bs 5410.1-1997 - code of practice for oil firing

BRITISH STANDARD
BS 5410-1:1997Incorporating Amendment No. 1 and Corrigendum No. 1
Code of practice for oil firing —

Part 1: Installations up to 45 kW output capacity for space heating and hot water supply purposes

ICS 27.060.10

NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

BS 5410-1:1997

This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Engineering Sector Board, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 January 1998

© BSI 18 December 2001

First published as CP 3002-1:August 1961Part revision published as BS 5410-1:March 1977Second edition January 1998

The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:Committee reference RHE/13Draft for comment 95/713558 DC

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1

ISBN 0 580 27671 6

Committees responsible for this British Standard

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee RHE/13, Oil burning equipment, upon which the following bodies were represented:

Building Services Research and Information Association

British Combustion Equipment Manufacturers’ Association

Department of the Environment (Construction Sponsorship Directorate)

Electricity Association

Engineering Equipment and Material Users’ Association

Engineering Industries Association

Institute of Energy

Institution of Fire Engineers

Oil Firing Technical Association for the Petroleum Industry (OFTEC)

Co-opted member

Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No. Date Comments

1022 March 2001 Indicated by a sideline

3155 18 December 2001

Correction to Figure 10, Location A, B and N

BS 5410-1:1997


Contents

PageCommittees responsible Inside front coverForeword iv

Section 1. General 11.1 Scope 11.2 References 1

Section 2. Liquid fuels 32.1 Types of petroleum oil fuels 32.2 Typical petroleum oil fuel characteristics 3

Section 3. Appliances and burners 53.1 Types of appliance 53.2 Types of burner 5

Section 4. Installation of oil fired appliances 114.1 General 114.2 Selection of appliance 114.3 Siting of appliance 114.4 Provision for air for combustion and ventilation 124.5 Protection 164.6 Special installations 184.7 Appliance temperature and its relation to surrounding building

materials 21

Section 5. Oil storage tanks and equipment 235.1 Types 235.2 Capacity 235.3 Oil level indicators and gauges 235.4 Overfilling alarm and signalling system 235.5 Pressure unloading device 245.6 Filling pipes and connection 245.7 Vent pipes 24

Section 6. Accommodation for oil storage tanks for single family dwellings 256.1 General 256.2 Siting of oil storage tanks 256.3 Methods of tank protection 256.4 Requirements for tank accommodation 256.5 Catchpits (bunds) 266.6 Integrally bunded tanks 27

Section 7. Installation of tanks 297.1 General 297.2 Supports for steel tanks 297.3 Supports for plastic tanks 297.4 Painting and cleaning of steel tanks 30

Section 8. Oil system from storage tank to burner 318.1 Fuel supply systems 318.2 Fuel feed pipework 348.3 Fire valve types and installation 35

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BS 5410-1:1997

ii

PageSection 9. Flues and chimneys 379.1 Choice of materials 379.2 Factory made insulated chimneys 379.3 Single skin metal flue pipes 389.4 Liners for chimneys 389.5 Chimney terminals 389.6 Position of chimney terminals for open flued appliances 38

Section 10. Installation of flues and chimneys 4110.1 Design and construction of chimneys 4110.2 Size and height of chimneys 4110.3 Shared chimneys 4110.4 Masonry chimneys 4110.5 Installation of flue pipes 4210.6 Dampers 4310.7 Inspection and cleaning 4310.8 Inspection on site 43

Section 11. Room sealed appliances 4511.1 General 4511.2 Mounting 4511.3 Sizing 4511.4 Terminal design and location 45

Section 12. Special categories of flue system 4712.1 Flue systems for use with condensing appliances 4712.2 Balanced compartment 47

Section 13. Electrical and control recommendations 4913.1 General 4913.2 Purpose of controls 49

Section 14. Commissioning 51

Section 15. Maintenance 5315.1 General 5315.2 Access for maintenance 5315.3 Maintenance of combustion equipment 5315.4 Maintenance of oil storage tanks 5315.5 Oil supply system 5315.6 Safety controls 5315.7 System safety 5315.8 Manuals and maintenance records 53

Section 16. Refurbishments and conversions of existing appliances 5516.1 General 5516.2 Technical recommendations 55

Figure 1 — Schematic diagram of a natural draught perforated sleeve burner 7Figure 2 — Schematic diagram of a natural draught pot burner 8Figure 3 — Schematic diagram of a mechanical draught pot burner with a central air diffuser 8Figure 4 — Schematic diagram of a pressure jet burner 9Figure 5 — Combustion and ventilation air supply of room sealed balanced flue oil appliances 13Figure 6 — Combustion and ventilation air supply of open flue oil fired appliances 14


BS 5410-1:1997


PageFigure 7 — Oil supply system with bottom of storage tank above burner — Single pipe supply 32Figure 8 — Oil supply system with bottom of storage tank below or level with burner — Two pipe supply 33Figure 9 — Oil supply system with bottom of storage tank below or level with burner — Single pipe supply with de-aeration device 33Figure 10 — Flue terminating positions for oil fired appliances 39

Table 1 — Protection of an oil storage tank of not more than 3 500 l capacity located externally to a building 28Table 2 — Distance between supports for steel oil storage tanks 29Table 3 — Materials for flue pipes 37

List of references 56

iii

BS 5410-1:1997

iv

Foreword

This part of BS 5410 has been prepared by Technical Committee RHE/13. It supersedes BS 5410-1:1977, which is withdrawn.

It is desirable that there should be minimum recommendations for the installation of all types of oil burning equipment so that equipment manufacturers, suppliers, installers and users may have a common basis on which to work.

In following the recommendations given in this standard it will become apparent that other authorities may need to be consulted.

The code is published in three parts as follows:

— Part 1: Installations up to 45 kW output capacity for space heating and hot water supply purposes;— Part 2: Installations of 45 kW and above output capacity for space heating, hot water and steam supply purposes;— Part 3: Installations for furnaces, kilns, ovens and other industrial purposes.

As a code of practice, this British Standard takes the form of guidance and recommendations. It should not be quoted as if it were a specification and particular care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance are not misleading.

Attention is drawn to the following statutory regulations: The Boiler (Efficiency) Regulations 1993 amended by the Boiler (Efficiency) (Amendment) Regulations 1994, Building Regulations 1991, Environmental Protection Act 1990, Control of Pollution (Special Waste) Regulations 1980, and the Building Standards (Scotland) Regulations 1990 (amendment 1996).

A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.

Summary of pages

This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 58, an inside back cover and a back cover.

The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.

Sidelining in this document indicates the most recent changes by amendment.


BS 5410-1:1997

Section 1. General 1

1.1 Scope

This part of BS 5410 deals with oil burning installations up to 45 kW output capacity for space heating and hot water supply purposes and associated oil tanks of capacity up to 3 500 l. It also applies, where relevant, to oil fired cookers where these are connected to flues. This code does not apply to oil firing in marine and transportable installations, or in flueless heaters.

1.2 References

1.2.1 Normative references

This part of BS 5410 incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are made at the appropriate places in the text and the cited publications are listed on page 56. For dated references, only the edition cited applies; any subsequent amendments to, or revisions of the cited publication apply to this part of BS 5410 only when incorporated in the reference by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the cited publication applies, together with any amendments.

1.2.2 Informative references

This part of BS 5410 refers to other publications that provide information or guidance. Editions of these publications current at the time of issue of this standard are listed on page 56, but reference should be made to the latest editions.

© BSI 18 December 2001 1

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BS 5410-1:1997

Section 2. Liquid fuels 2

2.1 Types of petroleum oil fuels

Liquid fuels are commercially available in the United Kingdom in various grades, comprising distillate and residual grades and blends, manufactured to conform to BS 2869-2:1988.

Standard grade kerosene (class C2) and industrial gas oil (class D), conforming to BS 2869-2:1988, should be used in oil fired appliances.

Standard grade kerosene, known as 28 second burning oil, a reference to its old viscosity classification, should be used for domestic heating in the United Kingdom, due to its low sulfur content, clean burning characteristics and excellent cold flow performance.

Industrial gas oil (class D), known as 35 second oil or red diesel, should be used for larger domestic and commercial heating. To meet UK Customs and Excise requirements it is both invisibly marked and dyed red in order to distinguish the fuel from road diesel (DERV). Whilst its cold flow properties are not as good as kerosene, it is produced in summer and winter qualities so as to ensure good cold flow performance throughout the year.

2.2 Typical petroleum oil fuel characteristicsUsers should obtain from their fuel suppliers typical characteristics of the grades of fuel currently available.


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BS 5410-1:1997

Section 3. Appliances and burners 3

3.1 Types of appliance

3.1.1 General

The oil fired appliances described in this standard comprise heating boilers, of the freestanding, wall mounted and hearth type and combination boilers. They are intended to be used typically in single family dwellings and other buildings of similar scale. The code can also be of guidance in the installation and operation of oil fired cookers, with or without boilers.

These appliances are designed to be connected to a flue pipe, chimney or integral flue discharging flue gas into the open air.

3.1.2 Heating boilers

These are generally constructed of carbon steel plate or of cast iron sections. Condensing boilers will use stainless steel or aluminium for those parts where condensate may be present. Boilers are designed, with the exception of those used with pressurized sealed systems, to operate with a vent to the atmosphere and to be capable of withstanding the static pressure of the heating system. If it is possible that the static head on a system can exceed 6 m the boiler manufacturer should be consulted as to the suitability of its equipment for the duty involved.

Boilers in this category are designed to operate over the range 50 �C to 95 �C and are suitable for the indirect heating of domestic hot water by means of a heat exchanger, such as an indirect cylinder.NOTE 1 Attention is drawn to the Boiler (Efficiency) Regulations 1993 amended by the Boiler (Efficiency) (Amendment) Regulations 1994 [1].

NOTE 2 See BS EN 303-1, BS EN 303-2 and OFS A100 [2] for further information on oil fired boilers.

3.1.3 Cookers

3.1.3.1 Oil fired domestic cookers in use at present comprise three basic types:

a) heat storage cookers with or without a domestic hot water facility;

b) a more direct form of heat application for cooking with or without a domestic hot water facility;

c) similar to b) but with a larger boiler output to give central heating capacity and a domestic hot water facility.

Heat storage cookers, type a), are generally constructed with large iron castings forming a heat reservoir surrounded by a thick insulated casing to retain the heat. The temperature of the heat reservoir is maintained by either thermostatic or manual methods using a comparatively small burner and the ovens and hot plates are heated mainly by conduction from this source.

The cookers of type b) are normally of lighter construction and employ a burner suitable for giving quick temperature response to the hot plates and ovens.

The cookers of type c) are similar to type b) and may employ one or more burners.

3.1.3.2 When a single burner is used, manually operated deflectors are sometimes fitted to direct the hot gases to either the boiler or to the hot plates and ovens depending upon user requirements.NOTE See OFS A101 [3] for further information on oil fired cookers.

3.2 Types of burner

The types of burner most generally used for installations up to 45 kW capacity for space heating and hot water supply purposes are as described in 3.2.1, 3.2.2 and 3.2.3.NOTE See BS EN 267, BS EN 293, OFS E100 [4], BS 799-2 and BS 799-8 for further information on oil fired burners.

3.2.1 Natural draught vaporizing burners

3.2.1.1 Natural draught vaporizing burners of the following classes are used on some types of cooker:

a) perforated sleeve burners;

b) pot burners.


BS 5410-1:1997 Section 3

3.2.1.2 The perforated sleeve burner, see Figure 1, is constructed with a level cast iron base in which are formed one or two concentric troughs to distribute oil evenly round the base. Kindlers in the form of heat resistant tapes are placed in the troughs to assist oil distribution and to facilitate lighting. The troughs also accommodate metal sleeves of suitable diameters to fit the inner and outer perimeters of each trough. The sleeves are perforated in a regular pattern of air holes to allow a mixture of air with oil vapour which rises within the pair of sleeves when the base is heated by ignited kindlers. Generally a lighting port, covered by a moveable flap, is provided in the outer sleeve for lighting by match, but burners may have an electric element with low voltage transformer to achieve ignition.

The burner creates sufficient draught to induce the correct quantity of combustion air for efficient operation by virtue of the chimney effect created by the hot sleeves which may extend some 250 mm above the base. In applications of this type of burner a draught break is usually provided to cut down the draught effect on the burner.

3.2.1.3 The pot burner is constructed of steel, see Figure 2, and is generally circular in section although rectangular sections are also used to achieve a different flame distribution. The base of the pot is oiltight, having a small pipe welded in to admit oil to the base. Rows of air holes are provided in the sides of the pot in a systematic way to introduce air to the oil vapour generated within the pot. In many pot burners metal rings are sited in the lower part of the pot to stabilize the small flame obtained under controlled low fire conditions.

3.2.1.4 Both types of vaporizing burner can be controlled manually or thermostatically. The desired temperature of water or air produced by the appliance is achieved by altering the flow to the burner between a preset maximum and a minimum flow rate. This means that the burner once lit is always alight and therefore the minimum firing rate should not exceed the minimum heat requirement. Both types of burner are designed to use class C2 fuel (kerosene).

3.2.2 On/off mechanical draught vaporizing burners

This type of vaporizing burner operates in conjunction with an electrical control system and flame ignition device to give on/off operation so that when the heat demand is satisfied, the oil supply is turned off until further heat is required, see Figure 3. Oil remaining in the burner at shutdown continues to burn until it is exhausted.

When further heat is required the control system will switch on the fan, energize the ignition and admit oil to the burner to supply heat again until the demand is satisfied. This arrangement enables the appliance to meet varying heat demands with greater flexibility than in the case of the burner types previously described.

This type of burner is designed to use class C2 fuel (kerosene).

3.2.3 On/off pressure jet burners

Pressure jet burners, see Figure 4, are the principal type of atomizing burners in use and, at ratings up to 45 kW, can be of the monobloc type, in which all components are fitted in a single burner unit, or utilize separate self-powered components, which can be located separately from each other.

Atomization of the fuel is achieved by passing oil at high pressure through an orifice device to produce a spray pattern. A pump is used to achieve the necessarily high oil pressures and, in monobloc burners, the motor which drives it is also used to drive a fan giving air for combustion. This air is directed along a tube in which the atomizing jet is centrally placed. The atomized oil and air mixture is ignited by a high tension spark from electrodes and the flame is stabilized to burn away from the end of the draught tube.

The burners have electrical controls to give the correct sequence and timings for the various components of the burner which govern start up, shut down and safety precautions.NOTE See BS EN 230 for further information on burner safety controls.

These burners are designed to use either class C2 (kerosene) or class D fuels (gas oil) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

6 © BSI 18 December 2001

BS 5410-1:1997Section 3

Figure 1 — Schematic diagram of a natural draught perforated sleeve burner

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Oil pipe from float control

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BS 5410-1:1997 Section 3

Figure 2 — Schematic diagram of a natural draught pot burner

Figure 3 — Schematic diagram of a mechanical draught pot burner with a central air diffuser

Lighting portLow fire ring

Oil pipe fromfloat control

Igniter

Motor and fan

Float control

Burner pot

Wind box


BS 5410-1:1997Section 3

Figure 4 — Schematic diagram of a pressure jet burner

Ignition transformer

Oil pump

Air register

Electric motor

Draught tube


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BS 5410-1:1997

Section 4. Installation of oil fired appliances 4

4.1 General

The location of the appliance and its method of installation will depend on the disposition of the outlets from it, a tidy layout of pipes, cables and ductwork, connection to a satisfactory flue and provision of combustion and ventilation air. Installation work should be undertaken by competent technicians1).NOTE Attention is drawn to The Building Regulations [5], [6] and Building Standards [7] with respect to structural alterations to buildings.

4.2 Selection of appliance

4.2.1 Factors affecting selection

The serviceability and safety of a heating appliance depend upon careful selection to enable it to match its working environment as well as the characteristics of the appliance itself. The manner in which appliances are used varies from building to building and it is because of this, as much as the characteristics of the appliance itself, that consideration should be given before a choice is finally made.NOTE See OFTEC List of oil firing equipment [8] for a list of oil burning appliances.

The type of information that should be gathered and the order in which it should be handled is listed in 4.2.2.

4.2.2 Operating factors

4.2.2.1 The information needed in order to establish an estimate of gross capacity and response is:

a) the preferred room temperature;

b) the design winter temperature;

c) the structural and ventilation heat losses per �C;

d) the degree of continuity of heating required by the use;

e) the extent to which space and water heating are to be coupled;

f) the preferred form of user control or programming.

4.2.2.2 The rated output of the appliance should be able to meet the calculated space and water heating demand. Correct selection of system controls may avoid the need for a margin of extra capacity.

Consideration should also be given to the low load requirements of the heating system, particularly when space and water heating are combined. If these requirements are likely to be exceeded at the lowest limit of the turn-down range of a continuously burning semi-automatic appliance, an automatic on/off appliance should be used.NOTE 1 Guidance on the design of space and water heating systems is given in BS 5449.

Heating systems served by fully automatic oil fired appliances should be of the fully pumped circulation type with their electrical controls arranged to prevent the burner short cycling.NOTE 2 Attention is drawn to the Building Regulations [5], [6] and Building Standards [7], with regard to heating system control.

4.3 Siting of appliance

4.3.1 General

The siting of the appliance should be undertaken with great care to reduce hazards such as fire risk to a minimum. If possible, the appliance should be installed at ground floor or basement level, preferably in a boiler room, utility area or kitchen. The appliance should be installed on a floor or above a surface which is impervious to oil. Any spillages from the burner or connections should be contained within the appliance. On no account should accidental spillage be able to soak into combustible material such as wood or carpeting. Fuel pipework within the building should be kept to a minimum.NOTE 1 Attention is drawn to the Building Regulations [5], [6] and Building Standards [7].

1) For information on the availability of a suitable scheme to identify competence, contact the BSI Library, BSI Head Office, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL.


BS 5410-1:1997 Section 4

Consideration should be given to the avoidance of noise and vibration nuisance to occupants and neighbours.

The following should also be taken into account:

a) any constraint imposed under 4.2.2;

b) the manufacturer’s installation instructions with respect to the provision of space around the appliance to allow:

1) sufficient circulation of air for combustion and cooling and the operation of a draught diverter if required;

2) sufficient access and clearance for maintenance and servicing (see also 4.6.10 and 15.2);

c) environmental conditions and need for combustion and ventilation air, as specified in 4.4;

d) heat emission from the appliance casing; provision for the protection of the floor or wall on which the appliance is to be mounted in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions;

e) the recommendations of Section 9 regarding flues and chimneys;NOTE 2 Some of these are requirements of the Building Regulations [5], [6] and Building Standards [7].

f) that open-flued appliances should not be installed in bathrooms, bedrooms or bedsitting rooms because of the possible increased risk of carbon monoxide poisoning.

The physical size alone may dictate whether an appliance may be accommodated within habitable rooms or whether it should be separately housed. If an appliance is intended to be built-in, so that it is adjacent to combustible material, an appliance classified as suitable for this purpose should be selected.

4.3.2 Room sealed appliances

It may be desirable, or indeed preferable in some circumstances, to avoid taking air for combustion or for draught control from within the habitable space. To meet this need, room sealed appliances are available that take their air directly from outside the building.

4.3.3 Chimney and flue pipe

The chimney and flue pipe may affect the selection and location of the appliance, see Section 9.

4.4 Provision for air for combustion and ventilation

The recommendations of this section are illustrated in Figure 5 and Figure 6.


BS 5410-1:1997Section 4

NOTE The figures in the drawings indicate free areas of grilles in mm2/kW of appliance rating (output) over 5 kW.

Figure 5 — Combustion and ventilation air supply of room sealed balanced flue oil appliances

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Appliance in room

Appliance in compartment

Room sealed balanced flue -no combustion air inlet required to room

Room sealed balanced flue -compartment ventilated from room

Room sealed balanced flue -compartment ventilated from outside

1100

1100 550

550


BS 5410-1:1997 Section 4

NOTE 1 The figures in the drawings indicate the free areas of grilles in mm2/kW of appliance rating (output) over 5 kW.

NOTE 2 Extract fans, where needed, should be in accordance with 4.4.7.

NOTE 3 If an appliance with a draught break is fitted in a room an extra 550 mm2/kW of free area should be added to the combustion air inlet.

NOTE 4 For an appliance fitted in a compartment, which is ventilated as shown, no additional allowance is necessary.

Figure 6 — Combustion and ventilation air supply of open flue oil fired appliances

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Appliance in room

Appliance in compartment

Conventional open flue a oropen flue low level discharge b

Open flue -compartment ventilated from room

Open flue -compartment ventilated from outside

1100

11001650

550550

550a

b


BS 5410-1:1997Section 4

4.4.1 General

A sufficient permanent air supply to an appliance should be provided:

a) for proper combustion of fuel and effective discharge of combustion products to the open air;

b) for the ventilation of any confined space in which an appliance is installed to prevent overheating of the appliance and any equipment in and near the appliance;

c) for the satisfactory operation of any draught break or stabilizer which may be fitted.

It should be both the designer’s and the installer’s concern that the air required for these functions be introduced so as to cause as little discomfort as possible to building occupants and thus to offer them the least temptation to obstruct ventilators.

4.4.2 Air for combustion for open flued appliances

The room or space in which the appliance is installed should have a purpose designed non-closeable opening or duct which is designed to allow the passage of air at all times, equivalent in total free area to 550 mm2 for each kW of appliance rated output above 5 kW.

Such provision is not necessary for a room sealed appliance designed to take air for combustion directly from outside.

4.4.3 Air for ventilation

For an appliance in a confined space, such as a boiler compartment, care should be taken to provide air for ventilation. The minimum free area of openings to be provided in addition to that for combustion air should be as follows:

a) where the air is taken from a heated space, 1 100 mm2 per kW at high level and 1 100 mm2 per kW at low level;

b) where the air is taken from outside, 550 mm2 per kW at high level and 550 mm2 per kW at low level.

This provision is needed for both open flued and room sealed appliances.NOTE Free area is the unobstructed opening allowing air to flow through the grille or air brick.

4.4.4 Air supply ducts and grilles

Grilles and other openings should be of the purpose designed non-closeable type.

They should be positioned so that they are not likely to be accidentally blocked, i.e. they should always be positioned in the vertical plane even if they supply air from an underfloor or similar area. Where more than two air vents are fitted in series across an air supply path, the free area of each vent should be increased by at least 50 % over that required for a corresponding single vent. Ductwork should be properly supported and sealed, particularly where it crosses cavities. The cross-sectional area should not be less than the area of the opening required to accommodate the air vent it serves.

4.4.5 Draught breaks and stabilizers

An appliance fitted with a draught break or draught stabilizer should have adequate inlet air supply to allow efficient operation. Where ventilation openings are provided as recommended in 4.4.3 no separate allowance need be made, but where a combustion air supply opening only is provided an additional free area of 550 mm2 per kW should be provided.

4.4.6 Basement installations

When combustion air is supplied to an appliance in a basement, or similar below ground enclosed area, it should be ducted to low level.


BS 5410-1:1997 Section 4

4.4.7 Extract fans

4.4.7.1 General

If the building containing an open flued combustion appliance has an extract ventilation fan fitted that could affect appliance performance, the supply of air should be such that the operation of the appliance and flue is unaffected when the external windows and doors are closed, the internal doors are open and the extract fan is running. In these cases a flue draught interference test as described in 4.4.7.2 should be carried out. Extract fans should be fitted far enough away from open flued appliances to minimize the risk of interference with the flue. A separate air supply opening should be provided to supply air to the extract fan. This should be sized to allow the entry of sufficient air to ensure that the fan does not affect the operation of the flue to the oil fired appliance.NOTE Guidance on air extract rates is given in OFTEC Technical Information Note TI/112 [9].

4.4.7.2 Testing for flue draught interference

To carry out a flue draught interference test when the appliance and the extract fan are in the same room, the doors and windows of the room should be closed. Any adjustable ventilation openings should also be closed. Where the extract fan is located elsewhere in the building, the external doors should be closed and the internal doors between the fan and the appliance should be left open.

When the doors and windows have been adjusted, the extract fan should be set in operation at its full capacity. After the fan has established its normal airflow pattern the oil fired appliance should be set in operation at maximum output. Combustion condition readings should then be taken with and without the extract fan running. The test should be carried out to ensure that there is no interference by the fan with the performance of the oil fired appliance under all operating conditions.

The effects of the operation of appliances using other fuels and of appliances such as tumble dryers which extract air to the outside should be taken into account.

4.5 Protection

4.5.1 Open vented systems

For open vented systems, an open safety vent pipe should be provided from the circulating system to discharge over the feed and expansion cistern above the level of the overflow connection. For appliances with maximum rated outputs of up to 45 kW the open safety vent pipe should be not less than 20 mm internal diameter and a feed and expansion pipe of not less than 13 mm internal diameter should be used. The open safety vent pipe should rise continuously from its connection to the appliance up to the point where it turns over the feed and expansion cistern and be connected in such a position as to prevent discharge of water or ingress of air in all normal conditions of service.

There should be no valves or components other than full-bore pipe fittings between the appliance and the discharge point of the open safety vent pipe unless called for by the appliance manufacturer’s installation instructions.

Except where the appliance manufacturer’s instructions specifically state otherwise, the open safety vent pipe should be fitted to the flow connection or flow pipe from the appliance. The vent pipe may be used as part of the circulating system.

Except where the appliance manufacturer’s instructions specifically state otherwise, a close coupled feed and expansion pipe and open safety vent configuration may be fitted provided that there is a cold water feed path available when all automatic valves are in the closed position. When this configuration is used, the feed and expansion pipe and open safety vent pipe connections should not be more than 150 mm apart.

Where the appliance has a manual reset overheat limit thermostat and the manufacturer’s instructions permit the use of a combined feed and vent pipe, this should have a bore of not less than 20 mm.

4.5.2 Sealed systems

For sealed systems an expansion vessel should be provided and should be connected to the system by a pipe or fitting which should not incorporate valves of any sort.

The vessel selected should have a capacity to accept the expansion of the system water when heated to 110 �C without raising the pressure in the system to more than 0.35 bar below the set pressure of the safety valve.


BS 5410-1:1997Section 4

The expansion vessel may be located in a position remote from the heating circuit but its connection with the circuit should be at a point close to the pump inlet. The charge pressure should not be less than the static head at the point of connection.NOTE Further information on the construction of expansion vessels is given in BS 4814. Guidance on the calculation of expansion vessel sizes is given in BS 5449.

4.5.3 Safety valve

4.5.3.1 A safety valve is not necessary for an open vented system, but a safety valve should be fitted in a sealed system. It should either be supplied integral with the appliance or, where installed as a separate component, it should be fitted either directly to the top of the boiler or to the flow pipe with no intervening valve or restriction.

4.5.3.2 The location and method of fitting the safety valve should be such that the discharge of water or steam from the valve is visible, will not discharge onto the occupants of the premises or persons passing the premises or cause any damage to the premises, including any electrical components or wiring. Any discharge pipe fitted should be of no less a bore than the bore of the connection to the valve. Discharge pipes from safety valves should be run into a tundish internally before being discharged externally so that the discharge is visible.

4.5.3.3 Safety valves should be provided and should have the following features:

a) a non-adjustable pre-set lift pressure not exceeding 3 bar;

b) spring-loading;

c) a manual testing device;

d) a valve which will not stick in the closed position and will reseal;

e) provision for connecting a full-bore discharge pipe.NOTE For guidance on safety valves see BS 6759-1.

4.5.4 Protection from freezing

Protection from freezing should be afforded by the following measures.

a) A tap or taps should be provided in accessible positions, preferably at a system low point, so that the whole system including the heating appliance can be drained when necessary.

b) Any heating appliance, feed and expansion cistern, feed and expansion pipe, open safety vent pipe, overflow warning pipe or any circulating system pipework situated where it may be vulnerable to freezing, e.g. in a roof space, should be protected by insulation.

Pipe insulation should be continuous over fittings and should be provided both for frost protection and where condensation may occur. Where a feed expansion cistern is fitted at joist level in a roof space, insulation should not be fitted underneath it.

c) When an outside or similar location is used for the appliance, consideration should be given to fitting a frost thermostat which should be set to operate at a temperature of approximately 4 �C. The thermostat should be sited and set in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions unless it is factory fitted.

d) A degree of protection from freezing may be obtained by adding an anti-freeze solution to the system in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

NOTE Further information on protection from freezing is given in BS 5422.


BS 5410-1:1997 Section 4

4.5.5 Protection from corrosion

Corrosion problems with systems can result from the properties of the water, inadequate cleansing following installation work, an incorrect choice of inhibitor or poor system design. The following measures should be taken.

a) The water undertaking should be consulted for advice regarding the properties of the local water.

b) The installation should be thoroughly cleansed internally before corrosion inhibitors are used. The inhibitor and biocide appropriate to the heating appliance and to the metals in the system, e.g. steel, copper or aluminium should be introduced into the installation according to the maker’s instructions and a label indicating that the system has been treated attached to the system. If water containing chemicals has to be disposed of, this should be in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

c) When work is undertaken on a system involving the replacement of components or addition of new ones, system corrosion is likely and the advice above should be followed. Inhibitors and biocides should not be used where single-feed cylinders are fitted in a system.

NOTE Guidance on the application of corrosion inhibitors is given in BS 7593.

4.6 Special installations

4.6.1 General

If it is not possible to install the appliance at ground floor or basement level, preferably in a kitchen or utility area or the heating appliance room, some alternative types of installation can be considered. In these cases, the general safety of the installation, in accordance with 4.3, should also be taken into account.

4.6.2 Heating appliance compartment installations

A heating appliance compartment should conform to the following recommendations.

a) It should be a fixed rigid structure, the internal surfaces of which conform to 4.6.2f).

b) It should incorporate air vents for the provision of air for ventilation and, where necessary, for combustion (see 4.4).

c) It should permit access for inspection and servicing of the appliance and any ancillary equipment. It should be fitted with a door that will permit withdrawal of the appliance and any ancillary equipment. In order to discourage its use as a storage cupboard, a notice should be fixed in a prominent position to warn against such use.

d) Where the appliance compartment houses an open-flued appliance, the air vents should not communicate with a bathroom, bedroom or bedsitting room. Any draught diverter should be in the compartment.

e) Where the compartment houses an open-flued appliance and the door opens on to a garage, bathroom, bedroom, bedsitting room, then the door should have a warning notice attached stating: “This door must be kept closed at all times except when resetting the appliance controls”. The heating appliance compartment should not be used for storage.

f) Any provision required for the protection of the compartment floor or wall should be as detailed in the installation instructions. Where the appliance manufacturer’s installation instructions do not give specific advice then any internal surface of the compartment which is of combustible material should either be at least 75 mm from any part of the appliance or should be lined with non-combustible material.

NOTE Information on determining whether a material may be described as combustible or non-combustible is given in BS 476-4.

4.6.3 Airing cupboard installations

The partitioned space of an airing cupboard adapted to house an appliance should conform to 4.6.2.

Additionally, the airing spaces should be separated from the appliance by a non-combustible partition which may be perforated, if required, by apertures which should have the major dimension no greater than 13 mm.

The flue pipe should not pass through the airing space unless protected sufficiently to prevent damage to the airing space contents or injury to users.


BS 5410-1:1997Section 4

For double wall flue pipe, the external skin and air gap provide insulation to a standard where no extra precautions are necessary other than normal installation tolerances.NOTE Further information on the double wall flue pipe is given in BS 6999.

For single wall flue pipe, protection should be provided by an air gap of at least 25 mm. This air gap may be provided by a non-combustible guard which forms an annular space around the flue pipe of not less than 25 mm.

Any clearance between the flue guard and the compartment partition should not exceed 13 mm.

Expanded metal or rigid wire mesh can be used for the partition and guard.

4.6.4 Understairs cupboard installations

Where no practicable alternative location is available, an understairs cupboard installation may be considered. Whenever possible, the appliance in the understairs cupboard should be of the room sealed type.

An appliance installed in an understairs cupboard should conform to the following.

a) The premises in which the cupboard is located should be no more than two storeys.

b) The cupboard should conform to 4.6.2.

c) All internal surfaces of the cupboard, including its base, should be non-combustible or lined with non-combustible material having a fire resistance of not less than 30 min.NOTE Further information on determining fire resistance is given in BS 476-4.

d) The air vents should be direct to outside air.

4.6.5 Fireplace installations

Fireplace installations should conform to the following.

a) An appliance which is purpose designed for location in a fireplace recess should be installed with space around it for air circulation and combustion air supply and with space for maintenance and servicing in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation instructions.

b) It is important to ensure that the fireplace opening is large enough to accommodate the appliance. If it is necessary to modify the fireplace opening or the flue, then the manufacturer’s instructions will give the appropriate dimensions.

c) A hearth should be provided in accordance with 4.7.

d) The appliance should be flued as specified in Section 9. An existing brick chimney should be swept and lined with an appropriate rigid or flexible liner before use for this type of appliance.

Purpose designed enclosures and flues should be constructed of non-combustible material and sized in accordance with the appliance manufacturer’s instructions.

Proprietary items constructed of suitable material are available.NOTE Structural work to fireplace recesses requires Building Regulation [5], [6] or Building Standards [7] approval.

4.6.6 Bathroom installations

Installations in a bathroom should only be considered if there is no alternative location.

a) An appliance installed in a bathroom should be of the room sealed type.

b) The electrical connections to the appliance should be safe. Switches or controls in bathrooms should be enclosed by the appliance outer casing or compartment in such a way that they cannot be touched by a person using the bath or shower.

NOTE Further information on safe electrical installation is given in BS 7671.

4.6.7 Bedroom and bedsitting room installations

Installation in a bedroom or bedsitting room should only be considered where there is no alternative location. An appliance installed in a bedroom or bedsitting room should be of the room sealed type.

Due consideration should be given to possible noise nuisance (see 4.3).


BS 5410-1:1997 Section 4

4.6.8 Garage installations

For garage installations where petrol is or could be stored in cans or vehicles, consideration should be given to the use of room sealed appliances.

4.6.9 Roof space installation

Installation in a roofspace should only be considered where there is no alternative location. Due consideration should be given to the level of noise emitted by the appliance.

Roof spaces incorporating heating appliance installations should conform to the following recommendations.

a) Vertical clearances should be provided so that the static head requirement of the appliance is met.

b) Flooring area for normal use and servicing should be provided under and around the appliance. This should take the form of an oil-proof tray with impervious sides at least 75 mm high. The tray should be provided with an oil level detector valve that will shut off the oil supply and the appliance if the presence of oil is detected.

The appliance support should be capable of supporting the load of the water filled boiler, associated pipework and equipment and the tray if it became filled with water or oil. It should also be capable of supporting maintenance personnel.

Where the floor is of combustible material and supports the appliance, a non-combustible insulating base of at least 12 mm thickness should be provided under the boiler.

c) The oil supply pipe should preferably be run up to the height required on the outside of the building and shall have no joints in its internal section, other than within the area protected by the boiler drip tray.

d) A permanent means of access to the appliance installation should be provided. A permanently fixed retractable roof ladder to a loft access hatch would be considered to satisfy the requirement for a purpose designed means of access. A hatch guard rail and a protected walkway from the hatch to the boiler location should be provided.

e) A safety guard should be provided around the appliance location.

f) A means should be provided to shut down the appliance installation and isolate its oil supply without entering the roof space.

g) The appliance should be flued as specified in Section 9. Where an existing brick chimney is utilized the unused lower portion should be blanked off by means of a plate inserted to form a void extending approximately 240 mm below the appliance connection to the chimney but ensuring that the other flues in the same chimney stack are not sealed off.

Consideration should be given to providing access to the void immediately below the appliance connection to the chimney. Any openings into the lower portion of an internal flue, i.e. the sealed-off section, should be permanently closed off. For a flue with at least one external face, the sealed section should be ventilated to the external air at high and low level to prevent moisture accumulation.


BS 5410-1:1997Section 4

4.6.10 External installations

External installations should conform to the following recommendations.

a) An appliance installed in an external location should be either:

1) an appliance specifically designated in the manufacturer’s literature as being suitable for external installation without the need for additional protection; or

2) installed in an enclosure capable of providing permanent weather protection.

b) Where an enclosure is required it should conform to 4.6.2 and the following recommendations:

1) within the enclosure an accessible waterproof, fused double-pole switch should be provided to give complete electrical isolation of the boiler installation;

2) air vents should be fitted direct to outside air, at both high and low level as specified in 4.4. The lowest part of the low level vent should be not less than 300 mm above ground level;

3) any permanent openings to the enclosure, including those in the air vents, should have a minor dimension not greater than 16 mm in order to prevent the entry of birds or rodents. However, this dimension should not be less than 6 mm in order to minimize the risk of blockage.

c) A means should be incorporated to prevent access by unauthorized persons to the appliance enclosure.

d) Appliances installed in an external enclosure should be flued as specified in Section 9.

e) The system should incorporate protection against corrosion, damage and freezing. Water-carrying pipework should be insulated against freezing.NOTE Information on protection against freezing is given in BS 5422.

f) Where external access to the appliance will be required for maintenance, the appliance should be so located that the maintenance technician can undertake this safely without the use of ladders.

g) If maintenance work is likely to be required in wet weather or at night, then adequate cover and lighting should be provided.

4.6.11 Other installations

An appliance installed in a location other than those described in 4.3 or in 4.6.1, 4.6.2, 4.6.3, 4.6.4, 4.6.5, 4.6.6, 4.6.7, 4.6.8, 4.6.9, and 4.6.10 should be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.NOTE Further information on the installation of appliances in leisure accommodation vehicles and transportable accommodation units is given in BS 6762-3.

4.7 Appliance temperature and its relation to surrounding building materialsThe operational temperatures of parts of an appliance vary according to type and manufacture. Appliance base temperature, side panel temperature and flue gas temperature should be considered before installation. Of these, the first two are of most concern to the designer in the immediate siting of the appliance since the hearth temperature determines the nature of the supporting structure needed and the panel temperature governs the protection needed from any combustible fittings or finishes adjacent to the appliance. In both respects appliances fall into categories either up to or above 85 �C. For appliances with base temperatures below this level it is recommended that the structural base should be non-combustible and non-absorbent; a sheet metal plate which can be built into the appliance would satisfy this recommendation.

For appliance base temperatures above 85 �C however, taking precautions against heat conduction to combustible materials is more important. The hearth should therefore be of non-combustible material of sufficient thickness and of such a nature as to ensure an adequate degree of safety.NOTE 1 Attention is drawn to Building Regulations [5], [6] or Building Standards [7] with respect to work on structural hearths.

Any combustible material adjacent to the appliance should be protected so that no part of the material is in excess of 85 �C.

If the whole appliance is enclosed in a purpose built compartment, the compartment should have a fire resistance of not less than 30 min and should be so constructed that it will contain the fire.NOTE 2 For guidance on the reporting of base and side panel temperatures for oil fired appliances, see BS EN 303-1 and BS EN 303-2 and OFS A100 [2].


22 blank

BS 5410-1:1997

Section 5. Oil storage tanks and equipment 5

5.1 Types

Storage tanks may be of the following types:

a) carbon steel;

b) pressed steel sectional;

c) medium density polyethylene;

d) glass reinforced plastic.

Sectional tanks should only be used in cases where there is no alternative. They should be erected with care under the supervision of the manufacturer.NOTE Further information on steel storage tanks is given in BS 799-5. Guidance on polyethylene oil storage tanks and bunds for distillate fuel is given in OFS T100 [10] and on installation of oil fired boilers and oil storage tanks in Technical Book 3 [11].

5.2 Capacity

5.2.1 When deciding the capacity of oil storage tanks it is important to take note of the possibility of a reduction in price for delivery in larger quantities.

5.2.2 The minimum net capacity of oil storage tanks should be not less than 1 250 l and should also be sufficient to accommodate the usual quantity ordered with a two week reserve.

5.2.3 With regard to the selected capacity see also 6.5.

5.3 Oil level indicators and gaugesThese may be of the following types:

a) float gauge;

b) hydrostatic gauge;

c) sight tube;

d) electronic gauge;

e) displacer gauge.

The type of indicator used will depend on the accuracy required. Float, hydrostatic, electronic and displacer types of gauge can be arranged to operate an indicator placed at some distance from the tank, if desired.

The oil level indicator should allow the checking of the level of oil in the storage tank before taking delivery, to ensure that there is sufficient capacity in the storage tank for the safe reception of each quantity of oil ordered.

When cable operated float gauges are used it is important that water and dust are prevented from entering openings in the tank plates, by using a raised fitting for the cable entry, and by shrouding the opening. The cable should be so arranged that water cannot run along it into the tank.

Sight tubes should be fitted with an automatic cut-off valve to prevent the tank contents being lost in the event of accidental breakage of the sight tube.

Volumetric level indicators should be marked in litres. To reduce the likelihood of overfilling, scales should be marked “FULL” at an oil level equivalent to not more than 95 % of the gross tank capacity.

Consideration should be given when calibrating gauges to installation factors such as the tank being mounted on a slope. Sufficient room for expansion of contents should be provided.

5.4 Overfilling alarm and signalling system

It is recommended that an overfilling alarm system be installed on tanks. This provision is considered essential when either of the following two conditions apply:

a) the filling point out of sight of tank;

b) the vent termination out of sight of filling point.

The type of overfill alarm fitted should be indicated at the fill point.


BS 5410-1:1997 Section 5

5.5 Pressure unloading deviceNotwithstanding the recommendations of 5.4, the use of a pressure unloading device is recommended where the design of the system is such that an extended vent pipe is necessary. This device, when not already incorporated in the overfilling alarm equipment, may consist of a metal flap hinged to the end of a pipe connected to the vent pipe at a low level to allow discharge of oil to occur during overfilling thus preventing excessive pressure occurring in the tank. This discharge pipe should be kept as short as possible, at the same time ensuring that any fuel discharged from it will not create a hazard. Where a pressure unloading device is provided, arrangements should be made for it to discharge into a catchpit or bund.

5.6 Filling pipes and connectionFilling pipes should be in accordance with BS 799-5. Where more than one grade of oil is being stored there should be a separate filling pipe terminal point for each, indicating the grade for which it is to be used.

5.7 Vent pipesVent pipes should be in accordance with BS 799-5. If the oil level indicator cannot be seen from the filling point, the end of the vent pipe should, where practicable, be situated within sight of the filling point.


BS 5410-1:1997

Section 6. Accommodation for oil storage tanks for single family dwellings 6

6.1 General

This section deals with factors affecting the accommodation of oil storage tanks for single family dwellings which have a maximum storage capacity of 3 500 l. For accommodation of tanks for other types of buildings and for single family dwellings where a larger storage capacity is provided reference should be made to parts 2 and 3 of this standard.

6.2 Siting of oil storage tanksTanks may be situated as follows:

a) external to the building in which the appliance is installed;

b) within a building, so long as the tank is contained in a 60 min, fire resistant chamber at the lowest possible level.

Tanks should never be installed in a habitable area. Tanks located in garages or in other internal spaces should be installed in a 60 min fire compartment [(see 6.4f)].NOTE Attention is drawn to Building Regulations [5], [6] or Building Standards [7] with respect to work on internal tank chambers.

6.3 Methods of tank protectionIt is considered unlikely that a fire will originate from the stored oil and it is the purpose of these recommendations, including Table 1, to ensure that a fire which may originate from a building or other external source is not transmitted to the tank contents or, if a fire occurred, its effects are limited.

Adequate safety may be achieved in a number of ways, for example:

a) isolating the tank by sufficient distance;

b) protecting the tank by a physical barrier;

c) enclosing the tank with non-combustible fire resisting construction;

d) burying the tank.NOTE Attention is drawn to the relevant Building Regulations [5], [6] or Building Standards [7], Control of Pollution (Special Waste) Regulations [12], by-laws, etc. in order to achieve a satisfactory degree of safety in relation to the methods of protection given in a) to c).

6.4 Requirements for tank accommodationThe following conditions, which are also noted in Table 1, should be met.

a) The tank should be installed on or over a non-combustible base that extends out at least 300 mm from all sides of the tank, except that if the tank is closer than 300 mm to a wall or boundary wall having at least 30 min of fire protection, the base need only extend as far as the wall.

Types of acceptable base are:

1) concrete at least 100 mm thick;

2) paving stones at least 42 mm thick positioned closely to each other on level ground;

3) stonework at least 42 mm thick.

b) If the tank is less than 1.8 m from a building, that part of the wall of the building within 1.8 m of the tank should be devoid of any openings and have a resistance to internal fire of not less than 30 min.

c) If there are any openings in the building wall closer than 1.8 m to the tank, the part of the tank adjacent to the opening should be protected by an imperforate non-combustible barrier constructed so as to prevent the passage of direct radiated heat from the opening to the tank. The wall and the barrier together should form a screen that completely interposes itself between the tank and any openings and extends at least 300 mm higher and wider than any part of the tank within 1.8 m of the opening.

Small openings in the wall of the building such as air bricks or weepholes should not be considered as affecting the fire integrity of the wall.

d) If the wall of the building has a resistance to internal fire of less than 30 min, then a barrier can be built completely isolating the tank from the building. This barrier should protect any openings closer than 1.8 m to the tank as noted in c) above.


BS 5410-1:1997 Section 6

The barrier should be non-combustible, constructed so as to prevent the passage of direct radiated heat and should extend beyond the extremity of the tank in height and width to not less than 300 mm.

Where barriers are fitted to protect metal tanks, consideration should be given to the requirement for maintenance access.

e) Protection measures are required for combustible exposed eaves forming part of a roof within 1.8 m of the top of an oil storage tank.

The length of the eaves over the tank, plus a further 300 mm on each side, require to be protected to provide a 30 min resistance to fire. The eaves should be clad so as to prevent fire spreading to the roof from the area of the tank.

f) A tank chamber, where provided, should be constructed to meet the following recommendations.

1) The tank chamber should be a fully enclosed structure with non-combustible fire resisting construction of not less than 60 min fire resistance. The entrance to the chamber should be above catchpit level and have a 60 min fire resisting self-closing door, which should not form part of the catchpit, of an equivalent fire resistance to that of the chamber. The door should open outwards, and be readily openable from the inside of the chamber without the aid of a key.

2) The chamber should be provided with either:

a catchpit which should be of adequate structural strength, and capacity of at least 10 % greater than the total oil capacity. The construction should conform to 6.3; or

the tank should be of the integrally bunded type as noted in 6.6.

3) The chamber should be ventilated to the open air sufficiently to prevent stagnation, independently of any other part of the premises and preferably by natural means.

4) Sufficient space should be provided within the tank chamber to provide access to all tank mountings and fittings and to ensure adequate maintenance to all parts of the installation.

5) Where electric lighting is provided within the tank chamber, fittings should be of bulkhead or well glass type, and lighting switches should be located outside the chamber.

g) If the tank is less than 760 mm from a boundary then the boundary should have a wall with a resistance to fire of not less than 30 min which extends 300 mm higher and wider than the top and ends of the tank.

h) Where tanks are installed below ground the following conditions should be conformed to.

1) Tanks should be protected from damage underground during installation.

2) Tanks should be specially constructed for underground use. Where steel tanks are used they should be of the double skinned type.

3) Due consideration should be given to the problems caused by buoyancy in areas with high water tables.

4) All underground oil storage tanks should be fitted with overfill protection.

6.5 Catchpits (bunds)

6.5.1 All oil tanks located within 10 m of controlled water, within 50 m of a bore hole, or positioned where there is a risk of spillage into an open drain or loose fitting manhole should be of the integrally bunded type designed to accommodate any leakage or overspill to the same degree as a catchpit as defined in this standard.

6.5.2 Tanks serving single family dwellings are not normally fitted with catchpits unless the conditions noted in 6.5.1 apply or if their capacity is greater than 2 500 l, or unless the absence of a catchpit is likely to constitute a hazard for some other reason.

Tanks serving systems of a similar type to those in dwellings but in premises which have non domestic use or partial non-domestic use should be fitted with catchpits if they have a capacity of over 2 500 l. If their capacity is of 2 500 l or below they should be fitted with catchpits if the conditions noted in 6.5.1 apply.


BS 5410-1:1997Section 6

A catchpit should only be omitted if justified by a risk assessment of the installation against the possibility of contamination of controlled waters or drains. NOTE 1 Advise regarding the construction of bunds for oil storage tanks is given in CIRIA report 163, Construction of Bunds for Oil Storage Tanks [12].

NOTE 2 A guide to the assessment of the risk of environmental damage being caused by spillage from domestic oil storage tanks is given in TI/133 [15].

Catchpits should be constructed as follows.

a) The whole of the catchpit, including the base and the walls, should be constructed of materials with a minimum life of 20 years. The interior should be impervious to oil.

b) The bottom of the catchpit should be laid to fall to an impervious undrained sump. No drain-off valve should be fitted to a catchpit. Catchpits can be emptied by the use of a hand pump.

c) Where the catchpit contains one oil tank the capacity should be 110 % of the maximum capacity of the tank.

d) Where the catchpit contains more than one oil tank the capacity should be 110 % of the contents of the largest tank less any space below the overspill level of the catchpit taken up by other tanks.

e) Where metal tanks are fitted in catchpits sufficient space should be provided between the sides of the tank and the catchpit for maintenance access.

f) Wherever possible, valves, fittings, gauges, filters, etc. normally fitted to the tank should be located within the catchpit. Sufficient space for access and maintenance should be provided for all fittings within the catchpit.

6.6 Integrally bunded tanksBoth steel and plastic type tanks can be obtained with an integral bund. These bunds should have the same capacity as is noted in 6.5.2c).NOTE Information on integrally bunded plastic oil storage tanks is given in OFS T100 [10].


BS 5410-1:1997 Section 6

Table 1 — Protection of an oil storage tank of not more than 3 500 l capacity located externally to a building

Location of tank Protection required

Building without openings Building with openings Not more than 1.8 m from any part of any building

Non-combustible base, and any eaves not more than 1.8 m from the tank to have 30 min fire resistance for integrity and insulation and extending 300 mm beyond each side of the tank; and either:

a) any part of the building not more than 1.8 m from the tank to have 30 min fire resistance for loadbearing capacity, integrity and insulation to internal fire; orb) a barrier

Non-combustible base, and any eaves not more than 1.8 m from the tank to have 30 min fire resistance for integrity and insulation and extending 300 mm beyond each side of the tank, and a barrier between the tank and any part of a building not more than 1.8 m from the tank that does not have 30 min fire resistance for loadbearing capacity, integrity and insulation to internal fire

More than 1.8 m from any building

Non-combustible base

Not more than 760 mm from a boundary

Non-combustible base, and a barrier or boundary wall

More than 760 mm from a boundary

Non-combustible base

Externally and wholly below ground

No protection required

NOTE 1 Underground tanks may not be acceptable in certain environmentally sensitive areas.

NOTE 2 Non-combustible bases are described in 6.4a).

NOTE 3 Barriers are described in 6.4d).


BS 5410-1:1997

Section 7. Installation of tanks 7

7.1 General

Supports and foundations to carry the weight of the tank, contents and fittings should be completed before delivery of the oil storage tank.

Where tanks are installed in close proximity to buildings and walls, space should be left for the inspection and maintenance of steel tanks. Plastic tanks should not be installed closer than 60 mm to a building or a wall.

Where tanks are to be accommodated inside buildings, openings should be left or made to receive them. If sectional tanks are to be used, openings should be left or made to receive the plates from which they are to be constructed. It is recommended that sectional oil tanks are erected by specialists.

Where tanks are fabricated on site, or where tanks made at works have been altered on site or subjected to abnormal strain or damage during transit or erection, they should be tested on site in accordance with the standard appropriate to their type.

Tanks should carry an Environment Agency/Scottish Environment Protection Agency label in a prominent position giving the emergency oil spill telephone number and noting the need for annual maintenance. NOTE Further information on the installation of oil storage tanks is given in Technical Book 3 [11].

7.2 Supports for steel tanksSteel tanks are normally supported on masonry piers. These have to maintain the tank at a sufficient height to feed the burner, if this is of the vaporizing type which does not incorporate an oil pump, or at a sufficient height to enable access to be gained for painting if a pressure jet burner is used.

Piers should be built on concrete foundations of adequate strength and extent to suit the nature of the ground and should be run across the shortest base dimension of the tank. They should be slightly wider than the tank in order to support the side plates. The piers should be arranged so that the tank slopes down to its drain-off cock end leaving the supply pipe end at a higher level. This will enable water and sludge to gather away from the draw-off point. The recommended degree of inclination is 20 mm per metre length of tank.

With a normal height steel tank, i.e. 1.2 m, the distance between the supports should be set so as to take account of the thickness of the tank’s bottom plate, see Table 2.

Table 2 — Distance between supports for steel oil storage tanks

The overhang at either end of the tank should not exceed half of the length between the supports.

Where masonry piers are used as supports for steel tanks, moisture should be prevented from accumulating between them and the bottom of the tank.

This is achieved by building up a 25 mm thick layer of moist mortar beneath a damp-proof membrane on top of the piers before the tank is lowered on to them. The mortar sets to the profile of the tank base to avoid any openings being formed and the membrane will prevent moisture in the masonry rising up to the steel.

7.3 Supports for plastic tanks

Plastic tanks may be placed on more rudimentary supports than steel tanks. A flat concrete base or paving stones placed on level ground are often suitable unless the tank has to be raised up on piers to supply oil to an appliance requiring gravity fuel feed. A flat base capable of uniformly supporting the mass of the tank and its contents should always be provided.

Manufacturer’s requirements for the support and restraint of tanks, to prevent any movement that may be caused by wind when a tank has only a small quantity of oil in it, should be followed.

Bottom plate thickness Maximum unsupported length between supports

mm mm

2 4502.5 5503 600


BS 5410-1:1997 Section 7

7.4 Painting and cleaning of steel tanksThe external surfaces of steel tanks should be thoroughly cleaned and made free from rust, oil or grease and protected with a suitable rust inhibiting primer followed by at least two coats of oil resistant paint.

Painting should first be carried out as soon as practicable after the delivery of the tanks to site and before installation.NOTE Further information on tank painting and cleaning is given in BS 6150.


BS 5410-1:1997

Section 8. Oil system from storage tank to burner 8

8.1 Fuel supply systems

8.1.1 General

The outlet pipe from the tank should be located at a slightly higher level than the drain outlet and as far away from it as possible, see 7.2.

A hand operated isolating valve should be provided as close to the tank as possible, except where the outlet is from the top of the tank via a dip pipe, see 8.1.3.2.

A fire valve should be fitted, see 8.3.

A filter as specified by the appliance manufacturer should be fitted in the oil supply pipe between the isolating valve and the appliance.

An additional hand operated shut-off valve should be fitted in an accessible position in the oil supply pipe as close as possible to the appliance.

Oil pipes should be so run as to avoid the trapping of air which can restrict or stop the flow of fuel.

In extremely low temperature conditions, the flow properties of class D fuel oil may be affected. Proper siting and insulation of tanks, pipework and filters should be provided to ensure sufficient protection to maintain flow. In addition, a tank immersion heater capable of maintaining the oil between 0 �C and 5 �C and pipeline trace heating capable of maintaining the oil between 0 �C and 5 �C can be fitted where continuity of service is essential. Oil pre-heating equipment should be in accordance with BS 799-5.

8.1.2 Gravity feed

8.1.2.1 General

Equipment provided with gravity feed, i.e. tank outlet above burner, should not be subjected to a gravity head greater than that specified by the manufacturer.

The minimum gravity head required by the appliance should be provided when the tank is almost empty, see Figure 7.

When high points cannot be avoided in oil supply pipes, these should not be above the level of the tank outlet and should be provided with a manual means of venting.

8.1.2.2 One pipe system used with a pressure jet burner

In this system a means for venting air from the oil line should be provided.NOTE 1 This can also apply to a sub-gravity system.

If a burner can be fed, subject to a positive gravity head, an automatically acting cut-off valve additional to the normally fitted electrical solenoid valve should be included.NOTE 2 This gives security against oil leakage past the burner in the event of failure by the solenoid operated cut-off valve.

8.1.3 Sub-gravity feed

The most common methods of providing a sub-gravity oil feed, i.e. burner above tank outlet, are given in 8.1.3.1, 8.1.3.2 and 8.1.3.3.NOTE Only the method given in 8.1.3.1 is suitable for appliances with vaporizing burners.


BS 5410-1:1997 Section 8

8.1.3.1 A purpose made oil lifter

An oil lifter should be used to lift the fuel from the storage tank to a suitable level from which the appliance is supplied. The oil lifter will normally incorporate a non-return valve and should be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The gravity head imposed on an appliance by the oil lifter should be in accordance with 8.1.2.

8.1.3.2 Two pipe supply

This system may be applied to pressure jet burners with a sub-gravity feed, see Figure 8. Any air that might be drawn into parts of the system at sub-atmospheric pressure should be discharged through the return line and so does not accumulate in the pump to affect performance. A non-return valve should be fitted in the supply pipe.

A return pipe should be run from the burner back to the tank to enter via the tank top and terminate away from the supply pipe and 150 mm from the bottom. Where the tank top is above the level of the burner, a non-return valve should be fitted in the return line to prevent oil syphoning back during maintenance.

Isolating valves should on no account be fitted in the return pipe. If such a valve were fitted excessive pressure would be developed if the system were started up with the valve closed.NOTE Where a flow and return system is employed, the instructions of the burner pump manufacturer should be followed. The flow and return pipes should be clearly marked.

Figure 7 — Oil supply system with bottom of storage tank above burner — Single pipe supply

��

��

Oil tank

Isolatingvalve

Filter

External wallof building

Oil supplyline

Isolatingvalve

Remote-operatedfire valve

Burnerisolatingvalve

Filter positionif oil line protectionis required

Fire valvesensor

Boiler

Minimum head of oil300 mm above burnerinlet


BS 5410-1:1997Section 8

Figure 8 — Oil supply system with bottom of storage tank below or level with burner — Two pipe supply

Figure 9 — Oil supply system with bottom of storage tank below or level with burner — Single pipe supply with de-aeration device

��

��

Oil tank

Oil returnline

Non-returnvalve

Isolatingvalve

Isolatingvalve

Filter Remote-operatedfire valve

Additionalnon-returnvalve (seetext)


Burneroil pump

Fire valvesensor Wall

mountedboiler

Oilsupplyline

Burnerisolatingvalve

150

mm

��

��

��

Oil tank

Oil supplyline

Isolatingvalve

Isolatingvalve

Filter

Remote-operatedfire valve

De aerationdevice


Fire valvecapillary

Burneroil pump

Wallmountedboiler

Fire valvesensor


BS 5410-1:1997 Section 8

8.1.3.3 One pipe suction lift with de-aerator

This system is termed a single pipe system with two pipe de-aeration loops at the pressure jet burner with suction lift, see Figure 9. Any air that might be drawn into the suction line from the oil supply at sub-atmospheric pressure should be discharged at the de-aerator. A flow and return loop should be created between the de-aerator and the burner pump. A non-return valve should not be used in the supply.

De-aerators should normally be fitted externally to the building.

De-aerators installed inside buildings should be of fire resistant construction and should be provided with a means of taking vented air to the outside via a fireproof vent pipe.NOTE The flow and return pipes should be clearly marked.

8.1.4 Multiple appliance installations within a single occupancy dwelling

Where more than one appliance is fed from one gravity or sub-gravity storage or service tank, the relevant recommendations of 8.1.1, 8.1.2 or 8.1.3 should be observed in relation to each appliance connected to the fuel supply system.

8.1.5 Connection to multiple oil storage tanks

When more than one oil storage tank is installed and the tanks are hydraulically interlinked, non-return valves should be fitted in the linking pipes so that a leakage or overfill from one tank cannot affect the contents of any other tank.

Unless such devices are fitted the tanks should be classed as one combined tank for the purposes of this standard.

8.2 Fuel feed pipework

8.2.1 Appropriate sizing

Fuel feed pipework should be of suitable size to ensure that the pressure at the burner is within the limits specified by the appliance manufacturer or pump manufacturer, at the maximum flow rate. Where a fuel pump or an oil lifter is used, the manufacturer’s advice regarding pipework should be followed.

8.2.2 Materials and jointing

Pipework carrying oil within a building or above ground externally should be constructed of steel or copper or some other material with an equal degree of fire resistance except where it is inside an appliance casing which is protected by a remote fire valve in accordance with 8.3.2. Approved types of plastic pipe, single or double skinned, can be used externally below ground. See also 8.2.4. NOTE 1 Information on plastic oil pipe requirements may be obtained from the Institute of Petroleum Performance Specification for Underground Pipework Systems at Petrol Filling Stations [16].

NOTE 2 Approved plastic pipe is referred to in the OFTEC List of Oil Firing Equipment [8].

Galvanized pipe and fittings should not be used. Fully annealed copper tubes are recommended with mechanical type fittings or brazed joints. Soft soldered joints should not be used.

If steel pipes and malleable fittings are used these should be inspected and cleaned before use. Taper threads should always be used. Running joints, long screws or connectors should not be used.

Pipework and fittings should be oiltight. Hemp, red lead, boiled oil and hard setting jointing compounds should not be used. Petroleum resisting compounds and PTFE tapes which remain slightly plastic make the most satisfactory joints. However, when applying these materials, care should be taken to avoid excess materials breaking away and causing blockage. All pipework should be rigid and firmly fixed, and protected where necessary against damage.

8.2.3 Pipework

Pipework should be run so as to provide the most direct route possible from the tank to the burner. Joints should be kept to a minimum and the use of plastic coated malleable copper pipe is recommended. Inside buildings every effort should be made to avoid the use of joints between the entry point of the pipe and the boiler connection.

Where pipework is run above ground externally, care should be taken to locate it where it will be protected against damage.

All bends should be formed to reduce resistance to flow.


BS 5410-1:1997Section 8

Where pipes pass through the walls of buildings they should be sleeved.

Pipes should be adequately supported to prevent sagging.

8.2.4 Buried work

Where fuel feed pipework is buried precautions should be taken to locate the pipe run where the chance of damage from digging or other such activities is minimal. Where this cannot be done the pipework should be protected, e.g. by covering with tiles. Pipework below ground should be jointless; where joints are unavoidable the pipework should be tested for leaks before backfilling. Steel tube should be protected against corrosion by suitable wrapping or by other means of at least the equivalent reliability. Copper tubing should be of the plastic coated type.

Where joints are buried these should always be provided with means of access for inspection.

8.3 Fire valve types and installation

8.3.1 Fire valves should be fitted so as to cut off the supply of oil remotely from the heating appliance in the event of an accidental fire occurring in or around the appliance. For appliances installed inside buildings, the oil supply should be shut off externally to the building. For existing installations where oil lines serving internally installed heating appliances are run so as to be built into the structure internally, the cut off point should be at the point where the line is first exposed internally. This type of layout is not recommended for new installations.

For externally located heating appliances, the oil supply should be cut off at least 1 m away from the appliance.

Valve sensors normally should be positioned inside the appliance casing over the burner. It is important that the sensor activating temperature is rated so as not to cause nuisance cut outs and that the sensor is located in a position recommended by the manufacturer.

Fire valves are sometimes incorporated within core heating chambers and in such cases special attention should be given to the location of the sensing element. They should be designed to trip at a higher temperature to avoid nuisance lock outs.

Where more than one oil burning appliance is installed, each appliance should be provided with a sensitive element controlling a fire valve. Each oil pipe entering the building should be protected by a fire valve.

8.3.2 Fire valves should be in accordance with the following recommendations.

a) It is essential that they can sense a fire inside or close to a heating appliance and also shut off the oil supply at a point that enables the recommendations in 8.3.1 to be met.

b) In the event of any part of a valve becoming damaged, it is essential that they close off the supply of oil.

c) Manual operation should be necessary in order to pass oil after being thermally activated.

d) They should be provided with a means for testing for satisfactory operation and for resetting manually.NOTE See OFS E101 [13] for guidance on non-electrically operated, remote acting fire safety valves.


BS 5410-1:1997 Section 8

8.3.3 Fire valve systems alternative to that referred to in 8.3.2 may take the following forms.

a) A suitably designed electrically operated valve coupled to thermal fuses located as described in 8.3.1 can be fitted. The valve is self-closing on open circuiting of the thermal fuses, and should be installed so that the oil pressure exerted by the head of oil in the tank assists closure. The thermal fuses should be of the type which remains open circuited after operation.

b) A weight or spring loaded valve can be used. It should be held open by a flexible cable with fusible links inserted in its length over each firing point. At all changes of direction, the flexible cable should pass over corrosion resistant metal pulleys with good quality bearings and a diameter of not less than 40 mm.

Flexible cables should be made of non-corrodible, inextensible multi-strand wire, suitable for use with these pulleys and which will not take a permanent set.

This type of fire valve should not be used where the run of the cable would be long or tortuous. Each fusible link should be at a sufficient distance from pulleys, or other possible obstructions, to ensure that the metal fitting forming part of the fusible link has adequate free movement to permit complete closure of the fire valve when a link fuses.

c) A spring loaded valve held open by a flexible cable enclosed within a flexible outer sheath, terminating in a fusible link can be fitted. Excessive lengths of this type of cable or sharp bends can result in unreliable operation and should be avoided.

8.3.4 Where the sensitive element is positioned external to any appliance casing it should be located at a maximum of 1 m directly above the burner.

8.3.5 Electrical circuits for fire valves should be independent of burner or other control circuits.

8.3.6 Where the oil supply system to the appliance involves the installation in an internal location of equipment such as constant level oil controls or oil lifters containing a reservoir of oil, they should be protected by remote acting fire valves positioned as required by the appliance manufacturer.


BS 5410-1:1997

Section 9. Flues and chimneys 9

9.1 Choice of materials

The materials used in the construction of chimneys and flues for oil fired appliances should be such that construction is non-combustible, durable, resistant to the temperatures likely to be encountered and to rapid changes in temperature and resistant to external and internal corrosion.

Materials for lining flues should have a reasonably smooth finish and thus not unduly impede the flow of the combustion gas products. They should be resistant to attack by flue gases and to spalling.

Oil fired appliances may be categorized, as having either:

a) a flue gas temperature of 250 �C or less; or

b) a flue gas temperature of greater than 250 �C.

This information should be available from manufacturer’s literature. The types of flue pipe and chimney to be fitted to the appliance should be selected according to the category. Those in category a) will have less stringent requirements for both flue pipe and chimney than those in category b).NOTE 1 In this section these recommendations are set out separately where necessary.

Any appliances in category a) may be fitted with a flue pipe and chimney suitable for category b) but any flue pipe and/or chimney specified for category a) should never be fitted to an appliance in category b).

Where an appliance is connected to an existing chimney this should be fitted with a suitable liner. If a stainless steel liner is used, backfilling with an appropriate insulation may be necessary to avoid condensation. A liner should be the same size as the flue offtake or as advised by the appliance manufacturer. Flexible liners of aluminium are not deemed suitable.NOTE 2 Guidance on reporting flue gas temperatures for oil fired appliances is given in OFS A100 [2] and OFS A101 [3].

9.2 Factory made insulated chimneys

Factory made insulated chimneys are available in sections that can be fitted together to produce a chimney of the configuration required. Insulated chimney sections can be used as flue pipes to connect appliances to masonry chimneys or can be used to form a complete chimney.NOTE Further information on the construction and installation of factory made insulated chimneys is given in BS 1181, BS 4543-2 and BS 4543-3 and BS 7566.

Suitable materials for flue pipes are given in Table 3.

Where insulated flue pipes are installed externally to the building the outer casing should be fabricated from a material of adequate strength and able to withstand rain penetration and atmospheric corrosion.

External runs of chimney should be securely supported so as to be capable of withstanding likely wind pressures.

Table 3 — Materials for flue pipes

Appliances using class D or class C2 fuel

Appliances using class C2 fuel only

Cast iron conforming to BS 41 Suitable SuitableCarbon steel conforming to BS 1449-1.1 Suitable SuitableVitreous enamelled low carbon steel conforming to BS 6999:1989

Suitable Suitable

Temperature and corrosion resistant stainless steel, conforming to BS 1449-2, or 304 S 16 or 316 S 16 or 439 S 15

Suitable Suitable

Metal flue pipes, fittings and terminals to BS 715:1993 Suitablea Suitablea

Aluminium type 1200 H14 Class 1 Category A to BS EN 485-1 to -4, BS EN 515 and BS EN 573-1 to -4

Not suitable Suitablea

NOTE Class C2 fuel is commonly referred to as kerosene and class D fuel is commonly referred to as gas oil.a Only suitable for use if the flue gas temperature will not exceed 250 �C.


BS 5410-1:1997 Section 9

9.3 Single skin metal flue pipesSingle skin metal flue pipes can be used to connect appliances to a chimney. They should be limited in length to avoid excessive heat emission and may need to be guarded.

9.4 Liners for chimneys

9.4.1 Masonry chimneys should be lined with a suitable non-combustible material properly jointed and able to withstand the effects of the working temperature to be encountered and any condensate without any significant change in the properties of the material.

The liner manufacturer’s advice should be sought regarding the most suitable liners for the particular site conditions.

9.4.2 When flexible or rigid stainless steel liners are used they should be removed and replaced on each occasion when the appliance is replaced.

9.5 Chimney terminalsChimney terminals should be suitable for use with the type of oil being used, and should not place too great a restriction on the flow of combustion products.

Where proprietary or special terminals are used the contractor should obtain the manufacturer’s recommendation on their durability.NOTE Further information on clay chimney terminals is given in BS 1181.

9.6 Position of chimney terminals for open flued appliances (see Figure 10)

9.6.1 The height and position of a chimney terminal in relation to the roof has an important bearing on the proper functioning of the chimney. Wind pressures and suction effects causing turbulence depend not only on the pitch of the roof and the position of the chimney terminal but are influenced by the land contours and the proximity and height of adjacent buildings and trees.

Chimney terminals should be raised above the zone of turbulence and where this is not aesthetically possible consideration should be given to resiting the appliance to achieve a more suitable position for the chimney termination or the use of a balanced flue appliance.

9.6.2 Some open flued appliances are designed for use with low level discharge flues. These are flues generally installed to discharge at a height of less than 2 m above the outside ground level. Such flues can be installed so as to discharge directly through the wall behind the boiler or be extended to discharge at some other point in an acceptable position.

For open flued appliances with low level discharge flues, performances can be adversely affected by their disposition with respect to building corners, i.e. entrant and re-entrant angles.

Special terminals are provided for low level discharge flues and it is essential that the terminal and appliance are approved for use with each other.

An appliance designed to burn class D fuel should discharge its flue gases at a height of 2 m or greater from the outside ground level. No such limitation is required for an appliance designed to burn class C2 fuel.

If a terminal is so sited that there is a likelihood of accidental contact by persons or of damage to the terminal, the terminal should be fitted with a suitable guard in accordance with the appliance manufacturer’s recommendations.NOTE Further information on oil fired appliances with low level discharge flues is given in BS EN 303-1, BS EN 303-2, OFS A100 [2] and OFS A101 [3].

9.6.3 Recommended chimney terminal locations are shown in Figure 10.


BS

5410-1:1997S

ection 9

nces

O

N

F

F

K

L

© B

SI 18 D

ecember 2001

39

Figure 10 — Flue terminating positions for oil fired applia

P

M

C.D

E

AG

H.J

H

B

BS

5410-1:1997

40©

BS

I 18 Decem

ber 2001

Vaporizinga Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed 1 000 2 300 1 000 Not allowed

entering into buildings.

sted in accordance with

tending 300 mm higher and wider

bustible or painted surface, then

and the roof line. cess, the terminal should be

Appliance burner type Pressure jeta

Location A Directly below an opening, air brick, opening window, etc. 600B Horizontally to an opening, air brick, opening window, etc. 600C Below a gutter, eaves or balcony with protection 75D Below a gutter or a balcony without protection 600E From vertical sanitary pipework 300F From an internal or external corner 300G Above ground or balcony level 300H From a surface or boundary facing the terminal 600J From a terminal facing the terminal 1 200K Vertically from a terminal on the same wall 1 500L Horizontally from a terminal on the same wall 750M Above the highest point of an intersection with the roof 600N From a vertical structure to the side of the terminal 750O Above a vertical structure less than 750 mm from the side of the terminal 600P From a ridge terminal to a vertical structure on the roof 1 500NOTE 1 Terminals should be positioned so as to avoid products of combustion accumulating in stagnant pockets around the building or

NOTE 2 Appliances burning class D oil have additional restrictions, see 9.6.2 and 11.1.

NOTE 3 Vertical structure in N, O and P include tank or lift rooms, parapets, dormers etc.

NOTE 4 Terminating positionings A to L are only permitted for appliances that have been approved for low level flue discharge when teBS EN 303-1, OFS A100 [2] or OFS A101 [3].

NOTE 5 Terminating positions should be at least 1.8 m from an oil storage tank unless a wall with at least 30 min fire resistance and exthan the tank is provided between the tank and the terminating position.

NOTE 6 Where a flue is terminated less than 600 mm away from a projection above it and the projection consists of plastics or has a coma heat shield of at least 750 mm wide should be fitted to protect these surfaces.

NOTE 7 For terminals used with vaporizing burners, a horizontal distance of at least 2 300 mm is recommended between the terminal

NOTE 8 If the lowest part of the terminal is less than 2 m above the ground, balcony, flat roof or other place to which any person has acprotected by a guard.

NOTE 9 Notwithstanding the dimensions given above, a terminal should not be sited closer than 300 mm to combustible material.

a Minimum distances to terminals in millimetres as measured from top of the chimney or the rim of a low level discharge opening.

Figure 10 — Flue terminating positions for oil fired appliances (concluded)

BS 5410-1:1997

Section 10. Installation of flues and chimneys 10

10.1 Design and construction of chimneys

Existing chimneys may be suitable for oil fired appliances with adaptation work. Alternatively, chimneys may be installed to suit the particular appliance chosen.

It is recommended that wherever possible each appliance is served by a dedicated flue.

A factory made insulated chimney is an alternative to a conventional masonry chimney for both new and existing buildings. A further alternative may be a suitable form of insulated flue pipe normally positioned on a wall outside a building or, in the case of appliances where the flue gas temperature is less than 250 �C, on a wall inside a building.NOTE Further guidance on factory made insulated chimneys is given in BS 4543-2 and BS 4543-3.

10.2 Size and height of chimneysThe requirements of a chimney serving an oil fired appliance will vary depending on the class of appliance and the rating of the appliance. The appliance manufacturer’s advice should be followed to establish the size of the flue required. Flues should never be less than the size of the flue connection on the appliance. Flues larger than the appliance flue connection should only be used in exceptional circumstances and if recommended by the appliance manufacturer.

In general, appliances will be fitted in buildings of single or two storey construction and the height of a chimney should be fixed for most installations.

Recommendations for acceptable chimney heights will usually be stated by the appliance manufacturer at the optimum draught conditions. For use on chimneys outside the appliance manufacturer’s normal range, the manufacturer’s recommendations should be obtained.

10.3 Shared chimneys

In exceptional circumstances, one flue may be used for two or more appliances if they are in the same room and provided that their combined rated output does not exceed 45 kW. In such instances the cross-sectional area of the common flue should equal the combined cross-sectional areas of the flues required for the individual appliances.

10.4 Masonry chimneys

10.4.1 Such chimneys can be of many different types of construction. The type most commonly encountered, however, has inside cross-sectional dimensions of 228 mm � 228 mm, and is constructed of brick, lined or unlined with a cement render. The following considerations apply when this type of chimney is to be used for oil fired installations. Chimneys shall be thoroughly cleaned to remove any traces of soot or debris. Unlined chimneys or chimneys with oversized liners are not suitable for oil fired appliances. Current practice is to line chimneys at the time of building.

Such lined chimneys are not generally suitable for oil firing as, even if they satisfy general requirements for height, their cross-sectional area is normally too large and their thermal characteristics are poor. (See 10.4.2.) In general, the cross-sectional area of these liners is too large for oil fired appliances because of their low flue gas temperatures. In such instances it is necessary to insert a further liner, usually of the flexible stainless steel type, into these chimneys, leaving a gap between the new and original liners. Depending on the degree of exposure and the practicability of the operation, this gap should be backfilled with suitable insulating material. If this material is of the loose running type, it should be stabilized. The requirements of the liner manufacturer regarding the suitability of its product for use with insulation infill should be met.

10.4.2 The thermal resistance offered by a dense ceramic liner set in concrete is low and does not provide a significant improvement in performance over an unlined chimney. In addition the thermal inertia of such a structure is high and in certain circumstances could cause flue problems such as undue condensation. Material damage to the structure and objectionable fabric staining can occur from flue gas condensation. This is most likely to occur if a solid fuel appliance has been previously connected and the chimney has not been swept clear of soot and other combustion deposits before connecting an oil fired appliance.

An existing chimney which has proved unsatisfactory for solid fuel should not be used for an oil fired appliance until it has been examined and any faults corrected, see also clause 16.2.


BS 5410-1:1997 Section 10

10.5 Installation of flue pipes

10.5.1 General

Flue pipes should be sited or protected to prevent damage to the flue pipe.

Before erection, cast iron pipes and fittings should be examined to see that they are free of moulding sand and rough edges which, if left, encourage the collection of dust and soot deposits. The supports for a flue pipe, if fixed prior to the erection of the pipe, should be correctly positioned. The suitability of various materials is referred to in 10.5.5 and Table 3.

Modern oil fired appliances operate at very low flue gas temperatures because of the high efficiencies of their heat exchangers. It is essential that a correctly sized warm flue be used. Oversized flues with poor insulation are not suitable.

10.5.2 Joints

Flue pipes with spigot-and-socket joints should be erected with the sockets pointing upwards.

Proper jointing material for flue pipes is essential. Surplus and extruded jointing material should be removed from the internal surfaces to avoid constriction and roughness of the flue, and this should be done as construction progresses.

Joints should be made as follows.

a) Cast iron pipes: joints should be made with fibre cord, well caulked and finished smooth with fire cement.

b) Steel pipes: steel pipes are made so that one end is a tight push fit over the other. If there are any imperfections at the joint these should be sealed with jointing compound.

10.5.3 Stays and supports

Flue pipes should be stayed in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions at intervals not exceeding 16 times the internal diameter. Staying or supporting is best carried out at each joint. Whenever possible, supports should be built in as work proceeds and should be strong enough to take the weight of each individual length of flue pipe.

10.5.4 Clearance from combustible materials

Heat from a flue pipe should not be able to raise the temperature of any combustible material in its vicinity to more than 85 �C.

Flue pipes should have at least 25 mm separation from combustible material. Where the flue pipe passes through a combustible roof, floor, ceiling or partition, the pipe should be surrounded by a non-combustible sleeve. The diameter of the sleeve should be sufficient to provide an annular space of not less than 25 mm between the flue pipe and the sleeve when the pipe is in position. With twin walled flue pipes this distance can be measured from the outside of the inner pipe. This space should be filled with mineral fibre packing or similar non-combustible, insulating materials.

If a flue pipe passes through a room or enclosed space, other than that in which the appliance is situated, any part of the flue pipe which could reach temperatures exceeding 85 �C should be protected to prevent contact by persons using the room. Where a single skin flue pipe passes through a space subject to wide temperature variation, such as a roof space, it should be insulated with a suitable non-combustible insulating material, or alternatively twin walled flue pipe should be used.

10.5.5 Materials for flue pipes and fittings

Suitable materials for flue pipes are given in Table 3.

The material to be selected depends on the type of oil to be used and on the flue gas temperature. Appliances are classed as having flue gas temperatures up to or above 250 �C.NOTE Further information on reporting flue gas temperatures is given in BS EN 303-1, BS EN 303-2, OFS A100 [2] and OFS A101 [3].

10.5.6 Bends in flue pipes and fittings

In order to minimize resistance to the flow of flue gases and to facilitate sweeping, there should be no more than two bends in the flue pipe and no more than two bends in the chimney. Any bends in flue pipes should not be more than 45 � from the vertical.


BS 5410-1:1997Section 10

10.6 DampersUnless required by the appliance manufacturer, closeable dampers should not be fitted in any chimney or flue pipe serving oil fired appliances. Any existing dampers in a chimney or flue pipe should be removed.

10.7 Inspection and cleaningAccess points should be provided at those positions where any debris is likely to accumulate and cause obstructions in the chimney or flue pipe. Sufficient access is provided in some appliances for this purpose.

Openings in flues and flue pipes made for inspection or cleaning should be fitted with a close fitting cover made of suitable non-combustible material. No openings other than for this purpose should be made into any flue or flue pipes.

10.8 Inspection on site

10.8.1 Structural chimneys

During the construction of a chimney frequent inspections should be carried out by a competent person to ensure that where bends, etc., occur no reduction of the flue area is made, and also that all details such as throatings, terminals, damp proof courses, flashings etc. are properly made.

The flue should be kept clear of mortar droppings, intrusions of jointing material and other obstructions. The flue should be proved clear prior to removal of scaffolding. The flue can be cleared by lowering a coring ball through it.

Before the completion of constructional and decorative work an inspection should be made by a competent person to ensure that all recommendations relating to protecting the building from heat have been observed.

10.8.2 Factory made insulated chimneys

When the installation has been completed, an inspection by a competent person should be carried out to see that joints have been properly tightened and that all supports, fire stops and spacers are properly located and secured in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation instructions. The fitting of the terminal and roof flashing should also be inspected.

10.8.3 Insulated flue pipes

When the installation is completed an inspection should be carried out by a competent person to see that joints have been properly tightened and that supports and clips are properly located and secured in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation instructions.


44 blank

BS 5410-1:1997

Section 11. Room sealed appliances 11

11.1 General

A room sealed balanced flue appliance is an appliance with the flue gas exit terminal positioned on the outside of the building concentric with or adjacent to the combustion air inlet. This arrangement is designed to minimize the effect of wind on appliance combustion performance. Room sealed balanced flue appliances may discharge flue gases at high or low level.

An appliance designed to burn class D fuel should discharge its flue gases at a height of 2 m or greater from the outside ground level. No such limitation is required for an appliance designed to burn class C2 fuel.NOTE Further information on room sealed oil fired appliances is given in BS EN 303-1, BS EN 303-2, OFS A100 [2] and OFS A101 [3].

11.2 Mounting

The flue outlet terminal should be mounted so that it is separated from any combustible material forming part of the building.

Such combustible material may take the form of cladding on the surface of a non-combustible wall through which the flue outlet passes. In such a case, the cladding adjacent to the flue outlet should be replaced by non-combustible material extending not less than 50 mm beyond the outside dimensions of the flue outlet.

The wall through which the flue outlet passes may itself be of combustible material and if so the flue outlet, where it passes through the wall, should be surrounded by non-combustible insulating material not less than 50 mm thick. The insulating material itself should be contained in a steel liner to provide the necessary structural rigidity and to prevent moisture reaching the insulating material.

11.3 Sizing

The flue size of a balanced flue appliance is specified by the manufacturer.

11.4 Terminal design and locationThe terminal is part of the appliance and the design is the responsibility of the manufacturer.

The terminal should be installed on a plain surface of wall. Permitted terminal locations are shown in Figure 10. Positions where the discharge of combustion products could cause nuisance should be avoided.

Where a terminal is so sited that there is a likelihood of accidental contact by persons or of damage to the terminal, the terminal should be fitted with a suitable guard in accordance with the appliance manufacturer’s recommendations.


46 blank

BS 5410-1:1997

Section 12. Special categories of flue system 12

12.1 Flue systems for use with condensing appliances

12.1.1 Flue materials

The flue should be constructed of materials suitable for use with condensed combustion products which will be mildly acidic. Materials such as copper, mild steel and certain grades of stainless steel are not suitable for this particular application. Advice should be sought from the appliance manufacturer.

Plastic materials should only be used where the appliance manufacturer has approved them.

12.1.2 Condensate disposal

Where the appliance installation instructions specify that a condensate drain has to be provided for the appliance, provision should be made for the collection and/or disposal of condensate formed in the flue or the heat exchanger. The appliance manufacturer’s instructions should be followed in respect of material selection, sizing and routing.

Unless stated otherwise in the manufacturer’s instructions the condensate drain pipe should be made of corrosion resistant non-permeable pipe of at least 19 mm internal diameter. The pipework should be run with a sufficient fall to minimize the risk of ice accumulation in very cold weather conditions. A gradient of at least 5� would normally achieve this.

The condensate drain pipe should discharge directly or indirectly into a hopper, soak away or stack pipe of either the soil waste or rainwater disposal system of the building. Condensate can also be drained off onto ground, such as a flower bed, if doing so will not cause a nuisance. In this case the discharge pipe should project a minimum of 75 mm from the point of exit in the external wall and be sited such that the condensate cannot drain onto a pathway where freezing might cause a hazard.

In most circumstances the condensate pipe will require a trap to prevent air from entering the flue or appliance or smells entering the building. The trap should be located internally where it will be protected from freezing.

12.2 Balanced compartment

12.2.1 General

The balanced compartment is a method of installing an open-flued appliance in a sealed room with ventilation and flue termination close together in the same pressure zone situation, so that a balanced-flued effect is achieved. Proprietary systems are available for this purpose and should be installed in accordance with the appliance manufacturer’s instructions. Sealing is essential to the safe operation of a balanced compartment.

12.2.2 Flue and ventilation design

The design of the ventilation inlet and flue outlet should be undertaken by the proprietary system manufacturer. The provision required should enable satisfactory and safe operation of the appliance to be achieved.

There should be no other ventilation openings into the compartment.

12.2.3 Compartment access

A balanced compartment should have a self-closing flush door which fits tightly in its frame with a draught sealing strip. The door should not open into a bathroom or a room containing a bath.

A notice should be attached to the door stating that it should be kept closed apart from when access is required.

The door should be fitted with a switch to act as an electrical isolator which shuts the appliance down when the door is opened.


BS 5410-1:1997 Section 12

12.2.4 Temperature effects

The flue and any exposed hot water carrying pipework or air ducts within the compartment should be insulated to reduce heat transfer to the compartment.

Double-wall flue pipe or insulated metal chimney would meet the insulation recommendations for flue pipes.

Pipework insulation material should be no less than 19 mm thick and have a thermal conductivity (k) of not greater than 0.045 W/m�K or the appropriate thickness and value of k to give no greater loss.

12.2.5 Flue terminal location

Flue terminal locations for balanced compartment installations are not as critical as individual open flue installations. However, if positions other than those recommended in 9.6 are proposed, advice should be obtained from the appliance manufacturer or the flue system manufacturer.

12.2.6 Commissioning

In most applications, the balanced compartment will be sufficiently large to permit the engineer to remain in the compartment whilst the appliance is being commissioned.

Where this is not the case, it is permissible for the test to be carried out with the compartment door open. During this time, the switch specified in 12.2.3 can be bypassed. It should be restored to proper operation when the work has been completed.


BS 5410-1:1997

Section 13. Electrical and control recommendations 13

13.1 General

The electrical installation should be designed in accordance with BS 7671.

Appliances with high voltage ignition systems should be clearly marked “Danger — High Voltage”.

Controls should be fixed in a position chosen to avoid temperature or vibration conditions which could adversely affect the functions of the controls.

Means should be provided to isolate the main electricity supply from the appliance for maintenance purposes.

In areas where television or radio reception is weak it may be necessary to enhance the equipment fitted as standard to the appliance to suppress electrical interference.NOTE Guidance on suppressing electrical interference is given in BS 9125.

Heat resisting cable or mineral insulated metal sheathed cable should be used where the wiring will be exposed to heat.

13.2 Purpose of controlsBurner safety controls should protect against the following:

a) flame failure while the burner is operating;

b) failure to ignite at burner start-up;

c) failure of electricity supply or reduced voltage at any stage of operation;

d) excess operating temperature.NOTE Further information on burner safety controls is given in BS EN 230.


50
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BS 5410-1:1997

Section 14. Commissioning 14

Appliances should be commissioned by a competent person2), using the correct calibration equipment in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. This will be the original appliance manufacturer for new equipment and the burner manufacturer for converted equipment.

Commissioning should consist of the following steps:

a) ensure that the manufacturer’s instructions and the recommendations of this code are followed;

b) ensure the correct installation of the appliance and its auxiliary services, including electrical and water connections, see Section 4;

c) ensure that the oil supply tank has been properly sited and the fuel line to the appliance has been correctly installed, see Section 5, Section 6, Section 7 and Section 8;

d) ensure that, once ignited, the appliance performs safely and operates to the efficiencies specified by the appliance manufacturer;

e) ensure that the combustion and ventilation air supply and the flue are satisfactory. If an extract ventilation fan is fitted where it could affect the performance of the appliance a flue draught interference test should be carried out as described in 4.4;

f) ensure that the controls are operating correctly;

g) ensure that the user is provided with an operating manual for the appliance and is properly instructed in the use of the appliance and in its maintenance and servicing requirements;

h) ensure that the commissioning and warranty documentation is completed and despatched to the relevant manufacturers where required.



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BS 5410-1:1997

Section 15. Maintenance 15

15.1 General

Installations should be regularly maintained by competent technicians3) for continuous satisfactory performance.

Such maintenance should cover combustion equipment, including any safety aspects of its water connections, oil storage and supply. It is especially important that attention is paid to the safety aspects of the operation of the installation such as combustion and ventilation air supply, flueing, emissions, fire and electrical safety. Checks should also be made of the condition of any combustible material located near oil appliances and flues.

15.2 Access for maintenance

Allowance should be made for adequate access for maintenance, see 4.3.

15.3 Maintenance of combustion equipmentCombustion equipment should be thoroughly cleaned and checked for correct operation. Nozzles of pressure jet burners should be replaced at least annually.

A combustion efficiency test should be carried out and a record of the results left with the equipment user.

15.4 Maintenance of oil storage tanksTanks should be inspected at least every year. Checks should be made for any signs of leakage or deterioration of the tank and its fittings.

Water or sludge that has accumulated at the bottom of the tank should be drawn off and disposed of safely.

Access for maintenance should be left around steel tanks so that painting can be undertaken in accordance with 7.4 if any signs of corrosion are noted.

Access for maintenance is not critical with plastics tanks apart from at points where pipe connections are made. However, care should be taken to ensure that clearance is left around any valves or filters to tanks located at low level.

Plants used for screening should be kept at least 600 mm away from tanks.

15.5 Oil supply system

The oil supply pipework, valves, filters and fire valve should be inspected and checked for proper operation at regular intervals.

15.6 Safety controls

It is particularly important that the safety controls, see Section 13, are inspected for correct operation at regular intervals.

15.7 System safety

The operation of heating system safety and control thermostats, valves, pipework, expansion vessels and systems relating to the safety of the appliance should be checked.

15.8 Manuals and maintenance records

All appliances should be supplied with operating and maintenance manuals which should be kept near the appliance for reference by the user and maintenance technician.

A record of maintenance carried out, including the results of combustion tests and, in particular, notes of any replacement parts fitted, should be kept near the appliance for reference by maintenance technicians.



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BS 5410-1:1997

Section 16. Refurbishments and conversions of existing appliances 16

16.1 General

Some solid fuel appliances can be converted to oil firing. It should, however, be noted that some appliances may be unsuitable for conversion. For example, the heating surface area of a boiler needs to be sufficient for oil firing. The opinion of a competent person4) and of the original appliance manufacturer where possible, should be obtained before undertaking conversions. Appliances should be refurbished using parts approved by the original manufacturers wherever possible. NOTE Further information on conversion equipment is given in OFS A101 [3]. Guidance on refurbishment work is given in OCP/4 [14].

16.2 Technical recommendationsIn general the recommendations applying to the installation of new oil fired appliances, see Section 4, are also recommended for conversions. Where a conversion burner is supplied for a specific appliance the burner manufacturer’s instructions should be followed to obtain a safe and satisfactory installation. The following important conditions should be achieved.

a) Appliance: the appliance should be in sound condition and joints should be sealed to prevent leakage of flue gases; the compatibility between the output capacity of the proposed burner and the appliance output should be checked. Overfiring of appliances should particularly be avoided.

b) Heating load: the heating system should be checked to ensure that the heating load is compatible with the output of the appliance with the new burner.

c) Provision of air for combustion and ventilation: see 4.4.

d) Chimneys: when an existing chimney is to be used for an oil burning appliance, certain reconstruction may be necessary to ensure that the following conditions are met.

1) The chimney should be structurally sound, gastight, and free from obstructions, sharp bends or pockets, and interconnections with other flues should not exist. If any chimney damper exists it should be removed or if this is not possible, locked in the open position.

2) The chimney should be of adequate height and of adequate cross-sectional area throughout. Any chimney terminal should be removed if liable to cause a restriction.

3) The internal surfaces of the chimney should be in good repair and free from any deposits.

4) External heat losses leading to possible condensation problems should not be excessive.

5) There should be no timber or other combustible material built into or within 250 mm of the internal face of the chimney.

6) No complications should arise from any adjoining property.NOTE Attention is drawn to the Building Regulations [5], [6] and Building Standards [7] with respect to structural work to chimneys.



BS 5410-1:1997

List of references (see 1.2)

Normative references

BSI publicationsBRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London

BS 799, Oil burning equipment.

BS 799-5:1987, Specification for oil storage tanks.

BS 2869, Fuel oils for non-marine use.

BS 2869-2:1988, Specification for fuel oil for agricultural and industrial engines and burners (classes A2, C1, C2, D, E, F, G and H).

BS 7671:1992, Requirements for electrical installations — IEE Wiring Regulations — 16th edition.

BS EN 303, Heating boilers — Heating boilers with forced draught burners.

BS EN 303-1:1992, Terminology, general requirements, testing and marking.

Informative references

BSI publicationsBRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London

BS 41:1973, Specification for cast iron spigot and socket flue or smoke pipes and fittings.

BS 476, Fire tests on building materials and structures.

BS 476-4:1970, Non-combustibility test for materials.

BS 715:1993, Specification for metal flue pipes, fittings, terminals and accessories for gas-fired appliances with a rated input not exceeding 60 kW.

BS 799, Oil burning equipment.

BS 799-2:1991, Specification for vaporizing burners.

BS 799-8:1988, Specification for connecting dimensions between atomizing oil burners and heat generators.

BS 1181:1989, Specification for clay flue linings and flue terminals.

BS 1449, Steel plate, sheet and strip.

BS 1449-1, Carbon and carbon-manganese plate, sheet and strip.

BS 1449-1.1:1991, General specification.

BS 1449-2:1983, Specification for stainless and heat-resisting steel plate, sheet and strip.

BS 4543, Factory-made insulated chimneys.

BS 4543-2:1990, Specification for chimneys with stainless steel flue linings for use with solid fuel fixed appliances.

BS 4543-3:1990, Specification for chimneys with stainless steel fluelining for use with oil fired appliances.

BS 4814:1990, Specification for expansion vessels using an internal diaphragm, for sealed hot water heating systems.

BS 5422:1990, Method for specifying thermal insulating materials on pipes, ductwork and equipment (in the temperature range �40 �C to +700 �C).

BS 5449:1990, Specification for forced circulation hot water central heating systems for domestic premises.

BS 6150: 1991, Code of practice for painting of buildings.

BS 6700:1997, Specification for design, installation, testing and maintenance of services supplying water for domestic use within buildings and their curtilages.

BS 6759, Safety valves.

BS 6759-1:1984, Specification for safety valves for steam and hot water.

BS 6762, Services for leisure accommodation vehicles and transportable accommodation units.

BS 6762-3:1989, Specification for oil-fired heating systems.


BS 5410-1:1997

BS 6999:1989, Specification for vitreous-enamelled low-carbon-steel flue pipes, other components and accessories for solid-fuel-burning appliances with a rated output of 45 kW.

BS 7593:1992, Code of practice for treatment of water in domestic hot water central heating systems.

BS 7566, Installation of factory-made chimneys to BS 4543 for domestic appliances.

BS 9125:1988, Specification for capability approval of manufacturers of passive radio interference suppression filter units of assessed quality generic data.

BS EN 230:1991, Specification for monobloc oil burners — Safety control and regulation devices and safety times.

BS EN 267:1991, Methods of test for atomizing oil burners of the monobloc type.

BS EN 293:1992, Specification for oil pressure atomizing nozzles — Minimum requirements — Testing.

BS EN 303, Heating boilers — Heating boilers with forced draught burners.

BS EN 303-2:1992, Special requirements for boilers with atomizing oil burners.

BS EN 485, Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Sheet, strip and plate.

BS EN 485-1:1994, Technical conditions for inspection and delivery.

BS EN 485-2:1995, Mechanical properties.

BS EN 485-3:1994, Tolerances on shape and dimensions for hot-rolled products.

BS EN 485-4:1994, Tolerances on shape and dimensions for cold-rolled products.

BS EN 515:1993, Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Wrought products — Temper designations.

BS EN 573, Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Chemical composition and form of wrought products.

BS EN 573-1:1995, Numerical designation system.

BS EN 573-2:1995, Chemical symbol based designation system.

BS EN 573-3:1995, Chemical composition.

BS EN 573-4:1995, Forms of products.

Other references

[1] UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND. The Boiler (Efficiency) Regulations 1993 amended by the Boiler (Efficiency) (Amendment) Regulations 1994. London: HMSO.

[2] The Oil Firing Technical Association for the Petroleum Industry, Banstead, UK. OFS A100:1995 Heating boilers with atomizing burners, outputs up to 70 kW, maximum operation pressure of 3 bar.

[3] The Oil Firing Technical Association for the Petroleum Industry, Banstead, UK. OFS A101:1996 Oil fired cookers with atomizing or vaporizing burners with or without boilers, heat outputs up to 45 kW.

[4] The Oil Firing Technical Association for the Petroleum Industry, Banstead, UK. OFS E100:1995 Oil pressure atomizing nozzles for use with kerosene — Minimum requirements and testing.

[5] ENGLAND AND WALES. The Building Regulations 1991 (amendments 1992, 1994, 1995) and including Part B Fire Safety Regulations. London: HMSO.

[6] NORTHERN IRELAND. The Building Regulations 1994 (amendment 1995). London: HMSO.

[7] SCOTLAND. Building Standards (Scotland) Regulations 1990 (amendment 1996). London: HMSO.

[8] The Oil Firing Technical Association for the Petroleum Industry, Banstead, UK. List of oil firing equipment.

[9] The Oil Firing Technical Association for the Petroleum Industry, Banstead, UK. Technical Information Note TI/112 Oil fired appliances and extract fans.

[10] The Oil Firing Technical Association for the Petroleum Industry, Banstead, UK. OFS T100:1995 Polyethylene oil storage tanks and bunds for distillate fuels.

[11] The Oil Firing Technical Association for the Petroleum Industry, Banstead, UK. Technical Book 3, 1995, Installation requirements for oil fired boilers and oil storage tanks.


BS 5410-1:1997

[12] GREAT BRITAIN. Control of Pollution (Special Waste) Regulations 1980. London: HMSO.

[13] The Oil Firing Technical Association for the Petroleum Industry, Banstead, UK. OFS E101:1996 Non-electrically operated remote acting fire safety valves for use with oil supply systems.

[14] The Oil Firing Technical Association for the Petroleum Industry, Banstead, UK. OCP/4:1996 Code of practice for the refurbishment of range cookers, with or without boiler, heat outputs up to 45 kW.

[15] The Oil Firing Technical Association for the Petroleum Industry, Banstead, UK TI 133.

[16] Institute of Petroleum, London, W1M 8AR.


BS 5410-1:1997

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bs 5410.1-1997 - code of practice for oil firing

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