ofhvjcf[dbsb vjltkb* 2& cfvfh[b jhvjc ofhvjcf[dbsb vjltkb&

Description of the Plates Pl. I – 1. Area of diffusion of Central Colchian

necropoleis; 2. Situational Plan of the village of Ergeta.

Pl. II – 1. General Plan of the first necropolis of Ergeta; 2. General Plan of the fourth necropolis of Ergeta.

Pl. III – Necropolis of Dghvaba: 1. Plan of pit burial I; 2. Plan of pit burial II

Pl. IV – 1. Sketch model of the Central Col-chian necropolis; 2. Scetch model of the pit burial.

61

nf,& +

1

2

1& ]fyne[b 2& ,hbkb 3& rehpe 4& cfk[byj 5& gfkehb 6& vth[tekb 7& ve[ehxf 8& abxjhb 9& thutnf-2 10& thutnf-3 11& lqdf,f 12& thutnf-4 13& thutnf-1 14& ybudpbfyb 15& ehtrb 16& ujhf'bhb 17& [ewe,fyb

62

nf,& ++

2

1

63

nf,& +++

1

2

64

nf,& +|

1

2

65

ybyj cekfdf

CFVSFDHJC CFVFHJDYBC AB<EKT<BFYB CFVFH{T<BC LFSFHBQT<BCFSDBC

cfvsfdhjc cfvfhjdfypt^ hjvtkbw rfdrfcb-bc fhmtjkjubbcfsdbc ths-ths cftnfgj 'tu-kflff vbxytekb^ thsobkflb hrfkbct,ehb ab-,ekt,b 9 rjvgktmcblfyff wyj,bkb& tc rjvg-ktmct,bf% = 591^ = 600 (ah& ,fbthybc uf-s[ht,blfy)^ = 17 (1938 o& N e,fyb)^ = 123 (1939 o& N e,fyb)^ = 174 (1940 o& N e,fyb)^ = 186 (1940 o& N e,fyb)^ = 41 (jhvjcfvfh[bc yfisb& 1947 o& N e,fyb)^ = 276 (1947 o& N e,fyb)^ = 310 (1948 o& N e,fyb)& rjvgktmct,b jhvjcfvfh[t,bf& fmtlfy == 591^ 600 lf 123 cfvfh[bc ab,ekt,b ,hby]fjcbf^ [jkj lf-yfhxtyb hrbybcf&

rfdrfcbfib ths-ths e'dtktc ab,ekfl cojhtl cfvsfdhjc = 591-t cfvfh[bc uht-[bkhrfkbfyb ,hby]fjc ab,ekff vbxytekb (nf,& + 115)& rjvgktmcbc lf sdbs ab,ekbc lf-sfhbqt,bc itcf[t, 'bhbsflfl jhb fphbf – vfc fy fresdyt,ty 'd&o& ++ fsfcoktekbc ,j-kjc [30^ ud& 82-97* 6^ 202-203* 1^ ud& 136] fy 'd&o& |+++-|++ cc-c [15^ ud& 52* 18^ ud& 62* 10^ ud& 31].

= 600 cfvfh[b (nf,& + 2) ehfhnec cfvtajc [fybsff lfsfhbqt,ekb [15^ ud& 70^ ceh& 74б].

== 123 (sfdbcb uht[bkhrfkbfyb ,hby]fjc ab,ekbs – nf,& + 3)^ 174^ 41^ 276 cfvfh[t,b (nf,& ++) lfsfhbqt,ekbf 'd&o& |+++-|++ c-bc + yf[tdhbs [1^ ud& 132-134], [jkj == 17^ 186^ 310 cfvfh[t,b (nf,& +++) – t&o& crdbsehb [fybs – 'd&o& |++ c-bc ++ yf[& lf |+ c& [1^ ud& 125-132].

= 591-t cfvfh[bc bydtynfhb^ hjv eahj 'dtkbf^ c[df ab,ekt,bfy cfvfh[t,pt^ w[flbf& vfuhfv thsudfh tzdc bodtdc sdbs fv rjvg-ktmcbc @rjvgktmcj,f&# fv tzdbc o.fhjf ufh-rdtekb itecf,fvj,f ah& ,fbthybcf [22^ ud& 38-40] lf d& dbhe,jdbc [11] fqothbkj,fib& vf-ufkbsfl% d& dbhe,jdc yf[ctyt,bw rb fhf fmdc ,hby]fjc cfhn.tkb = 591-t cfvfh[blfy^ [j-kj ,hn.tkb^ otkpt idthbkt,bfyb wekb nf-

,ekfpt rb fhbc [11^ nf,& +++5]^ vfuhfv rjv-gktmcbc bydtynfhbc xfvjyfsdfkib fh xfyc [11^ ud& 29-30]. ,hby]fjc cfhn.tkb fh ab-uehbht,c ah& ,fbthybc yfihjvibw [22^ ud& 38-40]. afmnj,hbdfl^ = 591-t cfvfh[c^ hj-ujhw rjvgktmcc^ dbwyj,s ,& reanbybc nf-,ekbc vb[tldbs [16^ ceh& 23]^ hjvtkbw fu-htsdt tzdc bodtdc^ hflufy xdty fh dbwbs^ hf cfae'dtkptf bub itmvybkb^ lf hfnjv fq-vjxylf vfcpt eahj vtnb ybdst,b (vfu&% cfhn-.tkb^ cfmfvht vbkfrt,b)^ dblht ah& ,fbthy-sfy lf d& dbhe,jdsfy& fvfcsfyfdt ,& reanbybc

nf,ekf rthfvbrbc ufhtitf ufvjmdt.yt,ekb^ hjujhw xfyc^ ah& ,fbthybc ufs[hbkb cf-vfh[t,bc rthfvbrbc ufhxtdf vfibyfw rb it-e'kt,tkb b.j& cfvfh[t,bc rthfvbrfcsfy lf-rfdibht,ekb fhtekj,bc ufvj tzdc ufvjsm-dfvc r& abw[tkfehbw& vbcb dfhfelbs^ d& db-he,jdc^ vfcpt lf.hlyj,bs ah& ,fbthyc lf itvltu ,& reanbyc ithtekb fmds jhb c[df-lfc[df (= 600 lf = 601) cfvfh[bc bydtynfhb lf fv ufvjwtvt,pt lf.hlyj,bs fv rjvg-ktmcsf ufvj.tyt,f lfsfhbqt,bc cfae'dkfl ufvjhbw[ekb eylf b.jc [9^ ud& 152-153].

vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf^ se sdfkc uflfdfdkt,s = 591-t cfvfh[bc bydtynfhbc lqtbcfsdbc vbqt,ek lfsfhbqt,t,c^ fcts cehfsc dqt,e-kj,s% ,jkjrdtsbkb vf[dbkt,b (nf,& + 12) 'd&o& \++ c& ++ yf[& lf +\ c-bs fhbc lfsfhb-qt,ekb [3^ nf,& ++5^13* 39^ ud& 20-21]* lff[-kjt,bs bubdt [fyfc ufytresdyt,f odthvjvhu-dfkt,ekb vf[dbkt,bw (nf,& + 11) [ilh&% 1^ ud& 134* 2^ ud& 330* 3^ nf,& ++20]. h& f,hfvbidbkbc fphbs^ odthvjvhudfkt,ekvf[dbkbfyb cfvfh-[t,b eahj flhtekbf^ [jkj odthrdtsbkvf[-dbkbfyb cfvfh[t,b eahj udbfyltkb& fvfcsf-yfdt odthrdtsbkb vf[dbkt,b eahj ufydbsf-ht,ekb cf[bc bfhfqbf [1^ ud& 136]* = 591-t cfvfh[ib jhbdt nbgbc vf[dbkb thslhjekf-lf udfmdc& t&b& cf[tpt eylf udmjyltc lhjbc bc vjyfrdtsb^ hjwf bcbyb sfyffhct,j,ty& wty-

nhfkehfvbthrfdrfbehb wekt,b (nf,& +^ 13) pjuflfl 'd&o& + fsfcoktekbc ief [fyt,fvlt fhct,j,ty [3^ nf,& +81^ ++14* 31^ ud& 14]. fctdt [fyuh'kbdbf ,hn.tkb udthlbsb idthbkt,bf-yb wekt,bc (nf,& + 14) fhct,j,bc [fyfw [1^ nf,& +164* 31^ ud& 16]. ,hby]fjc meckfvjqfhe-kb ,hn.tkb bchbcgbht,b (nf,& + 111) crdbseh [fyfvlt fhbfy [3^ nf,& +123* 29^ ud& 30]. h& f,-hfvbidbkbc fphbs^ cfvsfdhjib hrbybc ie-,bcgbht,b vfchfpt ,hby]fjc cfknbs (nf,& + 19)^ xylt,f lf lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf vjzbmek sb-[bc zehztksfy thsfl jhb atybc cfvfh[t-,bcfsdbc – 'd&o& \+-\ lf 'd&o& +\-|+++ cc& [1^ ud& 135]. fv atybc ufvj.jabcfc vfc cnhfnb-uhfabekb vjyfwtvt,bw fmdc ufsdfkbcobyt,e-kb [1^ ud& 135]. cfvoe[fhjl^ cnhfnbuhfabe-kb vjyfwtvt,b fhf udfmdc ,fbthybctekb 591-t cfvfh[bcfsdbc& fv itvs[dtdfib eylf ufdbsdf-kbcobyjs vrdktdhbc bc vjcfpqht,f^ hjv hrbybc bfhfqbc vtn-yfrkt,j,fw ths-thsb ufy-vcfpqdhtkb ybifybf [1^ ud& 135]& hfw itt[t,f vjyfwhbcahj-vodfytl vjzbmek zehztkc^ meckufvj.dfybkb at[bs^ hjvtkbw = 591-t cfvfh[ib .jabkf (ah& ,fbthybc vb[tldbs^

66

@kfmbs# lfafhekb [b[& 22^ ud& 34])^ ,& reanbybc vb[tldbs ehfhnekb [fybcff (cf-mfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj veptevib dth vj-db'bts [b[& 15^ ud& 52]). r& reiyfhbjdfc 'd&o& +\ c-pt flhtekfl fh vbfxybf [17^ ud& 383-385]& cfmfhsdtkjib e'dtktcb vjzbmekb zeh-zkbc ufxtyfc ehfhnek [fyfib dfhfelj,c y& vfvfbfidbkbw [4^ ud& 9]& b& ceksfybidbkb = 591-t cfvfh[bc zehztkc 'd&o& \+ c-bs fsf-hbqt,c [8^ ud& 59].

,hby]fjc uhfdbht,ekb gbywtnt,b (nf,& + 114) cfv[hts rfdrfcbbc udbfy,hby]fj-flhthrb-ybc [fybc rjvgktmct,bcfsdbc cfrvfjl lfvf[f-cbfst,tkb ybdsbf (rjk[tsbc cfvfhjdyt,b – ybudpbfyb^ ehtrb^ lqdf,f^ thutnf* xhl&-lfcfd-kts rjk[tsbc cfvfhjdyt,b – obstkb ie-mehf^ tithf^ .ekfyeh[df* iblf mfhskb –

skbf* xhl& rfdrfcbf – .j,fyb)& = 591-t cfvfh[bc ,hby]fjc cfhn.kbc (se

yfvldbkfl fv cfvfh[c tresdybc) (nf,& + 110) vcufdcb cfhn.tkb wyj,bkbf ufysbflbc cfvf-hjdyblfy (vfifdthfc [tj,f) 'd&o& |+++-|++ cc-bs lfsfhbqt,ekb = 61 cfvfh[blfy^ hj-vtkibw cfvsfdhjc = 174-t cfvfh[bc vcufdcb hrbybc vf[dbkbwff fqvjxtybkb [13^ ud& 29-30^ nf,& \\\^ \\\+].

fvudfhfl^ = 591-t cfvfh[bc (rbltd ths-[tk dbvtjht,^ se bub [tkjdyehfl itmvybkb rjvgktmcb fh fhbc) ptlf mhjyjkjubehb xfhxj 'd&o& +\ fy +\-|+++ cc-bc vb]ybs itb'-kt,f ufybcfpqdhjc& se tc lfcrdyf cojhbf^ hfcfw vjvfdfkb rdktdf lf f[fkb fqvjxtyt,b udbxdtyt,c^ vfiby cfvsfdhjib ab,ekt,bc fh-ct,j,f eo.dtnfl t,vbc thsvfytsc lf nbgj-kjubehb ufydbsfht,bc lfyf[dfw itcf'kt,t-kbf (tc eo.dtnj,f fh ufvjlbc bv itvs[dt-dfib^ se vbdbqt,s = 591-t cfvfh[bc lfsfhb-qt,fc 'd&o& \+-\ cc-bs [1^ nf,& +& ilh&% 3^ nf,& ++]* fv itvs[dtdfib cfvsfdhjc cfvfhj-dfypt ab,ekt,bc fhct,j,fib kfreyf xylt,f)&

lf ,jkjc^ hfw itt[t,f = 591-t cfvfh[bc ab,ekfc (nf,& + 115)^ hjvtkbw fhfthsb vrdktdhbc vbth lfrfdibht,ekbf t&o& ce,vb-rtyehb nbgbc [24] ab,ekt,sfy [6^ ud& 202 lf itvl&* 16^ ud& 316]. h& f,hfvbidbkbw fv ab-,ekfc t&o& ce,vbrtyeh nbgc vbfresdyt,c lf mh& ,kbyrty,thubc yfihjvpt lf.hlyj,bs fv-,j,c^ hjv @fv vidbklcfrby't,bc vcufdcb vidbklcfrby't,b cf,th'ytsib^ cfblfyfw bcbyb bqt,ty sfdbc ajhvt,c^ v[jkjl 'd&o& \++-\ cc& ud[dlt,f# [1^ ud& 136]. = 591-t cfvfh[bc ab,ekfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs^ gbhdtk hbuib^ lfcfpecnt,tkbf thsb hfv% hjujhw fqybiye-kb fmds sfdbc yfihjvt,ib ah& ,fbthycf [22^ ud& 40] lf g& edfhjdfc [14^ rfn& 1671]^ cfv-sfdhjc = 591-t cfvfh[bc ab,ekf uht[bk-hrfkbfybf (hjvtkbw fv]thfl^ cfvoe[fhjl^

lfrfhuekbf – y&c&)& bub ufvjmdt.yt,ekbf ,& reanbybc yfihjvt,ibw [15^ ceh& 74а* 16^ ud& 333^ ceh& 23]. h& f,hfvbidbkbc yfihjvib [1^ nf,& +158] rb ufvjcf[ekbf cfvsfdhjc = 600 cfvfh[bc vhudfkufybdrdtsbfyb stdpba[ehfl itvrekb ab,ekf& bubdt ab,ekff ufvjcf[ekb vrdktdhbc ,jkj yfihjvibw [3^ nf,& ++32].

hflufy cfvsfdhjc e'dtktcb ab,ekt,b cf-ufyut,jl fhfdbc erdktdbf^ fv cfrbs[pt wjnf eahj lfodhbkt,bs itdxthlt,bs& hjujhw sfdblfydt fqdybiyts^ cfvsfdhjc ab,ekt,bfy cfvfh[t,ib cfvb ab,ekff ,hby]fjcb (== 591^ 600^ 123 cfvfh[t,b)& ,hby]fjc ab,ekt,bc nbgjkjubehb ufycfpqdhf itcf'kt,tkbf (hf-cfw dth dbn.dbs hrbybc ab,ekt,pt vfsb we-lb lfwekj,bc ufvj)& nbgjkjubehb ufy-cfpqdhbc^ nbgjkjubehb ufydbsfht,bc cehf-sbc lfyf[dbc itcf'kt,kj,fc rb cfvfh[sf mhj-yjkjubehb ufykfut,f b'ktdf& bhrdtdf^ hjv cfvsfdhjc e'dktcb ab,ekt,b itb'kt,f lf]-uealtc rjhgecbc vj.dfybkj,bc vb[tldbs& fv ybiybs cfvsfdhjc ,hby]fjc ab,ekt,b jhb nbgbcff% + – yf[tdfhjdfkehhrfkbfyb (== 591^ 600 cfvfh[t,bc ab,ekt,b – nf,& + 115* + 24)^ hjvtkbw jhb mdtnbgbs fhbc ofhvjlut-ybkb – uht[bkhrfkbfyb lf stdpba[ehb jh-yfvtynbs itvrekb hrfkbs* ++ – yf[tdfhohb-ct,ehhrfkbfyb (= 123 cfvfh[blfy – nf,& + 314)^ hjvtkbw uht[bkhrfkbfybf& vybidytkj,f fmdc at[bcf se ,elbc vj.dfybkj,fc^ hrfkbc qthjc ufybdrdtsbc cblbltc& = 591-t cfvfh-[bc uht[bkhrfkbfy ab,ekfc at[b vjnt-[bkb fmdc^ [jkj hrfkbc qthj odhbkbf* = 123-bcf lf = 600-bc ab,ekt,c at[b hrfkbc cbvtnhbekb fmdc* = 123-bc ab,ekf it-lfht,bs vc[dbkhrfkbfybf& fvudfhfl^ = 591 lf = 123 cfvfh[t,bc ab,ekt,b jhbdt uht-[bkhrfkbfybf^ vfuhfv gbhdtkb yf[tdfhjdf-kehhrfkbfybf^ [jkj vtjht yf[tdfhohb-ct,ehb& rjvgktmcsf mhjyjkjubbc vb[tldbs = 123 cfvfh[bc ab,ekf eahj f[fkufphlff^ [jkj = 591 cfvfh[bc lf,fksfqbfyb ab,ekf eahj 'dtkb& lf,fksfqbfyb lf odhbkhrfkb-fyb ab,ekt,b hjv e'dtktcbf^ tc c[df vfcf-kbsfw lfcnehlt,f – vfu&% skbfc cfvfhjdybc

flhtekb ab,ekt,b [19^ nf,& 39^ 431^ 451^ 46^

49^ 60^ 72^ 99]^ lbqvbc rjktmwbbc ab,ekt,b wtynhfkehfvbthrfdrfcbeh wekt,sfy lf ,j-kjrdtsbk vf[dbkt,sfy thsfl (cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj veptevbc rjk& = 6-60)^ xbsf-[tdbcf (b& qfv,fib'bc wyj,bs^ == 26& 58 cfvfh[b) lf ehtrb – ybudpbfybc ab,ekt,b [5^ nf,& \\|++3(948)^ XLI2(1417)^ 3(1416)].

cfvsfdhjc = 591 cfvfh[bc^ lf itcf,fvb-cfl ab,ekbc^ ptlf mhjyjkjubehb xfhxj ufydcfpqdhts 'd&o& +\ fy +\-|+++ cc-bc vb]-ybs& rdktdbc fv tnfgpt mdtlf pqdfhbc ufd-kt,f cfvsfdhjc ab,ekt,bcfsdbc udbzbhc&

67

fvbnjv = 591-bc uht[bkhrfkbfyb ab,ekbc lfrfdibht,f vfbywlfvfbyw ce,vbrtyeh [fyfc-sfy vbpfyitojybkfl fh vbudfxybf&

uht[bkhrfkbfyb ab,ekt,b^ c[dflfc[df nb-gjkjubehb ybefyct,bs^ ,tdh mdt.fyfibf ufdh-wtkt,ekb& cf,th'ytsib lf tutjcbc rey'e-kt,pt fvudfhb ab,ekt,b xylt,f ce,vbrtyeh [fyfib lf fhct,j,c udbfyutjvtnhbek-flht-fhmfek [fyfvlt [32^ ud& 49-50]* bnfkbfib vf-sb ufxtyf bctdt sfhbqlt,f^ hjujhw cf,th-'ytsib [33^ ud& 20* 18^ ud& 14-15]^ jqjyl bcbyb 'd&o& |+++ c-ib sbsmvbc fqfh ud[dlt,f [27^ ud& 33]* fvudfhb ab,ekt,b wyj,bkbf wtynhf-kehb tdhjgbc mdt.yt,blfyfw (cfv[& uthvfybf^ fdcnhbf^ idtbwfhbf)^ cflfw 'dtkb ehyfsf [fybc ,jkjc^ lff[& 'd&o& \+\ c& vbtresdyt-,bfy [27^ ud& 80]. vcufdcb ab,ekt,b wyj,bkbf beujckfdbblfyfw [23^ ud& 65]* uht[bkhrfkb-fyb ab,ekt,b wyj,bkbf ,ekufhtsbc vfcf-kt,blfyfw& cgtwbfkeh kbnthfnehfib bcbyb sfhbqlt,jlf 'd&o& |+++-|++ cc-bs& fv]thfl l& uthuthjdf fyfkjubt,pt lf.hlyj,bs itcf-'kt,kfl vbbxytdc vfs lfsfhbqt,fc 'd&o& \++-+\ cc-bs [29^ ud& 7^ 20]* uht[bkhrfkb-fyb ab,ekf sehmtsblfy xdtysdbc wyj,bkbf v[jkjl nhjflfy [25^ ud& 414^ abu& 431]. ab,ekfc lblb cgbhfkb fmdc^ vfuhfv fhf fmdc ,elt^ hbc ufvjw mhjyjkjubbcfsdbc fewb-kt,tk nbgjkjubeh fyfkbpc fh tvjhxbkt-,f& vfc nhjf |+++-c obyf [fyfc vbfresdyt,ty [25^ ud& 31]* uht[bkhrfkbfyb ab,ekt,b fq-vjxtybkbf xhl& rfdrfcbbc 'tukt,ptw – .j,fyb^ rev,eksf^ hes[f^ fh[jyb [20^ ud& 54-56^ nf,& \\\8^ LXXXVIII6, CIV1]. bcbyb [fcbfslt,bfy v'bvt rjhgecbsf lf ufybthb ,elbs^ hfw nbgjkjubehfl vfs udbfyltkj,fpt eylf vtn.dtkt,ltc&

= 600 cfvfh[bc ab,ekbcfsdbc^ hjvtkbw yf[tdfhjdfkehb vj.dfybkj,bcff^ [jkj hrf-kbc pehub itvrekb fmdc stdpba[ehb jh-yfvtynbs (fyfkjubehb ab,ekt,b fhbc skbf-ib^ xbsf[tdib)^ ew[jeh vfcfkt,ib gfhfktkb dth vjdb'bts& stdpba[ehb itvrekj,f fh fhbc nbgbehb tutjcehb ab,ekt,bcfsdbc& fv-udfhb itvrekj,f eahj bnfkbbcf lf beuj-ckfdbbc nthbnjhbbc ab,ekt,bcfsdbc fhbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb [b[&% 33* 28* 21].

cf,th'ytsbcf lf bnfkbbc vfufkbspt vtw-ybtht,b [32^ ud& 41-42] sdkbfy^ hjv e'dtktcb hrfkbct,ehb ab,ekt,b ufydbsfhlyty t&o& [tvbct,ehb ab,ekt,bc itcf,fvbcb ajhvt,b-lfy& xdtysfy [tvbct,ehb ajhvf fh fhbc& vfu-hfv ufhrdtekb ufydbsfht,bc sdfkbc ufltd-yt,f vfbyw itb'kt,f& bmyt, cojhtl tc yf[t-dfhjdfkehb ab,ekt,b b.j lfcfo.bcb rfdrf-cbbc ab,ekt,bcf` tc cekfw fh ufvjhbw[fdc^ hjv b.j wfkrtekb bvgekct,bw& vfu&^ fcb-vtnhbekb ve[kbct,ehb ab,ekf pvtbcrjt-

lfy [12^ ud& 28^ ceh& 84]^ hjvkbc xhl& rfdrf-cbfib vj[dtlhf rjk[tsbc upbc ufesdfkb-cobyt,kfl 'ytkb fcf[cytkbf^ lf yfdbct,ehb ab,ekf f[fkb fsjyblfy [7^ ud& 11-12].

N. Sulava TOWARDS DATING THE BURIALS WITH FIBULAE AT THE NECROPOLIS OF SAMTAVRO (Summary)

Arched single-piece fibulae were discovered in nine complexes at the necropolis of Samtavro, viz.: 591, 600 (excavated by Bayern), 123/1939, northern section, 19/1938, northern section, 174/1940, northern section, 186/1940, northern section, remains of burial 41/1947, northern section, 310/1948, northern section, 276/1947, northern section.

The complexes are pit burials. The fibulae from burials 591, 600, 123 are of bronze, the rest being of iron.

As is generally known, the fibula from burial 591 is considered to be one of the oldest in the Caucasus. It is dated either to the 2

nd millennium

B.C. (G.Nioradze, R. Abramishvili, and others) or the 8

th-7

th cent. B.C. (B. Kuftin, B. Piotrovski, I.

Voronov and others). Burial 600 is dated to the period of the

Kingdom of Urartu [15, p. 70, pl. 74b]. The rest of the burials, which were specially

studied by R. Abramishvili, are dated by him to the first half of the 8

th-7

th cent. B.C. (123, 174, 41,

276), the second half of the 7th cent. and the 6

th

cent. B.C. (17, 186, 310) [1, pp. 125-134]. Although the complexes excavated by Fr.

Bayern give rise to doubt (because the lists of the grave goods excavated by V. Vyrubov and Fr. Bayern do not coincide with each other and it is impossible to make out the pottery -–see 11, 22), according to the grave goods of burial 591 and the dates [1; 2; 3; 31] we have at present, the terminus ad quem may be set as 9

th century B.C. or at turn

of the 9th cent. With such dating the existence of

complexes with fibulae in Samtavro is continuous, allowing retracing their typological development (cf. 1 and 3). It appears that the outline of the oldest fibulae of Samtavro were semioval (type I), represented by two sub-types; twisted arc fibula and fibula with fish-bone pattern (from burial 600), then semi-circular-arc fibulae were in use (type II)).

It may be hypothesized that type I was the initial form of fibulae in the Caucasus, separate impulses not being ruled out, i.e. asymmetric cranked fibula from Zmeiskoe whose existence in the Northern Caucasus is difficult to explain without taking into consideration the Colchian route and boat-shaped fibula from Novy Afon.

68

kbnthfnehf 1& f,hfvbidbkb h& cfvsfdhjc cfvfhjdfy-

pt fqvjxtybkb udbfyb ,hby]fjc [fybcf lf hrbybc afhsj fsdbct,bc [fybc 'tukt,bc lf-sfhbqt,bcfsdbc& – ccvv^ n& \+\-A lf \\+-B^ 1957^ ud& 115-143&

2& f,hfvbidbkb h& hrbybc fsdbct,bc cf-rbs[bcfsdbc fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc nthb-njhbfpt& – ccvv^ n& \\++-B^ 1961^ ud& 291-383&

3& f,hfvbidbkb h& fvbthrfdrfcbbc fhmtj-kjubehb 'tukt,bc mhjyjkjubehb ]ueat,b& – cfmfhsdtkjc vtw& frfl& frw-bc s,bkbcbc fhmt-jkjubehb veptevbc ,bektntyb^ = 1^ s,&^ 1997&

4& vfvfbfidbkb y& afbfycb iefcfereytsf cfmfhsdtkjib& s,&^ 1976&

5& vbmtkf't s& rjk[tsbc flhthrbybc [f-ybc cfvfhjdyt,b& s,&^ 1985&

6& ybjhf't u& ptvj fdzfkbc cfvfht& – ccvv^ n& |+^ 1931^ ud& 139-229&

7& cekfdf y& cfmfhsdtkjib fqvjxtybkb yfdbct,ehb ab,ekf& – cfmfhsdtkjc vtw& frfl& frw-bc | cfvtw& ctcbf% @vcjakbj rek-nehek-bcnjhbekb ghjwtcb lf cfmfhsdt-kj&# s,&^ 1998^ ud& 11-12&

8& ceksfybidbkb b& cfmfhsdtkjc udbfy-,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [fybc vjzbmekb zehzt-kb& – fhmtjkjubehb 'bt,fyb (f[fkufphlf vrdktdfhsf cfvtw& ctcbbc vfcfkt,b)& s,&^ 1977^ ud& 55-65&

9& abw[tkfehb r& fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdt-kjc njvsf bcnjhbbc 'bhbsflb ghj,ktvt,b ('d&o& \|-|++ cc&)& s,&^ 1973&

10& Воронов Ю. Н. Кавказские дуговидные

фибулы раннежелезной эпохи. – КСИА, № 176, 1983, с. 29–34.

11. Вырубов В. Предметы древности в хра-нилище "Общества любителей кавказской ар-хеологии." Тифлис, 1877.

12. Деопик Д. В., Крупнов Е. И. Змейское поселение кобанской культуры. – Арх. раск. р–не Змейской Сев. Осетии, Орджоникидзе, 1961, с. 11–36.

13. Кахиани К. К., Иремашвили Ш. А., Иорданишвили Ж. В., Цквитинидзе З. Р. Археологическая экспедиция Машаверского ущелья. – ПАИ, 1982 (1985), с. 29–31.

14. Коллекции Кавказского Музея, Изд. Г. И. Радде, т. V, Археология, сост. П. С. Уваро-ва, Тифлис, 1902.

15. Куфтин Б. А. Археологические раскоп-ки в Триалети. Тб., 1941.

16. Куфтин Б. А. К вопросу о древнейших корнях грузинской культуры на Кавказе по данным археологии. – ВГМГ, XXII-B, 1944, с. 291–410.

17. Кушнарева К. Х. Археологические рас-копки 1954 г. в окрестностьях Ходжалы. – МИА, 67, 1959, с. 370–388.

18. Пиотровский Б. Б. Археология Закав-казья. Л., 1949.

19. Техов Б. В. Тли I, Тб., 1980.

20. Уварова П. С. Материалы по археоло-гии Кавказа. Т. VIII. М., 1900.

21. Batovic S. Die Eisenzeit auf dem gebiet des illyrischen Stammes der Liburnen Archäologia Jugo-slavica, VI, Beograd – MCMLXV. s. 55-77.

22. Bayern Fr. Untersuchungen über die ältes-ten Gräber- und Schatzfunde in Kaukasien, ZE Supplement, Berlin, 1885, s. 29-60.

23. Betzler P. Die Fibeln in Süddeutschland Österreich und der Schweiz I, PBF, XIV, Band 3, München, 1974.

24. Blinkenberg Ch. Fibules Grecques et Orientales, Kobenhavn, 1926.

25. Caner E. Fibeln in Anatolien I. – PBF. XIV. Band 8. München, 1983.

26. Dörpfeld W. Troja und Ilion, Athen, 1902. 27. Egg M., Pare Ch. Die Metallzeiten in

Europa und in Vorderen Orient. Mainz, 1995. 28. Von Eles Masi P. Le fibule dell 'Italia

settentrionale. – PBF. XIV. Band 5. München, 1986.

29. Gergova D. Fruh- und ältereisenzeitliche Fibeln in Bulgarien. – PBF. XIV. Band 7, Mün-chen, 1987.

30. Nioradze G. Der Verwahrfund von Kwe-mo-Sasirethi (Georgien, Rayon Kaspi). – ESA. VII. Helsinki, 1932, s. 82-97.

31. Picchelauri K. Waffen der Bronzezeit aus Ost-Georgien, Archäologien in Eurasien. – Band 4, DAI, Eurasien Abteilung, Berlin, 1997.

32. Sapouna-Sakellerakis E. Die Fibeln der grichischen Inseln. – PBF. XIV. Band 4. München, 1978.

33. Sundwall J. Die älteren Italischen Fibeln, Berlin, 1943.

nf,ekt,bc fqothbkj,f

nf,& + – 1& cfvfh[b = 591 (,& reanbybc vb[tldbs [16^ ceh& 23])* 2& cfvfh[b = 600 (,& reanbybc vb[tldbs [15^ ceh& 76б])* 3& cf-vfh[b = 123& (hrbybc vf[dbkbc ufhtit [b[& 2^ nf,& |++2^ \+ 23]&

nf,& ++ – 1& cfvfh[b = 174 [2^ nf,& \+++1]* 2& cfvfh[b = 41* 3& cfvfh[b = 276&

nf,& +++ – 1& cfvfh[b = 17* 2& cfvfh[b = 186* 3& cfvfh[b = 310 (hrbybc vf[dbkbc ufhtit) [b[& 2^ nf,& \+ 24]&

Description of Plates Pl. I – 1. Burial 591 [according to B. Kuftin –

16, fig. 23]; 2. Burial 600 [see 15, fig. 76b]; 3. Burial 123 (iron sword missing) [2, pl. VII2, XI2,3];

Pl. II. – 1. Burial 174 [see also 2, pl. XIII1]; 2. Burial 41 (relics of burial); 3. Burial 276;

Pl. III. – 1. Burial 17; 2. Burial 186; 3. Burial 310 (iron sword missing) [see 2, pl. XI].

69

nf,& +

70

nf,& ++

71

nf,& +++

72

vfhbfv cfubyfidbkb

VBYBC CFYTKCFW[T,KTT,BC – KOHL-TUBE-T,BC UFDHWTKT,F CFMFHSDTKJIB cfmfhsdtkjib fqvjxtybk flhtfynbreh

lf tkbybcnehb [fybc vbybc yfofhvib ufy-cfresht,ek .ehflqt,fc bvcf[eht,c dbohj^ ofuh'tkt,eknfybfyb^ vbkbct,hqhebfyb cf-ytkcfw[t,ktt,b^ hjvtksfw cgtwbfkeh kb-nthfnehfib vjb[ctybt,ty cf[tkojlt,bs @Kohl-tube# [10^ ud& 23-36* 12^ ud& 86-87].

@Kohl# fhf,ekfl ybiyfdc mesesjt,bc cfqt-,fdc& fqybiyek cfytkcfw[t,ktt,c^ cojhtl^ mesesjt,bc rjcvtnbrehb cfqt,fdbc itcf-yf[fl b.tyt,lyty [10^ ud& 28]. Kohl-tube-t,bc cfrvfjl lblb ]ueab itbcofdkf l& ,fhfuvf^ hjvtkvfw sfdbc yfihjvib vjudwf rkfcbab-rfwbf^ lfsfhbqt,f lf^ hfw vsfdfhbf^ yfstkb vj/abyf vfs lfvpflt,bc ntmybrfc [10^ ud& 23-36].

lqtbcfsdbc cfmfhsdtkjib fqvjxtybk Kohl-tube-t,bc fhw se bct vhfdfkhbw[jdfyb rjktmwbf udfmdc – cek idblb zehztkbf^ vfu-hfv bub bvltyfl cfbynthtcjf hjujhw lfvpflt,bc ntmybrbc^ fctdt ajhvt,bcf lf itvrekj,bc sdfkcfphbcbs^ hjv cfzbhjl vb-dbxybts rjktmwbbc cfufyut,jl itcofdkf&

cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbfpt Kohl-tube-b gbhdtkfl 1947 otkc fqvjfxbyf ,& reanbyvf

ofkrbc hfbjyib cja& reixib xfnfht,ekb ufs[ht,bc lhjc [8^ ud& 8-9^ nf,& ++^ 18^ ceh& 2]. bub (ceh& 1) ifdb athbc ufevzdbh-dfkt vbybcff* cojhb^ dbohj wb-kbylhekb nfybs* fmdc uflvjot-ekb^ lfr,bkekb nexb lf ,hn.tkb 'bhb& ptlfgbhb lfaf-hekbf ifdb athbc vbybcfdt 'fabc 23 [dbbs^ hjvtksfufy js[b .tkptf thsvfytsbc gfhfktke-hfl itvj[dtekb* vbc mdtvjs rb 'bhfvlt 'fat,b ahsbct,h jhyfvtync mvybc& cbvfqkt – 8^8 cv&6

,& reanbybcfsdbc reixbc cf-

ytkcfw[t,kbc lfybiyekt,f ufeh-rdtdtkb b.j& vbcb dfhfelbs bub fy

cfytkcfw[t,kt eylf .jabkb.j fy vfhfjc nfhb [8^ ud& 8-9]. ,& reanbyvf fyfkjut,bc vj't,yf dth vjf[th[f^ sevwf bub vfibydt bvgjhnek ybdsfl vbbxybf [8^ ud& 9]. reixbc 6 yfihjvib ufy[bkekb .dtkf cfytkcfw[t,kt byf-[t,f c& ]fyfibfc cf[& cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj veptevbc fhmtjkjubbc ufy.jabkt,bc ajylt,ib&

reixbc Kohl-tube-bc byd& = 179-65%7^ shbfkt-sbc ajylb&

cfvfhjdybc = 3 cfvfh[c^ hjvtkibw Kohl-

tube-b fqvjxylf^ ,& reanbyb fmtvtyblehb [fybc vboehekbs fsfhbqt,lf [8^ ud& 10]. itbcofdkf hf shbfktsbc cfvfhjdyt,b^ vfs ijhbc reixbc cfvfhjdfybw^ b& ufujib'tv fq-ybiyekb cfvfh[b 'd&o& +| c& ief [fyt,bs lff-sfhbqf [1^ ud& 50-53^ = 111-3]. 'd&o& gbhdtkb fsfcoktekbc ief [fyt,bs fsfhbqt,ty xhlb-kj-lfcfdkts bhfyib (bhfybc fpth,fb]fyib) yfgjdy reixbc zehzkbc vcufdc cfytkcfw[t,-ktt,c^ hjvtksfufy thsb (= 111) sbsmvbc bltynehbf xdtyb wfkbcf [14^ ud& 50^ = 109^ 111]. reixbc cfytkcfw[t,ktcsfy f[kjc lufc l& ,fhfubc vbth itcofdkbkb Kohl-tube-t,bc bc ]ueab^ hjvtkcfw bub 11B mdt]ueaib fth-sbfyt,c [10^ ud& 31^ abu& 32^ 35]. dabmhj,s^ reixbc zehztkbw fvfdt mdt]ueac eylf

vbtresdyjc&7 vtjht Kohl-tube-b cfmfh-

sdtkjib rfhuf [ybc itvltu^ 1961 otkc fqvjxylf dfybc yfmfkfmfhpt ufs[hbk = 6 cfvfh[ib [9^ ud& 69^ ceh& 5* 5^ ud& 117^ ceh& 64* 4^ ud& 83-84^ = 396]. bub chekbfl ufy-c[dfdt,ekbf ptvjs fqothb-kb cfytkcfw[t,kbcfufy% vemb bbcathb ufevzdbhdfkt vbyb-cff* fmdc vjvhudfkt,ekb gb-hb lfr,bkekb nexbs* dbohj^ lf,fkb .tkb lf js[of[yfuf nfyb^ hjvtkbw 'bhbcrty dbohjdlt,f lf vhudfkb 'bhbs sfdlt,f& v[ht,pt res[tt,ib vbvfuht,ekb fmdc

js[b idthbkb& nfybc ief yfobkb itvrekbf stshb at-hbc pbupfut,bs lfafhekb

afhsj cfhn.kbs^ hjvtkbw jhbdt v[hblfy itvjcfpqdhekbf stshb lf .dbstkb athbc pjkt,bs& cbvfqkt – 7^7 cv (ceh& 2)&8

flhtek yfihjvt,ib dfybc cfytkcfw[t,-ktc eojlt,lyty fkf,fcnhjyc [9^ ud& 69^ ceh& 5* 5^ ud& 117^ ceh& 64], hfcfw t'f[bfy nb-gjkjubehfl chekbfl ufyc[dfdt,ek vbybc

7 xhlbkj-lfcfdkts bhfyib (bhfybc fpth,fb]fyib) fqvjxtybkb reixbc wfkbc fyfkjubehb Kohl-tube-t,bw l& ,fhfuvf 11B mdt]ueaib vjfsfdcf [10^ ud& 31^ abu& 34-35]. 8 byd& = 07%1-61$62^ 50&

ceh& 1

ceh& 2

73

zehztkc&9 Kohl-tube-b fkf,fcnhjybcfufy ufyc[dfdlt,f fhf v[jkjl nbgjkjubehfl^ fhfvtl lfvpflt,bc ntmybrbsf lf lfybiye-kt,bsfw (fvfpt mdtvjs)& fct hjv^ Kohl-tube-b vbybc zehzkbc lfvjerblt,tkb ajhvff&

dfybc Kohl-tube-b 'fkpt vlblhekb bydty-nfhbc itvwdtkb lf rfhufl ufycfpqdhekb rjvgktmcblfy vjvlbyfht,c lf sfhbqlt,f 'd&o& |-+| cc& [4^ ud& 86^ = 396]. fctdt fsf-hbqt,c dfybc zehzkbc itvwdtk cfvfh[c l& ,fhfubw^ hjvtkbw sfdbc yfihjvib cfufyut-,jl ufyb[bkfdc vbc bydtynfhc lf rjvgktm-cbc sfhbqfl 'd&o& | c& – flhtek +| c& fcf-[tkt,c [10^ ud& 24-25]. dfybc cfytkcfw[t,kt l& ,fhfubctekb rkfcbabrfwbbc +A mdt]uea-ibf ufthsbfyt,ekb [10^ abu& 5^ +A3].

10 cfbynt-

htcjf^ hjv dfybc zehztkb fqvjxylf ,th'-yek cfv.fhjib afhsjl ufdhwtkt,ek cf-ytkcfw[t,ktsf nbgt,sfy – fvajhbcrt,sfy lf jbyj[jbfcsfy thsfl [4^ ud& 84^ rfn& 392-

395]. cfrvfjl lblb lhjbc ufyvfd-

kj,fib^ 25 otkpt vtn [fyc^ pt-vjs fqothbkb jhbdt cfytkcfw-[t,kt eybrfkeh ybdst,fl bs-dkt,jlf cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc& v[j-kjl 1987 otkc fqvjxylf rbltd thsb (ceh& 3) Kohl-tube-b fkut-sbc [tj,fib stshbo.fhjc hfbj-ybc cja& ifdcf.lfhf ++ cfvfhj-dfypt& bub vjstshj-vjwbcahj-ptlfgbhbfybf^ ufevzdbhdfkt vb-ybcf* jlyfd uflfikbkb lf,hn.t-kt,ekb gbhbs* cojhb^ wbkby-

lhekb nfybs^ hjvtkbw 'bhpt uflfcdkbcfc vjvhudfkt,ekbf lf ,hn.tkb 'bhbs sfdlt,f – 'bhb ief yfobkib ibuybs fhbc itpytmbkb& ptlfgbhpt gbhblfy 'bhfvlt cgbhfkehfl fhbc lf[dtekb wbcathb vbybc 'fab^ hjvt-kbw .tkpt odhbkbf^ itvltu rb itlfht,bs vc[dbklt,f* nexc ufhitvje.dt,f wbcathb vbybc pjkb& gbhb jhufy fvjvndhtekbf* nf-ybc mdtlf yfobkb lf 'bhb vjvndhtekb fmdc&

9 fkf,fcnhjyb vfqfkb^ wbkbylheknfybfyb cf-ytkcfw[t,ktf^ hjvtkcfw fmdc uflfikbkb gbhb^ dbohj .tkb^ vjvhudfkt,ekb 'bhb lf xfvjcfrb-lt,kfl ufyresdybkb jhb .ehb [11^ ud& 59]. 10

l& ,fhfub + ]ueaib fthsbfyt,c js[of[yfuf cf-ytkcfw[t,ktt,c^ hjvtksfw v[ht,pt res[tt,ib vbvfuht,ekb fmds idthbkt,b lf ob,jt,bc itvre-kj,bc vb[tldbs vfcib ufvj.jac cfv mdt]ueac& +A mdt]ueac vrdktdfhb fresdyt,c cflfob,jbfy

Kohl-tube-t,c lf cojhtl fvbc ufvj fsfdct,c vfcib dfybc wfkcfw [10^ ud& 26-27]. fmdt eylf fqbybiyjc^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib fqvjxtybkb Kohl-tube-t,blfy l& ,fhfubcfsdbc v[jkjl df-ybc cfytkcfw[t,ktf wyj,bkb&

vbyf uflfyfnt[ib vemb keh]bf (vjifdj)* bhbpt,ekbf& cfytkcfw[t,ktib itvjhxtybkbf ifdb athbc cmtkb vfcf& cbvfqkt – 6^8 cv [2^

ud& 24^ nf,& \|++5^ \\+|2].

fqothbkb cfytkcfw[t,kt cfvfh[tek rjv-gktmcib fh fqvjxtybkf^ vfuhfv hjujhw ufvs[htkb dfhfelj,c^ bub ifdcf.lfhf ++ cf-vfhjdybc hjvtkbqfw vlblhek cfvfh[c eylf tresdyjltc* cfvfhjdybc vlblhekb cfvfh[t,b rb 'd&o& +|-+++ cc& vb]ybc f[kj [fyt,bs sfhbqlt,f^ hfw hjujhw abmhj,ty^ chekbfl vbcfqt,bf cfytkcfw[t,kbcfsdbcfw [2^ ud& 62]. bub vcufdcbf wbkbylhekb Kohl-tube-bcf^ hjvtkbw njktljc veptevib byf[t,f lf 'd&o& |-+| cc& sfhbqlt,f [12^ ud& 86^ = 33]. jhbdt zehztkb l& ,fhubc rkfcbabrfwbbc ++A mdt]ueac eylf vbtresdyjc [10^ ud& 31^ abu& 26-27^ 31].

1990 otkc bctd fkutsbc [tj,fib^ obyo.fhjc hfbjybc cja& tyfutssfy ufs[hbk = 16 cfvfh[ib fqvjxylf rbltd thsb Kohl-tube-b (ceh& 4)^ hjvtkbw vemb keh]b^ vjifdj ufev-zdbhdfkt vbybcff* fmdc lf,fkb .tkb^ js[of[yfuf nfyb^ hjvt-kbw 'bhbcrty sfylfsfy dbohjd-lt,f& ptlfgbhpt vjwtvekbf st-shb lf .dbstkb athbc nt[bkb pjkt,bs lfafhekb jhb cfh-n.tkb^ hjvtkbw wbcathb pj-kt,bsff itvjcfpqdhekb& res-[tt,ib hjujhw v[ht,pt^ fctdt 'bhpt vbvfuht,ekbf js[-js[b idthbkb& cfytkcfw[t,kt uflf-nt[bkbf* uflfyfnt[ib vbyf if-dbf [13^ ud& 156^ ceh& 17b].

tyfutsbc zehztkb js[of[yfuf cfytkcfw-[t,ktt,bcfufy ufvjbhxtdf bvbs^ hjv vfc ufh-lf v[ht,pt vbvfuht,ekb js[b idthbkbcf^ lfvfnt,bs^ 'bhptw fmdc idthbkt,b& fv ybiybs bub ef[kjdlt,f rjhybyubc vbybc veptevib lfwek wfkc^ hjvtkcfw l& ,fhfub eyb-rfkehfl vbbxytdc lf dfybc Kohl-tube-sfy thsfl +A mdt]ueaib fsfdct,c [10^ abu& 6 +A4]& vfifcflfvt^ tyfutsbc cfytkcfw[t,ktw fvfdt mdt]ueaib eylf vjsfdcltc& xdty rb dabmhj,s^ hjv 'bhpt vbvfuht,ekb idthbkt-,b bctsb ltnfkbf^ hbc ufvjw vrdktdfhc rjhybyubc veptevbc zehztkb eylf vjtsfd-ct,byf wfkrt mdt]ueaib^ cflfw tyfutsbc wf-kbw itdbljlf&11

'd&o& | c& lfcfchekbs^ fy erblehtc itv-s[dtdfib^ +| c& lfcfo.bcbs eylf lfsfhbqltc

11

cf.ehflqt,jf^ hjv Kohl-tube-bc res[tt,ib vb-vfuht,ek ofyfpfhlt,c js[idthbkbfy cfrehs-[tdkbc bvbnfwbfl vbbxytdty [10^ ud& 27].

ceh& 3

ceh& 4

74

= 16 cfvfh[b^ hjvtkibw Kohl-tube-sfy th-sfl fqvjxylf mdbibc uekfpt lfvpflt,ekb rfhufl wyj,bkb cfytkcfw[t,kbc nbgb –

fvajhbcrb [13^ ud& 156^ ceh& 17]. fmdt eylf itdybiyjs^ hjv fmfvlt v[jkjl dfyib b.j lflfcneht,ekb fctsb afmnb (b[& ptvjs)& lqtbcfsdbc rb tyfutsbc cfvfhjdfypt erdt vt-jht fcts itvs[dtdfcsfy udfmdc cfmvt& cfby-nthtcjf^ hjv tc lflfcnehlf sfyflhjek cfvfh[t,ib&

jhb js[of[yfuf Kohl-tube-b fqvjxylf^ fuhtsdt^ mfhtkbc hf-bjyib cja& nf[nbc'bhbc cfvf-hjdfypt 1996 otkc& thsb vfsufyb (ceh& 5) vemb ifdb ufevzdbhdfkt vbybcff& vbcb js[of[yfuf nfyb 'bhbcfrty sfylsfy dbohjdlt,f lf vhudfkb 'bhbs sfdlt,f& nfyb itvrekbf stshb athbc nt[bkb pjkt,bs* sfdcf lf ,jkjib rb vjwtvekbf jh-jhb .dbstkb lf stshb athbc pjkb& v[ht,pt js[bdt res[tib idthbkt,b eylf

/mjyjlf* js[bdt idthbkb lf gbhb vjnt[bkb fmdc& ithxtybkb cbvfqkt – 7^4 cv&

cfytkcfw[t,kt l& ,fhfubc rkfcbabrfwbbc +A mdt]ueasfy bxtyc cbf[kjdtc [10^ abu& 5^ +A3* abu& 9^ +A7], fvbnjvfw^ dabmhj,s^ bub fqybiyek mdt]ueac eylf vbtresdyjc&

vtjht Kohl-tube-b (ceh& 6) vt-nfl ufyc[dfdlt,f gbhdtkbcfufy% vbcb ptlfgbhb vjstshj-vj.dbsf-kj athbcff* fmdc vhudfkb lf lf-r,bkekb gbhb^ lf,fkb .tkb& js[-of[yfuf nfyb 'bhbcrty sfylfsfy dbohjdlt,f lf ,hn.tkb^ js[res-[f 'bhbs sfdlt,f& v[ht,pt js[bdt res[tib vbvfuht,ekbf idthbkt,b& nfyb itvrekbf vj.dbsfkj athbc ahsbct,hb jhyfvtynbs& gbhpt vj-.dbsfkj athbc pjkt,bf vjwt-vekb& .tkpt itvj[dtekbf vj.db-sfkj athbc vbybc 'fab& js[bdt of[yfuc cbuh'tpt xfvje.dt,f vemb

.dbstkb athbc pjkt,b^ hjvkt-,bw 'bhfvlt fqotdc& thsb idthb-kb vjnt[bkb fmdc* nfyb cfvflff

ufnt[bkb* uflfyfnt[ib vbyf ifdbf (vemb keh]b`)* bhbpt,ekbf& cbvfqkt – 9^1 cv&12

cfytkcfw[t,kt eylf vbtresdyjc l& ,fhf-ubc rkfcbabrfwbbc +B mdt]ueac^ cflfw pj-kt,bs itvrekb of[yfut,bfyb Kohl-tube-t,bf

12

nf[nbc'bhbc jhbdt cfytkcfw[t,kt byf[t,f lt-ljakbc vbyldhbc ajylib* byd& = 7-997%155-156&

ufthsbfyt,ekb [10^ ud& 26-27^ abu& 15^ 16^ 18].

13

nf[nbc'bhbc jhbdt cfytkcfw[t,kt fq-vjxylf cfvfhjdybc = 8 vlblhek cfvfh[ib^ hjvtkcfw ufvs[htkb b& ufujib't tkbybcne-hb [fybc lfcfo.bcbs fsfhbqt,c [3] jhbdt zehztkib itvjhxtybkb b.j ifdb athbc vrdhbdb vfcf&

lf ,jkjc rbltd thsb Kohl-tube-bc itcf[t,% nf[-nbc'bhbc cfvfhjdfypt = 18 cfvfh[ib fqvjxylf vjsts-hj-vjwbcahj yf[tdhflufv-zdbhdfkt vbybc cfytkcfw-[t,kbc .tk-gbhb^ hjvtkbw^ dabmhj,s^

wbkbylheknfybfyb cfytkcfw[t,kbcf eylf b.jc* gbhb lfr,bke-kbf lf itvrekb vjstshj-vj.dbsfkj pjkt-,b* .tkc ufhitvj itvje.dt,f^ fuhtsdt^ vjwbc-ahj-vj.dbsfkj pjkt,b (ceh& 7)&14 wbkby-lhekb cfytkcfw[t,kt^ hjvtkcfw fqothbkb ahfuvtynb tresdybc^ fk,fs^ eylf ufth-sbfyltc ++A mdt]ueaib^ cflfw l& ,fhfub wb-kbylhek Kohl-tube-t,c fsfdct,c [10^ ud& 35]. b& ufujib't ahfuvtynbc itvwdtk = 18 cfvfh[c 'd&o& +| c& lfcfchekbs fsfhbqt,c [3].

15

hjujhw lfdbyf[ts^ cfmfhsdtkjib fqvj-xtybkb Kohl-tube-t,b thsvfytsbcfufy vybidyt-kjdyfl ufyc[dfdlt,f^ vfuhfv vfs fthsbfyt,c thsb vsfdfhb – lfvpflt,bc ntmybrf* vtnbc-vtnfl dbohj lf ofuh'tkt,ekb nfyb vbudf-ybiyt,c bvfpt^ hjv bcbyb mdbibc uekfpt rb fh vpfllt,jlf^ hjujhw fvfc flht abmhj,l-yty^ fhfvtl sbsjtekb vfsufyb kbsjybc qt-hfrpt eylf b.jc xfvjc[vekb [10^ ud& 25-26].

l& ,fhfubc vbth itcofdkbkb Kohl-tube-t,bc cfrvfjl lblb ]ueablfy^ v[jkjl cfvb zehztkb vjvlbyfhtj,c rfhufl lfsfhbqt,e-kb rjvgktmcblfy* fmtlfy thsb dfybc rjvg-ktmcbf^ hjvkbc sfhbqfl bub 'd&o& | c& – fl-htek +| c& vbbxytdc& lfyfhxtyb jhblfy – thsb ybvhelibf fqvjxtybkb 'd&o& |+-| cc& cfvfh[ib^ vtjht rb – ufktrenbib 'd&o& | c& cfvfh[tek rjvgktmcib [10^ ud& 25].

16 fvbc cfae'dtkpt lflubylf Kohl-tube-t,bc ufdhwt-kt,bc mhjyjkjubehb xfhxj – 'd&o& |+-+| c&

13

fqybiyek mdt]ueac fresdyt,c l& ,fhfub^ fu-htsdt^ pjkt,bs itvrek Kohl-tube-t,c^ hjvkt,bw t& jgthktylthbc rjktmwbfib byf[t,f [14^ ud& 52^ 101^ 104]. 14

byd& = 7-997%339* ltljakbc vbyldhbc ajylb& 15

ufvs[htkt,c vbfxybfs^ hjv ahfuvtynb v'bdfl eylf .jabkb.j ufvj.tyt,ekb& 16

ufktrenb vlt,fhtj,c rfcgbbc pqdbc cfv[ht-sbs^ 61 rv-pt [10^ ud& 25].

ceh& 5

ceh& 6

ceh& 7

75

lfcfo.bcb& sevwf l& ,fhfuc fv nbgbc zehz-kbcfsdbc eahj itcfathbc sfhbqfl 'd&o& | c& vbfxybf [10^ ud& 25]. nf[nbc'bhbc Kohl-

tube-t,bc fqvjxtybs rb ufbhrdf^ hjv vfsb ofhvjt,f tkbybcneh [fyfibw uh'tklt,jlf& tc rb^ sfdbcsfdfl phlbc fqybiyekb nbgbc zehzkbc ufdhwtkt,bc mhjyjkjubeh xfh-xjc&

cfbynthtcjf^ hjv Kohl-tube-t,c ,th'yekb cfv.fhj fh bwyj,c^ hfptlfw vtn.dtkt,c vf-sb ufdhwtkt,bc fhtfkb [10^ ud& 29]. dfhfe-lj,ty^ hjv bcbyb vpfllt,jlf xhlbkj-lfcfd-kts bhfyib lf fv nbgbc .dtkf zehztkc bhfyek (lfcfdkts cgfhcek) ghjlemwbfl vbbxytdty [14^ ud& 48^ 50-51* 10^ ud& 28* 12^ ud& 86-87].

l& ,fhfubc fphbs^ Kohl-tube-bc fqvjxtyf dfyib^ fct ijhc bhfyblfy itvs[dtdbsb rjy-nfmnt,bc itltub eylf b.jc [10^ ud& 28]. cf-mfhsdtkjib fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht,bc itlt-ufl fqvjxtyf idblb Kohl-tube-bcf^ hjvtksf-ufy tmdcb fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjibf yfgjd-yb^ itvs[dtdbsj,bs dth fb[cyt,f* bcbyb fmtvt-ybleh [fyfibdt itvjlbjlf mfhskib lf hj-ujhw xfyc^ fmtlfy [dlt,jlf rjk[tsibw [3]. dabmhj,s^ fqybiyekb cfytkcfw[t,ktt,b cfmfhsdtkjib cf[vtktsj upbs eylf vj[-dtlhbkb.j xhlbkj-lfcfdktsb bhfyblfy&

xdtyb fphbs^ .ehflqt,fc bvcf[eht,c bc afmnb^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib erdt jhb itvs[-dtdf lflfcnehlf Kohl-tube-t,bc fqvjxtybcf ,th'yek cfv.fhjib afhsjl ufdhwtkt,ek vbybc zehztksfy thsfl^ ths cfvfh[ib (b[& ptvjs)& dabmhj,s^ tc eylf vbudfybiyt,ltc thsb v[hbd bvfpt^ hjv thsvfytsbcfufy ufyc[-dfdt,ekb jhbdt nbgbc zehztkb 'd&o& |-+| cfereytt,ib thslhjekfl itvjlbjlf xdtyib* vtjht v[hbd rb bvfpt^ hjv fv lhjc cf-mfhsdtkjib vjmvtlt,lf jhb thsvfytsbc cf-gbhbcgbhjl vbvfhsekb upf% thsb – ifdb pqdbc cfyfgbhjlfy^ cflfw ,th'ty vjf[fkit-ytsf cfvfh[t,ib (abzdyfhb) ud[dlt,f [vtksf-iefpqdbc fepblfy vjvlbyfht vbybc zehztkb

[6^ nf,& +1-2* 7^ nf,& |+2], vbtvfhst,jlf fqvjcfdktsbs iblf mfhskbcfrty lf fqotdlf mdtvj mfhskc* [jkj vtjht upf – mdtvj mfhskblfy iblf mfhskib lf fqotdlf rjk-[tsc [3]& gbhdtkb upbs vj[dlf^ fk,fs^ fv-ajhbcrb tyfutsib^ [jkj vtjht upbs – Kohl-

tube-b dfyib&17

17

]th]thj,bs tyfutsb gbhdtkb upbs itvjq-otekb vbybc zehzkbc ufdhwtkt,bc erblehtcb

geymnbf mdtvj mfhskib* [jkj dfyb – Kohl-tube-t,bc ufdhwtkt,bc erblehtcb geymnb lfcfd-kts cfmfhsdtkjib&

cfmfhsdtkjib fqvjxtybk cfv Kohl-tube-ib^ hjujhw ptvjs bsmdf^ itvjhxtybkbf ifdb athbc vfcf^ hjvtkcfw l& ,fhfub mesesjt,bc rjcvtnbreh cfqt,fdfl vbbxytdc& fctsbdt ifdb vfcf fqvjxtybkbf vbcsdbc wyj,bk js[ zeh-ztkibw* thsib rb xfhxtybkbf ,hby]fjc qt-hj^ hjvkbsfw cfqt,fdc bqt,lyty [10^ ud& 28].

18 fmtlfy xfyc^ hjv Kohl-tube-b bvgjhnbc

cfufyb b.j – bub mesesjt,bc rjcvtnbrehb cfqt,fdbc nfhfl ufvjb.tyt,jlf* fvfcsfyfdt^ lfrfdibht,ekb b.j cfvukjdbfhj hbnefk-sfy&19

lfcfchek^ fh itb'kt,f fh fqbybiyjc^ hjv l& ,fhfubc vbth itcofdkbkb 47 ybveib-lfy^ hjujhw bsmdf^ v[jkjl cfvbf ljrevty-nbht,ekb* tc vfiby^ hjltcfw cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbfpt fqvjxtybkb idblbdt zehztkb utuvfpjvbthb ufs[ht,bs fhbc vjgjdt,ekb lf v.fhfl lfsfhbqt,ekb rjvgktmct,blfy vjvlbyfhtj,c&

M. Saginashvili

DISTRIBUTION OF KOHL-TUBE GLASS UNGUENTARIA IN GEORGIA

(Summary)

Among the glass vessels of the Early classical and Hellenistic periods discovered in Georgia narrow oblong shaped glass unguentaria claim attention. In the specialist literature they are called "Kohl-tubes" [10, pp. 23-36; 12, pp. 86-87]. "Kohl" means paint for eye lids in Arabic. The unguentaria in question were used precisely for keeping cosmetic paints for the eyelids [10, p. 28].

To date seven Kohl-tube-s have been discovered in Georgia: six were found in Kartli (Eastern Georgia), one in Colchis (Western Georgia), on the Vani City Site. Three of the unguentaria from Western Georgia are cylindrical (figs. 1, 3, 7) and three quadrangular (figs. 4, 5, 6). The one discovered in Vani is also quadrangular (fig. 2). These vessels differ from each other not only in shape but in decoration as well. They have one common feature: the teehnique of manufacture. Their very narrow and oblong shape points to the fact that they were not made on a sand as thought earlier, but cast on a metal core [10, pp. 25-26]. It is generally believed that they were made in north-western Iran and all the vessels of this type are assumed to be of West-Persian production. The Kohl-tubes discovered in Georgia were probably made in north-western

18 cfytkcfw[t,kt^ hjvtkibw ,hby]fjc qthjf xfhxtybkb t& jgtyktylthbc rjktmwbfib byf[t,f [14^ = 105]. 19 cfmfhsdtkjib fqvjxtybkb .dtkf Kohl-tube-b^ hjujhw lfdbyf[ts^ cfvfh[ibf fqvjxtybkb&

76

Iran, finding their way from there into Kartli by land and apparently from here into Colchis.

In three unguentaria, discovered in Georgia, a black, solid mass was preserved, believed to have been a cosmetic paint [10, p. 28]. Kohl-tubes were used as container for this paint. They were also connected with burial customs – all the seven unguentaria were registered in burials.

Kohl-tubes discovered on the territory of Georgia alter to some extent the univeraslly adop-ted chronological frame of their distribution: beginning of the 6

th -early 4

th cent. B.C.

The unguentaria found at the necropolis of Takhtisdziri, Eastern Georgia, proved that their manufacture continued into the Hellenistic period. Interestingly enough, all the seven unguentaria were found in Georgia during excavations and in dated archaeological complexes.

kbnthfnehf

1& ufujib't b& shbfktsbc cfvfhjdyt,b&

rfnfkjub^ +++^ s,&^ 1982& 2& vfhubidbkb c& fynbrehb [fybc vlbl-

hekb cfvfh[t,b fkutsbc [tj,blfy& s,&^ 1992& 3& cfubyfidbkb v&^ ufujib't b& fmtvtyb-

lehb [fybc vbybc zehztkb cfmfhsdtkjib& – vj[ctyt,f ofrbs[ekb cfthsfijhbcj cbvgj-pbevpt @b,thbf (mfhskbc cfvtaj) fmtvtyb-leh lf gjcnfmtvtybleh [fyfib# ([tkyfot-hb)^ 1997&

4& abhw[fkfdf v& vbybc zehztkb& – dfyb^ |++^ s,&^ 1983^ ud& 79-86&

5& [jinfhbf y&^ aesehb't h&^ z.jybf f& dfybc yfmfkfmfhbc xhlbkj-fqvjcfdkts yfobkib 1961-1963 okt,ib xfnfht,ekb fhmtj-kjubehb s[hbc itltut,b& – dfyb^ +^ s,&^ 1972^ ud& 111-133&

6& x[fb't k& flhtfynbrehb [fybc bvgjh-nekb vbybc zehzkt,b abzdyfhbc yfmfkfmf-hbc ,th'ty vjf[fkitytsf cfvfhjdyblfy& – clc'^ +|^ 1974^ ud& 34-48&

7& x[fb't k& f[kflfqvjxtybkb bvgjhne-kb cfytkcfw[t,kt zehzkt,b abzdyfhbc fynbrehb [fybc cfvfhjdyblfy& – clc'^ |+++^ 1979^ ud& 38-40&

8. Куфтин Б. А. Арехеологические раскоп-ки 1947 года в Цалкинском районе. Тб., 1948.

9. Хоштария Н. В. Археологические рас-копки в Вани. – rfdrfcbeh f[kjfqvjcfdkehb rht,ekb^ s,&^ 1962^ ud& 65-80&

10. Barag D. P. Rod-formed Kohl-tubes of the mid-first Millennium B.C. – JGS, XVII, 1975, p. 23-36.

11. Fossing P. Glass Vessels before Glass-blo-wing, Copenhagen, 1940.

12. Grose D. F. The Toledo Museum of Art, Early Ancient Glass, Core-Formed, Rod-formed and Cast Vessels and Objects from the Late

Bronze Age to the Early Roman Empire, 1600 B.C. to A.D. 50, New York, 1989.

13. Lordkipanidze O. D. Recent Discoveries in the Field of Classical Archaeology in Georgia – Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia. – An International Journal of Comparative Studies in History and Archaeology, vol. 1, = 2, Leiden, 1994, p. 127-168.

14. Saldern A., Nolte B., Baum P., Haevernik E. Gläser der Antike, Sammlung Ervin Oppenländer, Köln, 1974.

cehfst,bc fqothbkj,f ceh& 1& wbkbylheknfybfyb ifdb athbc uf-

evzdbhdfkt vbybc cfytkcfw[t,kt& ofkrbc hfbjyb^ cja& reixb&

ceh& 2& vemb bbcathb ufevzdbhdfkt vbybc js[of[yfuf cfytkcfw[t,kt& dfyb&

ceh& 3& wbkbylheknfybfyb vemb keh]b ufevzdbhdfkt vbybc cfytkcfw[t,kt& stshb-o.fhjc hfbjyb^ cja& ifdcf.lfhf&

ceh& 4& vemb keh]b^ vjifdj athbc ufev-zdbhdfkt vbybc js[of[yfuf cfytkcfw[t,kt& stshbo.fhjc hfbjyb^ cja& tyfutsb&

ceh& 5& vemb ifdb athbc ufevzdbhdfkt vbybc js[of[yfuf cfytkcfw[t,kt& mfhtkbc hfbjyb^ cja& nf[nbc'bhb&

ceh& 6& ifdb athbc (vemb keh]b`) ufev-zdbhdfkt vbybc js[of[yfuf cfytkcfw[t,kt& mfhtkbc hfbjyb^ cja& nf[nbc'bhb&

ceh& 7& vjstshj-vjwbcathj yf[tdhflufv-zdbhdfkt vbybc wbkbylheknfybfyb cfytk-cfw[t,kbc .tk-gbhb& mfhtkbc hfbjyb^ cja& nf[nbc'bhb&

Description of the Figures

Fig. 1 – Black opaque glass ungentarium

with cylindrical body, v. Kushchi, Tsalka district. Fig. 2 – Dark-violet tetrahedral

ungentarium, Vani. Fig. 3 – Dark-blue opaque glass

ungentarium with cylindrical body, v. Shavsaqdara, Tetritsqaro district.

Fig. 4 – Black opaque glass ungentarium with tetrahedral body, v. Enageti, Tetritsqaro district.

Fig. 5 – Dark-black opaque glass ungentarium with tetrahedral body, v. Takhtisdziri, Kareli district.

Fig. 6 – Black opaque glass ungentarium with tetrahedral body, v. Takhtisdziri, Kareli district.

Fig. 7 – Fragment of a whitish-bluish semi-transparent glass ungentarium of cylindrical form, v. Takhtisdziri, Kareli district.

77

sbyfsby zfybidbkb

SB[BC CFYTKCFW[T,KTT,B LTLJAKBC UJHBC CFCF[KBLFY

ltljakbc ujhbc cfcf[kbc vhfdfkhbw-[jdfy sb[bc zehztkib ud[dlt,f bvgjhnekb yfofhvbw&20 sb[bc cfytkcfw[t,ktt,b21 fv rfntujhbfc ufytresdyt,f& cfcf[kbc nthbnj-hbfpt sb[bc [esb cfytkcfw[t,kt lf thsb rjcvtnbrehb lfybiyekt,bc zehztkb lflfc-nehlf& thsb cfytkcfw[t,kt (cfbyd& = 6217) = 13 jsf[ib fqvjxylf^ lfyfhxtyb – cfcf[kbc reknehek atyt,ib& fmtlfy jhb (cfbyd& == 2628^ 2629) 1926 otkc jhujhbc nthbnj-hbfpt (itvlujvib ufs[hbkb cfcf[kbc at-yt,b) k& nbndbyb'tv c[df ybdst,sfy thsfl frhbaf lf @[tkjdyt,bc vtwybtht,fsf rf,b-ytnc# itcobhf&22

cfytkcfw[t,ktt,blfy jhc (cfbyd& == 2628^ 6217) frkbf gbh-.tkbc yfobkb* thsb (cfbyd& = 1195) v[jkjl ahfuvtynekflff ofhvjlutybkb* fctdt ahfuvtynt,flff itvjh-xtybkb rjcvtnbrehb lfybiyekt,bc zehzt-kbw&

cfytkcfw[t,ktt,ib ufvjb.j js[b dfhbfy-nb%

+ dfhbfynb (cfbyd& = 2628* nf,& +1)% cf-ytkcfw[t,kt^ rjk,bct,ehb& gbhuflvjrtwb-kb* cathekvewkbfyb* dbohj^ ,hn.tk'bhbf-yb& vjyfwhbcahj* fkfu vjobsfkj (;fyubcat-hb)& ptlfgbhb fnrtwbk-fmthwkbkbf wtw[k-ib vj[dtlhbc itltufl& fvbnjv zehzkbc gbhdfyltkb athbc lflutyf dth vj[th[lf& sb[f rfhuflff ufyktmbkb* itbvxytdf vwbhtj-ltyb odhbkb vbyfhtdt,b (mfhcb^ cbkf)& yfrt-sj,f yfpb lf s[tkrtlkbfybf& ajhvbsf lf sb[bc cnhemnehbs cfytkcfw[t,kt cfcf[-ktib fqvjxtybkb yfofhvbcufy ufyc[dfdt,e-kbf& tc zehztkb cfytkcfw[t,kbc ,jskbct-,ehb nbgbc ths-thsb dfhbfynbf& cfytkcfw-[t,kt vcufdcbf rjhbysjib f[&o& ief [fyt,bs lfsfhbqt,ek cfcf[kbc atyt,ib fqvjxtybk cfytkcfw[t,kbcf [19^ ud& 159^ ceh& 99]. cfcf[-kbc zehztkc fctdt gfhfktkb t't,yt,f ,ek-ufhtsbc ifdbpqdbcgbhf fynbreh mfkfm fy[b-fkjc vf[kj,kfl vlt,fht cfvfhjdybc = 1

20

cnfnbf ufsdfkbcobyt,ekbf uhfynbs – JNTAS

Ref. NO:96-0054. 21

ltljakbc ujhf vlt,fhtj,c mfhtkbc h-yib^ cja& ljqkfehsfy^ vl& vnrdhbc vfhw[tyf ityf-rflbc awbbc o.kbc itcfhsfdbc vf[kj,kfl& 1986-1989 oo& ufs[ht,c fofhvjt,lf c&]fyfibfc cf[& cf-mfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj veptevbc iblf mfhskbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbf ([tkv'qd& b& ufujib't)& 22

cfytkcfw[t,ktt,b% byd& A =142,-2629* A

=142u-2628 byf[t,f i& fvbhfyfidbkbc cf[& cfmfh-

sdtkjc [tkjdyt,bc cf[tkvobaj veptevib* byd& 27-977%1073^ 27-977%6217^ 27-977%1195 lf rjcvtnb-rehb lfybiyekt,bc zehztkb byd& 27-977%1194 byf[t,f c& ]fyfibfc cf[& cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvob-aj veptevbc @ltljakbc vbyldhbc# ajylib&

cfvfh[ib fqvjxtybk cfytkcfw[t,ktcsfy& cf-vfh[b 'd& lf f[&o& vb]ybs sfhbqlt,f [12^ ud& 25^ ceh& 3b, 6b]. fv nbgbc cfytkcfw[t,kt ud[dlt,f fuhtsdt bchftkbc nthbnjhbfpt 'd&o& + c& vtjht yf[tdfhib [11^ ud& 17] lf le-hf-tdhjgjcbc = 24 cfvfh[ib^ hjvtkbw 'd&o& + – f[&o& + cc& sfhbqlt,f [18^ nf,& XLVI]. xhlbkj ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbc fynbreh wtyn-ht,ib vcufdcb cfytkcfw[t,kt fh xfyc& cfcf[-kbc fv nbgbc cfytkcfw[t,kt^ itcf'kjf^ 'd& lf f[& o& vb]ybs lfsfhbqltc&

++ dfhbfynb (cfbyd& = 2629* nf,& +2)% cf-ytkcfw[t,kt^ vjyfwhbcahj* rdthw[bct,eh-nfybfyb (,jskbct,ehb)* dbohj^ ,hn.tkb 'b-hbs& sb[f ovbylflff ufyktmbkb* itbwfdc mfhcbc vwbhtjlty vbyfhtdt,c& ahfuvtynekfl xfyc vjobsfkj (;fyubcathb) itathbkj,f& wtw[kib vj[dtlhbc ufvj ptlfgbhb fmthw-kbkb lf athitwdkbkbf& fvbnjv zehzkbc gbhdfyltkb athbc lflutyf zbhc& nfypt it-vje.dt,f vrhsfkb xfqfhekb cfhn.kt,b& yf-rtsj,f yfpbf^ s[tkrtlkbfyb^ vbybc vcufdcb& zehzkbc ajhvf exdtekjf^ cfcf[kbc yfofh-vbcufy ufyc[dfdt,ekb&

,jskbct,ehb ajhvbc^ ,hn.tk'bhbfyb cf-ytkcfw[t,ktt,b xylt,f 'd&o& + c-lfy^ hjlt-cfw mht,f sbsbcnfhbct,ehb cfytkcfw[t,kt-t,b fye eyudtynfhbt,b [10^ ud& 111]. cfytkcfw-[t,kt,bc fv nbgc tkbybcnehb [fybc eyudty-nfhbt,bc ajhvbc vtvrdblhtl vbbxytdty [16^ ud& 463^ 467]. cfcf[kbc cfytkcfw[t,kt ajh-vbsf lf sb[bc afmnehbs vcufdcbf rjhbysj-ib^ cfv[hts cnjfc f[&o& + c& atyfib lflfc-neht,ek vj.fdbcahj^ .tksfy ifdkfrbfy^ stshb cfqt,fdbc cfhn.kt,bs itvrek cfytk-cfw[t,kbc [2^ ud& 467]. fctsbdt ajhvbc zeh-ztkb fqvjxtybkbf fstyib 'd&o& + – f[&o& + cc& cfvfh[t,ib lf fstybc fujhfc hjvfek atyfib [13^ ud& 127^ 129^ nf,& 45^ 46* 17^ ceh& 37]* lehf-tdhjgjcbc == 24 ('d&o& + – f[&o& + cc&) lf 7 (f[&o& +-++ cc&) cfvfh[t,ib& lehf-tdhjgjcbc cfytkcfw[t,ktt,b lfcfdkts [vtksfiefpqdbcgbhtsbc yfofhvfl bsdkt,f [18^ ud& 106^ ceh& 22^ nf,& XXXVIII, XLVI]. fvfdt nbgbc cfytkcfw[t,ktt,b ud[dlt,f ifdb-pqdbcgbhtsbc fynbreh wtynht,ib% vbhvtrb-jybc ths-ths cfsfdcib^ vbshblfnt |+++ (39-45 oo&) vjytnfcsfy^ gthufvjyek obstk-kfrbfy mjsfysfy lf sfcsfy thsfl^ hjvkt-,bw f[&o& + c& lfcfo.bcbs sfhbqlt,f [8^ ud& 17^ ceh& 67]* fuhtsdt^ nbhbnfrbc cfvfhjdybc = 4 cfvfh[ib obstkkfrbfy ljmsfy thsfl^ hjvtkbw f[&o& + c& gbhdtk fsoktekc ufyt-resdyt,f [7^ ud& 216-217^ ceh& 83^2]. vcufdcb cfytkcfw[t,kt fhne[jdbc |++ cfvfh[ib f[&o& + c& sfhbqlt,f [9^ ud& 131^ ceh& 63]. ,ekufhtsib^ cnfhjpfujhcrbc h-yib^ flubk @xfnfkrfc# cfvfhjdfypt f[&o& + c& ief [fyt-

78

,bs lfsfhbqt,ek = 1 cfvfh[ib ltljakbc ujhbc cfcf[kbc vcufdc ,hby]fjc ybdst,sfy thsfl (ceht,b^ jbyj[jbf^ gfnthf^ rjdpt,b lf c[d&) fv nbgbc cfytkcfw[t,ktw lflfc-nehlf [14^ ud& 45^ 65^ nf,& 216]. fctsbdt cfytkcfw[t,ktt,b [ibhfl xfyc vwbhtfpbek yfofhvibw [16^ ud& 463^ 467], vfuhfv vfsb ofh-vjt,bc wtynhfl vfbyw bnfkbf bsdkt,f [15^ ud& 86-87].

fvhbufl^ fv nbgbc cfytkcfw[t,ktt,b ev-sfdhtcfl f[&o& + c& gbhdtk yf[tdfhibf ufdh-wtkt,ekb vstk hjvfek cfv.fhjib& fvfdt [fybs itb'kt,f lfsfhbqltc cfcf[kbc cf-ytkcfw[t,ktw&

f[&o& + c& lfcfchekbcfsdbc vfcbehfl xylt,f wbkbylhek.tkbfyb lf rjyecehnf-ybfyb cfytkcfw[t,ktt,b [12^ ud& 27]. cojhtl fv nbgbcff xdty vbth ufvj.jabkb vtcfvt df-hbfynb&

+++ dfhbfynb (cfbyd& == 1073^ 6217* nf,& +

3-4)& fv ]ueaib ufthsbfyt,ekbf jhb cfytk-cfw[t,kt^ hjvtksfsdbcfw lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf rjyecehb^ ofuh'tkt,ekb nfyb* afhsj^ ,hn.tkb 'bhb* vfqfkb^ ofuh'tkt,ekb .tkb* s[tkb lf ,hn.tkb^ uflvjrtwbkb gbhb& jhb-dt zehztkb ufvjvodfhbf vj.fdbcahj-vjobsf-kjl* sb[f itbwfdc vbyfhtdt,c (mfhcb^ cbkf)* ptlfgbhb [fjbfybf^ fhfsfyf,hfl^ e[tifl yf'thob& ths vfsufyc (cfbyd& = 1073) ibu-yblfy nfycf lf .tkpt itvje.dt,f ujahbht-,ekb^ xfqfhekb cfhn.kt,b& fvudfhb cfhn.-kt,b lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf 'bhbsflfl hjvfekb [fybc cfytkcfw[t,kt,bcfsdbc& bctdt hjujhw gbhdtkb lf vtjht dfhbfynbc cfytkcfw[t,kt^ fv nbgbcf lf ajhvbc zehztkb cfcf[kbc yfofhvbcfsdbc ew[jf& vcufdcb obskflufvjv-odfhb^ vc[dbkvfhwdkjdfyb cfytkcfw[t,kt fqvjxylf ufhybcbc f[&o& +-++ cc& lfsfhb-qt,ek = 32 cfvfh[ib [3^ ud& 53^ ceh& 21]. fctsbdt cfytkcfw[t,ktt,b wyj,bkbf [vtk-sfiefpqdbcgbhf mfkfmt,blfy^ vfuhfv fv nb-gbc zehztkb vwbhtfpbek dfhbfynfl bsdkt-,f lf f[&o& + c& sfhbqlt,f [16^ ud& 467^ ceh& 243d]. fctdt^ f[&o& + c& itb'kt,f vbdfresyjs cfcf[kbc cfytkcfw[t,ktw&

+| dfhbfynb (cfbyd& = 1195* nf,& +5) cfytk-cfw[t,kbc gbh-.tkbc yfnt[b& vjhe[j-vj-.fdbcahj* ghjabkbht,ekb gbhbs& lfvpflt-,ekbf ovbylfl ufyktmbkb sb[bcfufy& s[tk-rtlkbfybf* .tkpt itvje.dt,f kfrbht,ekb(`) cfhn.tkb& .tkb ujahbht,ekbf& sb[bc vfqfkb [fhbc[b^ eyudtynfhbt,bcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb ujahbht,ekb gbhb^ kfrbc ybiyt,b^ itcf'kjf vbc flhtekj,fpt vbudf-ybiyt,ltc& sevwf^ rjhbysjib^ cfv[hts cnj-fc f[&o& + c& atyfib fqvjxtybkbf fvudfhb nb-gbc gbh-.tkbc yfnt[b [16^ ud& 467]. zehzkbc ahfuvtynekj,bc ufvj lfcrdyt,bc ufrtst,f 'ytkbf&

cfcf[ktib fqvjxylf thsb exdtekj ajh-vbc^ vwbht pjvbc^ lf[dtobkb yfrtsj,bc^ vj-stshj-vjyfwhbcahjl ufvjvodfhb^ s[tkrtl-kbfyb^ gbhuflfikbkb^ cathekvewkbfyb lf meckbfyb sb[bc zehztkb (cfbyd& = 1194^ nf,&

+6)& dfhfelbs^ bub rjcvtnbrehb lfybiye-kt,bc eylf .jabkb.j& hfw rbltdfw lf-lfcnehlf lehf-tdhjgjcbc = 37 cfvfh[ib fqvjxtybkb rjcvtnbrehb lfybiyekt,bc vcufdcb zehzkbs& lehf-tdhjgjcbc = 37 cfvfh[b 'd&o& + c& sfhbqlt,f [18^ ud& 104^ nf,& LI]. fctdt itb'kt,f lfsfhbqltc cfcf[kbc tu-ptvgkfhbw&

cfytkcfw[t,ktt,bc ufy[bkdbc itltufl ufvjbrdtsf itvltub cehfsb%

1& cfcf[kbc cfytkcfw[t,ktt,b .dtkf ,hn.tk'bhbfybf* ajhvbs c[dflfc[df& sb[bc itvflutykj,bs^ afmnehbs^ flubkj,hbd yf-ofhvbcfufy ufyc[dfdt,ekb& evtntcj,fc gfhf-ktkt,b t't,yt,f hjvfekb cfv.fhjc c[dflf-c[df wtynht,ib (fstybc fujhf^ rjhbysj^ ,ekufhtsbc nthbnjhbf^ lehf-tdhjgjcb^ xhlbkj ifdbpqdbcgbhtsb lf c[d&)& t&b& .dtkf cfytkcfw[t,kt itvjnfybkb yfofhvbf&

2& cfytkcfw[t,kbc sfhbqc^ c[df vhfdfk-hbw[jdfy vfcfkfcsfy thsfl^ ufhrdtekb vybidytkj,f t'ktdf cfcf[kbc aeymwbjybht-,bc sfhbqbc ('d&o& + – f[&o& + cc&) ufycfp-qdhbcfsdbc&

3& cfytkcfw[t,ktt,b^ hjujhw wyj,bkbf^ ofhvjflutylf aeaeyt,bc cfufyc^ hjvkt,b-sfw 'bhbsflfl flubkj,hbdb vjcf[ktj,bc vlblfhb atyf cfhut,kj,lf& fvltyfl^ cfytk-cfw[t,ktt,b^ ltljakbc ujhbc 'tukbc aey-mwbjyfkehb lfybiyekt,bc ufyvcfpqdhtkb ths-thsb rjvgjytynbf&

4& cfytkcfw[t,ktt,b^ hjvkt,bw 'd&o& +| c& ktrbsjct,bc yfwdkfl ufvjb.tyt,jlf lf lfrh'fkdbc hbnefkbc fewbkt,tk fnhb-,enc ofhvjflutylf^ 'bhbsflfl cfvfh[t,ibf fqvjxtybkb& sevwf^ [ibhfl xylt,f bcbyb reknehek atyt,ibw& fvbc ths-thsb ufvjd-ktyff ltljakbc ujhbc cfcf[kbc ybveit,b^ hjvkt,bw f[fkb ajhvt,bs fvlblht,c cfmfh-sdtkjib fmfvlt wyj,bk sb[bc cfytkcfw[t-,tksf rjktmwbfc&

5& cfcf[ktib fqvjxtybkb cfytkcfw[t,kt-t,b 'bhbsflfl f[&o& + c& sfhbqlt,f^ hfw hj-vfek cfv.fhjcsfy b,thbbc cfvtajc bv fmnb-eh cfdfzhj-trjyjvbrehb se gjkbnbrehb ehsbthsj,bc ufvj'f[bkbf^ hjvtkbw coj-htl f[&o& + c& bo.t,f&

udbfytkbybcnehb [fybc lfcfchekcf lf udbfyfynbrehb [fybc lfcfo.bcbcfsdbc^ cfytk-cfw[t,ktt,b fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc nt-hbnjhbfpt^ ufhlf ltljakbc ujhbc cfcf[-kbcf^ itvltu geymnt,blfy fhbc wyj,bkb% cf-vflkj^ ;bydfkb^ vw[tsf lf eh,ybcb&23

cfvflkjc yfmfkfmfhbc (vl& vnrdhbc vfh]-dtyf yfgbhb^ cja& mcfysfy^ vw[tsblfy 15 rv-pt) reknehek atyt,ib cfytkcfw[t,ktt,bc c[dflfc[df nbgt,b lflfcnehlf& tkbybcnehb [fybc eyudtynfhbt,bc ahfuvtynt,bc ufhlf^ hjvkt,bw 'd&o& +| c& lfcfchekbsf lf 'd&o& +++ c& gbhdtkb yf[tdhbs fy ief [fyt,bs lf-sfhbqlf [4^ ud& 42-43^ nf,& +\^ 596* 5^ ud& 34^ nf,& XLI^ 596].

23

eh,ybcbc vfcfkf ufvjmdt.yt,ekb fh fhbc&

79

cfvflkjc fvajhbcrbc vcufdcb zehztkb fqvjxylf fuhtsdt f[fkb ;bydfkbc (vl& fhfu-dbc [tj,f) tkbybcnehb [fybc yfvjcf[kfhpt& fvajhbcrb 'd&o& ++-+ cc& ufytresdyt,f [2^ ud& 12].

cfytkcfw[t,ktt,b wyj,bkbf fuhtsdt vw[tsblfy (nf,& +7)

24& cfvsfdhjib fqvjxtybkb qbf vj.fdbcahj^ vfqfk.tkbfyb^ rjyecehnf-ybfyb^ ,hn.tk'bhbfyb cfytkcfw[t,kt lf vw[tsfib^ 1951 otkc jhathlfcf[ehfdbfy mdbcabkt,bfy cfvfh[ib lflfcneht,ekb fct-sbdt cfytkcfw[t,kt^ sfyv[kt,b bydtynfhbc vb[tldbs f[&o& +-++ cc& lfsfhbqlf& tc cfytk-cfw[t,ktt,b itvjnfybkb yfofhvbf& ufvjsm-vekbf vjcfpht,f^ hjv bcbyb fvfdt gthbjlbc vbybc cfytkcfw[t,ktt,bc ajhvt,bc vb,f'db-sff lfvpflt,ekb lf itcf'kt,tkbf bv wtyn-ht,blfy vjvlbyfhtj,ltc^ cfblfyfw vbybc .tkvfqfkb cfytkcfw[t,ktt,b [1^ ud& 523-524^ ceh& 3].

fctsbf^ bvgjhnekb rthfvbrekb yfofhvbc ths-thsb cf[tj,bc – sb[bc cfytkcfw[t,ktt-,bc ufdhwtkt,bc fhtfkb fynbrehb [fybc fq-vjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbfpt& fynb-rehb [fybc bvgjhnekb rthfvbrf fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjcfsdbc itlfht,bs bidbfsb vjdktyff& fvbnjv sb[bc cfytkcfw[t,ktt,bc fqvjxtyf lf itcofdkf cfbynthtcj vfcfkfc b'ktdf hjujhw rjyrhtnekfl 'tukbc^ fctdt fynbrehb [fybc b,thbbc cfvtajcf lf hjvbc bvgthbbc cfdfzhj-trjyjvbrehb lf reknehe-kb ehsbthsj,bc itcf[t,&

T. Chanishvili CLAY UNGUENTARIA FROM DEDOPLISGORA (Summary)

Five clay unguentaria (pl. I1-4) and a vessel for

cosmetic purposes (pl. I5) were discovered among the pottery found at the palace of Dedoplisgora (v. Doghlauri, Kareli distriert).

The unguentaria are of different shape; they differ from the local products by the clay composition. All of them were imported products and their parallels can be found with the unguentaria discovered in different centres of the Roman World (Athenian Agora, Corinth, Dura-Europos, etc).

Materials from the palace enrich the collection of clay unguentaria cnown in Georgia with new shapes.

kbnthfnehf

1& ,th'tybidbkb m& cfvsfdhjib fqvjxtyb-

kb ew[jehb bthbc sb[bc zehztkb& – cvfv^ n& \\\^ = 4^ 1963^ ud& 521-526&

2& hfvbidbkb h& yfmfkfmfhb ;bydfkb& – 'v^ = 47^ 1978^ ud& 11-18& 24

nf,ekf itchekt,ekbf t& ujvfhtkbc vbth&

3& Аракелян Б. Н. Результаты работ Гар-

нийской археологической экспедиции 1951–1955 гг. Гарни II. Ереван, 1957.

4. Гагошидзе Ю. М. Самадло Тб., 1979. 5. Гагошидзе Ю. М. Самадло Каталог. Тб.,

1981. 6. Гайдукевич В. Ф. Античные города Бос-

пора. Мирмекий. Л., 1987. 7. Гайдукевич В. Ф. Некрополи некоторых

Боспорских городов. – МИА, № 69, 1959, с. 154–238.

8. Гайдукевич В. Ф. Раскопки Мирмекия в 1935–1938 гг. – МИА, № 25, 1952, с. 135–220.

9. Максимова М. Н. Артюховский курган. Л., 1979.

10. Погребова Н. П. Погребения в мавзолее Неополя Скифского – МИА, № 96, 1961, с. 103–183.

11. Ancient Pottery of Erez-Yisrael. Ierusalem-Israel, 1959.

12. Балабанов П. Могилно погребения на богота Тракийска от Анхиало – Археология, кн. 3, София, 1979, р. 23–32.

13. Boulter Cedric G. Groves in Lenormant street Athens. – Hesperia, v. XXXVI, = 2, 1963, p. 113-137.

14. Буюклиев Х. Тракийският могилен нек-ропол при Чатилка Старозагорски окръг. – Разкопки и проучвания. Кн. XVI, София, 1986.

15. Heyes J. W. Handbook of Mediterranean Roman Pottery. London, 1998.

16. Heyes J.W. Roman Pottery from the South Stoa at Corinth. – Hesperia, vol. 42, = 4, 1973, p. 416-470.

17. The Athoman Agora. Princeton, New Jersey, 1971.

18. The Excavations of Dura-Europos conduc-ted by Yale University and the French Academy of Inscriptions and Letters. London, 1946.

19. Wright K. S. A Tiberian Pottery Deposit for Corinth. – Hesperia, vol. 49, = 2, 1980, p. 135-177.

nf,ekbc fqothbkj,f nf,& + – 1-5& sb[bc cfytkcfw[t,ktt,b

ltljakbc ujhbc cfcf[kblfy& 6& sb[bc rj-cvtnbrehb lfybiyekt,bc zehztkb& 7& sb[bc cfytcfw[t,kt vw[tsblfy&

Decription of the Plate Pl. I – 1-5. Clay unguentaria from the palace of

Dedoplisgora. 6. Clay vessel for cosmetic

purposes. 7. Clay unguentaria from Mtskheta.

80

nf,& +

81

bhbyt dfhifkjvb't

HJVFEKB {FYBC VJYTNT<BC UFY"B UJYBJ-FACFHJCBLFY

ujybj-facfhjcb cfv[hts-fqvjcfdkts if-dbpqdbcgbhtsbc ths-thsb vtnfl vybidytkj-dfyb 'tukbf& facfhjcbc mfkfmehb w[jdht,bc^ gjkbnbrehb lf cfdfzhj-trjyjvbrehb jhbty-nfwbbc rdktdbcfsdbc gbhdtk[fhbc[jdfy o.f-hjsvwjlytj,bs ,fpfc ofhvjflutyc yevbpvf-nbrehb vjyfgjdfhb&

1998 otkc ujybj-facfhjcbc velvbdvjm-vtlvf fhmtjkjubehvf tmcgtlbwbfv ([tkv'qd& fo ufhlfwdkbkb^ cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc otdh-rjhtcgjyltynb^ ghja& l& [f-[enfbidbkb) ujybjc wb[bc nthbnjhbfpt^ cfv[hts-lfcfdkts res[tib^ ptlfgbhblfy 1^45 v cbqhvtpt vbfrdkbf hjvfekb [fybc dth-w[kbc vjytnt,bc ufy'c^ hjvtkbw 42 thste-kbcfufy itlut,jlf&25 ufy'b^ hjujhw xfyc^ mb-cfib b.j vjsfdct,ekb& itvjhxf v[jkjl it-cfrhfdfl ufvj.tyt,ekb dthw[kbc s[tkb abh-abnf& vjytnt,b rfhuflff lfwekb& vj[th[lf 41 tuptvgkfhbc pecnb ufycfpqdhf-fnhb,e-wbf&26 bcbyb vjzhbkbf itvltub vvfhsdtkt,bc cf[tkt,bs% 1) nb,thbecb (14-37 oo&) – 1 wfkb^ ltyfhb (nf,& +1)* 2) gjktvjy ++ (49-63 oo&) – 4 lhfmvf^ vfsufy 1 vjzhbkbf 56$57 okt,ib (nf,& +2)^ 2-57$58-ib (nf,& +3)* 3) dtcgfcbfyt (69-79 oo&) – 1 ltyfhb^ vjzhbkbf 75 otkc (nf,& +4)* 4) nhfbfyt (98-117 oo&) – 3 ltyfhb (nf,& +5-6)* 5) flhbfyt (117-138 oo&) – 5^ 2 – ltyfhb^ thsb vjzhbkbf 125-128 oo& (nf,& +7)^ 2 – 121$2 oo& vjzhbkb lblhfmvf (nf,& +8)^ 1 – yf[tdfhlhfmvf* 6) fynjybyec gbecb (138-161 oo&)^ 1 – 134 o& vjzhbkb^ ltyfhb (nf,& +9)* 7) afecnbyf ++ (161-176 oo&)^ 1 ltyfhb (nf,& +10)* 8) vfhrec fdhtkbecb (161-180 oo&) fy rjvjlecb (117-192 oo&)^ 1 ltyfhb (nf,& ++11)* 9) rjvjlecb^ 1 ltyfhb (nf,& ++12)* 10) ctgnbvbec ctdthecb (193-211 oo&) – 9^ 1 – 210 otkc vjzhbkb ltyfhb (nf,& ++13)^ 8 lhfmvf – 1 – 203^ 2 – 205^ 1 – 206^ 2 – 208 (nf,& ++14)^ 1 – 210 (nf,& ++15)^ 1 – 211 okt,ibf vjzhbkb* 11) bekbf ljvyf (217 o&) – 5 lhfmvf^ 1 – 197 (nf,& ++16)^ 1 – 207 (nf,& ++17)^ 1 – 208^ 2 – 210 okt,ibf vjzhbkb* 12) rfhf-rfkf (198-217 oo&) – 7^ 2 – ltyfhb^ 1 – 199 otkcff vjzhbkb (nf,& ++18)^ 5 lhfmvf^ 2 – 206 (nf,& ++19)^ 1 – 207^ 1 – 211 okt,ibf ufvjwtvekb* 13) utnf (209-212 oo&)^ 2^ 1 – 203 otkc vjzhbkb ltyfhbf (nf,& ++20)^ vtjht 213 okbc lhfmvf (nf,& ++21)&

pfhfa[fyt,bc vb[tldbs ufy'bc vjytnt,b fct ]uealt,f% keuleyevb (ufkbf) – 1 (nb-,thbecb)^ gjynjc cfvtaj – 4 (gjktvjy ++)^

25

vjytnt,sfy thsfl b.j fvfdt gthbjlbc dthw[kbc ,tztlb 26 thsb wfkb vjytnf lf;fyuekb b.j^ ufycfpqdhf fh vj[th[lf

hjvb – 14 (dtcgfcbfyt – 1^ nhfbfyt – 3^ flhbfyt – 2^ fynjybyec gbecb – 1^ rjvjlecb fy vfhrec fdhtkbecb – 1^ rjvjlecb – 1^ afecnbyf ++ – 1^ ctgnbvec ctdthbecb – 8^ bekbf ljvyf – 5^ rfhfrfkf – 5^ utnf – 1)& rtcfhbekb vjytnt,blfy 1 yf[tdfhlhfmvf (fl-hbfyt)^ 19 lhfmvf^ 2 – lblhfmvff (flhbfyt)& ufy'bc ,bhsdc itflutyc +++ cfereybc lfcfo-.bcbc vjytnt,b&

fvltyfl^ ufy'bc flhtekb vjytnff nb,t-hbecbc (14-37 oo&) ltyfhb^ udbfyltkb utnfc cf[tkbs 213 otkc vjzhbkb lhfmvf& mhjyj-kjubehb xfhxj ufy'bc flhtek lf udbfyltk vjytnt,c ijhbc 176 otkbf& ufy'bc ntpfdhf-wbf vj[lf 213 okbc itvltu&

fqybiyekb ufy'b facfhjcbc wb[tib +-+++ cc& vlujvb hjvfekb ufhybpjybc resdybkt-,fl eylf vbdbxybjs& fvbnjv^ vjrktl itdt-[js 'tukbc bcnjhbbc xdtysdbc cfbynthtcj vjyfrdtsc&

wyj,bkbf^ hjv rjk[tsbc cfvtaj 'd&o& ++ cfereybc ,jkjc se + cfereybc lfcfo.bcib vbshblfnt +| gjynjtkbc cf[tkvobajc it-vflutykj,fib itdblf [6^ ud& 119-152* 26^ ud& 76* 27^ ud& 119-130]. hf smvf eylf^ facfhjccfw gjynjc cfvtaj lfteakf& 'd&o& 65 otkc gjy-nj hjvftksf cfhlfkvf gjvgtecvf uffyfl-uehf lf rjk[tsib hjvftkt,b uf,fnjylyty& 'd&o& 40 otkc hjvftkt,vf fqflubytc gjynjc cfvtaj [34^ ud& 304]. vbc itvflutykj,fib rjk[tssfy thsfl itdblf facfhjcbw [21^ ud& 113]. 63 otkc ythjyvf uffemvf gjktvjyehb gjynj& bc ufkfsbbc ghjdbywbfib bmyf it-.dfybkb^ sdkbfy^ hjv bubdt ,tlb tobf rjk-[tscfw [22^ ud& 171].

pjubthsb vrdktdfhbc fphbs^ gjktvjybcf lf vbcb vtvrdblhtt,bc lhjc^ dblht rjk[tsb hjvbc bvgthbbc itvflutytk yfobkfl uflf-bmwf^ lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc pqdbcgbhf gey-mnt,ib bluf gjynjtksf ufhybpjyt,b^ hjv-kt,bw itvlujv hjvftksf ktubjytht,vf itw-dfktc [13^ ud& 40-42].

f[&o& 77 okbs lfsfhbqt,ek yfihjvib uf-bec gkbybec ctreylecb vjb[ctybt,c vlbyfht facfhc lf fvfdt cf[tkj,bc wb[t-cbvfuhtc& t&b& fv lhjc facfhjcb vjmvtlb wb[tf^ hfw fm fqvjxtybkb fhmtjkjubehb lf yevbpvfnb-rehb vfcfkt,bsfw lfcnehlt,f [11^ ud& 26-27* 8^ ud& 129* 9^ ud& 88-101].

f[&o& 72 okblfy ljvbwbfytc vvfhsdtkj-,fvlt (81-96 oo&) rjk[tsb^ hjujhw abmhj-,ty^ itlbjlf @rfgfljrbeh rjvgktmcib^# itv-ltu rb wfkrt xfvj.fkb,t,ekb rfgfljrbbc ghjdbywbbc yfobkfl udtdkbyt,f [31^ ud& 48].

134 otkc bvgthfnjh flhbfytc (117-138 oo&) lfdfkt,bs fqvjcfdkts ifdbpqdbcgbhtsib^ lf

82

vfs ijhbc facfhjcibw^ bvjupfehf lf bm fh-ct,ekb vlujvfhtj,f fqothf @gthbgkecib# rf-gfljrbbc ktufnvf akfdbec fhbfytv [2^ ud& 35].

facfhjcbc hjvfekb ufhybpjybc itcf[t, wyj,t,c udfodlbc c[df o.fhjt,bw& bnfkbfib^ yjkfc vf[kj,kfl^ f,tkfib fqvjxtybkb ofhothbc vb[tldbs vfhrec ghtnjhbec wt-kthb^ hjvtkbw nhfbfytv lff]bkljdf gfh-sbbc jvib (113-117 oo&) vjyfobktj,bcfsdbc^ ths lhjc fchekt,lf hjvftksf bv cfyfgbhj ]fht,bc vtsfehbc vjdfktj,fc^ hjvkt,bw lf,fyfrt,ekb b.dyty gjynjc facfhjcib [28^ ud& 310-311]. vybidytkjdfybf afbevib (tudbgnt) fqvjxtybkb ++ cfereybs lfsfhbqt,ekb gfgbhe-cbc ahfuvtynb^ hjvtkbw facfhjcbc dt-nthfybc vbthff lfothbkb& fm vj[ctybt,ekbf facfhjcib vlufhb rkfelbecbc cf[tkj,bc ++ rj/jhnbc dtnthfyb vfhwbfkb [19^ ud& 135-136]. fqybiyekb rj/jhnbc lujvf facfhjcib ybdsbthb vfcfkbsfw lfcnehlt,f [14^ ud& 122].

+| c& hjvftkb utjuhfabc rfcnjhbecbc herfpt^ fqvjcfdkts ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbc c[df rfcntkevt,bcfufy ufyc[dfdt,bs^ facfhjcb fqybiyekbf cmtvfnehb ufvjcf[ekt,bs [17^ ud& 82-83]. wyj,bkbf^ hjv bub b.tyt,lf +-++ c& o.fhjt,c [32^ ud& 226].

fvfdt gthbjlbc fvcf[dtk wyj,t,c eylf udfodlbltc ghjrjab rtcfhbtkb (|+ c&)% @tc mfkfmb 'dtkfl vhfdfkhbw[jdfyb .jabkf^ vfc ufhitvj edkblf vhfdfkb rtltkb lf itv-rekb b.j stfnhbs lf /bgjlhjvbs lf vhf-dfkb c[dfw /mjylf^ hfw xdtekt,hbd mfkfmbc cblblbc vjvfcofdt,tkbf# [16^ ud& 94-95].

f[&o& +++ c& fdnjhb bgjkbnt hjvftkb fcf-[tkt,c facfhjcc^ hjujhw cfv[tlhj ,fyfrc

[15^ ud& 20]. fctdt ,fyfrbc cf[tkbs vjb[-ctybt,c facfhjcc tdctdb rtcfhbtkb (260-340 oo&) [15^ ud& 32]. fmdt ufhlfbwdfkf mhbc-nbfyj,bcfsdbc ofvt,ekb jhtynbjcbc jhb sfyfvjfpht [18^ ud& 415].

facfhjcbc wb[tc +++-+| cc& vb]yfpt lhj-t,bs iteo.dtnbf aeymwbjybht,f& fv gthbjlbc reknehek atyt,c tvxytdf yuhtdbc rdfkb [11^ ud& 29]. fvbc itvltu facfhjcbc wb[t ufyfuh'j,lf hjvftksf cfv[tlhj ,fyfrbc vj-dfktj,bc itchekt,fc +| c& + yf[tdhfvlt [11^ ud& 30-31* 21^ ud& 118].

lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbfpt fq-vjxtybkbf udbfyfynbrehb [fybc hfvltybvt ufy'b% qehpekib (uthptekb) [30], yf,frtdib [25], trib [3], ctabtsib [12* 3],

,bzdbysfib [4* 20]. ujybjc ufy'ib xfvjsdkbkb ufy't,bcfufy ufyc[dfdt,bs ud[dlt,f gjynjehb aekb& gjktvjy ++ vjytnt,b lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib fqvjxtybkbf ufkib [35^ =27^ 29^ = 174],

cja& af[ekfyib (ofkty]b[bc hfbjyb) [35^ = 175], ,bzdbysfib [4^ ud& 282], cja& o.fksf-iefib (,fqlflbc hfbjyb) [7^ ud& 120]. hjujhw

abmhj,ty^ @gjktvjyeh# gthbjlib rjk[tsbc cfvjytnj vbvjmwtdfib gjynjehb aekb ofv.dfy hjkc fchekt,lf [7^ ud& 122].

gjktvjy ++ lhfmvt,bc fqvjxtyf facfhjcbc nthbnjhbfpt ,eyt,hbdfl udtxdtyt,f& vfuhfv ufjwt,fc bodtdc bc afmnb^ hjv bcbyb fm ufvjdkbylf ++-+++ cc& hjvcf lf rtcfhbfib vjzhbk vjytnt,sfy thsfl& fqybiyekb cfaf-ctt,bc vbvjmwtdf +++ c& gbhdtk yf[tdfhib gbhdtkfl lfabmcbhlf cfmfhsdtkjib&

hfw itt[t,f ufy'bc c[df vjytnt,c^ hjvf-ekb ghjlemwbf ofhvjlutybkbf 14 thste-kbs& dtcgfcbfytc^ afecnbyfc^ fynjybec gbe-cbc^ ctgnbvbec ctdthecbc cf[tkbs vjzhbkb ltyfht,b ujybjc wb[tib wfkrtekb thste-kt,bc cf[bsfw fhbc vjgjdt,ekb [9^ ud& 88-101]. hjvfekb ltyfht,b^ hjujhw abmhj,ty^ cfmfhsdtkjib dhwtklt,jlf vwbht fpbbc mfkfmt,blfy [25^ ud& 35-36].

ujybjc ufy'ib ljvbybht,c rfgfljrbbc m& rtcfhbfib vjzhbkb vjytnt,b – 22 wfkb&

m& rtcfhbf nb,thbecbc (14-37 oo&) lhjb-lfy uflfbmwf lbl cfbvgthbj pfhfa[fyfl fq-vjcfdkts cfpqdfhpt vlt,fht hjvbc ljvbyb-jyt,bcfsdbc^ hjvtkbw fofhvjt,lf hjujhw dthw[kbc^ bct cgbkty'bc vjytnt,bc tvbcbfc

[40^ ud& 8]. hjvfekb ljvbybjyt,bc erblehtc fqvjcfdktsib vlt,fhtj,bs^ cfjvfhb [fpblfy lfwek vfy'bkpt^ rtcfhbf ufvjhxtekfl [tk-cf.htkb b.j cfv[tlhj cfzbhjt,bc pfhfa-[fybcfsdbc& fv fyufhbibs^ lf etzdtkbf gjkbnbrehb vbpyt,bsfw^ hjvbc bvgthfnjhvf nhfbfytv^ xfyc^ vjbabmhf vwbht fpbbc cfvj-ytnj wtynhbc uflfnfyf lfcfdktsbc ghjdby-wbt,blfy rtcfhbfib^ hjvtkbw ufvjb.tyf bv vjytnt,bc vjcfzhtkfl^ hjvkt,bw ufyres-dybkb b.j fqvjcfdkts ghjdbywbt,ib wbhre-kfwbbcfsdbc [40^ ud& 14].

rjk[tsb f[&o& ++-+++ cc& hjvbc ghjdbywbf rfgfljrbbc itvflutykj,fib itlbjlf& itcf,f-vbcfl fqvjcfdkts ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbc wb[t-cbvfuhtt,ib vlujvb hjvfekb ufhybpjyb tmdtvlt,fht,jlf rfgfljrbbc cfv[tlhj cfhl-kj,fc [33^ ud& 365].

gjkbnbrehb dbsfht,blfy ufvjvlbyfht rjk[tsbc cfvjytnj vbvjmwtdfib^ ufycfres-ht,bs flhbfytc vbth kfpbrbc cfvtajc jab-wbfkehb wyj,bc itvltu^ uf,fnjyt,ekb fl-ubkb trfdf rtcfhbek vjytnt,c^ hjvtksf fqvjxtybc njgjuhfabf cfmfhsdtkjib afh-sjf& ufhlf qehpekbc (476 w&)^ yf,frtdbc (13 w&)^ trbc (907-lfy 771 w& rtcfhbekbf)^ ctab-tsbc ufy't,ib itvfdfkb rtcfhbekb vjytnt,b-cf^ bcbyb yfgjdybf wb[bc'bhib [10, ud& 104], ehtrib^ ceacfib [5^ ud& 118], yjmfkfmtdib [1^ ud& 273], dfyib [6^ ud& 127], ot,tklfib [38^ ud& 207-211* 23^ ud& 174-180* 24^ ud& 183-198], cj-[evib [37^ ud& 280-429* 39^ ud& 57-74], ,bz-dbysfib [3^ ud& 280-418* 13^ ud& 99-105]. 1995-98 oo& ujybjc wb[tib ufs[ht,bcfc fqvjxylf nhfbfytc (1 wfkb)^ flhbfytc (7)^ fynjybyec

83

gbecbc (1)^ ctgnbvbec ctdthecbc (2)^ bekbf ljvyfc (1)^ ujhlbfyt +++ (1) cf[tkt,bs vjz-hbkb dthw[kbcf lf cgbkty'bc rtcfhbekb vjytnt,b [9^ ud& 88-101].

rtcfhbekb vjytnt,b cfmfhsdtkjib cfp-qdfj upbs itvjlbjlf m& nhfgtpeynblfy^ hjvtkbw lbl hjkc sfvfij,lf hjvbc bvgthbbc fqvjcfdkts gjkbnbrfib& fmtlfy rb bcbyb vblbjlf ifdb pqdbc fqvjcfdkts cfyf-gbhjc mfkfmt,ib lf itvltu dhwtklt,jlf mdt.ybc cbqhvtib [25^ ud& 35-36].

rtcfhbekb vjytnt,bc itvjcdkf facfhjc-ib itb'kt,f gbhlfgbhb upbsfw dbdfhfeljs& hjujhw erdt fqdybiyts^ ljrevtynehb vfcf-kt,bs lflfcneht,ekbf^ hjv fm bluf ++ cfereybc ief [fyt,ib rfgfljrbfib ufykfut-,ekb rkfelbecbc cf[tkj,bc ++ rj/jhnf&

]th]thj,bs ufehrdtdtkbf se hf ufht-vjt,fv ufvjbodbf ufy'bc xfvfh[df& +++ cfere-ybc lfcfo.bcbcfsdbc facfhjcib fhw fhmtj-kjubehb vjyfwtvt,bcf lf othbkj,bsb o.f-hjt,bc vb[tldbs fh itbvxytdf ukj,fkehb yuhtdbc rdfkb&

fvhbufl^ ufy'bc itvflutykj,bc fyfkbpvf rbltd ths[tk lfflfcnehf^ hjv facfhjcb +-+++ cc-ib vwbht fpbbc ufdktybc cathjc ofhvjflutyc lf gjkbnbreh-trjyjvbrehb ehsbthsj,fsf vsfdfhb utpb vbvfhsekbf rfgfljrbbc ghjdbywbbcfrty&

I. Varshalomidze HOARD OF COINS OF THE ROMAN PERIOD FROM GONIO-APSAROS (Summary)

A hoard consisting of 42 silver coins of the Roman period was discovered in 1998 by the permanent Gonio-Apsaros Archaeological expedition during the excavations at the south-western corner of the fortress, at the depth of 1.45 m from the surface. Of these one is a denarius minted in Lugdunum (Gaul); it belongs to Tiberius (14-37), four are drachmae of king Polemon II of Pontus (49-063), 14 denarii were minted in Rome: Vespasian (69-79) – 1; Trajan (98-117) – 3; Hadrian (117-138) – 2; Antoninus Pius (138-161) – 1; Commodus (117-192) or Marcus Aurelius (161-180) – 1; Commodus – 1; Faustina II (161-176) – 1; Septimius Severus (193-211) – 1; Caracalla (198-217) – 2; Geta (209-212) – 1; twenty two coins were minted in Caesarea of Cappadocia: Hadrian – 3, Septimius Severus – 8; Julia Domna (217) – 5, Caracalla – 5, Geta – 1, of the Caesarean coins 1 is a hemidrachma, 19 drachmae and 2 (Hadrian) – didrachmae.

The earliest coin of the hoard is a denarius of Tiberius (14-37), the oldest is a drachma minted in the name of Geta in 213, so the burial of the hoard took place at 213.

Analogous monetary units in the form of separate items and hoards have been discovered

repeatedly in Georgia, but money from Pontus and coins of the 2

nd and 3

rd cent., minted in Caesarea

and Rome – collected together – are a novelty not only for Apsaros but also for Georgia. An analysis of the hoard once again confirmed that in the 1

st-

3rd

cent. Apsaros was under the influence of Asia Minor and its political and economic relations were oriented towards Cappadocia.

kbnthfnehf

1& f,hfvbidbkb s& yjmfkfmtdbc tmcgtlb-

wbbc vbth vjgjdt,ekb vjytnt,b (1973-1982 oo&)& – yjmfkfmtdb-fhmtjgjkbcb& fhmtjkjub-ehb ufs[ht,b& 1978-1982 oo& s,&^ 1987^ ud& 274-287&

2& fhbfyt& vjupfehj,f ifdb pqdbc ufh-itvj& sfhuvfyb^ ufvjrdktdf^ rjvtynfht,b lf herf yfstkf rtzf.vf'bcf& s,&^ 1961&

3& leylef u& cfmfhsdtkjc cfvjytnj ufy-'t,b& s,&^ 1979&

4& leylef u& cfvjytnj vbvjmwtdf lf cf-dfzhj-trjyjvbrehb ehsbthsj,fyb ,bzdbynf-ib yevbpvfnbrehb vfcfkt,bc vb[tldbs 'd&o& ++-f[&o& +| cc& – lblb gbnbeynb^ +^ s,&^ 1975^ ud& 280-430&

5& leylef u& uehbbc yevbpvfnbrehb vfcf-kf& – uehbf^ +^ s,&^ 1997^ ud& 100-118&

6& leylef u&^ kjhsmbafyb't u& vjyt-nt,b dfyblfy& – dfyb^ +++^ s,&^ 1977^ ud& 119-152&

7& leylef s& rjk[tsb^ b,thbf lf gjy-njc cfvtaj yevbpvfnbrehb vfcfkt,bc vb[tl-dbs& s,&^ 1993&

8& dfhifkjvb't b& vfrtljyehb lf belt-ehb vjytnt,b ujybj-facfhjcblfy& – kbnthf-nehekb fzfhf^ = 2^ ,fsevb^ 1999^ ud& 128-131&

9& dfhifkjvb't b& ujybj-facfhjcb ye-vbpvfnbrehb vfcfkt,bc vb[tldbs& – kbnthf-nehekb fzfhf^ = 7^ ,fsevb^ 1999^ ud& 88-101&

10& byfbidbkb y& wb[b'bhbc f[&o& +-|+ cc& fhmtjkjubehb 'tukt,b& s,&^ 1993&

11& rf[b't t&^ [fkdfib v& ujybj-facfhjcb othbkj,bsb o.fhjt,bcf lf ef[ktcb fhmt-jkjubehb vjyfwtvt,bc vb[tldbs (+-|+ cc&)& – reknehbc bcnjhbbc cfrbs[t,b^ |^ s,&^ 1998^ ud& 26-33&

12& vfrfkfsbf c& ctabtsib fqvjxtybkb hjvfekb aekt,bc ufy'b& – ccvv^ \++-B^ 1944^ ud& 217-259&

13& kjhsmbafyb't u& ,bzdbynbc yfmfkf-mfhb& s,&^ 1991&

14& yjytidbkb f& hjvfek-mfhsekb eh-sbthsj,fyb f[&o& + c-bc ++ yf[tdfhib& – rek-nehbc bcnjhbbc cfrbs[t,b^ |^ s,&^ 1998^ ud& 21-25&

15& .fe[xbidbkb c& utjhubrf& ,bpfynbtk vothfksf wyj,t,b cfmfhsdtkjc itcf[t,^ n& +^ s,&^ 1961&

16& .fe[xbidbkb c& utjhubrf& n& ++^ s,&^ 1934&

84

17& .fe[xbidbkb c& utjhubrf& n& +++^ s,&^ 1963&

18& .fe[xbidbkb c& utjhubrf& n& +|^ s,&^ 1952&

19& igfbltkb v& rfdrfcbbc cfpqdfhb& ++ cfereybc ufhybpjyt,b facfhjcib^ gtnhfcf lf afcbcib& – vfwyt& bcnjhbbc &&& cthbf^ 1985^ = 1^ ud& 134-140&

20& we[bidbkb b& udbfyhjvfekb vjytnt-,bc ,bzdbynbc ufy'b& – lblb gbnbeynb^ ++^ s,&^ 1977^ ud& 250-301&

21& [f[enfbidbkb l&^ rf[b't f&^ vfve-kf't I&^ rf[b't t&^ [fkdfib v& ujybj-fa-cfhjcb& – kbnthfnehekb fzfhf^ = 2^ ,fsevb^ 1999^ ud& 128-131&

22. Амиранашвили А. И. Иберия и рим-

ская экспансия в Азии. – ВДИ, № 2, 1938, с. 161-173.

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24. Воронов Ю. Н., Юшин В. А. Ранний

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28. Ельницкий Л. А. Из исторической

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Cappadocia. London, 1933. nf,ekt,bc fqothbkj,f

nf,& +& – 1& nb,thbecb (14-37 oo&)^ ltyfhb^

keuleyevb (ufkbf)* 2& gjktvjy ++ (49-63 oo&)^ lhfmvf* 3& gjktvjy ++^ lhfmvf* 4& dtcgfcbfyt (69-79 oo&)^ ltyfhb^ hjvb* 5& nhfbfyt (98-117 oo&)^ ltyfhb^ hjvb* 6& nhfbfyt^ ltyfhb^ hjvb* 7& fl-hbfyt (117-138 oo&)^ ltyfhb^ hjvb* 8& flhbfyt^ lb-lhfmvf^ rtcfhbf* 9& fynjybyec gbecb (138-161 oo&)^ ltyfhb^ hjvb* 10& afecnbyf ++ (161-176 oo&)^ ltyfhb^ hjvb&

nf,& ++& – 11& vfhrec fdhtkbecb (161-180 oo&) fy rjvjlecb (117-192 oo&)^ ltyfhb^ hjvb* 12& rjvjlecb^ ltyfhb^ hjvb* 13& ctgnbvbec ctdthecb (193-211 oo&)^ ltyfhb^ hjvb* 14& ctg-nbvbec ctdthecb^ lhfmvf^ rtcfhbf* 15& ctgnb-vbec ctdthecb^ lhfmvf^ rtcfhbf* 16& bekbf ljvyf (217)^ lhfmvf^ rtcfhbf* 17& bekbf ljv-yf (217)^ lhfmvf^ rtcfhbf* 18& rfhfrfkf (198-217 oo&)^ ltyfhb^ hjvb* 19& rfhfrfkf^ lhfmvf^ rtcfhbf* 20& utnf (209-212 oo&)^ ltyfhb^ hjvb* 21& utnf^ lhfmvf^ rtcfhbf&

[vjytnt,b uflblt,ekbf hfvltybvt]th]

Description of the Plates:

Pl. I – 1. Tiberius (14-37), denarius, Lugdunum (Gaulia); 2. Polemon II (49-63), drachma; 3. Polemon II, drachma; 4. Vespasian (69-70), denarius, Rome; 5. Trajan (98-117) denarius, Rome; 6. Trajan, denarius, Rome; 7. Hadrian (117-138), denarius, Rome; 8. Had-rian, Caesarean didrachma; 9. Antonius Pius (138-161), denarius, Rome; 10. Faustina II (161-176), denarius, Rome;

Pl. II. – 11. Marcus Aurelius (161-180) or Commodus (117-192), denarius, Rome; 12. Co-mmodus, denarius, Rome; 13. Septimius Severus (193-211), denarius, Rome; 14. Septum's Severus, Caesarean drachma; 15. Septum's Severus, Caesarean drachma; 16. Julia Domna (217), Caesarean drachma; 17. Julia Domna, Caesarean drachma; 18. Caracalla (198-217), denarius, Rome; 19. Caracalla, Caesarean drachma; 20. Geta (209-212), denarius, Rome; 21. Geta, Caesarean drachma.

cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbf y& ,th'tybidbkbc cf[& ,fsevbc cfvtwybthj-rdktdbsb bycnbnenb

85

nf,& +

86

nf,& ++

87

lfdbs vbyljhfidbkb

CFVFH[SF FQYFUJ,F LF LFRH'FKDBC OTCB UDTKTSBC CFVFHJDFYPT

lfhbfkbc [tj,fpt ufvfdfk vfubcnhfkc lblb vybidytkj,f /mjylf obyf fpbf – cfv-[hts rfdrfcbfcf lf xhlbkjtsbc mdt.yt,c ij-hbc gjkbnbreh-trjyjvbrehb se reknehe-kb rfdibhehsbtsj,bc ufydbsfht,bc cfmvtib& fvbc ufvj^ w[flbf^ .jdtksdbc cfsfyflj by-nthtcc bodtdc lfhbfkbc [tj,bc fhmtjkj-ubehb 'tukt,b% udtktsb^ lfhbfkbc wb[t^ kfhcb^ ububfc cfsb,bc (fhrfc) cfvfhjdfyb lf c[d&^ hjvtksf ufvjdktyf ]th rbltd \+\ c& vboehekblfy bo.t,f lf vtn-yfrkt,b bynty-cbdj,bs fv ,jkj [fyt,fvlt uh'tklt,jlf (u& [fnbcjdb^ f& rheukjdb^ k& obskfyf't^ u& qfv-,fib't)&

lfhbfkbc [tj,bc (bcnjhbekb [tdb^ .fp-,tubc h-yb) cb'dtktt,c ijhbc .ehflqt,fc bg.hj,c fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhbc fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vsbfytsbc fhmtj-kjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc ([tkv'qd& h& hfvbidb-kb) vbth itcofdkbkb udtktsbc flhtekb ief cfereytt,bc (|+ c& lfcfc& – |+++ c& lf-cfo&) cfvfhjdfyb^ hjvtkbw vlt,fhtj,c udt-ktsbc wb[bc xhlbkjtsbs^ lff[kjt,bs 1 rv-bc lfijht,bs^ vl& sthubc vfhw[tyf yfgbhpt^ vfqfkb rklbc 'bhfc& cfvfhjdfyb itvs[dtdbs fqvjxylf 1991 o&^ hjwf ufpbc nhfcbc vityt,-kt,vf bub yfobkj,hbd lffpbfytc& cfvfh[t,b ufykfut,ekbf lfvhtw athlpt& vityt,kt,c s[hbkb uftzhfs cfvfhjdybc lfcfdkts yf-obkib^ rklbc 'bhbc uf.jkt,bs& zhbkib it-vjhxtybkb b.j 7 vtn-yfrkt,fl lfpbfyt,ekb mdbccfvfh[b& cfvoe[fhjl^ dtqfhfathc dbn.-dbs vskbfyfl lfyuhtek cfvfh[t,pt^ hjvtk-sf hfjltyj,f lff[kjt,bs fvltybdt eylf .j-abkb.j& gbhdtk hbuib ufbs[fhf bc cfvfh[t-,b^ hjvkt,bw lfpbfylf fy lfpbfyt,f tkjlfs& ecf[chj,bc ufvj itvlujv okt,ib bm veifj-,bc ufuh'tkt,f dth vj[th[lf& fvltyfl^ 'tu-kb ]th]thj,bs chekfl fhff itcofdkbkb& cfvfhjdfyb lfafhekbf rklblfy xfvjikbkb mdf-qjhqbs& vbc mdtvjs mdbiyfhb atyff^ hj-vtkbw ptvjlfy tafhf sb[yfhbc cfrvfjl lbl vfcbdc& cfvfh[sf evhfdktcj,f ufykfut,ekbf mdbiyfh atyfib& pjubthsb cfvfh[b xfzhbkb b.j sb[yfh ybflfuib (cfvfh[t,b == 13-16)& cfvfh[t,bc vbobc cbqhvtib ufykfut,bc sfd-lfgbhdtkb pjvt,bc lflutyf dth vj[th[lf^ hflufy vityt,kt,c erdt vjtcohjs vbobc pt-lf atyt,bc uflfovtylf&

cfvfh[b = 1 vlt,fhtj,c cfvfhjdybc cfv[-hts-lfcfdkts yfobkib^ rklbc 'bhfc (ceh&

11)& vbcb rtlkt,b itlutybkbf abmfkbc abkt-,bs& uflf[ehekbf fctsbdt abkt,bs& lfv[hj-,bkbf fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts [fppt& cfvfh-

[bc fqvjcfdktsb yfobkb lfyuhtekbf& vbw-dfkt,ekb tcdtyf pehupt ufijnbkb^ sfdbs lfcfdktsbs& [tkt,b tkfuf nfybc ufcodhbd& cfvfh[ib ufvjdkbylf yf[ibhbc rdfkb& cfvfh[bc pjvt,b% itvjhxtybkb cbuh't – 2^2

v^ cbufyt – 0^7 v^ cbvfqkt – 0^45 v (nf,& +1)& cfvfh[ib fqvjxylf% hrbybc lfyf^ jhb ,elt-vskbfyb^ ve[kcf[chbfyb vidbklcfrby'b^ dth-w[kbc sdfk,elbfyb ,tztlb^ ,hby]fjc B-c

vfudfhb f,pbylf (nf,& ++1)^ vjxfkbcahjl uf-vjvodfhb cfvnexf [tkflbc gbhbc yfnt[b&

ceh& 1 cfvfh[b = 2 vlt,fhtj,c = 1 cfvfh[bc

xhlbkjtsbs^ 1^4 v lfijht,bs (ceh& 12)& vbcb rtlkt,b itlutybkbf abmfkbc abkt,bs& uf-lf[ehekbf fctsbdt abkt,bs& lfv[hj,bkbf fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts [fppt& cfvfh[bc fqvj-cfdktsb yfobkb lfyuhtekbf& ufhlf hfvlt-ybvt eatcdj r,bkbcf^ cfvfh[ib 'dkt,b fh itvjhxtybkf& cfvfh[bc pjvt,b% itvjhxtybkb cbuh't – 1^1 v^ cbufyt – 0^4 v^ cbvfqkt – 0^35 v

(nf,& +2)& cfvfh[ib fqvjxylf% hrbybc ve[k-cf[chbfyb vidbklcfrby'b lf sb[bc ifdghbf-kf cfcvbcbc gbh-.tkbc yfnt[b&

cfvfh[b = 3 vlt,fhtj,c = 2 cfvfh[bc

xhlbkjtsbs^ 1 v lfijht,bs (ceh& 13)& vbcb rtlkt,b itlutybkbf abmfkbc abkt,bs& uf-lf[ehekbf fctsbdt abkt,bs& lfv[hj,bkbf fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts [fppt& cfvfh[bc fqvj-cfdktsb yfobkb lfyuhtekbf& cfvfh[ib 'dkt-,b fhtekbf^ hbc ufvjw lfrh'fkdbc gjpbc lflutyf zbhc& cfvfh[bc pjvt,b% itvjhxtybkb cbuh't – 2^5 v^ cbufyt – 0^7 v^ cbvfqkt – 0^5 v

(nf,& +3)& cfvfh[ib fqvjxylf% ,hby]fjc

88

,fksf (nf,& ++2)^ ,tztlb^ hrbybc zdbynbfyb vidbklcfrby'b^ cfhlbjybc^ vbybcf lf gfcnbc v'bdt,b&

cfvfh[b = 4 vlt,fhtj,c = 3 cfvfh[bc xhlbkj-lfcfdktsbs^ 20 cv lfijht,bs (ceh&

14)& cfvfh[bc rtlkt,b itlutybkbf abmfkbc abkt,bs& cfvfh[b sfdbc lhjpt uflf[ehekb eylf .jabkb.j abkt,bs^ hjvkt,bw^ hj-ujhw xfyc^ nhfmnjhvf vjfyuhbf vbobc ptlf atybc fqt,bcfc& cfvfh[bc 'bhb vjut,ekbf abmfkbs& lfv[hj,bkbf fqvjcfdkts-lfcfd-kts [fppt& vbwdfkt,ekb tcdtyf pehupt uf-ijnbkb^ sfdbs lfcfdktsbs& [tkbc vntdyt,b tkfuf cfpfhleksfy& at[t,b uflf]dfhtlbyt-,ekb /mjylf ve[kt,sfy& vty]bcf lf relece-ybc 'dkt,b ufvjdkbylf vrthlbc fhtib^ mdtlf .,f – sfdbc mfkfc ptvjs& 'dkt,bc fvudfhb fqhtdf eylf ufvjtodbf nhfmnjhbc pt-vjmvtlt,fc& cfvfh[bc pjvt,b% cbuh't – 2 v^

cbufyt – 0^45 v^ cbvfqkt – 0^4 v (nf,& +4)& cf-vfh[ib fqvjxylf% dthw[kbc 2 wfkb sdfk,e-lbfyb ,tztlb^ ,hby]fjc @ybq,bct,ehb# ,fksf

(nf,& +3)^ hrbybc jhb lfyf^ ,eltvskbfyb vidbklcfrby'b^ jdfkehxfhxjbfyb f,pbylf^ obskfl ufvjvodfhb^ .tkujahbht,ekb cfv-nexf [tkflf^ vbybcf lf gfcnbc v'bdt,b&

cfvfh[b = 5 vlt,fhtj,c = 3 cfvfh[bc

xhlbkjtsbs 1^5 v lfijht,bs (ceh& 15)& cf-vfh[b lfyuhtekbf& itvjhxtybkbf v[jkjl abmfkbc mdbc cfvb ahfuvtynb& cfvfh[bc itcf-[t, thsflthsb bc itb'kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv bub ofhvjflutylf mdbccfvfh[c lf lfv[hj,bkb b.j fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts [fppt&

cfvfh[b = 6 vlt,fhtj,c = 5 cfvfh[bc

xhlbkjtsbs 2^5 v lfijht,bs (ceh& 16)& cf-vfh[bc rtlkt,b itlutybkbf abmfkbc abkt-,bs& uflf[ehekbf fctsbdt abkt,bs& cfvfh-[bc 'bhb vjut,ekbf abmfkbs& lfv[hj,bkbf fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts [fppt& hfvltyflvt uf-lf[hbkbf xhlbkj-lfcfdktsblfy – cfv[hts-fqvjcfdktsbs& cfvfh[bc fqvjcfdktsb yfob-kb lfyuhtekbf& vbwdfkt,ekbc 'dkt,b fh itvjhxtybkf& cfdfhfeljl vbwdfkt,ekb tc-dtyf sfdbs lfcfdktsbs^ hflufy bv flubkfc fqvjxylf dthw[kbc cfrblt,b& cfvfh[bc pjvt-,b% itvjhxtybkb cbuh't – 1^4 v^ cbufyt – 0^6 v^

cbvfqkt – 0^55 v (nf,& +6)& cfvfh[bc cf[e-

hfdpt fqvjxylf hrbybc ie,bcgbhb (nf,& ++4)& cfreshbd cfvfh[ib ufvjdkbylf% dthw[kbc

zdbynbfyb vidbklcfrby'b (nf,& ++5)^ jhb vjh-rfkehb cfrblb^ ,hby]fjc ,fksf^ cfrby'bc yfnt[b^ cfhlbjybc^ vbybcf lf gfcnbc v'bdt,b&

cfvfh[b = 7 vlt,fhtj,c = 6 cfvfh[bc

xhlbkjtsbs 1^4 v lfijht,bs (ceh& 17)& vbcb rtlkt,b itlutybkbf abmfkbc abkt,bs& uf-lf[ehekbf fctsbdt abkt,bs& cfvfh[bc 'bhb

vjut,ekbf abmfkbs& lfv[hj,bkbf fqvjcfd-kts-lfcfdkts [fppt& hfvltyflvt uflf[hb-kbf xhlbkj-lfcfdktsblfy – cfv[hts-fqvj-cfdktsbs& cfvfh[bc fqvjcfdktsb yfobkb lfyuhtekbf& vbwdfkt,ekbc 'dkt,b fh it-vjhxtybkf& cfvfh[bc pjvt,b% itvjhxtybkb cbuh't – 1^2 v^ cbufyt – 0^7 v^ cbvfqkt – 0^6 v

(nf,& +7)& cfvfh[ib fqvjxylf hrbybc ,fksbc (`) yfnt[b&

cfvfh[b = 8 vlt,fhtj,c = 7 cfvfh[bc cfv[hts-fqvjcfdktsbs^ 2^2 v lfijht,bs

(ceh& 18)& vbcb udthlbsb rtlkt,b itlutybkbf /jhbpjynfkehfl lfkfut,ekb abmfkbc ab-kt,bc jhb hbubs& sfd-,jkj rtlkt,b dthnb-rfkehfl xfluvekb abmfkbc abkt,bf& uflf-[ehekbf fctsbdt abkt,bs& lfv[hj,bkbf fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts [fppt& hfvltyflvt uf-lf[hbkbf xhlbkj-lfcfdktsblfy – cfv[hts-fqvjcfdktsbs& vbwdfkt,ekbc 'dkt,b fh itvjhxtybkf& cfvfh[ib ufvjdkbylf yf[ibhbc rdfkb& cfvfh[bc pjvt,b% cbuh't – 1^9 v^ cbufyt

– 0^5-0^6 v^ cbvfqkt – 0^4 v (nf,& +8)& cf-vfh[ib fqvjxylf% ,hby]fjc f,pbylf (nf,&

++6)^ hrbybc ,eltvskbfyb ve[kcf[chbfyb vidbklcfrby'b^ lfyf^ dthw[kbc cf.eht^ keh]b vbybc v'bdt,b&

cfvfh[b = 9 vlt,fhtj,c = 8 cfvfh[bc cfv[hts-fqvjcfdktsbs 1^8 v lfijht,bs

(ceh& 19)& vbcb rtlkt,b itlutybkbf abmfkbc abkt,bs& uflf[ehekbf fctsbdt abkt,bs& lfv[hj,bkbf fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts [fppt& cfvfh[b cfv[hts-lfcfdktsb lf xhlbkj-fqvjcfdktsb rtlkt,bs ptvjlfy afhfdlf =

10 lf 14 cfvfh[t,c (ceh& 19^10^14)& cfvfh[b cfj-]f[jf& jhb vbwdfkt,ekbc 'dkt,b vb[dtnbkb b.j fqvjcfdkts yfobkib& cfvfh[bc cfv[hts-lfcfdkts yfobkib lftrh'fkfs vtcfvt vbwdfkt,ekb – xdbkb ,fdidb^ hjvkbc v[j-kjl cfh'tdt r,bkt,b itvjhxf& cfvfh[ib uf-vjdkbylf yf[ibhbc rdfkb&cfvfh[bc pjvt,b% cbuh't – 1^8 v^ cbufyt – 0^9 v^ cbvfqkt – 0^6 v

(nf,& +9)& cfvfh[ib fqvjxylf% dthw[kbcf lf

ifdb vbybc ,tztlb (nf,& ++7-8)^ ,hby]fjc uht-

[bkb cfvf]ehb^ cf.ehtt,b (nf,& ++9)^ hrbybc lfyf^ vbybc c[dflfc[df ajhvbc v'bdt,b^ hj-vtksf ijhbc vhfdkfl ud[dlt,f byrhecnbht-,ekt,bw&

cfvfh[b = 10 vlt,fhtj,c = 9 cfvfh[bc cfv[htsbs bct^ hjv erfyfcrytkb cfv[hts-lfcfdktsb res[bs ptvjlfy afhfdlf = 10 cfvfh[bc xhlbkjts udthlbs rtltkc (ceh&

110)& cfvfh[bc udthlbsb rtlkt,b itlutybkbf /jhbpjynfkehfl lfkfut,ekb abmfkbc hfv-ltybvt abkbs& sfd-,jkj rtlkt,b dthnbrf-kehfl xfluvekb abmfkbc abkt,bf& uflf[e-hekbf fctsbdt abkt,bs& lfv[hj,bkbf fq-

89

vjcfdkts-lfcfdkts [fppt& hfvltyflvt uf-lf[hbkbf xhlbkj-lfcfdktsblfy – cfv[hts-fqvjcfdktsbs& cfvfh[bc fqvjcfdkts yfobk-ib ufbovbylf gfhfktkehfl ufykfut,ekb mdtlf rbleht,bc 'dkt,b& itb'kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv vbwdfkt,ekb tcdtyf pehupt ufijnbkb^ sfdbs lfcfdktsbs& cfvfh[ib ufvjdkbylf yf[ibhbc rdfkb& cfvfh[bc pjvt,b% cbuh't – 2

v^ cbufyt – 0^5 v^ cbvfqkt – 0^4 v (nf,& +10)& cfvfh[ib fqvjxylf% hrbybc lf;fyuekb ybdsb^ ie,bc vfchf lf cfhlbjybc thsb v'bdb&

cfvfh[b = 11 vlt,fhtj,c = 8 cfvfh[bc

fqvjcfdktsbs^ 0^5 v lfijht,bs (ceh& 111)& cf-vfh[bc udthlbsb rtlkt,b itlutybkbf /jhb-pjynfkehfl lfkfut,ekb mdbifmdbcf lf ab-mfkbc jhb-cfvb hbubs& sfd-,jkj rtlkt,b dthnbrfkehfl xfluvekb abmfkbc abkt,bf& uflf[ehekbf fctsbdt abkt,bs& lfv[hj,b-kbf fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts [fppt& hfvltyfl-vt uflf[hbkbf xhlbkj-lfcfdktsblfy – cfv[-hts-fqvjcfdktsbs& cfvfh[ib ufbovbylf vbw-dfkt,ekbc gfhfktkehfl ufykfut,ekb mdt-lf rbleht,bc 'dkt,b& vbwdfkt,ekc [tkbc vntdyt,b lfkfut,ekb /mjybf vewtkpt^ hfptw vbesbst,c vewkbc fhtib fqvjxtybkb jhb cfvf]ehb lf ,tztlb& itb'kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv vbwdfkt,ekb tcdtyf pehupt ufijnbkb^ sfdbs lfcfdktsbs& cfvfh[ib ufvjdkbylf yf[ibhbc rdfkb& cfvfh[bc pjvt,b% cbuh't – 1^6

v^ cbufyt – 0^7 v^ cbvfqkt – 0^35 v (nf,& +11)& cfvfh[ib fqvjxylf% ,hby]fjc jhb cfvf]ehb

(nf,& ++10)^ cfrby'bc sfdb^ sdfk,elbfyb ,tztlb^ hrbybc vidbklcfrby'bcf lf lfybc ahfuvtynb&

cfvfh[b = 12 vlt,fhtj,c = 1 cfvfh[bc

fqvjcfdktsbs^ 5^5 v lfijht,bs (ceh& 112)& cfvfh[bc rtlkt,b itlutybkbf abmfkbc ab-kt,bs& uflf[ehekbf fctsbdt abkt,bs& lfv[-hj,bkbf fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts [fppt& cf-vfh[ib itvjhxf vbwdfkt,ekbc vfh]dtyf vrkfdbc 'dfkb^ hjvtkbw bhb,fl blj& cfvfh-[bc pjvt,b% cbuh't – 1^2 v^ cbufyt – 0^55 v^ cb-

vfqkt – 0^45 v (nf,& +12)& cfvfh[ib fqvjxylf% hrbybc zdbynbfyb^ ve[kcf[chbfyb vidbkl-

cfrby'b (nf,& ++11)^ ie,bc vfchf^ ,hby]fjc ,tztlb^ 'tordb^ cfhlbjybcf lf vbybc c[df-lfc[df ajhvbc v'bdt,b&

cfvfh[b = 13 vlt,fhtj,c = 12 cfvfh[bc

xhlbkjtsbs 1 v lfijht,bs (ceh& 113)& vbcb rtlkt,b itlutybkbf abmfkbcf lf mdbifmdbc abkt,bs& uflf[ehekbf fctsbdt abkt,bs& lfv[hj,bkbf fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts [fppt& vbwdfkt,ekbc 'dkt,b welfl b.j itvjyf[e-kb& sfdbc mfkf ufbovbylf cfvfh[bc lfcfd-kts yfobkib& mdtlf rbleht,b ve[kbc fhtib /mjylf uflf]dfhtlbyt,ekb& cfvfh[b tresd-yjlf vwbhtokjdfy vbwdfkt,ekc& cfvfh[bc

pjvt,b% cbuh't – 1^1 v^ cbufyt – 0^52 v^ cb-

vfqkt – 0^4 v (nf,& +13)& cfvfh[bc cf[ehfdpt fqvjxylf vjxfkbcahjl ufvjvodfhb vhudfk-

gbhbfyb [tkflf (nf,& ++12)& cfreshbd cfvfh[-ib ufvjdkbylf% hrbybc cfvb lfyf^ cfvb vidbk-lcfrby'b^ ,hby]fjc v[tlhbcufvjcf[ekt,bfyb

cfrblb (nf,& ++13)^ ,tztlb^ cfvb t;dfyb^ jhb pfhfrb^ /thfklbrehafhfrbfyb f,pbylf (nf,&

++14)^ dthw[kbc cf.eht^ utvbfyb ,tztlb^ rfdflbc (488-531 oo&) dthw[kbc vjytnf^27 sb[bc ifdghbfkf cfcvbcb^ vjxfkbcahjl ufvjvodfhb cfvnexf [tkflf^ ,hby]fjc abf-kf^ cfhlbjybc^ ubihbc^ vbybcf lf gfcnbc c[dflfc[df ajhvbc v'bdt,b&

cfvfh[b = 14 vlt,fhtj,c = 9 cfvfh[bc xhlbkjtsbs& erfyfcrytkb xhlbkj-lfcfdkt-sb res[bs ptvjlfy afhfdlf = 14 cfvfh[bc

cfv[htsb rtlkbc ief yfobkc (ceh& 114)& cf-vfh[bc udthlbsb rtlkt,b itlutybkbf mdbif-mdbcf lf abmfkbc abkt,bc /jhbpjynfkehfl lfkfut,ekb jhb hbubs& sfd-,jkj rtlkt,b dthnbrfkehfl xfluvekb abmfkbc abkt,bf& uflf[ehekbf fctsbdt abkt,bs& lfv[-hj,bkbf fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts [fppt& hfv-ltyflvt uflf[hbkbf xhlbkj-lfcfdktsblfy – cfv[hts-fqvjcfdktsbs& vbwdfkt,ekbc 'dkt-,b fh itvjhxtybkf& cfvfh[bc lfcfdkts yf-obkib uf,ytekb v'bdt,bc vb[tldbs itb'kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv vbwdfkt,ekb lferh'fkfds sf-dbs lfcfdktsbs& cfvfh[ib ufvjdkbylf yf[-ibhbc rdfkb& cfvfh[bc pjvt,b% cbuh't – 1^8 v^

cbufyt – 0^6 v^ cbvfqkt – 0^4 v (nf,& +14)& cfvfh[ib fqvjxylf% dthw[kbc cf.eht (nf,&

++15)^ yf[tdfhcathjct,ehb vwbht pjvbc ybdsb^ hrbybc vidbklcfrby'b^ lfybc yfnt[b^ cfhlbjybcf lf vbybc v'bdt,b&

cfvfh[b = 15 vlt,fhtj,c = 13 cfvfh[bc

cfv[htsbs^ 1^3 v lfijht,bs (ceh& 115)& cfvfh-[bc xhlbkjts udthlbs rtltkc ptvjlfy af-

hfdlf = 12 cfvfh[b (ceh& 112^ 15)& cfvfh[bc rtlkt,b itlutybkbf abmfkbc abkt,bs& uf-lf[ehekbf fctsbdt abkt,bs& lfv[hj,bkbf fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts [fppt& cfvfh[ib lfer-h'fkfds jhb vbwdfkt,ekb& vfvfrfwb tcdtyf pehupt ufijnbkb^ sfdbs lfcfdktsbs& vfh]-dtyf [tkb tlj nfybc ufcodhbd& blf.dib vj-[hbkb vfhw[tyf [tkbc vntdfyb tlj ,fh'f.bc 'dkt,c ijhbc& vrthlpt tcdtyf vwbhtokjdfyb ,fdidb^ pehupt ufijnbkb^ hfvltyflvt xhlb-kj-lfcfdktsblfy – cfv[hts-fqvjcfdktsbs lfv[hj,bkb& cfvfh[ib ufvjdkbylf yf[ibhbc rdfkb& cfvfh[bc pjvt,b% cbuh't – 1^4 v^ cbufyt

– 0^5 v^ cbvfqkt – 0^4 v (nf,& +15)& cfvfh[ib

27

vjytnf ufycfpqdhf bcnjhbbc vtwybtht,fsf ljmnjhvf bh& ]fkfqfybfv&

90

fqvjxylf 42 lfcf[tkt,bc c[dflfc[df ybdsb% hrbybc lfyt,b^ ,hby]fjcf lf hrbybc zdby-nbfyb vidbklcfrby't,b^ dthw[kbc cfrblt,b^ @ybq,bct,ehb# ,fkst,b^ abhabnf ahbydtkbc ufvjcf[ekt,bs^ ,hby]fjc abhabnt,bs itl-

utybkb lbfltvf (nf,& ++16)^ cfrby't,b (nf,&

++17)^ vskbfyb mfvfhb^ lfhf[nekb w[tybc ufvjcf[ekt,f^ ,hby]fjc cfhrt^ ,hby]fjcf lf dthw[kbc utvbfyb ,tzlt,b^ cfhlbjybc^ mfhdbc^ vsbc ,hjkbc^ vbybc v'bdt,b^ yb;fht,b lf c[d&

cfvfh[b = 16 vlt,fhtj,c = 13 cfvfh[bc xhlbkj-lfcfdktsbs^ 1 v lfijht,bs (ceh&

116)& cfvfh[bc udthlbsb rtlkt,b itlutybkbf mdbifmdbcf lf abmfkbc abkt,bc jhb hbubs& sfd-,jkj rtlkt,b dthnbrfkehfl xfluvekb abmfkbc abkt,bf& uflf[ehekbf fctsbdt ab-kt,bs& lfv[hj,bkbf fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts [fppt& vbwdfkt,ekb tcdtyf pehupt ufijnb-kb^ sfdbs lfcfdktsbs& [tkt,b tkfuf nfybc ufcodhbd& vbwdfkt,ekc vfh]dtyf at[bc rb-leht,b ufzbvekb /mjylf^ vfhw[tyf – vty]bc fhtib vj[hbkb& cfvfh[ib ufvjdkbylf yf[ib-hbc rdfkb& cfvfh[bc pjvt,b% cbuh't – 1^8 v^

cbufyt – 0^6 v^ cbvfqkt – 0^35 v (nf,& +16)& cfvfh[ib fqvjxylf% ,hby]fjc abhabnt,bcf-ufy itlutybkb lbfltvf (fyfkjubehb = 15 cfvfh[bc lbfltvbcf)^ mfvhbc ltnfkt,b^ vbkf-rt,b^ cfrby'b^ f,pbylbc tyf^ vskbfyb mfvfhb^

dthw[kbc cfrblt,b (nf,& ++18)^ yf[tdfhcathj-ct,ehb vwbht pjvbc ybdst,b^ ,eltf,vekb ve[kcf[chbfyb vidbklcfrby'b^ utvbfyb ,tzt-lb^ cfhlbjybcf lf mfkwtljybc v'bdt,b^ yb;fht,b&

itcofdkbk 16 cfvfh[blfy .dtkf mdbccf-vfh[bf& cfvfh[sf fqybiyekb cf[t nbgbehbf flhtekb ief cfereytt,bc fqvjcfdkts cf-mfhsdtkjc hjujhw ,fhbc^ bct vsbc hfbjyt-,bcfsdbc [1^ ud& 45].

mdbccfvfh[t,b afhsjlff ufdhwtkt,ekb xhlbkjts rfdrfcbfibw [12^ ud& 246-249]. rf-nfrjv,t,bcfufy ufyc[dfdt,bs^ vrdktdfht,b vfs xhlbkjts rfdrfcbbc fdnjmnjyehb vj-cf[ktj,bc resdybkt,fl vbbxytdty [12^ ud& 251* 15^ ud& 53]. cfvfh[t,bc ufcfvfhsfl ufvj-.tyt,ekbf abmfkbc abkt,b^ hjvkt,bw [tdib e[dfl vjbgjdt,f lf sbsmvbc ,jkj lhjvlt 'bhbsfl vfcfkfc ofhvjflutylf hjujhw cf-vfh[t,bc^ bct cfw[jdht,tkb ityj,t,bc fcfut-,fl& itlfht,bs yfrkt,flff ufvj.tyt,ekb mdbifmdbc mdt,b&

cfvfh[t,b vbwdfkt,ekbc fcfrbc itcf,fvb-cfl c[dflfc[df pjvbcff& vwbhtokjdfysf cf-vfh[t,bc cbuh't vth.tj,c 1^1-1^4 v ijhbc& vjplbksf cfvfh[t,bc cfiefkj cbuh'tf 1^8-2 v& pjubths itvs[dtdfib cfvfh[bc pjvf cfr-vfjl lblbf& vfu&^ = 3 cfvfh[bc cbuh't 2^5 v

fqotdc& cfvfh[t,bc pjvt,bc vb[tldbs vfs fcfut,fl ufvj.tyt,ekb mdt,bc hfjltyj,fw c[dflfc[dff& sfd-,jkj rtlkt,bcfsdbc 'bhb-sflfl ufvj.tyt,ekbf sbsj dthnbrfkehfl xfluvekb mdf& bv itvs[dtdfib^ se sfd-,jkj mdt,bc pjvt,b cfvfh[bc cbvfqktpt fy cbufyt-pt yfrkt,b b.j^ vfs ptvjlfy fy udthlblfy sbsj mdf tvfnt,jlf (cfvfh[t,b == 1^ 15^ 16)& udthlbsb rtlkt,bc itcflutyfl ufvj.tyt,e-kb mdt,bc hfjltyj,fw cfvfh[t,bc pjvt,bc vb[tldbs c[dflfc[dff lf vth.tj,c thsblfy [es mdfvlt& se udthlbsb rtlkt,bc mdt,b cf-vfh[bc cfzbhj cbvfqktpt lf,fkb b.j^ vfc ptvjlfy tvfnt,jlf abkt,bc thsb fy jhb hb-ub (cfvfh[t,b == 8^ 10^ 11^ 15^ 16)&

cfvfh[t,bc cbufyt lfvjrblt,ekbf vbwdf-kt,ekbc fcfrpt& vjphlbk vbwdfkt,eksf cfvfh[t,bc cbufyt vth.tj,c 0^5-0^7 v ijhbc& vwbhtokjdfysf cfvfh[t,bc cbufytf 0^4-0^5 v& sevwf^ ud[dlt,f bctsb itvs[dtdfw^ hjwf vjphlbkb vbwdfkt,ekbc cfvfh[b cfrvfjl dbohjf – 0^45 v (cfvfh[b = 4)& ufybdb pj-vt,bs (cbufyt – 0^9 v) c[df cfvfh[t,c ijhbc ufvjbhxtdf = 9 cfvfh[b^ hjvtkibw sfdbc lhjpt jhb vbwdfkt,ekb tcdtyf^ itvlujv vt-cfvtw lferh'fkfds& ud[dlt,f bctsb cfvfh[bw (= 15)^ hjvtkibw jhb vbwdfkt,ekb tcdtyf^ vfuhfv cbufybs tc cfvfh[b bylbdblefkehb cfvfh[t,bcfufy fh ufyc[dfdlt,f& vbcb cbufytf 0^5 v& cfvfh[t,bc cbvfqkt fhff lfvj-rblt,ekb vbc cbuh't-cbufytpt& tc ufypj-vbkt,f vth.tj,c 0^35-0^4 v ijhbc& cfvfh[t,b uflf[ehekbf abmfkbc abkt,bs^ hjvtksf hfjltyj,f vbs eahj vtnbf^ hfw eahj lb-lbf cfvfh[b& uflf[ehdbc abkt,cf lf udth-lbs rtlkt,c ijhbc lfhxtybkb qbj,t,b itd-ct,ekbf odhbkb abkt,bs fy ufvjktcbkbf sb[bs& cfvfh[t,bc rtlkt,c ufcfvfuht,kfl ufhtlfy^ 'bhpt itvje.dt,f odhbkb mdt,b& cf-vfh[t,bc 'bhb vjnrtgybkbf& ud[dlt,f bctsb cfvfh[t,bw^ hjvtksf 'bhb abmfkbc abkt,b-sff vjut,ekb (cfvfh[t,b == 1^ 4^ 6^ 7)& se udtktsbc cfvfh[t,c itdelfht,s lfhbfkbc wb[bc cfvfhjdfypt ufs[hbk ufydbsfht,ekb lf udbfyb ief cfereytt,bc cfvfh[t,c^ hj-vtksf evhfdktcj,f yfobkj,hbd fy cfthsjl lfeveifdt,tkb mdt,bsff yfut,b [4^ nf,& |++]^ fldbkfl itdfvxytds^ hjv flhtekb ief cfe-reytt,bc [tdib mdbccfvfh[t,bc fut,fc eahj ueklfcvbs trblt,jlyty& .dtkf cfvfh[b lfv[-hj,bkbf fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts [fppt& hfv-ltybvt jlyfd uflf[hbkbf xhlbkj-lfcfdkt-sblfy – cfv[hts-fqvjcfdktsbs (cfvfh[t,b == 6-8^ 10^ 11^ 14)& fvudfhb uflf[ht,b vrdts-hb fhff lf lfrfdibht,ekbf vbwdfkt,ekbc otkboflbc c[dflfc[df lhjc lfrh'fkdfcsfy& fctsb uflf[ht,b xdtekt,hbdbf ief cfereyt-t,bc cfvfh[t,bcsdbc [1^ ud& 46].

91

vstk hbu cfvfh[t,ib ufvjdkbylf yf[ib-hbc rdfkb& fyfkjubehb cbnefwbff lflfcne-ht,ekb lfhbfkbc [tj,fib ububfc cfsb,bc (fhrfc) cfvfhjdfypt [21^ ud& 75], [tdcehtsib^ [f[vfnbc cfvfhjdfypt [6^ ud& 77] lf c[d& cfvfh[t,ib yf[ibhbc fqvjxtybc afmnt,b vhfdkfl ud[dlt,f xhlbkjts rfdrfcbfibw [11^ ud& 61* 14^ ud& 199* 19^ ud& 199* 22^ ud& 118]. cfa-kfdbc wtw[kbs ufyovtylf e'dtktc nhflb-wbfsf hbuc vbtresdyt,f& mfhsekb tsyjuhf-abekb vfcfkt,bc vb[tldbs^ fqybiyekb otcb tv.fht,jlf e'dtktc hovtyfc wtw[kpt^ hj-ujhw fdb cekt,bc cfobyffqvltuj lf eovby-lehj,bcfufy ufyvovtyl 'fkfpt [2^ ud& 82* 3^ ud& 24* 6^ ud& 77].

cfvfh[t,b bylbdblefkehb lf cfj]f[jf& bylbdblefkeh cfvfh[sf ]ueac vbtresdyt,f 12 cfvfh[b (== 1^ 2^ 4^ 6-8^ 10-14^ 16)& cfvb vbwdfkt,ekbf lfrh'fkekb = 9 cfvfh[ib^ = 15-ib – jhb& cfdfhfeljl = 3 cfvfh[bw cfj]f[j eylf .jabkb.j& fvbc cfae'dtkc udf'ktdc cfvfh[bc exdtekjl lblb pjvf (vb-cb itvjhxtybkb cbuh'tf 2^5 v) lf thsvfyts-ib fhtekb 'dkt,b& dthfathc dbn.dbs = 5 cfvfh[pt^ hjvkbcufy v[jkjl hfvltybvt mdff itvjhxtybkb& cfvfh[t,blfy cfvb ,fdidbcff (== 2^ 12^ 13)& ,fdidt,b lfrh'fkekbf lb-lt,sfy thsfl = 9 lf = 15 cfvfh[t,ib&

hjujhw fqdybiyts^ cfvfh[t,b lfv[hj,b-kbf fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts [fppt^ vwbhtjlt-yb uflf[ht,bs& vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ itvjhxtyb-kbf se fhf cfvfh[ib 'dkt,b^ thsb hfv w[flbf^ .dtkf vbwdfkt,ekb lfcdtyt,ekbf fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts [fppt^ sfdbs lfcfd-ktsbs& bv cfvfh[t,ib^ cflfw 'dkt,b fh b.j itvjhxtybkb^ sfdcfvrfekb^ vbwdfkt,ekbc r,bkt,b se sfdbc mfkbc vwbht ahfuvtynt,b v[jkjl cfvfh[bc lfcfdkts yfobkib xylt-,jlf& c[df cfmvtf vbwdfkt,eksf gjpbc rjyr-htnekb ltnfkt,bc lflutyf^ hfw vfcfkbc cbvwbhbc ufvj ite'kt,tkbf 9 cfvfh[bc (== 2^ 3^ 5-9^ 12^ 14) vb[tldbs&

= 4 cfvfh[ib vbwdfkt,ekb tcdtyf pehu-pt ufijnbkb^ sfdbs lfcfdktsbs& mdtlf rb-leht,b uflf]dfhtlbyt,ekb /mjylf ve[kbc

fhtib (nf,& +4)& fvudfhflff lfrh'fkekb vbw-

dfkt,ekb = 13 cfvfh[ib (nf,& +13)& vbwdfkt-,ekbc at[t,uflf]dfhtlbyt,ekb lfrh'fkdbc otcb bidbfsfl^ vfuhfv vfbyw ud[dlt,f fqvj-cfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc flhtekb ief cfere-ytt,bc cfvfh[t,ib [1^ ud& 47* 7^ ud& 260]. bv gthbjlbc cfvfhjdyt,bcfsdbc 'bhbsflfl lfvf-[fcbfst,tkbf vbwdfkt,ekbc pehupt ufijn-df& fuhtsdt vfh]dtyf fy vfhw[tyf udthlpt rbleht,vj[hbkb lfrh'fkdf& vbwdfkt,ekbc at[t,uflf]dfhtlbyt,ekb lfrh'fkdf cfrvfjl afhsjlff ufdhwtkt,ekb xhlbkjts rfdrf-cbfib [18^ ud& 14^ 17^ 26* 20^ ud& 183* 23^ ud&

89]. at[t,uflf]dfhtlbyt,ek lfrh'fkdfc cfhvfnek-fkfyeh tsybreh cfv.fhjc erfd-ibht,ty [17^ ud& 79], vfuhfv hjujhw bhrdtdf^ lfrh'fkdbc fvudfhb otcbc tsybreh thst-eksfy lfrfdibht,f evfhst,ekjf^ hflufy lfrh'fkdbc tc otcb ghjwtynekfl eahj vtnfl ud[dlt,f xhlbkjts rfdrfcbbc fdnjm-njyehb vjcf[ktj,bc cfvfh[t,ib^ dblht cfh-vfnek-fkfyeh cfvfhjdyt,pt [16^ ud& 18* 17^ ud& 79].

se pjubths cfvfh[ib lfrh'fkdbc gjpbc ltnfkt,bc lflutyf zbhc^ lf,t]bst,bs it-b'kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv == 1^ 10^ 11^ 15^ 16 cfvfh[t,ib vbwdfkt,ekt,b mhbcnbfyekb ot-cbs b.dyty lfrh'fkekb& = 1 cfvfh[ib vbw-dfkt,ekb tcdtyf pehupt ufijnbkb^ sfdbs lfcfdktsbs^ [tkt,b tkfuf nfybc ufcodhbd

(nf,& +1)& = 10 cfvfh[ib ufvjdkbylf vbwdfkt-,ekbc gfhfktkehfl ufykfut,ekb mdtlf rb-leht,b lf tzdc fh bodtdtc^ hjv vbwdfkt,e-kb tcdtyf pehupt ufijnbkb^ sfdbs lfcfd-ktsbs^ [tkt,b tkfuf nfybc ufcodhbd (nf,&

+10)& cfvfh[tekb bydtynfhbc ufykfut,bs fvudfhb cehfsb xfyc = 11 cfvfh[ibw (nf,&

+11)& cfdct,bs ufhrdtekbf dbsfht,f == 15^ 16 cfvfh[t,ib^ cflfw lfrh'fkdbc mhbcnbfyekb

otcb rfhufl lubylt,f (nf,& +15^ 16)& lfrh'fkdbc fvudfhb gjpf% pehupt ufij-

nbkb^ sfdbs lfcfdktsbs^ [tkt,b nfybc ufc-odhbd^ xhlbkjts rfdrfcbbc sfyflhjek cf-vfhjdyt,ptw cfrvfjl vhfdkfl ud[dlt,f [13^ ud& 204]. sevwf^ bv gthbjlbc xhlbkjts rfd-rfcbfib mhbcnbfyj,f ]th rbltd fh (fy yfr-kt,fl) b.j ufdhwtkt,ekb& fvbnjv^ pjubth-sb vrdktdfhb fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vsb-fytsbc flhtekb ief cfereytt,bc cfvfhjd-yt,pt ufvjdktybk lfrh'fkdbc fvudfh otcc xhlbkjrfdrfcbeh ufdktyfl vbbxytdc lf mhbcnbfyj,fc yfrkt,fl erfdibht,c [13^ ud& 204]. xhlbkjts rfdrfcbbc cfvfhjdyt,pt lfr-h'fkdbc tc otcb vfhskfw [ibhfl ud[dlt,f^ vfuhfv fhw se bidbfsfl^ xhlbkjts rfdrf-cbbc rfnfrjv,t,cf lf mdbccfvfh[t,ib lfrh'f-kekb pehupt ufijnbkb vbwdfkt,ekt,b .jdtksdbc lfcfdktsbs fh fhbfy jhbtynb-ht,ekb& hfw itt[t,f udtktsbc cfvfhjdfyc^ fm .dtkf cfvfh[b thsb vbvfhsekt,bsff lfv-[hj,bkb fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts [fppt& cf-vfh[sf lfv[hj,f lf vbwdfkt,eksf lfcfdkt-sbs jhbtynbht,f tmdtvlt,fht,f ufhrdtek rfyjypjvbtht,fc^ hfw 'ytkbf mhbcnbfyj,bc ufdktyfc fh lfderfdibhjs& vbs evtntc^ hjv bv lhjbcfsdbc mfhskib jabwbfkehfl ufvj-w[flt,ekb mhbcnbfyekb cfhoveyjt,f erdt hfvltybvt cfereytc bsdkblf& mfhskbc cfvt-ajc vtcdtehsfsdbc vsbc vjmwtdf .jdtksdbc b.j fmnefkehb ghj,ktvf^ hjujhw cfvtajc

92

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pjubths cfvfh[ib itbybiyt,f vbwdfkt,e-kbcfsdbc ituyt,ekfl lfpbfyt,ekb ybdst,bc xfnfyt,f& == 4^ 9^ 11 cfvfh[t,ib fqvjxtybkb lfyt,b obyfcofh ufnt[bkbf lf vfsb v[jkjl ahfuvtynt,bf vbrdktekb& vbwdfkt,ekbcf-sdbc lfpbfyt,ekb ybdst,bc xfnfyt,f ]th rbltd obyfmhbcnbfyek [fyfib itbvxytdf [10^ ud& 65]. vcufdcb afmnt,b lfabmcbhlf mdtvj fktdbc cfvfhjdfyptw lf fvudfhb itvs[dtdt,b mhbcnbfyek cfvfhjdfypt @ofhvfhsj,bc# uf-vjdktyflff vbxytekb [1^ ud& 51]. vbwdfkt,e-kbcfsdbc cfreshbd cfvfh[t,ib xfnfyt,ekb ybdst,bc ufhlf == 6^ 12 cfvfh[t,bc cf[e-hfdpt fqvjxylf hrbybc ie,t,b^ = 13 cfvfh-[bc cf[ehfdpt – [tkflf&

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cfl cf.ehflqt,jf flhtekb ief cfereytt,bc [tdbc bcnjhbbc c[dflfc[df ghj,ktvt,bc uf-cfiemt,kfl& yfihjvbc vjwekj,bc ufycfpqd-hekj,bc ufvj fv]thfl v[jkjl cfvfh[sf fqyfuj,bcf lf lfrh'fkdbc otcc itdt[ts&

D. Mindorashvili

THE STRUCTURE OF BURIALS AND

BURIAL CUSTOMS AT THE NECROPOLIS

OF GVELETI

(Summary)

The early medieval necropolis of Gveleti (end

of the 6th cent.–beginning of the 8

th cent.) is situ-

ated in the Daryal Gorge (Qazbegi district), on the

left bank of the r. Tergi, near Gveleti fortress. All

16 burials excavated here are cyst burials. The

bones of the deceased did not survive in some of

them. In two burials (4 and 13) the corpse was

buried in extended supine position, facing west,

and the legs were crossed. In burials 1, 10, 11, 15,

16 the Christian custom of burial was confirmed.

There is a good reason to assume that in the 6th-

7th

centuries at least part of the population of the

Daryal Gorge was of Christian faith.

kbnthfnehf

1& fa[fpfdf y& mdtvj fktdb flhtek ief

cfereytt,ib& s,&^ 1988& 2& ,fhlfdtkb't d& mfhsdtkb [fk[bc ht-

kbubehb fphjdyt,bc bcnjhbblfy (qdsft,f ,fh,fh-,f,fh)& s,&^ 1941&

3& ubjhuf't l& lfrh'fkdbcf lf ukjdbc otct,b cfmfhsdtkjib& s,&^ 1987&

4& vbyljhfidbkb l& lfhbfkbc wb[t& s,&^ 1991^ ghtghbynb&

5& hfvbidbkb h& fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdt-kjc vsbfytsbc ufmhbcnbfyt,bc 'bhbsflb cf-at[eht,b lf sfdbct,eht,fyb fhmtjkjubehb vfcfkt,bcf lf othbkj,bsb o.fhjt,bc vb[tl-dbs& – flhtmhbcnbfyekb fhmtjkjubbc vtjht rjyathtywbf vb'qdybkb frfl& bd& ]fdf[bidb-kbc lf,flt,bc 120 okbcsfdbcflvb& vj[ctyt-,fsf vjrkt ibyffhct,b& s,&^ 1996^ ud& 16-19&

6& hxtekbidbkb u& aifdbc fhfudbc [t-j,bc fhmtjkjubehb 'tukt,b& s,&^ 1990&

7& n.titkfidbkb j& flht atjlfkehb [fybc vfnthbfkehb reknehbc 'tukt,b cfv-sfdhjc cfvfhjdyblfy& – ccvv^ n& \+\-B^ 1956^ ud& 255-280&

8& mfhskbc w[jdht,f& ntmcnb lflutybkbf .dtkf 'bhbsflb [tkyfothbc vb[tldbs c& .f-e[xbidbkbc vbth& n& +^ s,&^ 1955&

93

9& obkrytkbc qvhsbcvij,kbc cfvo.cjc

cbutkb 1669 okbcf& – mfhsekb cfvfhskbc 'tukt,b& ntmcnt,b ufvjcwf^ itybidyt,b lf cf'bt,kt,b lfehsj b& ljkb'tv& n& +++^ s,&^ 1970^ ud& 558-560&

10& obskfyf't k& dfhcbvffysrfhbc cfvf-

hjdfyb& – ;bydfkb& +& fhmtjkjubehb rdktdf-'bt,f fhfudbc [tj,fib& s,&^ 1983^ ud& 52-76&

11. Абрамова М. П. Раннесредневековый

могильник с. Чми в Северной Осетии. – Новые

материалы по археологии Центрального

Кавказа. Орджоникидзе, 1986, с. 60–70.

12. Виноградов В. Б. Раннесредневековый

могильник у селения Харачай в горной Чечне.

– СА, № 2, 1970, с. 244–251.

13. Виноградов В. Б. Археологические ис-

следования на новостройках Грузинской ССР,

Мацне. Серия истории ...., № 2, 1978, с. 200–

206.

14. Габуев Т. А. Аланские погребения IV в.

н.э. в Северной Осетии. – СА, № 2, 1985, с.

197–204.

15. Гмыря Л. Б. Некоторые особенности

погребального обряда населения Восточного

Предкавказья в IV-VIII вв. н.э. – Крупновские

чтения по археологии Северного Кавказа. Те-

зисы докладов. Махачкала, 1988, с. 52–53.

16. Каменецкий И. С. Датировка слоев по

процентному соотношению типов керамики. –

Методы естеств. и техн. наук в археоло-

гии.Тезисы докладов. М., 1963, с. 18–19.

17. Ковалевская В. Б. Кавказ и аланы, М.,

1984.

18. Кузнецов В. А. Аланские племена Се-

верного Кавказа. – МИА, т. 106, 1962.

19. Минаева Т. М. Поселение в устье р.

Узун–кол. – СА, № 2, 1960, с. 193–207.

20. Плетнева С. А. На Славяно–Хазарской

пограничье (Дмитриевский археологический

комплекс). М., 1989.

21. Рамишвили Р., Джорбенадзе В., Цит-

ланадзе Л. и др. Результаты работ Жинвальс-

кой археологической экспедиции. – ПАИ, 1972

(1973), с. 67–77.

22. Семенов А. П. Археологические раз-

ведки в Ассинском ущелье. – КСИИМК, вып.

XLVI, 1952, с. 110–121.

23. Смирнов К. Ф. Археологические иссле-

дования в Дагестане в 1948–1950 годах. –

КСИИМК, вып. XLV, 1952, с. 83–96.

cehfsbcf lf nf,ekt,bc fqothbkj,f

ceh& 1 – udtktsbc cfvfhjdybc utuvf& nf,& + – == 1-16 cfvfh[t,b& nf,& ++ – cfvfh[tekb bydtynfhb&

Description of Figure and Plates

Fig. 1 – Plan of the Necropolis of Gveleti.

Pl. I – Burials 1-16.

Pl. II – Grave goods.

94

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V B K J W D F

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fk& hfvbidbkc tresdybc bctsb vybidytkjdfyb vjyjuhfabf^ hjujhbwff @rjk[tsbc vfnthbfkehb reknehbc bcnjhbblfy# (1974) lf 80-vlt cfvtwybthj yfihjvb& bub htcge,kbrehb^ cfrfdibhj lf cfthsfijhbcj cbvgjpbevt,bc vjyfobktf^ cflfw vbcb vj[ctyt,t,b cfmfhsdtkjc udbfyb ,hby]fjcf lf flhthrbybc [fybc ghj,ktvt,pt .jdtksdbc bodtdlf cgtwbfkbcnsf ufycfresht,ek bynthtcc&

fk& hfvbidbkbc cfdtkt-fhmtjkjubehb cfm-vbfyj,f ]th rbltd cneltynj,bc gthbjlblfy bo.t,f& bub vjyfobktf 40-pt vtnb fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbcf cfmfhsdtkjc c[dflfc[df htubjyib^ hjvtksf evhfdktcj,bc [tkv'qdfytkfl sdbsjydt udtdkbyt,f&

ufycfresht,bs fqcfybiyfdbf vbc vbth 1976 o& xfvj.fkb,t,ekb [fiehbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgt-lbwbf lf vbcb cfmvbfyj,f& hbc itltuflfw iblf mfhskbc^ afmnbehfl^ itecofdktk yfobkib vbrdktekb lf ufvjrdktek bmyf bctsb gbhdtk[fhbc[jdfyb 'tukt,b^ hjujhbwff [fiehbc yfwfhujhbcf lf ofqdkbc cfvfhjdfyb& fm vjgjdt,ekvf vfcfkt,vf ew[jtkb cgtwbfkbcnt,bc .ehflqt,fw vbbg.hj& vfcfkbc thsb yfobkb fv;fvfl ufvjatybkbf byukbcib^ fivjkbc veptevbc mfhsdtkjkjubeh rf,bytnib& fv cfvfhjdybc vfcfkt,b lffvidtyt,c cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubeh ufvjatyfc uthvfybfib&

fk& hfvbidbkbc 'fkbc[vtdbsf lf lblb vjy-ljvt,bs itbmvyf [fiehbc v[fhtsvwjlytj,bc ve-ptevb^ hjvkbc tmcgjpbwbfw vskbfyfl vbc vbthff itchekt,ekb& veptevb lqtc htubjybc vybidytkjdfy

reknehbc rthfl bmwf& vbcbdt bybwbfnbdbs fmdt itbmvyf fhmtjkjubehb ,fpf-cfwfdb&

fk& hfvbidbkbc cfveptevj cfmvbfyj,bc lblb ufvjwlbkt,f fmdc& ]th rbltd ,fsevib veifj,bc lhjc^ xfvj.fkb,lf f[fkufphlf tysepbfcnsf ]ueab^ hjvtksf ijhbc ufvjhxtekb flubkb fk& hfvbidbkc tzbhf& vfc^ ]th rbltd lfvo.t, cgtwbfkbcnc obkfl [dlf bctsb cfgfce[bcvut,kj cfveifjc itchekt,f^ hjujhbwff vhfdfkhbw[jdfyb fhmtjkjubehb rjktmwbt,bc cbcntvfnbpfwbf^ rfnfkjubpfwbf lf rjvgktmcsf lflutyf& vfy ,ho.bydfktl uffhsdf sfdb fv cfmvtc&

fk& hfvbidbkbc cf[tksfyff lfrfdibht,ekb bctsb cfbynthtcj^ hsekb lf cgtwbabrehb 'tu-kt,bc itcofdkf^ hjujhbwff ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbc lbeyehb yfcf[kfht,b& vfy lffrfdibhf bcbyb e'-dtktc hrbybc vtnfkehubfcsfy lf cfdfhfeljl fqflubyf hrbybc vjgjdt,bc vstkb ghjwtcb&

fk& hfvbidbkbc vtwybthekb qdfokbc chekfl lf[fcbfst,f 'ytkbf& fctdt 'ytkbf^ .dtkf bv ghj,ktvbc xfvjsdkf^ hjvtkcfw it[t,bf vrdktdfhb& vfuhfv ufycfresht,bs fqcfybiyfdbf bc bynthtcb^ hjvtkcfw bxtyc bub mhjyjkjubbcf lf gthbjlbpfwbbc cfrbs[t,bcflvb^ hflufy cojhb mhjyjkjubehb irfkbc itveifdt,f cfae'dtkbf e'dtktcb tgjmt,bcf lf vjdktyt,bc cojhfl itcofdkbcfsdbc&

fk& hfvbidbkbc yfihjvt,c f[fcbfst,c afhsj vblujvf fvf se bv cfrbs[bcflvb& bub thsyfbhb bynthtcbs cofdkj,c fqvjcfdktsb lf lfcfdktsb cfmfhsdtkjc udbfy,hby]fj-flhthrbybc 'tukt,c^ fv jhb htubjybc reknehfsf ehsbthsj,bcf lf ehsbthsvjyfwdktj,bc cfrbs[t,c lf c[df&

fk& hfvbidbkb fmnbehb vjyfobktf fhmtj-kjubehb rdktdbc wtynhib ofhvjt,ekb .dtkf vtwybthekb cfmvbfyj,bc& bub rjjhlbyfnjhb lf ths-thsb htlfmnjhbf @cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkj-ubehb fnkfcbc#^ hjvtkibw it]fvt,ekbf mfh-sekb fhmtjkjubehb vtwybtht,bc .dtkf vbq-otdf lf vjyfgjdfhb& fv yfihjvbc yfrdtst,bc uf-vjwtvf erdt otkc lfbo.t,f&

lblbf fk& hfvbidbkbc lfvcf[eht,f mfhsekb fhmtjkjubehb vtwybtht,bc obyfit& xdty^ vbcb rjktut,b lf vtuj,ht,b^ rbltd ,tdh f[fkcf lf cfbynthtcjc dtkbs vbcufy&

lblb cb.dfhekbsf lf gfnbdbcwtvbs de-kjwfds vfc vhudfk sfhbqc lf decehdt,s f[fkufphlek tythubfc^ itvfhst,fcf lf lbl fqvjxtyt,c cf.dfhtkb cfmvbfyj,bc ufcfuh't-kt,kfl&

98

FHMTJKJUBBC BCNJHBF

LBVBNHB <FMHF'T

(1826 – 1890)

lbvbnhb pfmfhbfc 't ,fmhf't lfb,flf 1826

otkc cjatk [fivib vqdlkbc j]f[ib& lffv-sfdhf s,bkbcbc cfcekbthj ctvbyfhbf lf itvlujv – vjcrjdbc cfcekbthj frfltvbf& 1851 otkc ,heylt,f cfmfhsdtkjib& 1852-57 okt,ib veifj,lf ujhbc cfvjmfkfmj crjkf-ib& 1858-61 okt,ib vcf[ehj,c mesfbcbc ue-,thyfnjhbc rfywtkfhbfib& 1861 okblfy ufh-lfwdfkt,fvlt w[jdhj,c s,bkbcib& ujhib veifj,bc gthbjlblfy lfbo.j bcnjhbek-ts-yjuhfabekb lf fhmtjkjubehb othbkt,bc ufvjmdt.yt,f mfhsek lf hecek gthbjlek ghtcfib& sfyfvihjvkj,lf rfdrfcbbc fhmtj-kjubeh rjvbcbfib^ sfdv]ljvfhtj,lf cffl-ubkvfvekj rjvbcbt,c& vbcb bybwbfnbdbs 1873 otkc lffhclf @rfdrfcbbc fhmtjkjubbc vj.-dfheksf cfpjufljt,f#^ hjvtkbw itvlujvib uflfbmwf @rfdrfcbbc bcnjhbbcf lf fhmtjkj-ubbc cfpjufljt,fl# (l& ,fmhf't sfdv]ljvf-htf 1881-86 oo&)& 1879 okblfy c&-gtnth,ehubc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc otdh-rjhtcgjltynbf& bub b.j eybdthcfkehb [fcbfsbc vrdktdfhb& c[dflfc[df okt,ib^ cfvtwybthj bynthtct,bc ufvj^ vjupfehj,c cfmfhsdtkjc c[dflfc[df v[fhtib lf vbc ufhts^ hfw itvlujv fbcf[f vbc yfihjvt,ib& 1881 otkc l& ,fmhf'bc bybwb-fnbdbs s,bkbcib xfnfhlf fhmtjkjusf | .hbkj,f& 1889 otkc^ vbcbdt ofvjo.t,bs^ it-bmvyf s,bkbcbc cftrktcbj veptevb& lbvbnhb ,fmhf't ufhlfbwdfkf 1890 otkc& lfrh'fke-kbf s,bkbcib lble,bc gfystjyib&

s[p&% Горис-цихе.–"Кавказ", 1855, № 48-49;

Сванетия. – "Кавказ", 1861, № 1-4; cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbbc gbhdtklfo.t,f& – @vyfsj,b#^ 1871^

= 2-3* Об археологических разысканиях в

Лорийском приставстве. – ИКОИРГО, I т., 1872-

1873; Археологические разыскания в Тифлис-

ском уезде. – ИКОИРГО, I т.,1872-1873; itcf-[t, @rfdrfcbbc fhmtjkjubbc vj.dfheksf cf-pjufljt,bcf^ hjvkbc lfae'yt,fcfw fgbht,ty nabkbcib#^ @wbcrfhb#^ 1873^ = 3-4 (chekfl ufvjwtvekbf – u& ufv.htkb't^ mfhsekb fhmt-jkjubbc bcnjhbblfy& s,&^ 1996^ ud& 32-35^ lf-yfhsb)* По поводу предполагаемого открытия

общества любителей Кавказской археологии,

"Кавказъ", 1873, № 19; Краткий отчет об архе-

ологической поездке в Гурию в 1873 г., –

Записки Имп. АН, т. XXIII, С-Пб, 1874; Кавказ в

древних памятниках христианства. – ЗОЛКА, т.

I, 1875; pjubthsb hfv xdtyc bcnjhbfpt^ fh-[tjkjubfpt^ .jaf-w[jdht,fpt lf c[d& jcvf-kjc cfmfhsdtkj fye vtc[tsb& – @bdthbf#^ 1877^ = 8^ 10^ 11* О доисторической археологии

вообще и Кавказской в особенности, Тифлис,

1877; Археологическое путешествие по Гурии

и Адчаре. С-Пб., 1878; ,fsevbc vfphf& utj-uhfabekb^ bcnjhbekb^ tsyjuhfabekb lf fh[tjkjubehb vbvj[bkdf& – @lhjt,f#^ 1880^ = 74^ 78^ 80* Об археологической поездке в

Чорохский бассейн, Батум, Артвин и Ар-

танудж. – Записки Имп. АН, т. 37, кн. I, С-Пб.,

1880; f[fkb ufvjrdktdf bcnjhbbc obyf lhj-t,fpt lf mfhsekb njvbc lfcfo.bcpt^ + obu&^ nabkbcb^ 1881* mfhsekb bcnjhbf^ mfhsekb bcnjhbbc lfcfo.bcbcfsdbc pjubthsb cfzbhj fh[tjkjubehb wyj,f& – @lhjt,f#^ 1882^ = 12-13* bcnjhbf cfmfhsdtkjcb (e'dtktcbc lhjlfv vt-10 c&)& n& +^ nabkbcb^ 1889* fhmtjkjubehb vjupfehj,f uehbfcf lf fzf-hfib& ,fsevb^ 1987&

kbn.% p& zbzbyf't^ cfvij,kj mdt.ybc vjqdf-

ott,b& lbvbnhb ,fmhf't& na& 1891* v& lev,f't^ bcnjhbrjcb lbvbnhb ,fmhf't (w[jdht,f lf vjqdfotj,f)& ,fsevb^ 1950* u& fyxf,f't^ lbvbnhb ,fmhf't hjujhw o.fhjsvwjlyt lf fhmtjuhfab& s,.^ 1982* i& [fysf't^ ,fmhf't lbvbnhb& – mct^ n&

++^ 1977^ ud& 240-241* cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkj-

ubf^ n& +^ 1991^ s,&^ ud& 19-24* Gamkrelidze G. On the

History of the Inception and Development of Ar-

chaeology in Georgia. Tbilisi, 1990, p. 2-4 (preprint.).

utkf ufv.htkb't

99

KTDFY VEC{TKBIDBKB

(1900-1942)

vbvlbyfht otkc lf,flt,blfy fcb otkb

itecheklt,jlf wyj,bk mfhsdtk bcnjhb-rjccf lf fhmtjkjuc ktdfy vec[tkbidbkc& bub mfhsekb fhmtjkjubbc cfsfdtt,sfy bluf lf cfae'dtkb lfelj cfmfhsdtkjc ief cfereytt,bc fhmtjkjubehb 'tukt,bc utuvf-pjvbth itcofdkfc& fv f[fkufphlf vtwybthvf 'fkpt vybidytkjdfyb rdfkb lfnjdf xdtyb cfvij,kjc ofhcekbc ofhvjxtybc cfmvtib&

ktdfy vec[tkbidbkb lfb,flf 1900 okbc 8 fghbkc ('d&cnbkbs) df[nfyu vec[tkbidbkbcf lf yfnfkbf vbhpfidbkt,bc j]f[ib& s,bkbcbc ktdfyljdcrbc ubvyfpbbc lfvsfdht,bc itvltu bub evfqktcb ufyfs-kt,bc vbcfqt,fl uthvfybfib uftvupfdhf& hfvltybvt otkb ktmwbt,c bcvtylf uthvfybbc c[dflfc[df eybdthcbntnt,ib^ vfuhfv fdflv.jaj,bc ufvj cofdkbc lfchekt,f dth it'kj lf b'ekt,ekb uf[lf cfvij,kjib lf,heyt,ekb.j&

1924 okblfy cofdkf ufyfuh'j s,bkb-cbc cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnib& cb,h'ybc-vtn.dtkt,bc afrekntnbcf lf fmdt fcgbhfy-nehbc lfvsfdht,bc itvltu 1931 otkc bub veifj,fc bo.t,c cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj veptevbc fhmtjkjubeh ufy.jabkt,fib ]th fcbcntynfl^ [jkj itvltu vtwybth-sfyfv-ihjvkbc sfyfvlt,j,fpt& fv gthbjlib fm vtwybth-rjyceknfynfl veifj,lf eybdthcb-

ntnblfy ufvj'tdt,ekb lblb bdfyt ]fdf-[bidbkb&

bdfyt ]fdf[bidbkbcf lf ubjhub xe,b-yfidbkbc fmnbehb vwltkj,bs^ uthvfytkb fhmtjkjubc f& iyfblthbc [tkv'qdfytkj,bs^ 1930-1931 okt,ib fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht,b lfbo.j yjmfkfmtdib^ vfuhfv bub vjekjl-ytkfl ito.lf& yjmfkfmtdib vbbqj k& vec[t-kbidbkvf gbhdtkb cfdtkt-fhmtjkjubehb @yfskj,f#& vbe[tlfdfl fdflv.jaj,bcf^ 1931-34 okt,ib vfbyw yf.jabth vtwybthek ve-ifj,fc totdf& lbl .ehflqt,fc bxtyc vbcflvb lf cfsfyflj hxtdf-lfhbut,t,c f'ktdc vfc bdfyt ]fdf[bidbkb&

1936 otkc^ ijsf hecsfdtkbcf lf vbcb tgjmbc veptevbc lffhct,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs^ bd& ]fdf[bidbkvf^ hjvtkbw fqybiyekb vept-evbc lbhtmnjhfl lfbybiyf^ k& vec[tkbidb-kb vbbodbf ]th fv veptevbc eahjc vtwybth sfyfvihjvkfl^ [jkj itvltu^ 1937 otkc bub lfbybiyf veptevbc cofdkek vlbdyfl& fv sf-yfvlt,j,fpt bub veifj,lf bdfyt ]fdf[bidb-kbc ufhlfwdfkt,fvlt& fvfdt lhjc itsfdct-,bs veifj,lf cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj ve-ptevbc f[kfl lffhct,ekb bcnjhbbc ufy.j-abkt,bc ufvutl&

bdfyt ]fdf[bidbkbc ufhlfwdfkt,bc itvltu^ hfvltybvt sdtib emvlt,f ijsf hecsfdtkbcf lf vbcb tgjmbc veptevb lf vbc ,fpfpt bmvyt,f cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc mfhsekb [tkjdyt,bc bcnjhbbc ctmnjhb^ hjvtkcfw ethslt,f ijsf hecsf-dtkbc veptevb^ hjujhw vbcb vfnthbfkehb reknehbc bcnjhbbc ufy.jabkt,f& k& ve-c[tkbidbkb bybiyt,f fqybiyekb ufy.jab-kt,bc ufvutl& fv sfyfvlt,j,fpt veifj,lf bub cbwjw[kbc ,jkjvlt&

ktdfy vec[tkbidbkb gbhdtkb fhmtj-kjub b.j^ hjvtkcfw ijsf hecsfdtkbc erdlfdb gjtvbc @dta[bcn.fjcybc# 750 okbcsfdbc be,bkbcfsdbc vpflt,bc gthbjlib bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc htrjvtylfwbbs vbtylj cf-mfhsdtkjc ief cfereytt,bc fhmtjkjubehb 'tukt,bc ufvjdkbyt,f-itcofdkf lf fvfcsf-yfdt^ cfsfyflj fhmtjkjubehb vfcfkt,bc it-uhjdt,f cfbe,bktj ufvjatybcfsdbc& fv fvj-wfybc itchekt,bcfsdbc k& vec[tkbidbkb erdt vfiby cfdct,bs vjvpflt,ekb b.j& cfae'dkbfyfl bwyj,lf cfmfhsdtkjc bcnj-hbfc^ vbc o.fhjt,c^ gfktjuhfabfc^ mfhsek fhmbntmnehfc lf^ cfpjufljl^ [tkjdyt,bc 'tukt,cf lf vfs bcnjhbfc^ vjvpflt,ekb b.j fhmtjkjubfib^ /mjylf cfdtkt veifj,bc ufvjwlbkt,f^ bwjlf ew[j tyt,b^ vfs ijhbc kfsbyehb lf cjv[ehb&

100

1936 otkc k& vec[tkbidbkbc [tkv-'qdfytkj,bs fhmtjkjubehvf tmcgtlbwbfv vbobcfufy uffysfdbceakf ,jkybcbc cbjyb& fv lhjc lf itvlujvib vfcsfy rjyceknfynfl veifj,lf u& xe,byfidbkb& vfs lffpecntc mfhsekb [ehjsvj'qdht,bc fv ths-thsb e'dtktcb lf evybidytkjdfytcb 'tukbc utuvf& fqvjxtybk lf ufibahek bmyf ,jkybcbc e'dtktcb mfhsekb ofhotht,b^ egbhdtktc .jdkbcf^ ,jkybcbc cffqvityt,kj ofhothf^ hjvtkbw fv tmcgtlbwbbc veifj,bc itltufl fqvjxylf& tmcgtlbwbfv fqvjfxbyf e'dtktcb fhmtjkjubehb 'tukt,b^ cfvfh[t,b& fvfcsfyfdt^ itcofdkbkb b.j vstkb [tj,bc vjcf[ktj,bc bcnjhbf^ itvflutykj,f lf c[d&

ufycfresht,ekb vybidytkj,f /mjylf cfmfhsdtkjc ief cfereytt,bc ths-thsb lb-lb lf sfdbcb lhjbcfsdbc vlblfhb mfkfmbc lvfybcbc fhmtjkjubeh itcofdkfc k& vec[t-kbidbkbc [tkv'qdfytkj,bs&

lvfybcbc yfmfkfmfhbc fhmtjkjubehb ufs[hbc lfo.t,f cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubf-ib ybiyfdlf cfmfhsdtkjc ief cfereytt,bc 'tukt,bc^ vfs ijhbc yfmfkfmfht,bc utuvfpj-vbthb vtwybthekb itcofdkbcfsdbc cfae'd-kbc xf.hfc&

k& vec[tkbidbkbc [tkv'qdfytkj,bs lvfybcbc fhmtjkjubehvf tmcgtlbwbfv 1936-37 okt,ib v[jkjl cfvb sdt bveifdf& tc rb 'fkpt vwbht lhj b.j fctsb lblb vfcinf,b-cf lf hsekb 'tukbc lvfybcbc yfmfkfmfhbc itcofdkbcfsdbc^ hjvtkcfw ufhte,yt,bsehs 30 /f-vlt afhsj,b ezbhfdc&

vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf^ tmcgtlbwbfv k& vec-[tkbidbkbc [tkv'qdfytkj,bs lbl ofhvf-nt,fc vbfqobf& vfy fqvjfxbyf lf ufvjfvptehf bv lhjbcfsdbc chekbfl ewyj,b 'tukt,b^ fhmtjkjubehb lf c[df vfcfkf (cftrktcbj lf cfthj yfut,j,t,b^ tgbuhfabrekb 'tukt,b^ vjytnt,b^ rthfvbrf^ kbsjybc^ 'dkbcf lf mdbc ybdst,b lf c[d&)&

lvfybcbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc itltut,bcf lf vjgjdt,ekb vfcfkt,bc cfae'-dtkpt^ k& vec[tkbidbkvf cfrvfjl yfskfl ofhvjudblubyf cfmfhsdtkjc ief cfereytt,bc rkfcbrehb mfkfmb& fvfcsfyfdt^ vjgjdt,ekb vfcfkt,b bvltyfl vhfdfkhbw[jdfyb lf vybi-dytkjdfyb b.j^ hjv vfs lblb lf ufycfres-ht,ekb flubkb lfbrfdtc ijsf hecsfdtkbcf lf vbcb tgjmbc cfbe,bktj ufvjatyfpt&

lvfybcbc yfmfkfmfhpt ufs[ht,bc gfhf-ktkehfl k& vec[tkbidbkvf fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbt,b vjfo.j vlbyfhtt,bc – abytpfe-hbc^ lfv,kenbc^ bcgbfybcf lf vfifdthfc [tj-,t,ib mdtifvlt& tmcgtlbwbfc 'fkpt lf'f,ekb veifj,f e[lt,jlf& tc ufvjodtekb b.j bvbs^ hjv vwbht lhjib eylf fqvjtxbyfs lf it-tuhjdt,byfs cfsfyflj vfcfkt,b ief cfereyt-t,bc cfmfhsdtkjc mfkfmt,bc lf[fcbfst,bcf-

sdbc& lvfybcbc tmcgtlbwbbc fcts lf'f,ek veifj,fpt vbesbst,c 1937 otkc k& vec[t-kbidbkbc ufupfdybkb othbkb bdfyt ]fdf[b-idbkbcflvb% @vt bct dfh lfndbhsekb ufs[-ht,bs^ hjv fhfvw se dth dfcoht, ihjvbc othfc^ hbcb lblb bvtlbw vmjylf^ fhfvtl fmfvlbc dth vjvbcodhbf vhfdfkb flubkj,hbd itchekt,ekb lf fewbkt,tkb cfmvbc ufrt-st,f^ hjujhbwff vfu&^ cjv[ehb ofhotht,bc (vtvjhbfkeh 'tukt,pt^ 'bhbsflfl^ cfakf-dbc mdt,pt& – ]&r&) ofrbs[df lf c[d& bct^ hjv 'fkbfy v'bvt vlujvfhtj,fib uf[kfdfhs lf vthoveyts^ hjv cfdct,bs ufydbwlb xtv [dtlh gfce[bcvut,kj,fc#&

1937 okbc 3 jmnjv,thc^ fhmtjkjube-hb tmcgtlbwbf lvfybcib veifj,bc lfvsfdht-,bcsfyfdt itecdtyt,kbd uftvupfdhf utuesib bm fhct,ekb wb[t-lfh,fpbc ufs[hf-itcofd-kbcfsdbc& lhj 'fkpt vwbht b.j lf fvbnjv fhmtjkjubehvf tmcgtlbwbfv k& vec[tkbidb-kbc [tkv'qdfytkj,bs it'kj v[jkjl hfv-ltyflvt lftpecnt,byf mfhsekb cfthj [e-hjsvj'qdht,bc fv eybrfkehb 'tukbc utuvf lf fityt,bc sfhbqb&

k& vec[tkbidbkb bdfyt ]fdf[bidbkbc vfh]dtyf [tkb b.j& lblvf vtwybthvf k& vec-[tkbidbkc 1938 otkc lffrbchf f[fkb^ ue-lfht[bc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc [tkv'-qdfytkj,f& 1938-39 okt,ib fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht,b xfnfhlf uelfht[bc nthbnjhbfpt& fv]thfl itcofdkbc j,btmnc ofhvjflutylf fhf yfmfkfmfhb^ fhfvtl ief cfereytt,bc yfvjcf[kfhb& tmcgtlbwbfv ufvjfdkbyf cftr-ktcbj lf cfthj yfut,j,fsf vstkb rjv-gktmcb&

k& vec[tkbidbkb eiefkj vjyfobkt b.j fhvfpbc[tdbc ,ho.bydfkt fhmtjkjubehb fqvjxtyt,bc&

vbc rfkfvc tresdybc fhfthsb yfihjvb bcnjhbfib^ fhmtjkjubfib^ o.fhjsvwjlytj-,fib lf c[d&

cfvoe[fhjl^ k& vec[tkbidbkvf vtnbc ufrtst,f dtqfh vjfcohj^ 1942 otkc bub ufhlfbwdfkf&

]ev,th rjgfkbfyb

ktdfy vec[tkbidbkbc ihjvt,bc

,b,kbjuhfabf

wyj,bkb mfhsdtkb bcnjhbrjcbcf lf fhmtjkjubc k& vec[tkbidbkbc lf,flt,blfy 100 okbcsfdsfy lfrfdibht,bs gbhdtkfl mdt.ylt,f vbcb ihjvt,bc ,b,kbjuhfabf& vfcib itcekbf cfvtwybthj lf gjgekfhekb [fcbf-sbc yfihjvt,b^ vfs ijhbc o.fhjt,bc ufvj-wtvt,b^ sfhuvfyt,b lf htwtypbt,b& vfcfkf lf-kfut,ekbf ufvjwtvt,bc okt,bc vb[tldbs& .dtkf yfihjvb yf[ekbf de visu&

101

1& /thwatkl t& reknehekb ehsb-thsj,fyb 'dtkc fqvjcfdktsib& uthvfyekblfy uflvjsfhuvybkb k& vec[tkbidbkbc vbth& nabkbcb^ 1931^ 60 ud&

2& vec[tkbidbkb k& lvfybcbc fhmtj-

kjubehb ufs[ht,bc obyfcofhb itltut,b& – rjveybcnb^ 28 st,thdfkb^ 1937&

3& vec[tkbidbkb k& ,jkybcb& – tybvrbc vjfv,t^ n& 3^ 1938^ ud& 311-382^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf ahfyu& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh& itybidyt,ib&

4& vec[tkbidbkb k& lvfybcb& mfkf-

mbc bcnjhbf lf yfmfkfmfhbc fqothf& – ijsf hecsfdtkbc tgjmbc vfnthbfkehb reknehf& s,&^ 1938^ ud& 317-448^ bk&^ ,b,kbjuh& ityb-idyt,ib&

5& df/fybc mdf,sf ufyut,f (\+++ c&)& uf-vjcwf k& vec[tkbidbkvf& mfhsekb cf-vfhskbc 'tukt,b = 1& htl& c& ]fyfibf& nabkbcb^ 1939^ 131 ud&

6& vec[tkbidbkb k& lfcfdkts cf-mfhsdtkjc ukt[j,bc cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbehb rfntujhbt,b \|+-\|++ cc& (vfcfkt,b cjwbf-keh-trjyjvbehb bcnjhbbcfsdbc)& – tybvrbc vjfv,t^ |-|+^ 1940^ ud& 267-319^ ,b,kbjuh& itybidyt,ib&

7& vec[tkbidbkb k& sjhtksf utytf-kjubbc ufhrdtdbc wlf /fvfvkec \++ c-bc ofhotht,sfy lfrfdibht,bs& – ccvv^ n& 10-B^ 1940^ ud& 23-47^ htp& hec& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh& itybidyt,ib&

8& vec[tkbidbkb k& c& rfrf,f't& vfcf-kt,b lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc cjwbfkeh lf trjyjvbeh bcnjhbbcfsdbc& cfbcnjhbj rht-,ekb& obuyb +^ ud& 1-94 lf obuyb +++^ ud& 10-75& nabkbcb^ 1928 [htw&]& – tybvrbc vjfv,t^ n& 7^ 1940^ ud& 151-165^ ,b,kbjuh& itybidyt,ib&

9& vec[tkbidbkb k& fhmtjkjubehb tmcrehcbt,b vfifdhbc [tj,fib& s,&^ 1941^ 105 ud&^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf ahfyu& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh& itybidyt,ib&

10& f,ecthb't n,tkb& ,jkjr – ,fcb-kbc vityt,kj,f iefhn.fkib lf f,ecthbc-'tsf cfudfhtekj vfnbfyt 1233 ok& ntmcnb ufvjcwf k& vec[tkbidbkvf& 1941^ 90 ud&

11& vec[tkbidbkb k& pjubthsb cfo.fjc jltyj,f lfc& cfmfhsdtkjib \|+-\|+++ cc& (aj[fkb^ vtyf[tdht^ vf[fstkb^ vstkb rjrf^ cfgfkyt)& – ccvv^ n& 11-B^ 1941^ ud& 20-24^ ,b,kbjuh& itybidyt,ib&

12& vec[tkbidbkb k& erfyujhbc bc-

njhbekb yfist,b& – tybvrbc vjfv,t^ n& 10^ 1941^ ud& 159-182^ bk&^ htp& hec& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh& itybidyt,ib&

13& vec[tkbidbkb k& vw[tsbc cdtnb-w[jdkbc nf'hbc e'dtktcb ofhotht,b lf

vfsb lfvjrblt,ekt,f vtkmbptltr rfsfkbrj-cbc fylth'sfy& – mfhsekb [tkjdyt,f& mfh-sekb [tkjdyt,bc bcnjhbbc ctmnjhbc ihj-vt,b& n& +^ s,&^ 1942^ ud& 133-142^ htp& ahfyu& ty& ud& 169-170^ ,b,kbjuh& itybidyt,ib&

14& vec[tkbidbkb k& cfvidbklbc cb-

jybc ofhotht,b lf fityt,bc sfhbqb& – tybv-rbc vjfv,t^ n& 13^ 1942^ ud& 85-106^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf uthv& ty&

15& .fe[xbidbkb cbv& ktmwbt,b ,bpfy-nbbc bcnjhbblfy& gbhdtkb obuyb +|-|++ cfereytt,b& s,&^ 1948^ 216 ud& lfvfnt,f% uf-s[hf yjmfkfmtd – fhmtjgjkbcib& yjmfkf-mtdbc ufs[hf& ud& 188-201&

[f& iyfblthbc fyufhbib uthvfyekblfy sfhuvyf k& vec[tkbidbkvf]&

16& vec[tkbidbkb k&^ [blfitkb i& lf ]fafhb't d& uelfht[bc gbhdtkb lf vtjht (1938 lf 1939 oo&) fhmtjkjubehb rfv-gfybbc fyufhbib& k& vec[tkbidbkbc htlfm-wbbs& s,&^ 1954^ 138 ud&^ bk&^ htp& hec& ty&

17& 1930-1931 okt,bc tmcgtlbwbbc fyuf-hbib& – yjmfkfmtdb-fhmtjgjkbcb& +& fhmtj-kjubehb ufs[ht,b 1973-1977& s,&^ 1981^ ud& 228-239&

[obyfcbn.dfj,f c& .fe[xbidbkbcf& f& iyfblthbc fyufhbib sfhuvybkbf uthvfyekb-lfy k& vec[tkbidbkbc vbth]&

18& vec[tkbidbkb k& yjmfkfmtdbc

lqbehb (1930& \++& 28 – 1931& +& 28) (= 23)& –

yjmfkfmtdb – fhmtjgjkbcb& fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht,b& 1978-1982& s,&^ 1987^ ud& 289-306^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&

19. [Мусхелишвили Л.] Город эпохи Ру-

ставели. – ИМ, кн. 3, 1937, с. 224-225.

[По статье Л. Мусхелишвили из газеты

"Заря Востока"].

20. Мусхелишвили Л. Раскопки в

Дманиси (Краткий очерк). – СА, = 6, 1940, с.

258-286, ил., рез. на франц. яз., библиогр. в

примеч.

21. Muskeli L. Kaukasische parallele zu

einem altaegyptischen Rennwagen. – cfmfh-sdtkjc veptevbc vjfv,t^ n& |+++^ nabkbcb^ (1933 lf 1934) 1935^ ud& 143-148^ bk&^ htp& mfhs& ty&

itvlutytkb ,tcfhbjy ]jh,tyf't

102

MHJYBRF CHRONICLE

FHMTJKJUBEHB RDKTDBC WTYNHB 1999 OTKC

cfvtwybthj-rdktdbsb veifj,f

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uhfynbs itchekt,ekb cfveifj

cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc uhfy-

nt,bs lfutuvbk stvt,pt veifj,f lfvsfdhlf& 2000 otkc veifj,f uh'tklt,f jh uhfynpt% 1& rjk[tsb lf ufht cfv.fhj udbfy,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [fyfib (rjk[ehb lf .j,fyehb rekneht,bc ehsbthsj,bc bcnjhbbc ghj-,ktvt,b)^ 2& cfmfhsdtkj lf crdbsehb cfv.fhj&

cfvtwybthj ctcbt,b

2 fghbkc wtynhib ufbvfhsf cfvtwybthj rj-

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vjto.j ufvjatyf^ cflfw ofhvjlutybkb b.j fk& rfkfylf'bc w[jdht,bc fvcf[dtkb ajnjt,b lf vbcb yfihjvt,b&

15 fghbkc cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frflt-

vbbc c[ljvfsf lfh,fpib xfnfhlf c[ljvf^ vb'-qdybkb ufvjxtybkb mfhsdtkb fhmtjkjubc fktm-cfylht (cfylhj) rfkfylf'bc lf,flt,blfy 90 okbc-sfdbcflvb& c[ljvf vjfo.j cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkj-ubehvf rjvbcbfv^ fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynh-vf^ c& ]fyfibfc cf[& cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj ve-ptevvf^ i& fvbhfyfidbkbc cf[& [tkjdyt,bc cf[tk-vobaj veptevvf^ bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[& s,bkbcbc cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnbc fhmtjkjubbc rfstl-hfv lf vw[tsbc fhmtjkjubehvf bycnbnenvf&

wtynhblfy vjujyt,t,bs ufvjdblyty frflt-vbrjcb js& ]fafhb't^ frfltvbbc otdh-rjhtc-

gjyltynb js& kjhsmbafyb't lf bcnjhbbc vtwybtht,fsf ljmnjhb v& ybjhf't&

js& kjhsmbafyb'tv vj[ctyt,f ofbrbs[f s,b-

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20-28 fghbkc ufbvfhsf cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybt-

ht,fsf frfltvbbc fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtyn-hbc cfvtwybthj ctcbf @cfmfhsdtkjib 1998 otkc xfnfht,ekb cfdtkt-fhmtjkjubehb rdktdf-'bt,bc itltut,b&# ctcbf itcfdfkb cbn.dbs uf[cyf wty-nhbc lbhtmnjhvf cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc otdh-rjhtcgjyltynvf ghja& js& kjh-smbafyb'tv& ofrbs[ekb b.j itvltub vj[ctyt,t,b% v& uf,eybf @cfv[hts cfmfhsdtkjc vsbfytsbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbf^# i& xfhsjkfyb^ h& [dbcnfyb @cdfytsbc tmcgtlbwbf^# u& yfhbvfybidbkb @ofkrbc hfbjybc tmcgtlbwbf^# p& vf[fhf't @rfcgbc hfbjybc tmcgtlbwbf^# h& gfgefidbkb @rjk[tsbc tmcgtlbwbf^# js& kjhsmbafyb't @ufs[ht,b dfybc yfmfkfmfhpt^# js& n.titkfidbkb^ v& 'ytkf't^ ]& udtnf't^ p& rfkfylf't @s,bkbcbc ov& jhvtjw ct-,fcnbtk vjofvtsf trktcbbc fhmtjkjubehb rdktdf-'bt,bc 1998 okbc itltut,b&#

vjcvtybk bmyf vj[ctyt,t,b vb'qdybkb vityt,-kj,t,bc nthbnjhbfpt vbvlbyfht fhmtjkjubehb rdktdf-'bt,bc itltut,bcflvb% d& kbxtkb^ h& yjh-vfyb (cfmfhsdtkjc vbkcfltybc rjvgfybf)^ y& uf,t-lfdf (cffmwbj cfpjufljt,f @tuhbcb#) @fhmtjkj-ubf vityt,kj,bc pjyfib^# s& vtidtkbfyb (cfmfh-sdtkjc cf[tkvobaj veptevb) @vbkcfltyb lf ujhf'bhbc ufs[ht,b^# fk& hfvbidbkb @fhmtjkj-ubehb ufs[ht,b vbkcfltybc aktdbc vjyfrdtspt – cja& yfwfhujhfcsfy^# d& ]fafhb't @vjybnjhbyub lf fhmtjkjubehb 'bt,f yfdsj,cfltybc ptcnfajy-,fqlflbc vjyfrdtspt^# d& cflhf't^ h& lfdkbfyb't @uehbbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbf^# u& a[frf't^ v& ,fhfvb't @vbkcfltybc rfsjlehb lfwdbc pjyfib xfnfht,ekb ufs[ht,bc itltut,b^# u& vbylbfidbkb @ujhbc hfbjybc tmcgtlbwbf vbk-cfltybcf lf jgnbreh-,jzrjdfyb rf,tkbc vityt,-kj,fpt^# y& vbhbfyfidbkb @yfcnfrbcbc tmcgtlbwbf vbkcfltybcf lf jgnbreh-,jzrjdfyb rf,tkbc vit-yt,kj,bc pjyfib^# f& fafmb't^ u& .babfyb^ d& ybrj-kfbidbkb (vw[tsbc fhmtjkjubehb bycnbnenb) @fhmtjkjubehb fqvjxtyt,b yfhtrdfdpt^# r& rf[b-fyb @vfifdthfc [tj,bc tmcgtlbwbf jgnbreh-,jz-rjdfyb rf,tkbc vityt,kj,fpt&#

thsb lqt vbt'qdyf cfthsfijhbcj tmcgtlb-wbt,bc veifj,fc& ofrbs[ekb b.j vj[ctyt,t,b% ]& rjgfkbfyb @lvfybcbc ief cfereytt,bc yfmfkfmf-hb^# v& ybjhf't^ j& bjhbcb (vfbywb) @lvfybcbc gf-ktjkbsehb hfpvb^# r& abw[tkfehb^ d& dfhfpf-idbkb^ v& rjhavfyb (nbe,byutyb)^ f& aehndtyukt-hb (/fkt) @mfhsek-uthvfyekb tmcgtlbwbf rf[ts-ib^# d& kbxtkb^ ;& vjhbyb (vjyhtfkb-fyrfhf) @vtc-[tsbc mfhsek-rfyflehb tmcgtlbwbf^# f& rf[b't

103

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ctcbfpt vj[ctyt,f ofbrbs[f p& ,hfudf'tv (cf-mfhsdtkjc [tkjdyt,bc cf[tkvobaj veptevb) @fqvjcfdkts rjk[tsbc tmcgtlbwbf&#

ctcbbc veifj,fib vjyfobktj,f vbbqtc cnev-ht,vf ew[jtsblfy& cjh,jybc eybdthcbntnbc ghj-atcjhvf fylht kfhjylvf (cfahfyutsb) ofbrbs[f vj[ctyt,f @rbhtytc fgjkjybbc o.fkmdtif fhmtj-kjubehb ufs[ht,b&# vj[ctyt,fc lftcohj cfmfh-sdtkjib cfahfyutsbc htcge,kbrbc cfufyut,j lf chekeakt,bfyb tkxb mfk,fnjyb vbhtb vbecj^ cfahfyutsbc cftkxjc sfyfvihjvkt,b lf cfmfh-sdtkjib cf,th'ytsbc htcge,kbrbc cfufyut,j lf chekeakt,bfyb tkxb ,fnjyb cgbhbljy utjh-ubktcb&

ufhlf fvbcf^ vj[ctyt,bs [vtksfief pqdfib xfnfht,ekb o.fkmdtif cfveifjt,bc itcf[t, uf-vjdblyty fvthbrbc itthst,ekb infnt,bc cfp-qdfj fhmtjkjubbc bycnbnenbc vtwybth sfyfv-ihjvkt,b rhbcnby hjvtb lf fbit fnfepb&

wtynhbc lffhct,bc lqtc 28 fghbkc js& kjhsmbafyb'tv ofbrbs[f vj[ctyt,f @fhmtjkj-ubehb rdktdbc wtynhb 1998 otkc&#

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2-5 vfbcc vjto.j mesfbcbc f& othtskbc cf[&

cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnbc lbfktmnjkjubbc cfvtwybthj rdktdbsb bycnbnenbc cbvgjpbevb @mesfbcehb cfe,ht,b – |+&# cbvgjpbevbc stvf b.j @tyj,hbd-reknehekb cbnefwbbc bcnjhbekb lbyfvbrf cfmfhsdtkjib&# wtynhblfy vj[ctyt,t,b ofbrbs[tc js& kjhsmbafyb'tv^ d& ]fafhb'tv^ d& kbxtkvf^ fk& hfvbidbkvf^ v& zbhfmf'tv^ u& xbmj-dfyvf& cbvgjpbevbc vfcfkt,b lfb,tzlf&

11-13 vfbcc xfnfhlf i& fvbhfyfidbkbc cf[&

cfmfhsdtkjc [tkjdyt,bc cf[tkvobaj veptevbc + cfvtwybthj ctcbf^ vb'qdybkb obyfmhbcnbfyekb [fybc mfhsekb [tkjdyt,bc ghj,ktvt,bcflvb& wtynhblfy ofhlutybkb b.j jhb vj[ctyt,f v& ybjhf'bcf lf u& ybjhf'bc lf d& xb[kf'bc& vj[-ctyt,fsf ibyffhct,b lfb,tzlf&

12 vfbcc bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[& s,bkbcbc

cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnbc c[ljvfsf lfh,fpib

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18-19 vfbcc ufbvfhsf bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[&

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27-28^ 31 vfbcc lf 1-2 bdybcc ufbvfhsf fh-

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20-23 ctmntv,thc dfyib^ fhmtjkjubehb vept-

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104

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12-13 jmnjv,thc bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[& s,b-

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29 jmnjv,thc xfnfhlf fhmtjkjubehb rdkt-

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1 ltrtv,thc fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhib

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105

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106

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мен: греческая культура на периферии античного

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vfbywbc wtynhfkehb hjvfek-uthvfyekb vepte-vbc cnbgtylbbs&

v& f,hfvbidbkb (jmnjv,thb-yjtv,thb) bv.jat-,jlf fvthbrbc itthst,ek infnt,ib& veifj,lf vtnhjgjkbnty-veptevib lfwek fhmtjkjubeh vfcfkt,pt& ,jcnjyib vbfrdkbf ;fr lt vjhufybc vbth rfdrfcbfib ufs[hbk ufvjemdt.yt,tk fhmtj-kjubeh vfcfkt,c&

v& aesehb'tv vjyfobktj,f vbbqj (4-8 jm-njv,thb) [tsjkjusf +| cfthsfijhbcj rjy-uhtcbc veifj,fib m& dbehw,ehuib (uthvfybf)^ cf-lfw ofbrbs[f vj[ctyt,f @fyfnjkbeh-fvbthrfdrf-cbehb rjynfmnt,bc pjubthsb fcgtmnb 'dtk,f,b-kjyeh [fyfib&# ufhlf fvbcf^ vjyfobktj,f vbbqj (2-10 yjtv,thb) m& cnfv,ekib (sehmtsb) ufvfh-sek rbkbrbbc cfthsfijhbcj cbvgjpbevbc "Espa-

ces et Pouvoirs Locaus (Space and Changes)" veif-j,fib^ hjvtkbw t'qdyt,jlf rbkbrbbc 'd&o& ++ fsfco& – f[&o& +| c& fhmtjkjubbc ghj,ktvt,c&

d& kbxtkvf (yjtv,thb) vjyfobktj,f vbbqj fstyib (cf,th'ytsb) ufvfhsek rjyathtywbfib @cfcf[ktsf bycnbnenb 'dtk cfv.fhjib^# cflfw ofbrbs[f vj[ctyt,f&

wtynhbc ,b,kbjstrbc ehsbthsj,f c[df

,b,kbjstrt,sfy

wtynhc fo ufycdtyt,ekb v& vbobidbkbc j]f[-vf uflvjcwf vbcb gbhflb ,b,kbjstrblfy fhmtj-kjubehb kbnthfnehf&

wtynhbc ,b,kbjstrfc (ufvut s& rj,f[b't) obu-yt,b uflfcwtc lf ufvjeupfdytc% bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[& s,bkbcbc cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnbc aey-lfvtynfkehvf ,b,kbjstrfv^ i& fvbhfyfidbkbc cf[& cfmfhsdtkjc [tkjdyt,bc cf[tkvobaj ve-ptevvf^ s,bkbcbc eybdthcbntnbc f[fkwb[bc ab-kbfkvf^ cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj veptevbc f[fkwb[bc abkbfkvf^ ;ehyfk @'tukbc vtuj,-hbc# htlfmwbfv^ f& lbevfc cf[& ahfyuek-mfhse-

kb reknehbc wtynhvf^ c& ]fyfibfc cf[& cfmfhs-dtkjc cf[tkvobaj veptevvf^ bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[& bcnjhbbcf lf tsyjuhfabbc bycnbnenvf^ cf-mfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc wtynhfkehvf ,b,kbjstrfv^ cf[tkvobaj thvbnf;vf^ c&-gtnth-,ehubc vfnthbfkehb reknehbc bcnjhbbc by-cnbnenvf^ vfbywbc (uthvfybf) hjvfek-uthvfyek-vf wtynhfkehvf veptevvf^ cfahfyutsbc fhmtj-kjubbc bycnbnenvf bnfkbfib^ shfrjkjubbc by-cnbnenvf hevbytsib^ fvthbrbc itthst,ekb inf-nt,bc cfpqdfj fhmtjkjubbc bycnbnenvf^ uthvf-ybbc fhmtjkjubehvf bycnbnenvf hjvib&

wtynhbc ,b,kbjstrfv obuyt,b uflfcwf lf uf-eupfdyf% thjdyek ,b,kbjstrfc^ cfmfhsdtkjc vtw-ybtht,fsf frfltvbbc wtynhfkeh ,b,kbjstrfc^ s,b-kbcbc cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnbc aeylfvtynf-keh ,b,kbjstrfc^ cfmfhsdtkjc [tkjdyt,bc ve-ptevc^ mesfbcbc fhmtjkjubeh tmcgtlbwbfc^ ,f-sevbc cfvtwybthj-rdktdbs bycnbnenc^ dfybc fh-mtjkjubeh tmcgtlbwbfc^ fpth,fb]fybc vtwybtht-,fsf frfltvbbc ,b,kbjstrfc^ cjv[tsbc vtwybtht-,fsf frfltvbbc fhmtjkjubbcf lf tsyjuhfabbc by-cnbnenc^ hectsbc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc fhmt-jkjubbc bycnbnenc^ c&-gtnth,ehubc vfnthbf-kehb reknehbc bcnjhbbc bycnbnenc^ fii cfp-qdfj fhmtjkjubbc bycnbnenc^ gfhbpib cjh,j-ybc eybdthcbntnc^ ,th'yek-mfhsekb reknehbc ehsbthsj,fsf bcnjhbbc mfhsek bycnbnenc m& fstyib^ uthvfybfib /fktc eybdthcbntnc&

ufnfhlf y& euhtkb'bc j]f[bc vbth uflvjwt-vekb obuyt,b^ hjvkt,bw itflutyc 641 cf[tkoj-lt,bc kbnthfnehfc&

ufhlf fvbcf^ ,b,kbjstrfc obuyt,b uflfcwf js& kjhsmbafyb'tv^ ,& ]jh,tyf'tv^ v& byf'tv^ r& reiyf-hbjdfv (c&-gtnth,ehub)^ b& dbyjuhfljdvf (vjcrj-db) lf c[d&

,b,kbjstrfib cek itvjcekbf 800-vlt obuyb^ [jkj ufupfdybkbf – 170-vlt&

s& vbmtkf'bc cf[tkj,bc rf,bytnb wtynhib

14 fghbkc wtynhib ufbvfhsf cfvtwybthj ct-

cbf^ vb'qdybkb bcnjhbbc vtwybtht,fsf ljmnj-hbc^ ghjatcjhbc stbvehfp (uekb) rjycnfynbytc 't vbmtkf'bc (1925-1998) [cjdybcflvb& wtynhbc lbhtmnjhvf js& kjhsmbafyb'tv itcfdfk cbn-.dfib bcfe,hf s& vbmtkf'bc vtwybthek vtvrdbl-htj,fpt^ lff[fcbfsf vbcb jhufybpfnjhekb cfm-vbfyj,f& vj[ctyt,t,b ofbrbs[tc l& vec[tkbidbkvf @rjk[tsbc tmcgtlbwbbc fyfrkbbc hfpvb^# v& ,fhf-vb'tv @rjk[tsbc fhmtjkjubeh 'tuksf gthbj-lbpfwbbcf lf mhjyjkjubbc ghj,ktvt,b stbve-hfp vbmtkf'bc yfihjvt,ib^# h& gfgefidbkvf @stb-vehfp vbmtkf't – rjk[tsbc fhmtjkjubehb tmc-gtlbwbbc [tkv'qdfytkb^# l& rfzfhfdfv @odhbk-abuehekb rbkbrt,b cbvfuhbc yfvjcf[kfhblfy^# v& zbhfmf'tv @tsyjkbyudbcnbrbc cfrbs[t,b stb-vehfp vbmtkf'bc yfihjvt,ib&# vjujyt,t,bs ufvj-dblyty js& ]fafhb't^ s& xbmjdfyb^ h& hfvbidbkb^ t& ujuf't^ y& [fpfhf't lf g& abhabkfidbkb&

bvfdt lqtc stbvehfp vbmtkf'bc cfveifj jsf[ib ufb[cyf vbcb cf[tkj,bc rjk[tsbc fh-mtjkjubbc rf,bytnb& fv rf,bytnc cfae'dkfl lft-lj ufycdtyt,ekb vtwybthbc ,b,kbjstrf (kbnthf-nehf 1300 cf[tkojlt,bc)^ fhmbdb^ sfhuvfyt,b lf

107

c[df vfcfkt,b^ hjvkt,bw fylth'bs uflftwf fh-mtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhc&

cfufptsj cnfnbt,bc ge,kbrfwbt,b

js& ]fafhb'tv^ r& abw[tkfehvf^ s& xbmjdfyvf^

,& ]jh,tyf'tv^ v& x[fnfhfidbkvf^ h& gfgefidkvf^ u& ,jkmdf'tv^ bh& qfv,fib'tv^ ]& rjgfkbfyvf^ f& f,-lfkf'tv lf c[d& lf,tzltc cnfnbt,b ufptst,ib% @cf-mfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf^# @s,bkbcb^# @f[fkb ufyfs-kt,f^# @f[fkb cfmfhsdtkj^# @wbwbyfstkf^# @Свобод-

ная Грузия^# @ueh]bcnfyb# (@cfmfhsdtkj#)&

fhmtjkjubf ntkttrhfyt,pt

cfmfhsdtkjc ntktdbpbbc gbhdtk fh[pt uflf-wtvf @fhntafmnb# vbvjb[bkfdc mfhsekb rekne-hekb vtvrdblhtj,bc ghj,ktvt,c lf cfpjuflj-t,fc fwyj,c f[fk fqvjxtyt,c cfmfhsdtkjcf lf ew[jtsib& ntktuflfwtvfc e'qdt,f d& kbxtkb&

u& qfv,fib'tv ntktfh[ @tdhbrfib# ufyf[jhwb-tkf uflfwtvfsf cthbf @mhbcnbfyekb htkbubbcf lf mfhsekb reknehbc ohbc 'tukt,b xhlbkjts jctsib^ byueitscf lf lfqtcnfyib&#

u& sjhskf't tdthtcnpt

wtynhbc vtwybth sfyfvihjvtkb u& sjhskf't

hfvltybvt otkbf yf.jabthfl cofdkj,c n.b,ekbc hfbjybc ptlfgfktjkbseh 'tukt,c& fv vfcfkt,pt ufvjmdt.yt,ekb fmdc cfvtwybthj cnfnbt,b& fhmt-jkjubbc ufhlf ubfc lblb ufnfwt,ff fkgbybpvb& vfc lfg.hj,bkb fmdc fhfthsb cbvfqkt rfdrf-cbjypt^ gfvbhpt^ nbfy-ifypt^ xhlbkjts lf cfv[-hts fvthbrfib^ fahbrfcf lf /bvfkfbib& 1999 okbc 26 vfbcc u& sjhskf'tv sfdbc ]ueasfy thsfl lfkfimhf vcjakbjc evfqktcb vodthdfkb tdt-htcnb (8848 v) nb,tnbc v[hblfy&

ufvjmdt.yt,ekb yfihjvt,b

vjyjuhfabt,b^ rht,ekt,b^ ;ehyfkt,b

1& f[dktlbfyb l& rhfvbnb dfybc yfmfkfmf-hblfy& s,&^ 1999^ 74 ud&^ bk&^ htp& byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 86 c[o& (cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbf& fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhb)&

2& dfzhj,f ifd pqdfpt fhmfekcf lf rkf-

cbreh [fyfib% f,htievbc upbc bcnjhbekb gth-cgtmnbdf& ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbc 'dtkb bcnjhbbcf lf fhmtjkjubbc +\ cfthsfijhbcj cbvgjpbevb& dfyb& 1999 okbc 20-23 ctmntv,thb& vj[ctyt,fsf vjrkt ibyffhct,b& s,&^ 1999^ 74 ud& mfhs&^ hec&^ byuk&^ uthv&^ ahfyu& ty& ('bt,fyb& lfvfnt,fyb& +)&

3& rjgfkbfyb ]& mdtibc wb[t (bcnjhbek-fh-mtjkjubehb ufvjrdktdf)& s,&^ 1999^ 120 ud&^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 80 c[o& (cf-mfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbf& fhmtjkjube-hb rdktdbc wtynhb& lvfybcbc bcnjhbek-fhmtj-kjubehb ufy.jabkt,f)&

4& kjvsfsb't u& ufvlblht,bcfsdbc mfhse-kbcf xtvbcf& s,&^ 1999^ 140 ud& htp& byuk& ty& itv-lutytkb u& ,tljidbkb& htlfmnjht,b u& rdfhfw[t-

kbf^ js& kjhsmbafyb't (cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht-,fsf frfltvbf& fhy& xbmj,fdfc cf[& tyfsvtwybtht,bc bycnbnenb& fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhb)&

5& vbkcfltybc fhmtjkjubf^ n& +^ s,&^ 1999^ 120 ud&^ bk&^ htp& byuk& ty& (cfmfhsdtkjc vtw-ybtht,fsf frfltvbf& fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wty-nhb& cfmfhsdtkjc vbkcfltybc rjvgfybf)&

6& mesfstkf't m& cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbf (| rkfcbc cf[tkv'qdfytkj)& s,&^ 1999^ 133 ud&^ bk&

7& ifyifidbkb y& ybiyt,b lf cbv,jkjt,b vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbc rthfvbrfpt& s,&^ 1999^ 66 ud&^ bk&^ gfhfk& ntmcnb hec ty&^ ,b,kbju&% 60 c[o& (cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbf& fhmtj-kjubehb rdktdbc wtynhb)&

8& 'bt,fyb& cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frflt-vbbc fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhbc ;ehyfkb& = 3^ s,&^ 1999^ 120 ud&^ bk&^ htp& hec&^ uthv&^ lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&

9& 'bt,fyb& cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frf-ltvbbc fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhbc ;eh-yfkb& = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ 120 ud&^ bk&^ htp& hec&^ uthv&^ lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&

10& La mer Noire zone de contacts. Actes du VIIe

Simposium de Vani (Colchide) – 26-30.IX. 1994.

Publies sous la direction de Ot. Lordkipanidzé et P.

Lévêque. Paris, 1999, 170 p., ill., bibliog. (Institut des

Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité).

11. Religions du Pont-Euxin. Actes du VIIIe

Simposium de Vani (Colchide) – 1997. Publies sous la

direction de Ot. Lordkipanidzé et P. Lévêque. Paris,

1999, 183 p., ill., bibliog. (Institut des Sciences et

Techniques de l'Antiquité).

cnfnbt,b

1& f[dktlbfyb l&^ uf,eybf j&^ rfkf't y&^ dfif.vf't v& dfybc veptevb& – thjdyekb rek-nehekb vtvrdblhtj,bc ghjuhfvf& cffyufhbij rht,ekb& 1998^ [s,&^ 1999]^ ud& 126^ htp& byuk& ty& (ajylb @qbf cfpjufljt,f – cfmfhsdtkj#)&

2& f[dktlbfyb l&^ aesehb't h& rjk[tsbc nthbnjhbfpt ufvjdktybkb cbyjgehb rt-hfvbrekb lfvqt,b& – 'bt,fyb^ = 3^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 50-56^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 25 c[o&

3& f[dktlbfyb l&^ aesehb't h& rjk[tsbc nthbnjhbfpt ufvjdktybkb hjljcek fvajhfsf lfvqt,b& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 47-52^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 17 c[o&

4& f[dktlbfyb y& b& hrbybc afhsj fsdbct,bc [fybc 'tukt,b s,bkbcblfy (shtkbc yfvjcf[kfhb lf cfvfhjdfyb)& – fdn& bcn& vtwy& rfylblfnbc cfvtw& [fhbc[bc vjcfgjdt,kfl& s,&^ 1999^ 31 ud&^ htp& hec& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 4 c[o&

5& uf,hbf't f& f& mesfbcb \-\| cfereytt,ib

(fhmtjkjubehb vfcfkt,bc vb[tldbs)& – fdn& bcn& vtwy& rfylblfnbc cfvtwy& [fhbc[bc vjcfgjdt,kfl& s,&^ 1999^ 34 ud&^ htp& hec& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 3 c[o&

6& uf,hbf't f& w[jdtksf ,h'jkbc fvcf[dtkb

thsb htkbtab ,fuhfnbc nf'hblfy& – reknehbc bcnjhbbc cfrbs[t,b& |++& vtjht htcge,kbrehb rjyathtywbbc vfcfkt,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 49-53^ bk&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 10 c[o& (bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[&

108

s,bkbcbc cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnb& reknehbc bcnjhbbcf lf stjhbbc rfstlhf)&

7& ufv.htkb't u& ,bjutjufhtvjc ptufdktybc

itcf[t, 'dtkb rjk[tsbc bcnjhbfpt& – cfvtuht-kj& rjk[tsb& jlbib (fhmtjkjubbc^ tyfsvtwybt-ht,bc^ bcnjhbbc^ [ehjsvj'qdht,bcf lf tsyjkj-ubbc yfhrdtdt,b)& s,bkbcb-peulblb^ 1999^ ud& 12-21 (cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbf& cfvtuhtkjc cfv[fhtj cfvtwybthj wtynhb)&

8& ufv.htkb't u& lbvbnhb vtqdbytse[ewtcb-

idbkb (1815-1878)& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 91-93^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&

9& ufv.htkb't u& ajsb-afcbcbc bcnjhbbcf-

sdbc& – cfvtuhtkj& rjk[tsb& jlbib (fhmtjkj-ubbc^ tyfsvtwybtht,bc^ bcnjhbbc^ [ehjsvj'qd-ht,bcf lf tsyjkjubbc yfhrdtdt,b)& s,bkbcb-peulblb^ 1999^ ud& 122-128 (cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbf& cfvtuhtkjc cfv[fhtj cfvtwybthj wtynhb)&

10& udbyxb't u& wb[bc'bhbc wb[t-mfkfmbc cf-

[tkojlt,bc ofhvjvfdkj,bcfsdbc& – 'v^ = 1^ 1999^ ud& 6-8^ htp& byuk& ty& ud& 53^ ,b,kbjuh&% 5 c[o&

11& ubujkfidbkb t& dthw[kbc cbnekt,b df-

yblfy& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 53-56^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 14 c[o&

12& ubujkfidbkb t& dthw[kbc cbnekt,b df-

yblfy& – dfzhj,f ifd pqdfpt fhmfekcf lf rkf-cbreh [fyfib% f,htievbc upbc bcnjhbekb gth-cgtmnbdf& ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbc 'dtkb bcnjhbbcf lf fhmtjkjubbc +\ cfthsfijhbcj cbvgjpbevb& dfyb& 1999 okbc 20-23 ctmntv,thb& vj[ctyt,fsf vjrkt ibyffhct,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 9^ gfhfk& ntmcnb byuk& ty& ud& 48&

13& ubujkfidbkb t& u& 'd&o& |-+| cfereyt-

t,bc njhtdnbrbc 'tukt,b rjk[tsib& – fdn& bcn& vtwy& rfylblfnbc cfvtwy& [fhbc[bc vjcfgjdt,kfl& s,&^ 1999^ 31 ud&^ htp& hec& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 3 c[o&

14& lbegjyb g&^ rfzfhfdf l& abcbc vjktcb-kj,bc yfist,b fhmfek ,th'yek fvajht,pt cb-vfuhbc yfvjcf[kfhblfy& – dfzhj,f ifd pqdfpt fhmfekcf lf rkfcbreh [fyfib% f,htievbc upbc bcnjhbekb gthcgtmnbdf& ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbc 'dt-kb bcnjhbbcf lf fhmtjkjubbc +\ cfthsfij-hbcj cbvgjpbevb& dfyb& 1999 okbc 20-23 ctm-ntv,thb& vj[ctyt,fsf vjrkt ibyffhct,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 9^ gfhfk& ntmcnb byuk& ty& ud& 45&

15& ljkb't y& u& xhlbkj-lfcfdkts rjk-[tsbc udbfy,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [fybc v[fndhekb yfofhvb (kbsjybc cfvrfekb)& – fdn& bcn& vtwy& rfylblfnbc cfvtwy& [fhbc[bc vjcfgjdt,kfl& s,&^ 1999^ 24 ud&^ htp& hec& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 4 c[o&

16& byfybidbkb u&^ vfbcehf't ,& wtynhfke-hb fvbthrfdrfcbbc udbfy,hby]fjc [fybc ,hby]fjc ofhvjt,bc bcnjhbbcfsdbc& – 'bt,fyb^ = 3^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 37-44^ /bcnjuhfvt,b^ fyfkbpbc nf,e-kt,b^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 4 c[o&

17& bcfrf't h& fhmtjkjubehb vfcfkt,b \|-

\|+++ cc& mesfbcbc o.fkvjvfhfut,bcfsdbc& – rek-nehbc bcnjhbbc cfrbs[t,b& |++& vtjht htcge,-kbrehb rjyathtywbbc vfcfkt,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 60-63^ bk&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 6 c[o& (bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[&

s,bkbcbc cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnb& reknehbc bcnjhbbcf lf stjhbbc rfstlhf)&

18& rdfzf't v& ief,hby]fjlfy udbfyb ,hby]fjc [fyfpt ufhlfvfdfkb gthbjlbc cfvfh[t,b cja& rfdsbc[tdsfy& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 23-28^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 11 c[o&

19& rdbhrdfbf h& lfrh'fkdbc otcb ,jh]jvbc

[tj,fib 'd&o& |+++-|+ cfereytt,ib& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 37-46^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 11 c[o&

20& rdbhrdtkbf u& ,th'yekb dfzhj,f xhlb-kj lf fqvjcfdkts ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbc flubkj,-hbd cfpjufljt,t,sfy& – dfzhj,f ifd pqdfpt fh-mfekcf lf rkfcbreh [fyfib% f,htievbc upbc bc-njhbekb gthcgtmnbdf& ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbc 'dtkb bcnjhbbcf lf fhmtjkjubbc +\ cfthsfijhbcj cbvgjpbevb& dfyb& 1999 okbc 20-23 ctmntv,thb& vj[ctyt,fsf vjrkt ibyffhct,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 24-25^ gfhfk& ntmcnb byuk& ty& ud& 55-56&

21& rdbhrdtkbf u& s& cfdfzhj ehsbthsj,fyb

ifdbpqdbcgbhtsib flhtfynbreh [fyfib& – fdn& bcn& vtwy& ljmnjhbc cfvtwy& [fhbc[bc vjcfgj-dt,kfl& s,&^ 1999^ 73 ud&^ gfhfk& ntmcnb hec& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 12 c[o&

22& kbxtkb d& tsyjreknehekb byjdfwbt,b 'd&o& ++-+ fsfcoktekt,bc cfv[hts cfmfhsdtkjib& – mesfbcehb cfe,ht,b – |+& cbvgjpbevbc vfcfkt-,b& mesfbcb^ 1999^ ud& 106-107 (mesfbcbc f& othts-kbc cf[& cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnbc lbfktmnj-kjubbc cfvtwybthj rdktdbsb bycnbnenb)&

23& kbxtkb d& vbkcfltybc vityt,kj,f lf fh-

mtjkjubf& – vbkcfltybc fhmtjkjubf^ n& +^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 5-8^ gfhfk& ntmcnb byuk& ty&

24& kbxtkb d& cfvw[bc ofhvfhsekb mfkfmt,b

(cjcfyuts-fo.ehb)& – mfkfmt,b lf cfmfkfmj w[jd-ht,f 'dtk cfmfhsdtkjib& + cfvtwybthj rjyathty-wbbc vj[ctyt,fsf vjrkt ibyffhct,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 12-14^ bk& (cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbf& cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubehb rjvbcbf)&

25& kjhsmbafyb't y& fhujyfdnt,b ktvyjcpt

– flhtfhmfekb [fybc [tkjdyt,bc stvf` – dfzhj,f ifd pqdfpt fhmfekcf lf rkfcbreh [fyfib% f,ht-ievbc upbc bcnjhbekb gthcgtmnbdf& ifdbpqdbc-gbhtsbc 'dtkb bcnjhbbcf lf fhmtjkjubbc +\ cfthsfijhbcj cbvgjpbevb& dfyb& 1999 okbc 20-23 ctmntv,thb& vj[ctyt,fsf vjrkt ibyffhct,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 25-26^ gfhfk& ntmcnb uthv& ty& ud& 57-58&

26& kjhsmbafyb't js& fhmtjkjubf lf sf-

yfvtlhjdtj,f& – vbkcfltybc fhmtjkjubf^ n& +^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 13-16^ gfhfk& ntmcnb byuk& ty&

27& kjhsmbafyb't js& tsyjreknehekb cbcntvbc ufydbsfht,bc lbyfvbrf lfcfdkts cfmfh-sdtkjib 'd&o& ++ fsfcoktekbc vtjht yf[tdfhcf lf + fsfcoktekbc gbhdtk yf[tdfhib& – mesfbce-hb cfe,ht,b – |+& cbvgjpbevbc vfcfkt,b& mesfbcb^ 1999^ ud& 111-113 (mesfbcbc f& othtskbc cf[& cf-[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnbc lbfktmnjkjubbc cf-vtwybthj rdktdbsb bycnbnenb)&

28& kjhsmbafyb't js& dfzhj,f ifd pqdfpt –

@f,htievbc upbc# bcnjhbekb obyfv'qdfhb& – dfz-hj,f ifd pqdfpt fhmfekcf lf rkfcbreh [fyfib%

109

f,htievbc upbc bcnjhbekb gthcgtmnbdf& ifdb-pqdbcgbhtsbc 'dtkb bcnjhbbcf lf fhmtjkjubbc +\ cfthsfijhbcj cbvgjpbevb& dfyb& 1999 okbc 20-23 ctmntv,thb& vj[ctyt,fsf vjrkt ibyffhct,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 26-28^ gfhfk& ntmcnb byuk& ty&^ ud& 58-59&

29& kjhsmbafyb't js& @rjk[ehb lblhfmvbc

++ nbgbc# brjyjuhfabbcfsdbc& – 'bt,fyb^ = 3^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 45-49^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 42 c[o&

30& kjhsmbafyb't js& @jmhjvhfdfkb rjk-

[tsb# (vbsb lf htfkj,f)& – cfvtuhtkj& rjk[tsb& jlbib (fhmtjkjubbc^ tyfsvtwybtht,bc^ bcnjhbbc^ [ehjsvj'qdht,bcf lf tsyjkjubbc yfhrdtdt,b)& s,bkbcb-peulblb^ 1999^ ud& 37-91^ bk& (cfmfhsdt-kjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbf& cfvtuhtkjc cfv[f-htj cfvtwybthj wtynhb)&

31& kjhsmbafyb't js&^ vec[tkbidbkb l& cfmfhsdtkjc e'dtktcb cfdfzhj-cfnhfypbnj upt,b& – bdthbf& mfhsekb^ rfdrfcbehb lf tdhf-pbekb wbdbkbpfwbt,b& gfhbpb^ 1999^ ufpfa[ekb-pfa[ekb^ ud& 5-41^ ,b,kbjuh&% ud& 36-41 (mfhsek-tdhjgekb bycnbnenb)&

32& kjhsmbafyb't js& afcbfyt stjc –

FASIANH JEOC (akfdbec fhbfytc thsb wyj,bc ufyvfhnt,bc wlf)& – ANAJECIC abkjkjubeh-bcnjhbekb 'bt,fyb& frfl& s& .fe[xbidbkbc cf-be,bktjl& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 199-214^ bk&^ htp& byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh& itybidyt,ib (bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[& s,bkbcbc cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnb& rkfcbrehb abkjkjubbc^ ,bpfynbybcnbrbcf lf ytjuhtwbcnb-rbc bycnbnenb)&

33& kjhsmbafyb't js& mfkfmb afcbcb 'd&o&

|+-| cc-ib& – mfkfmt,b lf cfmfkfmj w[jdht,f 'dtk cfmfhsdtkjib& + cfvtwybthj rjyathtywbbc vj[ctyt,fsf vjrkt ibyffhct,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 16-17^ (cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbf& cfmfhsdt-kjc fhmtjkjubehb rjvbcbf)&

34& vfbcehf't ,&^ vbylbfidbkb u& fthjfh-

mtjkjubf ibhfmib& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 29-36^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 8 c[o&

35& vfvfbfidbkb y& mfkfmb zthtvb cfbcnjhbj

o.fhjt,bc vb[tldbs lf fhmtjkjubf& – mfkfmt,b lf cfmfkfmj w[jdht,f 'dtk cfmfhsdtkjib& + cf-vtwybthj rjyathtywbbc vj[ctyt,fsf vjrkt ibyffh-ct,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 17-18 (cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbf& cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubehb rjvbcbf)&

36& vfvfbfidbkb y& zthtvbc yfmfkfmfhb& – cf-mfhsdtkj df[nfyu ujhufckbc tgjmfib (1999 okbc 18-19 vfbcc bycnbnenib xfnfht,ekb rjyathtywbbc vfcfkt,b)& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 3-14^ ,b,kbjuh&% 11 c[o& (cf-mfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbf& bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[& bcnjhbbcf lf tsyjuhfabbc bycnbnenb)&

37& vfhudtkfidbkb v& u& mfkfmb ;bydfyb (bc-

njhbek-fhmtjkjubehb ufvjrdktdf)& – fdn& bcn& vtwy& rfylblfnbc cfvtwy& [fhbc[bc vjcfgjdt,kfl& s,&^ 1999^ 38 ud&^ htp& hec& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 17 c[o&

38& vf[fhf't p& f[fkb fqvjxtyt,b wb[bfuj-

hfpt& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 57-66^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 5 c[o&

39& vtidtkbfyb s&^ gfgefidbkb h&^ mjhb't t&^ ]fkf,f't v& ujhf'bhbc fhmtjkjubehb ufs[-

ht,b& – vbkcfltybc fhmtjkjubf^ n& +^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 71-81^ bk&^ htp& byuk& ty&

40& vbylbfidbkb u& 1989 okbc cfdtkt cf-

veifjt,b& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 102-110^ bk&^ gfhfk& ntmcnb hec& lf byuk& ty&

41& vbhbfyfidbkb y& yfcnfrbcbc fhmtjkjube-

hb tmcgtlbwbf& – vbkcfltybc fhmtjkjubf^ n& +^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 39-54^ bk&^ htp& byuk& ty&

42& vbmtkf't s&^ zbhfmf't v& fhmtjkj-ubehb reknehbcf lf tsybrehb thsj,bc vbvfh-st,bc cfrbs[bcfsdbc& – mesfbcehb cfe,ht,b – |+& cbvgjpbevbc vfcfkt,b& mesfbcb^ 1999^ ud& 124-126 (mesfbcbc f& othtskbc cf[& cf[tkvobaj eybdth-cbntnbc lbfktmnjkjubbc cfvtwybthj rdktdbsb bycnbnenb)&

43& vevkf't v& fhmtjkjubehb fqvjxtyt,b cf-mfhsdtkjib @lhjt,fcf# lf @bdthbfib# ufvjmdt.-yt,ekb vfcfkt,bc vb[tldbs& – 'bt,fyb^ = 3^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 91-97^ herf^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,-kbjuh&% 41 c[o&

44& vevkf't v& ew[jtsib ufvfhsekb hfvlt-

ybvt ufvjatybc itcf[t,& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 94-97^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 7 c[o&

45& yfhbvfybidbkb u& fynbrehb [fybc cf-

vfh[b gfnfh'tekblfy& – 'bt,fyb^ = 3^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 68-70^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 4 c[o&

46& yfhbvfybidbkb u&^ vbylbfidbkb u&^ ify-

ifidbkb y&^ f[fkfbf k&^ zfybidbkb u&^ vtkb-

mb't i&^ stdpf't f&^ ukeh]b't ,& shbfktsbc

@wbrkjgehb# yfut,j,t,b& – thjdyekb reknehe-kb vtvrdblhtj,bc ghjuhfvf& cffyufhbij rht,e-kb& 1998^ [s,&^ 1999]^ ud& 39-55^ bk&^ htp& byuk& ty& (ajylb @qbf cfpjufljt,f – cfmfhsdtkj#)&

47& yt,bthb't k& cfreknj hbnefkt,b (vqdb-vt cfudfh]bktc vfcfkt,bc vb[tldbs)& -'bt,fyb^ = 3^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 5-18^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 20 c[o&

48& ybjhf't v& fktmcfylht rfkfylf't (1909-

1976)& – 'bt,fyb^ = 3^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 115-116^ bk& 49& ybjhf't v&^ ybjhf't u& [tkjdyt,bc ybve-

it,b cfmfhsdtkjc ptlfgfktjkbsehb [fybc 'tu-kt,blfy& – obyfmhbcnbfyekb [fybc mfhsekb [t-kjdyt,f& + cfvtwybthj ctcbf& vj[ctyt,fsf ibyffh-ct,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 24-26 (i& fvbhfyfidbkbc cf[& cfmfhsdtkjc [tkjdyt,bc cf[tkvobaj veptevb)&

50& jh]jybrb't f& vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbc

rthf – ptcflufhb (cfmfhsdtkjc vfcfkt,bc vb-[tldbs)& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 13-22^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 55 c[o&

51& gfgefidbkb h& uektbrfhbc fhmtjkj-

ubehb 'tukt,b& – vbkcfltybc fhmtjkjubf^ n& +^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 99-103^ bk&^ htp& byuk& ty&

52& gfgefidbkb h& thutnbc ++ cfvfhjdfyb

(cfvfh[b jhvj = 4)& – 'v^ = 3^ 1999^ ud& 3-9^ bk&^ htp& byuk& ty& ud& 41^ ,b,kbjuh&% 6 c[o&

53& gfgefidbkb h& thutnbc cfvfhjdyt,b& – cf-vtuhtkj& rjk[tsb& jlbib (fhmtjkjubbc^ tyfs-

110

vtwybtht,bc^ bcnjhbbc^ [ehjsvj'qdht,bcf lf tsyjkjubbc yfhrdtdt,b)& s,bkbcb-peulblb^ 1999^ ud& 317-321 (cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbf& cfvtuhtkjc cfv[fhtj cfvtwybthj wtynhb)&

54& gfgefidbkb h& cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubf

bhfyek ;ehyfkib& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 113^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&

55& [hfvbidbkb fk&] stbvehfp xbmjdfyb 75

okbcff& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 88-90^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&

56& hfvbidbkb fk& rjk[ehb reknehbc by-

abknhfwbf iblf mfhskib& – mesfbcehb cfe,ht,b

– |+& cbvgjpbevbc vfcfkt,b& mesfbcb^ 1999^ ud& 135-136 (mesfbcbc f& othtskbc cf[& cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnbc lbfktmnjkjubbc cfvtwybthj rdktdbsb bycnbnenb)&

57& hfvbidbkb fk& vybidytkjdfyb fhmtjkj-ubehb fqvjxtyt,b aktdbc yfdsj,cfnev,j cflue-hbc vityt,kj,bcfc& – vbkcfltybc fhmtjkjubf^ n& +^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 55-70^ bk&^ htp& byuk& ty&

58& hfvbidbkb fk& ief,hby]fjc [fybc rtdhb

cfmfhsdtkjlfy& – 'bt,fyb^ = 3^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 29-36^ bk&^ herf^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 34 c[o&

59& hfvbidbkb h& ,bzdbynbc e'dtktcb trkt-

cbt,b& – mhbcnbfyekb fhmtjkjubbc vtcfvt cfvtw-ybthj rjyathtywbf& vj[ctyt,fsf vjrkt ibyffh-ct,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 3-6 (cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbf& fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhb)&

60& hfvbidbkb h& bjct, u'tkbidbkb (1909-

1968)& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 116-118^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&

61& hfvbidbkb m& yflbhj,bc cwtyt,b fhfudbc-

gbhbc dthw[kbc ceht,pt& – 'bt,fyb^ = 3^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 71-75^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 6 c[o&

62& hxtekbidbkb u& mhbcnbfyj,f iefcfere-

ytt,bc a[jdib& – mhbcnbfyekb fhmtjkjubbc vtcfvt cfvtwybthj rjyathtywbf& vj[ctyt,fsf vjrkt ibyffh-ct,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 21-22 (cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbf& fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhb)&

63& cfubyfidbkb v&^ vf[fhf't u& fmtvtyblehb

[fybc vbybc abfkf cfbh[blfy& – yfhrdtdt,b^ |^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 47-50^ bk&^ htp& uthv& ty& ud& 212-213^ ,b,kbjuh& itybidyt,ib (i& fvbhfyfidbkbc cf[& cfmfhsdtkjc [tkjdyt,bc cf[tkvobaj veptevb)&

64& cflhf't d&^ lfdkbfyb't h&^ vehdfyb't ,& fhmtjkjubehb rdktdf-'bt,f ceacbc nthvbyf-

kbcf lf vbvlt,fht nthbnjhbfpt& 1997-98 oo& – vbkcfltybc fhmtjkjubf^ n& +^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 104-119^ bk&^ htp& byuk& ty&

65& cekfdf y& cfmfhsdtkjib fqvjxtybkb yf-

dbct,ehb ab,ekf& – dfzhj,f ifd pqdfpt fhmfek-cf lf rkfcbreh [fyfib% f,htievbc upbc bcnjhb-ekb gthcgtmnbdf& ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbc 'dtkb bcnj-hbbcf lf fhmtjkjubbc +\ cfthsfijhbcj cbvgj-pbevb& dfyb& 1999 okbc 20-23 ctmntv,thb& vj[ct-yt,fsf vjrkt ibyffhct,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 31^ gfhfk& ntmcnb byuk&& ty& ud& 63-64&

66& abw[tkfehb r& yfmfkfmfhb @yfjvfhb uj-

hf&# – mfkfmt,b lf cfmfkfmj w[jdht,f 'dtk cf-mfhsdtkjib& + cfvtwybthj rjyathtywbbc vj[ctyt-

,fsf vjrkt ibyffhct,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 26-27 (cf-mfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbf& cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubehb rjvbcbf)&

67& a[frf't u& kjzbybc [tdbc fhmtjkjubehb

tmcgtlbwbbc veifj,bc itltut,b& – vbkcfltybc fh-mtjkjubf^ n& +^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 27-31^ bk&^ htp& byuk& ty&

68& qfv,fib't bh& j& cfvw[t 'd&o& ++ fsfc-oktekbc ief [fyt,ib (,jh]jvbc [tj,bc fhmtj-kjubehb 'tukt,bc vb[tldbs)& – fdn& bcn& vtwy& rfylblfnbc cfvtwy& [fhbc[bc vjcfgjdt,kfl& s,&^ 1999^ 28 ud&^ htp& hec& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 9 c[o&

69& ifyifidbkb y& vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbc

ybify-cbv,jkjt,bc aeymwbbc cfrbs[bcfsdbc& – vbsjkjubf& abkjcjabf^ = 1^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 21-31^ bk&^ htp& uthv& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 25 c[o& (s,bkbcbc bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnbc abkjcjabbcf lf cjwbjkjubbc afrekntnbc ab-kjcjabbc bcnjhbbc rfstlhf)&

70& ifn,thfidbkb d& twjc cfvfhjdybc mhj-

yjkjubbc cfrbs[b& – 'bt,fyb^ = 3^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 57-67^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 18 c[o&

71& xbujidbkb s& t& tyueh-rjljhbc fepbc

udbfy,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [fybc yfvjcf[kfht,b& – fdn& bcn& vtwy& rfylblfnbc cfvtwy& [fhbc[bc vj-cfgjdt,kfl& s,&^ 1999^ 28 ud&^ htp& hec& ty&^ ,b,-kbjuh&% 7 c[o&

72& xbrjb't w&^ vbylbfidbkb u&^ x[fnfhf-

idbkb v&^ gfzbrfidbkb y& re[tsbc fhmtjkjub-

ehb tmcgtlbwbbc fyufhbib& – vbkcfltybc fhmtjkjubf^ n& +^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 17-26^ bk&^ htp& byuk& ty&

73& xbmjdfyb u& flhtcfvbofsvjmvtlj reknehbc yfvjcf[kfhb sfylbo.fhj + cjatk [tkse,fysfy (ujhbc hfbjyb)& – 'bt,fyb^ = 3^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 19-28^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 18 c[o&

74& xbmjdfyb u& pjubthsb ktmcbrehb it[dtl-ht,b [ehb-ehfhnek lf b,thbek-rfdrfcbeh tyt,-ib& – mesfbcehb cfe,ht,b – |+& cbvgjpbevbc vfcf-kt,b& mesfbcb^ 1999^ ud& 184-186 (mesfbcbc f& ot-htskbc cf[& cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnbc lbf-ktmnjkjubbc cfvtwybthj rdktdbsb bycnbnenb)&

75& xbmjdfyb u& z& iblf mfhskb 'd&o& |-+| fsfcoktekt,ib (fhmtjkjubehb vfcfkt,bc vb-[tldbs)& – fdn& bcn& vtwy& rfylblfnbc cfvtwy& [f-hbc[bc vjcfgjdt,kfl& s,&^ 1999^ 46 ud&^ htp& hec& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 10 c[o&

76& xbmjdfyb s& ]fhudfkehb cfvityt,kj

reknehbc rfdrfcbehb fhtfkb& – 'bt,fyb^ = 3^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 85-90^ hert,b^ htp& hec& lf uthv&& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 24 c[o&

77& xb[kf't d& d& fhfudbc [tj,f f[&o& + fsfc-oktekbc gbhdtk yf[tdfhib (;bydfkbc cfvfhjd-ybc vfcfkt,bc vb[tldbs)& – fdn& bcn& vtwy& rfylblfnbc cfvtwy& [fhbc[bc vjcfgjdt,kfl& s,&^ 1999^ 31 ud&^ htp& hec& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 14 c[o&

78& xb[kf't d& ;bydfkbc cfvfhjdybc obyf-

mhbcnbfyekb [fybc cfvf]eht,b& – obyfmhbcnbf-yekb [fybc mfhsekb [tkjdyt,f& + cfvtwybthj ctcbf& vj[ctyt,fsf ibyffhct,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 23-24 (i& fvbhfyfidbkbc cf[& cfmfhsdtkjc [tkjdyt,bc cf[tkvobaj veptevb)&

111

79& xb[kf't d&^ rfdktkfidbkb t& ;bydfkbc

qdsbcvij,tkb& – mhbcnbfyekb fhmtjkjubbc vtcf-vt cfvtwybthj rjyathtywbf& vj[ctyt,fsf vjrkt ib-yffhct,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 22-24 (cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybt-ht,fsf frfltvbf& fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhb)&

80& x[fnfhfidbkb v& vbybc zehztkb hec-

sfdblfy& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 70-77^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 46 c[o&

81& wmdbnbyb't p& mdtvj mfhskbc vnrdfh-fhf-

mcbc reknehbc kjrfkehb sfdbct,eht,fyb& – fvb-hfyb& rfdrfcbjkjubbc cfthsfijhbcj cfvtwybthj-rdktdbsb cfpjufljt,hbdb bycnbnenbc vjfv,t^ +^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 37-54^ bk&^ htp& hec& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 31 c[o&

82& othtstkb r& fyfnjhbc trktcbf& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 78-87^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 37 c[o&

83& othtstkb r& ,& bcnjhbekb a[jdbcf lf vbcb vsbcobytsbc mhbcnbfyekb fhmtjkjubehb 'tukt,b& – fdn& bcn& vtwy& rfylblfnbc cfvtwy& [fhbc[bc vjcfgjdt,kfl& s,&^ 1999^ 35 ud&^ htp& hec& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 10 c[o&

84& ojotkbf v&^ vbyljhfidbkb l& afkfeh-

ofhothbfyb utvf udtktsbc cfvfhjdyblfy& – 'bt-,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 67-69^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 10 c[o&

85& zbhfmf't v& thsb fhmtjkjubehb nth-

vbybc ufvj (frklfvf)& – tyf lf cfphbcb (ktmcbcb)^ n& 2^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 62-94&

86& zbhfmf't v& u& nthvbybc pjuflkbyudbc-

nehb stjhbf lf fhmtjkjubehb cbcntvfnbrf& – fdn& abkjk& vtwy& ljmnjhbc cfvtwy& [fhbc[bc vjcfgjdt,kfl& s,&^ 1999^ 114 ud&^ gfhfk& ntmcnb hec& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 16 c[o&

87& ztkb't k& mdbc cfveifj bfhfqt,b lvf-

ybcbc hfbjybc nthbnjhbblfy& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 5-12^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 8 c[o&

88& z.jybf f& rjk[ehb jmhjc tmcgjhnbc

cfrbs[bcfsdbc& – dfzhj,f ifd pqdfpt fhmfekcf lf rkfcbreh [fyfib% f,htievbc upbc bcnjhbekb gthcgtmnbdf& ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbc 'dtkb bcnjhbbcf lf fhmtjkjubbc +\ cfthsfijhbcj cbvgjpbevb& dfyb& 1999 okbc 20-23 ctmntv,thb& vj[ctyt,fsf vjrkt ibyffhct,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 34^ gfhfk& ntmcnb byuk&& ty& ud& 40&

89& [fdsfcb v& uekcfrblb ]dht,b& – mhbcnbf-yekb fhmtjkjubbc vtcfvt cfvtwybthj rjyathty-wbf& vj[ctyt,fsf vjrkt ibyffhct,b& s,&^ 1999^ ud& 30-31 (cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbf& fhmt-jkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhb)&

90& ]fafhb't d&^ rfkfylf't r&^ udbyxb't u& fhmtjkjubehb cfveifjt,b yfdsj,cfltybc nhfcf-pt fqvjcfdkts rjk[tsib& – vbkcfltybc fhmtjkj-ubf^ n& +^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 82-98^ bk&^ htp& byuk& ty&

91& ]fafhb't d& fqvjcfdkts rjk[tsbc fhmt-jkjubehb 'tukt,b lf rjk[tsbc b,thbfcsfy reknehekb lf tsybrehb ehsbthsj,bc cfrbs[b (cfpfyj)& – mesfbcehb cfe,ht,b – |+& cbvgjpbevbc vfcfkt,b& mesfbcb^ 1999^ ud& 205-207 (mesfbcbc f& othtskbc cf[& cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnbc lbf-ktmnjkjubbc cfvtwybthj rdktdbsb bycnbnenb)&

92& ]fafhb't d& v& tuhbcbc vfnthbfkehb reknehf f[&o& +-|++ cc& (fhmtjkjubehb vfcf-kt,bc vb[tldbs)& – fdn& bcn& vtwy& ljmnjhbc cfvtwy& [fhbc[bc vjcfgjdt,kfl& s,&^ 1999^ 106 ud& gfhfk& ntmcnb hec& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 36 c[o&

93& ]fafhb't j& jsfh qfv,fib't (1924-1995)& –

'bt,fyb^ = 3^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 117^ bk& 94& ]jh,tyf't ,& flhtekb ief cfereytt,bc cf-

vfh[b yfut,j,t,b lf lfrh'fkdbc otcb fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib& – 'bt,fyb^ = 3^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 76-84^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&^ ,b,kbjuh&% 39 c[o&

95& ]jh,tyf't ,&^ ]jh,tyf't [& fhmtjkjub-

ehb rdktdbc wtynhb 1998 otkc& – 'bt,fyb^ = 3^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 98-114^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&

96& ]jh,tyf't ,& ubjhub kjvsfsb't (1914-

1971)& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 114-116^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&

97& ]jh,tyf't ,& rht,ekb hecsfdbc ofh-

cekpt& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 111-112^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&

98& ]jh,tyf't [& cfvtwybthj ctcbt,b fhmtj-

kjubehb rdktdbc wtynhib& – 'v&^ = 3^ 1999^ ud& 26-27^ htp& byuk& ty& ud& 42-43&

99& ]jh,tyf't [& yjhxb bcnjhbrjct,bc it[-

dtlhf vtwybtht,sfy& – 'v^ = 4^ 1999^ htp& byuk& ty& 100. Барамидзе М. Некоторые проблемы архео-

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102. Джапаридзе О М., Мунчаев Р. М. Памяти

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Северного Причерноморья. Международная науч-

ная конференция, посвященная 60–летию Ним-

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104. Ниорадзе М. Г., Ниорадзе Г. Н. С. Н.

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в каменном веке. Тезисы докладов на Между-

народной конференции, посвященной 100–летию со

дня рождения Сергея Николаевича Замятнина.

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105. Сулава Н. Фибула A Navicella, найденная

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107. Abramischvili M. Early Metallurgy in

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1999, p. 56-57, ill.

108. Buchraschwili P. Das Behausungsphänomen

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109. Čkonia A. M. A propos des bracelets en or

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du VIIe Symposium de Vani (Colchide) – 26-30 IX

1994, Paris, 1999, p. 165-167, ill., bibliog. remarque.

110. Čkonia A. M. Les diadèmes en argent. Tradi-

tions et emprunts dans l'orfèvrerie colchidienne. – La

mer Noire zone de contacts. Actes du VIIe Symposium

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159-164, ill., bibliog. remarque.

111. Čkonia A. M. Le culte de la Grande Déesse

dans l'orfèvrerie colchidienne. – Religions du Pont-

Euxin. Actes du VIIIe Symposium de Vani (Colchide) –

1997, Paris, 1999, p. 115-128, ill., bibliog. remarque.

112. Dundua G. F., Dundua T. G. Les relations

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115, ill., bibliog. remarque.

113. Gabunia L., Jöris O., Justus A., Lordkipa-

nidze D., Muschelischwili A., Nioradze M., Swisher

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G., Tvalcrelidze M. Neue Hominidenfunde des altpa-

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1999, Heft 4, s. 451-488.

114. Gigolasvili E. A propos de l'inscription sur

une phiale d'argent provenant de Phasis. – La mer

Noire zone de contacts. Actes du VIIe Symposium de

Vani (Colchide) – 26-30 IX 1994, Paris, 1999, p. 149-

150, ill., bibliog. remarque.

115. Gigolashvili N. [E.] The silver aryballos from

Vani. – Ancient Greeks. West and East. Leiden,

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116. Japaridze Ot. From the Middle Bronze to the

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117. Kačarava D., Kvirkvelia G., Lordkipanidzé

Ot. Les contacts entre les Grecs et les Populations

locales de la mer Noire. Chronologie et typologie. – La

mer Noire zone de contacts. Actes du VIIe Symposium

de Vani (Colchide) – 26-30 IX 1994, Paris, 1999, p. 65-

100, cartes, bibliog. p. 89-100.

118. Kačarava D. D. L'île Leukè. – Religions du

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marque.

119. Kipiani G. La maquette en or d'un sanctuaire

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Actes du VIIe Symposium de Vani (Colchide) – 26-30

IX 1994, Paris, 1999, p. 151-154, ill., bibliog. re-

marque.

120. Kopaliani J. Dmanisi – Ancient site in Eurasia

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and Adventurous tours. Georgia. Tbilisi, 1999, p. 12, ill.

121. Lebanidzé L. Le trésor monétaire de Sulori. –

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Symposium de Vani (Colchide) – 26-30 IX 1994, Paris,

1999, p. 155-158, ill., bibliog. remarque.

122. Licheli V. The Black Sea – Vani – Samtskhe:

the Spreading Rout of Black-glared Pottery. – La mer

Noire zone de contacts. Actes du VIIe Symposium de

Vani (Colchide) – 26-30 IX 1994, Paris, 1999, p. 101-

105, bibliog. remarque.

123. Ličeli V. T. Une ville des VIIe-I

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Religions du Pont-Euxin. Actes du VIIIe Symposium

de Vani (Colchide) – 1997, Paris, 1999, p.113-114.

124. Lordkipanidze Ot. Georgian Goldwork in the

Classical Period. – National Treasures of Georgia.

London, 1999, p. 68-73, ill.

125. Lordkipanidzé Ot. D. Les divinités de la

ville de Phasis Apollon ou la Triade Apollinienne? –

Religions du Pont-Euxin. Actes du VIIIe Symposium

de Vani (Colchide) – 1997, Paris, 1999, p.129-153, ill.,

bibliog. remarque.

126. Lordkipanidzé Ot. D. Phasis, le dieu-fleuve.

– La mer Noire zone de contacts. Actes du VIIe

Symposium de Vani (Colchide) – 26-30 IX 1994, Paris,

1999, p. 129-141, ill., bibliog. remarque.

127. Makharadze G., Saginashvili M. An Achae-

menian Glass Bowl from Sairkhe, Georgia. – Journal of

Glass Studies. New York, 1999, vol. 41, p. 11-17, ill.,

bibliog. in joot-notes.

128. Puturidzé R. V. Les amphores importées des

VIIe-V

e siècles av.n. è. trouvées en Géorgie occi-

dentale. – La mer Noire zone de contacts. Actes du VIIe

Symposium de Vani (Colchide) – 26-30 IX 1994, Paris,

1999, p. 143-147, ill., bibliog. remarque.

[cjdyf

,thbfidbkb styubp ubjhubc 't (30&+++&

1930^ s,bkbcb – 12&++& 1999^ bmdt)^ bcnjhbbc vtwybtht,fsf rfylblfnb (1965)& lffvsfdhf s,bkb-cbc cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnb (1955)& 1955-1958 okt,ib cofdkj,lf cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frf-ltvbbc bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[& bcnjhbbc bycnbne-nbc fcgbhfynehfib^ [jkj 1958 okblfy fvfdt by-cnbnenbc evwhjcb vtwybth sfyfvihjvtkbf^ 1965 okbc bdybcblfy – eahjcb vtwybth sfyfvihjvtkb&

1977-1980 oo& veifj,lf [fk[sf vtuj,hj,bc veptevib cfvtwybthj ehsbthsj,bc ufy.jabkt,bc [tkv'qdfytkfl& 1980 okbc 1 st,thdkblfy uflf-.dfybkb bmyf bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[& bcnjhbbc^ fh-mtjkjubbcf lf tsyjuhfabbc bycnbnenbc fhmtj-

113

kjubehb rdktdbc wtynhbc fhmtjkjubeh 'tuk-sf yec[bc ufy.jabkt,fib eahjcb vtwybth sfyfv-ihjvkbc sfyfvlt,j,fpt& cfpjufljt,hbd cfo.bct-,pt fchekt,lf wtynhbc cofdkekb vlbdybc vj-dfktj,fc cfpqdfhufhtsbc mdt.yt,sfy cfvtwybthj ehsbthsj,bc lfhuib& 1984 okbc 16 jmnjv,hblfy lftdfkf f[kfl itmvybkb fhmtjkjubehb rdktdf-'bt,bc cfvtwybthj jhufybpfwbbc ufy.jabkt,bc [tkv'qdfytkj,f^ hjvtkbw 1986 okbc ltrtv,hb-lfy uf[lf cfdtkt cfveifjt,bcf lf ljrevtynf-wbbc ctmnjhb& 1981 o& vjyfobktj,f vbbqj s,b-kbcib ufvfhsek fhmtjkjusf cfrfdibhj rjyat-htywbbc veifj,fib^ cflfw s& vbmtkf'tcsfy thsfl ofbrbs[f vj[ctyt,f& 1997 okbc bdybcblfy b.j wty-nhbc fhmtjkjubbc bcnjhbbcf lf fyfkbnbrehb ,b,kbjuhfabbc ufy.jabkt,bc fhmtjkjubbc bc-njhbbc cfghj,ktvj ]ueabc [tkv'qdfytkb& okt-,bc vfy'bkpt cfvtwybthj veifj,fcsfy thsfl fc-hekt,lf vstk hbu cfpjufljt,hbd lfdfkt,t,c& ufvjmdt.yt,ekb fmdc 30-vlt yfihjvb^ vfs ijhbc 2 vjyjuhfabf&

s[p&% ufvjrdktdf cfmfhsdtkjc mfkfmt,bcf lf cfmfkfmj o.j,bkt,bc itcf[t, [htw&]. – vyfsj,b^ = 7^ 1960* Города и городской строй феодальной

Грузии [htw&]. – Вопросы истории, № 6, 1962 (sfyffdnjhj,bs)* mfhsdtksf ijhbc othf-rbs[dbc ufvfdhwtkt,tkb cfpjufljt,bc vjqdfotj,bc bc-njhbbc itcofdkbcfsdbc [htw&]. – cfpjufljt,hbd vtwybtht,fsf ufy.jabkt,bc vjfv,t^ = 3^ 1962^ ud& 305-312* htajhvfvltkb [fybc cfmfhsdtkjc mf-kfmt,bc cjwbfkehb atyt,b (vjmfkfmt)& s,&^ 1964^ 122 ud&* cfdfzhj vbofsvjmvtlt,bc ufydbsfht,bcf lf ukt[j,bc rkfcj,hbdb lbathtywbfwbbc cfrbs-[bcfsdbc fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib& – cfmfhsdt-kjc^ rfdrfcbbcf lf vf[kj,tkb fqvjcfdktsbc bc-njhbbc cfrbs[t,b& s,&^ 1968^ ud& 417-422 (sfyf-fdnjhj,bs)* Интересное исследование по истории

русско–казахских отношений [htw&]. – vfwyt& bcnj-hbbc &&& cthbf^ = 4^ 1971^ ud& 158-160 (sfyffd-njhj,bs)* V археологический съезд и грузинская

общественность. – Всесоюзная научная конферен-

ция, посвященная новейшим открытиям в области

археологии и 100–летию V археологического съез-

да. Тезисы докладов пленарных заседаний. Тб.,

1981, с. 39–41 (в соавторстве). rj,fb't kfvfhf ybrjkjpbc fcekb (8& +++&

1932^ leitsbc hfbjyb cja& afcfyfehb – 19& ++& 1999^ s,bkbcb)& lffvsfdhf s,bkbcbc cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnbc utjuhfabf-utjkjubbc afreknt-nb (1957)& fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhbc vtw-ybth sfyfvihjvtkb (1986)& 1961 otkc veifj,fc bo-.t,c bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[& bcnjhbbc bycnb-nenib cfmvtsf vvfhsdtkfl^ [jkj 1963 okblfy bcnjhbbc^ fhmtjkjubbcf lf tsyjuhfabbc bycnb-nenbc vfnthbfkehb reknehbc 'tuksf vtwybt-hekb ajnjabmcfwbbc kf,jhfnjhbbc evwhjcb vtwybth sfyfvihjvtkbf& 1968 otkc uflf.dfybk bmyf fhmtjkjubbc ctmnjhbc mdbcf lf ,hby]fjc [fybc fhmtjkjubbc ufy.jabkt,fib evwhjcb vtw-ybth sfyfvihjvkbc sfyfvlt,j,fpt& c[dflfc[df lhjc vjyfobktj,f fmdc vbqt,ekb fhmtjkjubeh tmcgtlbwbt,ib thojib^ rdtnthfpt^ vfnfyib^ vw[t-

sfib^ dfyib^ mesfbcib^ ktx[evib^ vjcrjdib (lj-ybc vjyfcnthb) lf rf[tsib&

vbcb vjyfobktj,bs itcofdkbkbf thojc dtk-pt c& shfysfy cfvfhjdfyb^ hjvtkbw ufvjbwf rf-nfkjubc cf[bs lf fvbs cfvtwybthj vbvjmwtdfib itdblf hrbybc afhsj fsdbct,bc [fybc vtnfl cf-.ehflqt,j vfcfkf& ,jkj okt,ib k& rj,fb'bc cf-dtkt cfmvbfyj,f lfrfdibht,ekb b.j rf[tsbc fh-mtjkjubehb 'tukt,bc itcofdkfcsfy& tc vfcfkt,b cfae'dkfl tlj vbc cflbcthnfwbj yfihjvc&

kfvfhf rj,fb't fmnbeh vjyfobktj,fc bqt,lf ufy.jabkt,bc veifj,fcf lf wtynhbc cfpjuflj-t,hbd cfmvbfyj,fib& bc fdnjhbf vstkb hbub yfi-hjvt,bcf^ vfs ijhbc tmcgtlbwbt,bc fyufhbit,bcf^ hjvtkbw itchekt,ekbf sfyffdnjht,sfy thsfl&

s[p&% thojc dtkbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlb-wbbc 1967-1968 oo& veifj,bc itltut,b& – \|+++ cf-vtwybthj ctcbf vb'qdybkb cfmfhsdtkjib 1968 otkc ofhvjt,ekb cfdtkt-fhmtjkjubehb rdktdf-'bt,bc itltut,bcflvb& vjrkt fyufhbit,b& s,&^ 1969^ ud& 27-28 (sfyffdnjht,bs)* ktx[evbc fhmtjkjub-ehb tmcgtlbwbbc lfpdthdt,bc fyufhbib& – fhmtj-kjubehb rdktdf-'bt,f cfmfhsdtkjib 1971 otkc& s,&^ 1972^ ud& 22-24 (sfyffdnjhj,bs)* @hrbybc rfkjc# cfvfhjdfyb& – fcgbhfynsf lf f[fkufphlf vtwybth veifrsf cfvtwybthj rjyathtywbf& veifj-,bc utuvf lf vj[ctyt,fsf stpbct,b& s,&^ 1972^ ud& 29-30* @hrbybc rfkjc# cfvfhjdybc rthfvbrf& – cf-vtwybthj ctcbf^ vb'qdybkb rf[tsbc cb'dtktsf itcofdkbcf lf lfwdbcflvb& vj[ctyt,fsf vjrkt ibyffhct,b& .dfhtkb^ 1977^ ud& 10-12* bdhbc [tj,bc fhmtjkjubehb 'tukt,b& ++& hrbybc rfkjc cfvfhjdfyb (rfnfkjub)& s,&^ 1978^ 78 ud&^ bk&* xfkbfy[tdbc cfvfhjdfyb @A.# – rfti^ |+^ 1984^ ud& 108-132^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty&* Эрцо–Ти-

анетская экспедиция – АО, 1969(1970), с. 368–369,

ил. (в соавторстве); Краткий отчет КАЭ. – ПАИ,

1975 (1978), с. 17–22, ил. (в соавторстве); Отчет

Кахетской археологической экспедиции. – ПАИ,

1976(1979), с. 35–48, ил. (в соавторстве); Полевые

исследования Кахетской экспедиции – ПАИ,

1987(1995), с. 76–78, ил. (в соавторстве).

fhxdf't sbyfsby lbjvbltc fcekb (29&\&

1935^ fv,hjkfehbc hfbjyb cja& aenbtsb – 10&\& 1999^ s,bkbcb)& lffvsfdhf s,bkbcbc cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnb (1958)& fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wty-nhbc vtwybth sfyfvihjvtkb (1986)& 1958-1961 okt,ib vjyfobktj,lf bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[& bc-njhbbc bycnbnenbc tsyjuhfabek lf fhmtjkj-ubeh tmcgtlbwbt,ib aifdib^ hecsfdib^ ]fdf[tsbc f[fkmfkfmib lf vw[tsfib& 1964 okblfy xfbhbw[f bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[& bcnjhbbc^ fhmtjkjubbcf lf tsyjuhfabbc bycnbnenbc atjlfkehb [fybc fhmtjkjubbc ufy.jabkt,fib kf,jhfynbc sfyfv-lt,j,fpt^ [jkj 1968 okblfy evwhjcb vtwybth sfyfvihjvtkbf& 1971-1972 okt,ib vjyfobktj,lf fhmtjkjubeh rdktdf-'bt,fib^ hjvtkbw vbvlbyf-htj,lf fhfudbc [tj,fib& 1973 okblfy e,heylt,f re[tsbc hecsfdbc ufyf[kt,ek fhmtjkjubeh tmcgtlbwbfc^ hjvkbc ths-thsb ofv.dfyb otdhb b.j& vbcb vjyfobktj,bs ufvjdkbylf lf itcofd-kbkbf fhfthsb cf.ehflqt,j vfcfkf hecsfdib lf vbc itvjufhtyib& s& fhxdf'bc vtwybthekb

114

cfmvbfyj,f lfrfdibht,ekb b.j ief cfereytt,bc mfhsekb vjezbmfdb rthfvbrbc itcofdkfcsfy& vfy okt,bc ufyvfdkj,fib itbcofdkf lf lffveifdf fhf vfhnj bycnbnenbc cfvtwybthj tmcgtlbwbt-,bc vbth vjgjdt,ekb fvfdt [fybc vjezbmfdb rthf-vbrf^ fhfvtl c[df cfvtwybthj lfotct,ekt,t,cf lf htcge,kbrbc veptevt,ib lfwekb rthfvbrekb rj-ktmwbt,b& vtwybthekb rdktdbc itltufl vjvpflt-,ekb yfihjvt,b ofrbs[ekbf c[dflfc[df cfvtwyb-thj ctcbt,pt lf lf,tzlbkbf gthbjlek ufvjwt-vt,ib& sbsmvbc lfchekt,ekb /mjylf ief cfe-reytsf vjezbmfd rthfvbrfpt cflbcthnfwbj yfi-hjvb& s& fhxdf't b.j ths-thsb cfertstcj cfdtkt veifrb lf qhvfl thelbht,ekb vrdktdfhb& s& fhxdf'tc lblb odkbkb fmdc itnfybkb rht,e-kt,bc @hecsfdb# (1988 lf 1998) ufvjcfwtvfl vjv-pflt,fib&

vjyfobktj,f fmdc vbqt,ekb hecsfdbc v[fhts-vwjlytj,bc veptevbc f[fkb tmcgjpbwbbc vj-o.j,fib&

s& fhxdf'bc yfihjvt,vf (30-vlt) vybidytkjdfyb odkbkb itbnfytc ief cfereytt,bc cfmfhsdtkjc mfkfmt,bcf lf vtseytj,bc itcofdkbc cfmvtib&

s[p&% iefatjlfkehb [fybc lthut,b (re[tsbc hecsfdbc ufyfs[fhbc vb[tldbs)& – fcgbhfynsf lf f[fkufphlf vtwybth veifrsf cfvtwybthj rjyat-htywbf& veifj,bc utuvf lf vj[ctyt,fsf stpbct,b& s,&^ 1966^ ud& 21-22* vjezbmfdb zehzkbc thsb cf-[tj,bc itcf[t, atjlfkeh cfmfhsdtkjib& – fcgb-hfynsf lf f[fkufphlf vtwybth veifrsf cfvtw-ybthj rjyathtywbf& veifj,bc utuvf lf vj[ctyt,fsf stpbct,b& s,&^ 1967^ ud& 7-8* vjezbmfdb sb[bc zeh-zkbc ofhvjt,bc bcnjhbbcfsdbc ief cfereytsf cfmfhsdtkjib (hecsfdekb lthut,b)& – acf'^ +^ 1969^ ud& 126-135^ bk&^ htp& hec& ty&* udbfyatjlf-kehb [fybc f,fyj hecsfdbc yfwb[fhpt& – cfbc-njhbj rht,ekb^ +++^ s,&^ 1970^ ud& 223-237^ bk&* ;bydfkbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc veifj,bc fyufhbib& – cfdtkt fhmtjkjubehb rdktdf-'bt,f 1972 otkc& s,&^ 1973^ ud& 77-89 (sfyffdnjhj,bs)* re[tsbc hecsfdbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc veifj,bc itltut,b& – cfdtkt fhmtjkjubehb rdktdf-'bt,f 1973 otkc& s,&^ 1974^ ud& 75-77 (sf-yffdnjhj,bs)* s,bkbcbc ltlfwb[tpt fqvjxtybkb othyfmbfyb zehztkb& – acf'^ ++^ 1974^ ud& 174-188^ bk&^ htp& hec& ty&* fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc udb-fyatjlfkehb [fybc vjezbmfdb sb[bc yfofhvb& – acf'^ +++^ 1978^ ud& 111-133^ bk&^ htp& hec& ty&* re[tsbc hecsfdb& – 'v^ = 68^ 1984^ ud& 49-54^ bk&^ htp& hec& lf byuk& ty& (sfyffdnjhj,bs)* fqjh-'byt,ekb hecsfdb lf hecsfdbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbf& – hecsfdb^ ++^ s,&^ 1998^ ud& 67-72 (sf-yffdnjhj,bs)* Исследования в зоне Жинвальского

водохранилища. – АО, 1972(1973), с. 428–429 (в со-

авторстве); Итоги работ Руставской археологи-

ческой экспедиции. – ПАИ, 1974(1976), с. 95–98,

ил. (в соавторстве); Раскопки Руставской крепости.

– АО, 1977 (1978), с. 492 (в соавторстве); К

истории производства неполивной керамики в

позднесредневековой Грузии (XV-XVIII вв.). – На-

учная конференция по археологии Кавказа. Сред-

невековые города и городская жизнь Кавказа. Те-

зисы докладов. Тб., 1988, с. 27–29; Отчет о работе

Кухетской экспедиции в 1987-88 гг. – ПАИ,

1988(1997), c. 108-110, ил., (в соавторстве).

,tcfhbjy ]jh,tyf't^ [fseyf ]jh,tyf't&

115

STBVEHFP (UEKB) VBMTKF"T

(1925-1998)

17 fghbkc 75 otkb itecheklt,jlf fhmtj-

kjubehb rdktdbc wtynhbc ths-ths ae'tvlt-,tkc bcnjhbbc vtwybtht,fsf ljmnjhc ghjatcjh stbvehfp rjycnfynbytc 't vbmtkf'tc&

sebvehfp vbmtkf'tv sfdbcb ituyt,ekb w[jd-ht,f cfmfhsdtkjc e'dtktcb ofhcekbc itcofd-kfc itfkbf& bub ]th rbltd cneltynb 1944 okblfy vjyfobktj,lf vw[tsbc fhmtjkjubeh tmcgtlbwbfib& veifj,lf ,bzdbysbc^ dfybcf lf tyuehbc tmcgtlbwbt,ib& 1961-66 oo& [tkv'qdfyt-kj,lf ajsbc^ [jkj 1971 okblfy ufhlfwdf-kt,fvlt rjk[tsbc fhmtjkjubeh tmcgtlbwbfc&

s& vbmtkf'bc vtwybthekb bynthtct,b ,hby-]fjcf lf fynbrehb [fybc bcnjhbbcf lf fhmtj-kjubbc ghj,ktvt,bcfrty b.j vbvfhsekb& s& vbmtkf'bc rfkfvc tresdybc wyj,bkb ,th'tyb vothkbc mctyjajynbc @fyf,fcbcbc# sfyuvfyb rj-vtynfht,bs& tc vbc cfrfylblfnj lbcthnfwbfc ofhvjflutylf lf wfkrt obuyflfw ufvjbwf& vbcb vtwybthekb it[tlekt,t,b lf rjywtawbt,b .dtkfpt chek.jabkflff ofhvjlutybkb vbccfdt aeylfvtyneh ufvjrdktdfib @'bt,fyb rjk[tsbcf lf cfv[hts-fqvjcfdkts ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbc e'dt-ktcb vjcf[ktj,bc bcnjhbblfy#& fv yfihjvbc hjkb ufyepjvkfl lblbf fqvjcfdkts ifdbpqdbc-gbhtsbc bcnjhbbcf lf reknehbc bctsb vybidyt-kjdfyb cfrbs[t,bc rdktdbcfc^ hjujhbwff fv htubjybc tsybrehb itvflutykj,f^ 'dtk fqvjcfd-ktssfy lf ,th'yek cfv.fhjcsfy ehsbthsj,f^ cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbrehb o.j,f^ vtehytj,f^ vtnfkehubbc ghj,ktvt,b^ gthbjlbpfwbf lf c[d&

fqybiyekb cfrbs[t,b f[fk-f[fkb fhmtjkj-ubehb fqvjxtyt,bcf lf othbkj,bsb o.fhjt,bc f[kt,ehb bynthghtnfwbbc iempt cbcntvfnehfl tmwtjlf vbcb .ehflqt,bc cathjib^ bcf[t,jlf

vbc vjyjuhfabt,cf lf cfvtwybthj cnfnbt,ib^ hjvtksf yfobkb ufvjmdt.yt,ekbf cfpqdfhufhts&

s& vbmtkf'bc [tkv'qdfytkj,bs ajsbc tmcgt-lbwbbc vbth cja& zfkflblib^ ,jhwd pehufpt lf hbjybc vfh]dtyf nthfcfpt ofhvjt,ekvf ufs[-ht,vf ofhvjidf cfae'dtkb ,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [fybc 'tuksf mhjyjkjubbcf lf gthbjlbpfwbbc f[kt,ehfl uffpht,bcf lf lfpecnt,bcfsdbc^ hjvtkbw vfyfvlt^ hjujhw wyj,bkbf^ ,& reanbybc vbth v[jkjl fyfrkbbc lb[f-ue'e,fcf lf mdf-kjybc yfj[dfvept vjgjdt,ekb vfcfkbc cfae'-dtkpt bmyf fut,ekb& lqtc s& vbmtkf'bc vbth it-veifdt,ekb^ fqybiyekb [fybc^ rjk[tsbc vfnt-hbfkehb reknehbc gthbjlbpfwbf ufpbfht-,ekbf& f[fkb fhmtjkjubehb fqvjxtyt,b rb s& vbmtkf'bctek cmtvfc eahj uffvlblht,c lf lffrjyrhtnt,c&

s& vbmtkf'bc [tkv'qdfytkj,bs fqvjxtybkbf lf itcofdkbkb wyj,bkb yfvjcf[kfhb cbvfuht^ [j,bc hfbjybc cja& cfmjhmbjib& fv yfvjcf[kfhbc hjkb lf vybidytkj,f flhtfynbrehb [fybc rjk-[tsbcf lf rjk[tsbc ehsbthsj,bcfsdbc ,th'yek cfv.fhjcsfy ufyepjvkfl lblbf& fvfdt sdfkcf-phbcbs vybidytkjdfybf cbvfuhbc vbvlt,fht nt-hbnjhbfpt vbcb sfyflhjekb lf vjudbfyj [fybc 'tukt,bc ufvjdktyf-itcofdkf&

1971 okblfy^ t&b& vfc itvltu hfw s& vbmtkf'bc bybwbfnbdbs xfvj.fkb,lf rjk[tsbc fhmtjkj-ubehb tmcgtlbwbf^ ufbifkf afhsj vfcinf,bc cflfpdthdj cfveifjt,b rjk[tsbc lf,kj,pt& lf-pdthdt,b ufy[jhwbtklf vlbyfhtt,bc yjqtkf-w[tybco.kbc^ f,fif-nt[ehbcf lf [j,b-zehbbc fept,ib^ hbc itltufl ufvjdkbylf c[dflfc[df fcfrbc bctsb lblvybidytkjdfyb 'tukt,b hjuj-hbwff j,thuekt cja& gbhdtk rjljhib^ ujubfi yfj[dfve cja& kt[fbylhfjib^ yjqtkf-w[tybc-o.kbc fepib& o.tvbc^ f,tlfsbcf lf cftkbfjc lb[f-ue'e,t,b^ ktwfdtc ujhfyfvjcf[kfhb lf

ktc[eke[tc cfvfhjdfyb f,fif-nt[ehbc fepib^ vl& [j,bc itcfhsfdsfy& cja& .ektdib ufvjdkbylf lf ufhrdtekobkfl itcofdkbk bmyf ,hby]fjc^ obyfht fynbrehb^ fynbrehb lf ief cfereytt,bc [fybc yfvjcf[kfht,b lf cfvfhjdyt,b& flhtfynb-rehb [fybc dhwtkb yfvjcf[kfhb bmyf vbrdktekb vl& zehbbc jhbdt yfgbhfc& flhtfynbrehb lf tkbybcnehb [fybc reknehekb atyt,b bmyf fqvjxtybkb yfyltec ,jhwdt,bc ]ueapt hbjy-abxjhbc jhvlbyfhtsib&

fqybiyek 'tukt,pt ufy[jhwbtkt,ekb cnf-wbjyfhekb ufs[ht,b vjvfdfkib bn.dbc sfdbc cbn.dfc& fv;fvfl rb vfsb [fcbfsb^ njgjuhfabf^ cnhfnbuhfabf lf obyfcofhekb vybidytkj,f ufy-cfpqdhekbf s& vbmtkf'bc ufvjemdt.yt,tk yfi-hjvib @rjk[tsbc 'dtkb lfcf[kt,fyb#&

s& vbmtkf'bc bybwbfnbdbsf lf 'fkbc[vtdbs ofhbvfhsf fhmtjkjubehb cfveifjt,b bcts vybidytkjdfy 'tukt,pt^ hjujhbwff fyfrkbbc lb[f-ue'e,f ++ peulblbc hfbjyib lf yfvztlehb mj,ektsbc hfbjyib&

1970-bfyb okt,blfy s& vbmtkf'bc [tkv'qdf-ytkj,bs lfbo.j vbpfyvbvfhsekb veifj,f udbfy,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [fybc cfvfhjdyt,bc

116

vbrdktdfcf lf itcofdkbc vbpybs& fqvjxylf lf ufbs[fhf ybudpbfybc^ ehtrbc^ lqdf,bcf lf thutnbc +-+| cfvfhjdyt,b& fv vtnfl sfdbct,eh 'tukt,pt ofhvfhsekvf rdktdf-'bt,fv chekbfl f[fkb hfrehcbs uffiemf rjk[tsbc (lf fhf vfhnj rjk[tsbc) fhmtjkjubbcf lf bcnjhbbc vhfdfkb ghj,ktvf& fv cfvfhjdyt,pt ofhvjt,ekb ufs[ht,bc itltut,b^ lfrh'fkdbc otct,b^ cfvteh-ytj .jaf^ mhjyjkjubbc ghj,ktvf^ fv cfvfhjdfy-sf flubkb^ vybidytkj,f mfhsekb lf pjuflfl fhmtjkjubbcfsdbc s& vbmtkf'bc vjqdfotj,bc erfyfcrytkb gthbjlbc ufycfresht,ekb .ehfl-qt,bc cfufyb b.j lf fbcf[f rbltw vbc yfihjvt,ib% @rjk[tsbc flhthrbybc [fybc cfvfhjdyt,b#^ "К

археологии Колхиды", "Grosse kollektive grabgruben

der frühen eisenzeit in Kolchis" lf c[d& fv vbvfh-sekt,bs veifj,fc bc cbwjw[kbc erfyfcrytk oest,fvlt fuh'tkt,lf&

rbltd thsb vybidytkjdfyb 'tukb^ hjvtkcfw s& vbmtkf'tv lfesvj ufycfresht,ekb .ehflqt,f yfvfhyec dhwtkb yfvjcf[kfhb uf[klfs& vfh-sfkbf^ fv 'tukpt c[dflfc[df vbptpsf ufvj afh-sjvfcinf,bfyb cfveifjt,bc ufy[jhwbtkt,f dth vj[th[lf^ vfuhfv lqtc erdt wyj,bkbf lf itc-ofdkbkb yfvfhyec |-|+ cfereytt,bc trktcbf lf cfvfhjdfyb& wyj,bkbf^ hjv flhtfynbreh lf tkb-ybcneh [fyfib yfvfhye ofhvjflutylf dhwtk^ mfkfmehb nbgbc rfhufl ufvfuht,ek lfcf[kt,fc& ufhrdtekbf^ hjv yfvfhyec wtynhfkeh ,jhwdpt 'd&o& + fsfcoktekbc lfcfo.bcblfy bo.t,f bynty-cbehb w[jdht,f^ [jkj vbc xhlbkjts ,jhwdpt ufvjdktybkbf 'd&o& ++ fsfcoktekbc ief [fyt,b-cfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb yfofhvbc itvwdtkb rek-nehekb atyt,b&

ghja& s& vbmtkf't .jdtksdbc lblb [fkbcbsf lf tysepbfpvbs wlbkj,lf cf,eyt,bcvtn.dtkj vtwybtht,fsf c[dflfc[df lfhubc lfrfdibht,fc fhmtjkjubeh cfvcf[ehsfy& fv sdfkcfphbcbs ufycfresht,bs cf.ehflqt,j lf yf.jabthb fqvjxylf s,bkbcbc cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnbc cfcfhut,kj yfvfh[sf utjabpbrehb vtsjlt,bs rdktdbc kf,jhfnjhbbcf lf fvbthrfdrfcbbc fthj-utjltpbehb cfofhvjc sfyfvihjvkj,f rjk[tsbc tmcgtlbwbfcsfy& uflfbluf gbhdtkb yf,b]t,b utjabpbrehb vtsjlt,bsf lf fthjajnjt,bc lt-ibahbht,bc upbs fhmtjkjubeh j,btmnsf vb-rdktdf-fqvjxtybc cfrbs[t,ib&

okt,bc vfy'bkpt ghja& s& vbmtkf't fmnbeh gtlfujubeh vjqdfotj,fc tojlf s,bkbcbc cf[tk-vobaj eybdthcbntnib^ stkfdbcf lf mesfbcbc gtlfujubeh bycnbnent,ib& b.j otdhb cfmfh-sdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc fhmtjkjubehb rjvbcbbcf^ bcnjhbbc bycnbnenbcf lf wtynhbc cfrdfkbabrfwbj lf cfvtwybthj cf,zjt,bcf& htlf-mnbht,fc eotdlf c[dflfc[df ufvjwtvt,c& vjyf-obktj,lf vhfdfkb cfthsfijhbcj rjyuhtcbcf lf cbvgjpbevbc veifj,fib&

vbe[tlfdfl fqybiyekb htufkbt,bcf^ bc fhf-cjltc wlbkf sfdbcb vjyfgjdht,bcf se stjhb-ekb vbuyt,t,bc fabibht,fc& vbcsdbc .jdtksdbc ew[j lf vbeqt,tkb b.j bfaafcbfyb gjgekbpvb& vbc fdnjhbntnc cfpjufljt,fcf lf cfvtwybthj ohtt,ib cfuyt,bcf lf vjdktyt,bc cfae'dkbfyb fyfkbpb lf veifj,bc frfltvbehb cnbkb ufyfgbhj,t,lf&

ghja& s& vbmtkf'bc cfdtkt-fhmtjkjubehb fqvjxtyt,b lf stjhbekb [fcbfsbc ufvjrdktdt,b vjvfdfkibw vhfdfkb sfj,bc vrdktdfhc ufeqt,c wjlybc rfhb,ztc bctsb blevfkt,bs vjcbkb mdt.-ybcfrty^ hjujhbw b.j 'dtkb rjk[tsb&

htdfp gfgefidbkb

s& vbmtkf'bc 'bhbsflb ihjvt,bc ,b,kbjuhfabf

1. afcbfyt,bc cflfehj,bcf lf flubkcfv.jat-kbc ufhrdtdbc cfrbs[bcfsdbc& – vcrb^ yfrd& 32^ 1955^ ud& 23-37&

2. cfv[hts-fqvjcfdktsb ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbc e'dtktcb vjcf[ktj,bc bcnjhbbcfsdbc (crdb-sbyt,b)& – cvfv^ n& \+\^ 1957^ ud& 633-639&

3. ,bzdbynbc jhf,cblbfyb trktcbf& – vcrf^ n& +++^ 1963^ ud& 125-131&

4. cfv[hts-fqvjcfdktsb ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbc e'dtktcb vtkbsjyt njvt,bc kjrfkbpfwb-bcfsdbc& – vfwyt^ 3^ 1966^ ud& 126-136&

5. mctyjajynbc @fyf,fcbcb#& s,&^ 1967^ 157 ud&

6. dfybc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc +| e,fy-pt 1960-1961 oo& xfnfht,ekb cfdtkt veifj,bc itltut,b& – dfyb^ +^ fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht,b 1947-1969^ s,&^ 1972^ ud& 96-100 (sfyffdnjhj,bs)&

7. 'bt,fyb rjk[tsbcf lf cfv[hts-fqvjcfdkt-sb ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbc e'dtktcb vjcf[ktj,bc bcnjhbblfy& s,&^ 1974^ 212 ud&

8. vtc[sf cfrbs[bcfsdbc& – bdfyt ]fdf[bidb-kbc lf,flt,bc 100 okbcsfdbcflvb vb'qdybkb cfbe,bktj rht,ekb& s,&^ 1976^ ud& 110-119&

9. facfh-ujybj 'dtkb mfhsekb wb[t-mfkfmb& – 'v^ = 46^ 1977^ ud& 35-37&

10. fhmtjkjubehb rdktdf-'bt,f hbjybc mdtvj otkpt& s,&^ 1978^ 114 ud&

11. ujybjc ufy'b& s,&^ 1980^ 90 ud& (sfyffdnj-hj,bs)& rjk[tsbc flhthrbybc [fybc cfvfhjdyt,b& s,&^ 1985^ 134 ud&

12. cfvtwybthj rdktdf-'bt,f fhmtjkjubbc lfhuib& – bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[& bcnjhbbc^ fhmtjkjubbcf lf tsyjuhfabbc bycnbnenb& s,&^ 1988^ ud& 117-142&

13. О некоторых итогах полевых исследований

в Колхидской низменности в зонах новостроек. –

Археологические исследования на новостройках

Грузинской ССР, Тб., 1976, с. 95-101 (в соав-

торстве).

14. Колхский могильник VII-VI вв до н.э. в с.

Нигвзиани. – КСИА, 151, 1977, с. 33-39 (в

соавторстве).

15. Некоторые итоги раскопок поселений VI-V

вв. до н.э. в районе устья р. Риони (Фасиса). –

КСИА, 151, 1977, с. 12-23.

16. Новейшие открытия памятников культуры

и искусства Грузии античной эпохи. – II

Международный симпозиум по грузинскому

искусству. Тб., 1977, 16 с. (в соавторстве).

17. Материалы к археологии "хоры" древнего

Фасиса. – Материалы I Всесоюзного симпозиума по

117

древней истории Причерноморья. Цхалтубо – 1977,

Тб., 1979, с. 327-332.

18. О времени начала и характере греческой

колонизации в Восточном Причрноморье. –

Историко-филологические разыскания, т. I, Тб.,

1980, с. 164-170.

19. О демографической ситуации в Восточном

Причерноморье (Колхида) в период Великой

греческой колонизации. – Материалы II

Всесоюзного симпозиума по древней истории

Причерноморья. Цхалтубо – 1979, Тб., 1981, с. 292-

314 ( в соавторстве).

20. Основные результаты полевых исследова-

ний Колхидской археологической экспедиции. –

ПАИ, 1980 (1982), с. 31-35.

21. О некоторых результатах полевых иссле-

дований в зонах новостроек Колхидской низ-

менности в десятой пятилетке. – Археологические

исследования на новостройках Грузинской ССР.

Тб., 1982, с. 75-89.

22. Раскопки в с. Эргета. – АО, 1981 (1983), с. 412-

413.

23. Древнеколхидское поселение Намчедури. I.

Тб., 1985, 117с. (в соавторстве).

24. К истории местного населения Юго-Во-

сточного Причерноморья. – Материалы IV

Всесоюзного симпозиума по древней истории

Причерноморья. Цхалтубо – Вани, 1985. Тб., 1988,

с. 184-206.

25. К археологии Колхиды. Тб., 1990, 111 с.

26. История изучения памятников средней

бронзы Южного Кавказа. – Археология. Эпоха

бронзы Кавказа и Средней Азии. Ранняя и средняя

бронза Кавказа. М., 1994, с. 58-66 (в соавторстве).

27. Протоколхская культура. – Археология.

Эпоха бронзы Кавказа и Средней Азии. Ранняя и

средняя бронза Кавказа. М., 1994, с. 67-74.

28. Le littoral oriental de la Mer Noire (Colchide)

durant la colonisation grecque. – Dialogues d'histoire

ancienne, 6, Paris, 1980, p. 41-58 (sfyffdnjhj,bs).

29. Namcheduri, ein bronze – bis eisenzeitlicher

Siedlungshügel am Schwarzen Meer. – Beiträge zur all-

gemeinen und vergleichenden Archäologie, Band. 6 r.

Bonn, 1984, p. 199-226 (sfyffdnjhj,bs).

30. La Colchide aus VIIéme

-Véme

siécles. Sources

écrites antiques et archéologie, – Le Pont-Euxin vu par

les grecs. Sources écrites et archéologie. Symposium de

Vani (Colchide) – septembre-octombre 1987, Paris,

1990, p. 167-187 (sfyffdnjhj,bs).

31. Grosse Kollektive Crabgruben der frühen

Eisenzeit in Kolchis. – Archäologischer Anzeiger, Heft

I, Berlin – New York, 1995, p. 1-22.

118

I T V J R K T < F S F C B F A B B R E V I A T I O N S

tybvrbc vjfv,t – tybc^ bcnjhbbcf lf vfnthbfkehb reknehbc bycnbnenbc vjfv,t& s,bkbcb&

vcrf – vfcfkt,b cfmfhsdtkjc lf rfdrfcbbc fhmtjkjubbcfsdbc& bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[& bcnjhb-bc^ fhmtjkjubbcf lf tsyjuhfabbc bycnbnenb& s,bkbcb&

vcrb – vfcfkt,b cfmfhsdtkjc lf rfdrfcbbc bcnjhbbcfsdbc& bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[& bcnjhbbc bycnbnenb& s,bkbcb&

clc' – cfv[hts-lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc 'tukt,b& ,fsevbc y& ,th'tybidbkbc cf[& cf[tkvobaj cfvtwybthj-rdktdbsb bycnbnenb& s,bkbcb&

cvfv – cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj veptevbc tmcgtlbwbt,b& s,bkbcb&

cvvft – cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc vjfv,t& s,bkbcb& ccvv – cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj veptevbc vjfv,t& c& ]fyfibfc cf[& cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj

veptevb& s,bkbcb& mct – mfhsekb cf,zjsf tywbrkjgtlbf& s,bkbcb&

'v – 'tukbc vtuj,fhb& cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbbcf lf reknehbc 'tuksf lfwdbc cfpjufljt,f& s,bkbcb&

АО – Археологические открытия. Институт археологии. Москва.

ВВ – Византийский временник. СПБ.

ВГМГ – Вестник Государственного музея Грузии им. С. Джанашиа. Тбилиси.

ВДИ – Вестник древней истории. Институт всеобщей истории. Москва.

ГЭ – Государственный Эрмитаж. Санкт–Петербург.

ЗОЛКА – Записки общества любителей кавказской археологии. Тифлис.

ИГАИМК – Известия Государственной Академии истории материальной культуры. Москва–

Ленинград.

ИКОИРГО – Известия Кавказского отделения императорского русского географического

общества. Тифлис.

ИМ – Историк–марксист. Москва.

ИФЖ – Историко–филологический журнал. Ереван.

КСИА – Краткие сообщения о докладах и полевых исследованиях Института археологии. Москва.

КСИИМК – Краткие сообщения Института истории материальной культуры. Москва.

МИА – Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР. Москва.

МИГК – Материалы по истории Грузии и Кавказа. Тбилиси.

ПАИ – Полевые археологические исследования. Центр археологических исследований. Тбилиси.

РА – Российская археология. Институт археологии. Москва.

РАН ИИМК – Российская Академия наук. Институт истории материальной культуры. Санкт–

Петербург.

СА – Советская археология. Институт археологии. Москва.

САИ – Свод археологических источников. Археология СССР. Москва.

ТКАЭ – Труды Кахетской археологической экспедиции. Центр археологических исследований.

Тбилиси.

ТОНГЭ – Труды отдела нумизматики Государственного Эрмитажа. Ленинград.

DAI – Deutsche Archäologische Institut. Berlin.

ESA – Eurasia Septentrionalis Antiqua. Helsinki.

JGS – Journal of Glass Studies. The corning Museum of Glass.

JNES – Journal of Near Eastern Studies.

Ir.An – Iranica Antiqua.

JRGZ – Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz. Mainz.

PBF – Prähistorische Bronzenfunde. München.

ZE – Zeitschrift für Ethologie. Supplement. Berlin.