bscs biology - a molecular approach - table of contentspvhs.fms.k12.nm.us/teachers/gsilva/biology...
TRANSCRIPT
BSCS5415 Mark Dabling BlvdColorado Springs CO 80918-3842
SWP2618_FM_i-xv 10804 513 AM Page 1
BSCS Biology A Molecular Approach 9th Edition
BSCS Administrative Staff
Carlo Parravano Chair Board of DirectorsRodger W Bybee Executive DirectorJanet Carlson Powell Director and Chief Science Education OfficerPamela Van Scotter Director The BSCS Center for Curriculum DevelopmentMarcia Mitchell Director of Finance
BSCS Project Staff
Project Director Rita StephensRevision Coordinator Dottie WatkinsProduction Manager Barbara PerrinProduction Staff Stacey Luce Lisa RasmussenReviewers Mark Bloom Steve Getty Jerry Phillips
Cover Image The cover image is a color-enhanced micrograph of pancreatic epithelial cells showing the distribution ofDNA (blue) microtubules (green) and actin (purple) (2520 at 70 mm)
Copyright copy 2006 BSCS Published by GlencoeMcGraw-Hill Companies Inc All rights reserved Printed in North America Thispublication is protected by copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any form of reproduction orunauthorized use Any questions regarding this policy should be addressed to
GlencoeMcGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus Ohio 43240-4027
ISBN 0-07-866427-6
1 2 3 4 058111 07 06 05 04
SWP2618_FM_i-xv 101204 328 PM Page ii
iii
All around us life on Earth is engaged in an ancient and delicate dance of interdependenceAlthough we humans are only recent partners in this performance we are deeply involvedbecause all life is related We are also involved mentally because evolution has given us mentalcapacities that allow us to probe the complexity of life in ever-greater detail andmdashtodaymdashtomanipulate living systems in ways that were science fiction a generation ago And we areinvolved emotionally because biology engages the human spirit at very basic levels We not onlyknow that we are part of the living world we feel itmdashin our love of animals and wilderness inthe pleasure we feel while in our gardens and in our fascination with the primates that are ourclosest cousins
These days it is virtually impossible to avoid exposure to the implications of modern biologyTelevision news programs announce the discovery of a gene that is associated with breastcancer newspapers report on the use of DNA analysis in criminal cases popular magazinesdiscuss the most recent discoveries about human evolution and celebrities warn about over-population starvation and threats to tropical rain forests Although such issues may appearunrelated at first they illustrate a rather small number of major principles that are common to allliving systems These principles help shape our study of biology and they provide the foundationfor this bookbull Evolution patterns and products of change bull Interaction and interdependencebull Genetic continuity and reproduction bull Growth development and differentiationbull Energy matter and organization bull Maintenance of a dynamic equilibriumbull Science technology and society
BSCS Blue Version approaches these seven principles largely from the perspective ofmolecular biology and focuses on minute structures such as cells and genes as well as on theprocesses related to them It would be a mistake however to assume that one can understandlife on Earth only by studying its smallest parts because all of these parts and their processesultimately exert their effects in whole organisms which in turn interact with their externalenvironments This book will introduce you to some of those interactions Equally importantBSCS Blue Version will introduce you to the nature of science It will require you to use theintellectual tools of inquiry that are common to all of science which is a unique and powerfulsystem for asking questions about the natural world
As you work with your fellow students and your teacher to improve your understanding ofbiology you will encounter a variety of intellectual challenges (and maybe even somefrustration) about the intricacies of life on Earth But we hope you also will find great rewardsFor as you uncover some of the mysteries of living systems you likely will develop an increasedsense of wonder and respect for both lifersquos stunning complexity and its elegant simplicity
If we have done our job well this book will leave you with an improved understanding of themyriad steps in lifersquos dance of interdependence In addition you will acquire the insightsnecessary to make informed decisions about personal and social issues that have their roots inbiology and you will acquire the skills necessary to debate those issues
We hope you your fellow students and your teacher will let us know whether we haveaccomplished our goals We welcome your feedback and we welcome you to the ninth edition ofBSCS Blue Version
BSCS Blue Version Revision Team Jon Greenberg Project Director
FOREWORD
SWP2618_FM_i-xv 10804 513 AM Page iii
iv
Prologue Biology and the Molecular Perspective 1
The New BiologymdashP1 Biology in Your World P2 A Biological View ofAIDS P3 Growth Hormone New Solution New Problem
The Methods of SciencemdashP4 Solving Problems P5 A Mechanism forEvolution Science at Work P6 The Theory of Natural Selection
Science as a Way of KnowingmdashP7 Scientific Perspectives P8 Your Roleas a Biologist
Chapter 1 The Chemistry of Life 22
General Chemistrymdash11 Atoms Molecules and Compounds 12 TheStructure of Atoms
Reactions in Living Cellsmdash13 Chemical Reactions 14 Chemical Bonds15 Ions and Living Cells
Biochemistrymdash16 Organic Compounds and Life 17 Carbohydrates18 Lipids 19 Proteins 110 Nucleic Acids
Genetic Coding in Cellsmdash111 The Double Helix 112 The Functions of DNA
Chapter 2 Energy Life and the Biosphere 50
Organisms and Energymdash21 Characteristics of Organisms 22 Energyand Nutrients 23 Energy and Ecosystems
Energy Flowmdash24 Energy Conversions 25 Energy and Entropy
Metabolism and Energy Transfermdash26 Enzymes and Energy 27 Chemical Reactions in Organisms 28 Energy Transfer and ATP
Digestionmdash29 Digestion Inside and Outside Cells 210 An Overview ofHuman Digestion 211 Carbohydrates Proteins Fats and Absorption
Chapter 3 Exchanging Materials with the
Environment 76
Living Systems as Compartmentsmdash31 Exchanged Materials32 Membrane as Barrier
How Cells Exchange Materialsmdash33 Diffusion and Osmosis 34 Passiveand Active Transport
Exchange in Multicellular Organismsmdash35 Gas Exchange in Water36 Adaptation to Life on Land 37 Waste Removal 38 Human Urinary System
CONTENTS
Unit 1 Energy Matter and Organization
SWP2618_FM_i-xv 10804 514 AM Page iv
v
Chapter 4 Autotrophy Collecting Energy from the
Nonliving Environment 100
Autotrophy and Photosynthesismdash41 What Are Autotrophs42 Overview of Photosynthesis 43 The Light Reactions 44 The Calvin Cycle
Photosynthesis and the Environmentmdash45 Rate of Photosynthesis46 Photorespiration and Special Adaptations 47 Photosynthesis and theAtmosphere
Chemoautotrophymdash48 Varieties of Chemoautotrophs49 Chemoautotrophs and the Environment
Chapter 5 Cell Respiration
Releasing Chemical Energy 128
An Overview of Respirationmdash51 Metabolism and Cell Respiration52 The Stages of Aerobic Respiration
The Reactions of Respirationmdash53 Glycolysis 54 Mitochondria andRespiration 55 The Krebs Cycle 56 The Electron Transport System 57 Oxygen Respiration and Photosynthesis
Respiration and Cellular Activitiesmdash58 The Krebs Cycle in Fat andProtein Metabolism 59 Respiration and Heat Production 510 Control ofRespiration
Chapter 6 Cell Structures and Their Functions 154
The Basic Unit of Lifemdash61 Cell Study and Technology 62 Two BasicTypes of Cells
Cell Structuremdash63 Prokaryotic Cell Structure 64 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Multicellular Organizationmdash65 Cooperation among Cells 66 Divisionof Labor 67 Systems
Chapter 7 Transport Systems 184
Transport Systems in Plantsmdash71 Adaptations for Life on Land 72 WaterTransport 73 Nutrient Transport
Transport Systems in Animalsmdash74 Circulatory Systems 75 Circulation inVertebrates 76 The Human Heart 77 Molecular Basis of Muscle Contraction
Regulation and Transportmdash78 Blood Pressure 79 Composition ofBlood 710 The Circulatory System and Homeostasis
Unit 2 The Cell Homeostasis and Development
SWP2618_FM_i-xv 10804 514 AM Page v
Chapter 8 The Cell Cycle 212
The Life of a Eukaryotic Cellmdash81 Cell Division in Eukaryotes 82 ThePhases of the Cell Cycle
DNA Replicationmdash83 DNA Structure 84 DNA Synthesis 85 DNA Repair
Mitosis and Cell Divisionmdash86 The Stages of Cell Division87 Differences in Mitosis
Regulation of the Cell Cyclemdash88 Control of the Cell Cycle 89 Checkpoints
Chapter 9 Expressing Genetic Information 232
The Genetic Code Using Informationmdash91 Genetic Material92 Importance of Proteins
Transcriptionmdash93 RNA Synthesis 94 RNA Processing
Protein Synthesismdash95 Translation 96 Transport and Modification ofProteins 97 Translation Errors
Virusesmdash98 Genetic Information and Viruses 99 Impact of Viruses
Chapter 10 Animal Growth and Development 260
Key Events of Developmentmdash101 Beginnings of the Embryo102 Growth Differentiation and Form 103 From One Cell to Many Makingthe Organism
Developmental Diversitymdash104 Developmental Patterns and EvolutionaryRelationships 105 Human Development 106 Birth Defects
Mechanisms of Cell Differentiationmdash107 Exploring the Mechanisms ofDifferentiation 108 The Genetic Equivalence of Differentiating Cells109 Determination and Differentiation 1010 Cytoplasmic Determination1011 Cell-Cell Interactions
Chapter 11 Plant Growth and Development 290
Plant Developmentmdash111 The Embryo and the Seed 112 SeedGermination 113 Primary and Secondary Growth
Control of Growth and Developmentmdash114 Factors Affecting PlantGrowth 115 Auxins 116 Other Growth Stimulants Gibberellins andCytokinins 117 Growth Inhibitors Abscisic Acid and Ethylene
Plant Responsesmdash118 Plant Movements and Growth Responses119 Photoperiodism
vi
SWP2618_FM_i-xv 10804 514 AM Page vi
vii
Chapter 12 Reproduction 316
Cell Division and Reproductionmdash121 Asexual Reproduction 122 Chromosome Numbers 123 Meiosis and the Production of Gametes
Sexual Reproductionmdash124 Sexual Reproduction in Microorganisms125 Sexual Reproduction in Plants 126 Sexual Reproduction in Animals
Reproduction in Humansmdash127 Egg Production and the Menstrual Cycle128 Sperm Production 129 Secondary Sex Characteristics 1210 Infertilityand Contraception
Chapter 13 Patterns of Inheritance 342
Genes and Chromosomesmdash131 Heredity and Environment 132 Mendeland the Idea of Alleles 133 Genes and Chromosomes
Mendelian Patterns of Inheritancemdash134 Probability and Genetics135 Inheritance of Alleles 136 Sex Determination
Other Patterns of Inheritancemdash137 Multiple Alleles and Alleles withoutDominance 138 Linked Genes 139 X-Linked Traits 1310 Nondisjunction1311 Multigene Traits
Chapter 14 Other Forms of Inheritance 368
New Explanations of Inheritancemdash141 Understanding Gene Function142 Cytoplasmic Inheritance 143 Genomic Imprinting 144 Epistasis
Special Mechanisms of Inheritancemdash145 Genetic Anticipation 146 Transposable Elements
Chapter 15 Advances in Molecular Genetics 390
Studying Genomesmdash151 The Genome Projects 152 FunctionalGenomics 153 Technologies
Applications and Issues in Molecular Geneticsmdash154 Mutations andDNA Repair 155 Genetic Disorders and Gene Therapy 156 Ethical Legaland Social Issues
Unit 3 Heredity Continuity of Life
SWP2618_FM_i-xv 10804 515 AM Page vii
Chapter 16 Population Genetics 416
Genetic Variation in Populationsmdash161 Populations and Gene Pools162 Genetic Variation 163 The Hardy-Weinberg Model
Changes in Gene Poolsmdash164 Microevolution in Large Populations 165 Microevolution in Small Populations 166 Quantitative Traits
viii
Chapter 17 The Origin of Life 438
The Origin of Earthmdash171 The Big Bang 172 Early Earth
Evolution of Life on Earthmdash173 The Beginnings of Life 174 ChemicalEvolution 175 Biological Evolution
The Record of the Rocksmdash176 Microfossils and Prokaryotes177 Eukaryotes
Chapter 18 Diversity and Variation 460
Bringing Order to Diversitymdash181 The Species Concept 182 Classification and Homologies 183 The Linnean Classification System184 Three Ways to Classify Species
The Kingdoms of Lifemdash185 Five Kingdoms 186 Classification and Change
A Brief Survey of Organisms 483
Chapter 19 Changes in Species 498
Multiple Lines of Evidencemdash191 Fossil Evidence 192 Evidence fromEcology and Homologies 193 Genetic and Molecular Evidence
Origin of Speciesmdash194 The Process of Speciation 195 Patterns inEvolution
Unit 4 Evolution
SWP2618_FM_i-xv 10804 515 AM Page viii
ix
Chapter 20 Human Evolution 518
Common Origin of Primatesmdash201 Identifying Primates 202 ComparingSkeletal Evidence 203 Comparing Molecular Evidence 204 Dating HumanFossils
Human Origins and Populationsmdash205 Early Hominids 206 The FirstHumans 207 Gene Pools
Chapter 21 Nervous Systems 546
Organization of the Nervous Systemmdash211 Sensory Systems 212 MotorSystems 213 The Peripheral Nervous System 214 The Central NervousSystem 215 Cells of the Nervous System
Cellular Communicationmdash216 Transmission of Impulses 217 Synapses218 Integration 219 Drugs and the Brain
Evolution of Nervous Systemsmdash2110 Evolutionary Trends2111 Molecular Evolution of Nervous Systems
Chapter 22 Behavior 576
Major Elements of Behaviormdash221 Stimulus and Response 222 Innateand Learned Behaviors
Roots of Behaviormdash223 Biological Aspects of Behavior224 Environmental and Cultural Aspects of Behavior
Methods of Studying Behaviormdash225 Tools for Measuring Behavior226 Genetic Methods
Social Behaviormdash227 Populations and Behavior 228 AnimalCommunication
Chapter 23 Immune Systems 602
Protection against Infectionmdash231 Immune System Functions232 Nonspecific Defenses 233 Specific Defenses and Adaptive Immunity
Components of the Specific Immune Responsemdash234 Lymphocytes235 B Cells and the Antibody-Mediated Immune Response 236 T Cells andthe Cell-Mediated Immune Response 237 Clonal Selection in the ImmuneResponse 238 Antibody Structure 239 Generation of Antibody Diversity
The Immune System in Actionmdash2310 Eliminating Invading Pathogens2311 Regulation of the Immune System 2312 Malfunctions and Diseases
Unit 5 Responding to the Environment
SWP2618_FM_i-xv 10804 515 AM Page ix
Chapter 24 Ecosystem Structure and Function 632
The Structure of Ecosystemsmdash241 Abiotic Factors 242 Energy in FoodWebs 233 Relationships in Ecosystems
Ecosystem Dynamicsmdash244 Nutrient Cycles 245 Limiting Factors 246 Population Dynamics
Chapter 25 Change in Ecosystems 650
Ecosystems in Spacemdash251 Terrestrial Biomes 252 Aquatic Systems
Ecosystems in Timemdash253 Species on the Move 254 Succession
Human Interactions with Ecosystemsmdash255 Dependence 256 Dominance 257 Sustainability
Biological Challenges
Careers Biology Ethics and Public Policy 5
Technology The Scanning Tunneling Microscope 46
Research Identification of Life 53
Research Understanding Cystic Fibrosis 86
Discoveries The Secret of Vegetation 107
Research Energy Regulation and Obesity 149
Discoveries The Cell Theory 159
Discoveries Discovering the Secret of Circulation 199
Research Chromosome Structure 220
Discoveries Learning the Language of Genetics 239
Discoveries Molecules and Muscle Differentiation 286
Research Control of Organ Formation 307
Research Cloning 321
Research The Human Genome Project 350
Research Medicine and Mitochondria 376
Technology The Polymerase Chain Reaction 401
Research QTL Mapping 432
x
Unit 6 Interactions and Interdependence
SWP2618_FM_i-xv 10804 515 AM Page x
xi
Technology Using Radioactivity to Date Earth Materials 442
Research Classification of the Giant Panda 473
Research Archaea and Classification 481
Discoveries Soft-Tissue Fossils 502
Research Mass Extinction 512
Discoveries The Mother of Us All 528
Discoveries Learning and Memory 558
Research Teaching Language to Nonhuman Primates 598
Research Susumu Tonegawa 618
Technology Robots for Ecology 644
Research The Atmosphere in Danger 673
Theory
Theory in Science 13
Materialism and Vitalism 114
Engineering Life 276
What is a Gene 412
The Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium 514
Sociobiology An Evolutionary Theory of Behavior 594
Organism Earth The Gaia Hypothesis 676
Laboratory Investigations
Introduction to Laboratory Work 680
PA Analyzing Ethical Issues 689
PB Scientific Observation 690
PC The Compound Microscope 691
PD Developing Concept Maps 694
1A Organisms and pH 696
1B Compounds of Living Things 698
2A Are Corn Seeds Alive 700
2B Food Energy 702
2C Enzyme Activity 704
SWP2618_FM_i-xv 10804 516 AM Page xi
2D Starch Digestion 707
3A Cells and Movement of Materials 709
3B Diffusion and Cell Size 712
3C The Kidney and Homeostasis 713
4A Photosynthesis 714
4B Rate of Photosynthesis 716
4C Chemoautotrophs 718
5A How Does Oxygen Affect Cells 719
5B Rates of Respiration 720
6A Cell Structure 723
6B From One Cell to Many 725
7A Water Movement in Plants 726
7B Exercise and Pulse Rate 729
8A DNA Replication 730
8B Mitotic Cell Division 731
9A Transcription 732
9B Translation 733
10A Development in Polychaete Worms 736
11A Seeds and Seedlings 737
11B Tropisms 739
12A A Model of Meiosis 741
12B The Yeast Life Cycle 743
12C Reproduction in Mosses and Flowering Plants 746
13A Probability 748
13B Seedling Phenotypes 749
13C A Dihybrid Cross 751
14A Jumping Genes 755
15A Determining Mutation Frequency in Bacteria 756
16A Sickle-Cell Disease 758
17A Molecular Evolution in the Test Tube 760
17B Coacervates 762
18A Using Cladistics to Construct Evolutionary Trees 763
18B Structural Characteristics of Animals 764
19A Geological Time 767
xii
SWP2618_FM_i-xv 10804 516 AM Page xii
xiii
19B A Model Gene Pool 768
20A Interpretation of Fossils 770
20B Archaeological Interpretation 774
21A Sensory Receptors 777
21B Reaction Time 778
22A A Lesson in Conditioning 780
22B Trial-and-Error Learning 781
22C A Field Study of Animal Behavior 782
23A Antigen-Antibody Binding 783
23B Antibody Diversity 787
24A Producers in an Ecosystem 789
24B Relationships between a Plant and an Animal 791
25A Producers in an Aquatic Ecosystem 792
25B Ecosystem Diversity within a Biome 794
Appendices
1A The Periodic Table of the Elements 798
1B Radioisotopes and Research in Biology 798
4A ATP Synthesis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria 800
6A Preparing Cells for Study 800
12A Pollination by Insects Aids Fertilization 801
13A The Chi-Square Test 802
13B Gene Mapping 803
20A Physical Adaptations 804
20B The Old Man from La Chapelle-aux-Saints 805
20C Cultural Evolution 806
22A Innate Behavior 806
23A Antibody Classes 807
23B Generating Antibody Diversity 808
GlossaryGlosario 810
Index 849
SWP2618_FM_i-xv 10804 516 AM Page xiii
xiv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CONTRIBUTING WRITERS AND
EDITORS
Robert Bouchard PhD College of WoosterWooster OH (Chapter 7)
James Curtsinger PhD University of MinnesotaSt Paul MN (Chapter 16)
Michael Dougherty PhD BSCS and Hampden-Sydney College (Prologue Chapters 1ndash3 and 7)
Charles Ellis PhD Northeastern UniversityBoston MA (Chapter 10)
Ellen Friedman San Diego CA (Chapters 3 9 1214 19 and 20)
Francine Galko Austin TX (Chapter 22 Glossary)
Judy Hammett PhD Indiana UniversityBloomington IN (Theory Boxes)
S B Kater PhD University of Utah School ofMedicine Salt Lake City UT (Chapter 21)
Joseph D McInerney BSCS and Johns HopkinsUniversity (Chapter 17)
Jeffrey C Murray MD University of Iowa HospitalIowa City IA (Chapter 15)
Jerry L Phillips PhD BSCS Colorado Springs CO(Chapter 23 Investigations)
Mahendra Rao MBBS PhD University of UtahSchool of Medicine Salt Lake City UT (Chapter 21)
Kodi Ravichandran PhD University of VirginiaCharlottesville VA (Chapter 23)
Sam Stoler PhD University of MassachusettsAmherst MA (Chapter 8)
Richard Wright PhD South Hamilton MA(Chapter 25)
REVIEWERS
Nathan Dubowsky PhD Westchester CommunityCollege State University of New York Valhalla NY(Chapter 19)
Dorothy B Engle PhD Xavier UniversityCincinnati OH (Chapters 6 8 10 11 13 14 15 1821 23 and 24)
Erica Goldman University of Washington SeattleWA (Chapter 22)
Andre Jagendorf PhD Cornell University IthacaNY (Chapter 4)
Kenneth E Kinman Hays KS (Chapter 18)
Martin K Nickels PhD Illinois State UniversityNormal IL (Chapter 20)
Patsye Peebles University Lab School LouisianaState University Baton Rouge LA (Investigations)
William B Provine PhD Cornell University IthacaNY (Chapters 16 19 and 20)
Tim L Setter PhD Cornell University Ithaca NY(Chapter 11)
Randy Wayne PhD Cornell University Ithaca NY(Chapter 6)
Michael P Yaffe PhD University of California SanDiego La Jolla CA (Chapter 5)
Julie Yetman Midland MI (Chapter 24)
Miriam Zolan PhD Indiana UniversityBloomington IN (Chapter 13)
ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTORS AND
CONSULTANTS
Ken Andrews PhD Colorado College ColoradoSprings CO (Microbiology)
John Bannister-Marx Camp Verde High SchoolCamp Verde AZ (Investigations)
Lisa Chilberg Graphic Consultant BSCS (BriefSurvey of Organisms)
David Desmarais PhD Ames Research CenterMoffett Field CA (Chapter 17)
Ann Lanari Research Assistant BSCS ColoradoSprings CO
SWP2618_FM_i-xv 10804 517 AM Page xiv
xv
REVIEWERS OF THE EIGHTH AND
EARLIER EDITIONS
Steve Almond Halliburton Services Oxnard CAAimee Bakken University of Washington SeattleWA Bob Barela Bishop Manogue High SchoolReno NV Warren Bennett Hampton High SchoolHampton VA Richard Benz Wickliffe High SchoolWickliffe OH Mary Ann Braus Chadwick SchoolPalos Verdes Peninsula CA Lornie BullerwellDedham High School Dedham MA Jack CarterColorado College Colorado Springs CO RonClarno Sunset High School Beaverton OR DonnaCoffman Colorado Springs CO Steve DeGusta J FKennedy High School Sacramento CA Wilma MGiol de Rivera Colegio San Ignacio de LoyolaPuerto Rico Kevin de Queiroz University ofCalifornia Berkeley CA Raymond G EdwardsTamaqua Area High School Tamaqua PA JamesEnderson Colorado College Colorado Springs COFrank Fitch Ben May Institute Chicago IL AlFruscione Lexington High School Lexington MASuzanne S Galando Mt Pleasant Area Senior HighSchool Mt Pleasant PA Lotte R Geller TheRoeper School for Gifted Children Bloomfield HillsMI JoAnne Gray Corliss High School Chicago ILBarbara Grosz Pine Crest School Ft LauderdaleFL Edward A J Hall Catonsville High SchoolCatonsville MD Robert C Heck Moniteau HighSchool West Sunbury PA Bobbie S HinsonProvidence Day School Charlotte NC MichaelHoffman Colorado College Colorado Springs CODick Howick Belmont High School Belmont MAMarlene H Jacoby Charlotte Country Day SchoolCharlotte NC Duane Jeffery Brigham YoungUniversity Provo UT Marian S Johnson River DellRegional Schools Oradell NJ Eric E Julien
Turlock High School Turlock CA Robert JurmainSan Jose State University San Jose CA John CKay Iolani School Honolulu HI Donald W LambManning High School Manning IA Barbara LesterRansom Everglades School Coconut Grove FLStephen R Lilley J E B Stuart High School FallsChurch VA Daniel R Lipinski Bishop EustacePreparatory School Pensauken NJ Lynn MargulisUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst MA RobertMartin Colorado State University Fort Collins CORobert T Mills PSBGM Montreal Quebec JaniceMorrison Hathaway Brown School Shaker HeightsOH Jeff Murray University of Iowa Hospitals IowaCity IA Joseph D Novak Cornell University IthacaNY Larry Ochs Norwich Free Academy NorwichCT Gordon Peterson San Marino High SchoolSan Marino CA Annette Prioli-Lee St BernardHigh School Playa Del Ray CA Robert L RagleyBeachwood High School Beachwood OH KenRainis Wardrsquos Natural Science EstablishmentRochester NY R Ward Rhees Brigham YoungUniversity Provo UT John A Rhodes AveryCoonley School Downers Grove IL Ailene RogersNational Cathedral School Mt St AlbansWashington DC Parker Small University ofFlorida Gainesville FL William G SmithMoorestown Friends School Moorestown NJRichard D Storey Colorado College ColoradoSprings CO Douglas Swartzendruber University of Colorado Colorado Springs CO Jean PaulThibault Cape Elizabeth High School CapeElizabeth ME Kent VanDeGraaff Brigham YoungUniversity Provo UT Alex Vargo ColoradoCollege Colorado Springs CO William H WagstaffMead Senior High School Spokane WA BruceWallace Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
SWP2618_FM_i-xv 10804 517 AM Page xv
C O N T E N T S
THE NEW BIOLOGY
P1 Biology in Your WorldP2 A Biological View of AIDSP3 Growth Hormone New Solution
New ProblemTHE METHODS OF SCIENCE
P4 Solving ProblemsP5 A Mechanism for Evolution Science
at WorkP6 The Theory of Natural Selection
SCIENCE AS A WAY OF KNOWING
P7 Scientific PerspectivesP8 Your Role as a Biologist
L E A R N I N G O U T C O M E S
By the end of this chapter you will be able to
A Discuss the importance of biology and biotechnology in everyday life
B Relate the problem-solving methods of science to the development of a theory of
evolution
C Summarize Darwinrsquos theory of evolution by natural selection
D Recognize the differences between pseudoscience and true science
Jam
es K
ing
-Ho
lmes
Ph
oto
Res
earc
her
s
SWP2618_CH00_i-019 10804 413 AM Page ii
1
Biology and the Molecular Perspective
Biology and the Molecular Perspective
PROLOGUE
What could a sample of your DNA reveal
about you
How might the use of this technology affect
your life
A thousand years ago ideas about health and nature werecharacterized by tradition and magic not by skepticism andexperimentation For example many people believed that disease
was the result of evil forces Illness often was attributed to ldquobad bloodrdquo not germs and bleeding a person was a common therapy The cells andmolecules that cause disease were unknown Similarly the effects ofenvironmental changes on the living world were not well understood
Science provides a structure for studying the world in a way that explainsnatural phenomena Unlike beliefs about evil forces scientific explanationscan be tested The answers to complex questions are not obvious but wehave made dramatic progress When your grandparents were in high schoolthe structure of DNA was unknown Your parents went to school whenanimal cloning was still science fiction Now genetically modified organismsmanufacture drugs and the complete genetic sequences of many organismsare known What will the science of the third millennium be like
This chapter introduces biology the study of life Biology unitesscientific methods with technology to search for answers to fundamentalquestions about the living world
About the photo The photo to the leftshows a computerscreen display of ahuman DNA sequencefrom the HumanGenome Project
SWP2618_CH00_i-019 10804 414 AM Page 1