bruce mayer, pe licensed electrical & mechanical engineer bmayer@chabotcollege
DESCRIPTION
Engineering 11. Human Factors & Ergonomics. Bruce Mayer, PE Licensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer [email protected]. OutLine Human Factors. Human limitations, abilities Human-Machine System Sensory input limitations Decision making limitations Summary. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt1
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Bruce Mayer, PELicensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer
Engineering 11
Human Factors
& Ergonomics
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt2
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
OutLine Human Factors Human limitations, abilities Human-Machine System Sensory input limitations Decision making limitations Summary
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt3
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Definition Human Factors What is Human Factors Engineering
(a.k.a. Human Factors)? The Design for the abilities,
limitations, and other physiological or behavioral characteristics of humans which affect the use & operation of tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs, and environments.
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt4
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Consider HF Early in the DesignHum
an FactorsFormulation
Detail
Parametric
Configuration
Concept
Embodiment Design
Preliminary Design
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt5
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Common Customer Requirements Typical Human Functional
Requirements• User-Friendliness• Convenience• Effectiveness• Efficiency • Increased productivity
Typical Human Values Requirements• Improved safety • Reduced worker
fatigue or stress • Increased comfort • Greater user
acceptance • Increased job
satisfaction • Improved quality of
life
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt6
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Starting Pt Activity Analysis Human Factors Design often begins
with an Activity, or InterAction, Analysis for the Types of People Who will Interact with the Designed Product in some form.
Interaction Type examples• People who BUILD the Product• People who USE the Product• People who DISPOSE of the Product
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt7
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Example Bike USER (Rider) Activity Analysis for a BiCycle Rider
• removes the bicycle from storage, • climbs onto the bike and pedals down the street,• pushes the handle bar to steer around a dog in the street,• slows down by grasping handbrake lever and squeezing,• steers to the side of the road to let car pass by, • pushes the shift lever to a lower gear decreasing pedal
force to climb hill,• squeezes brake lever to stop at the top of the hill,
dismounts, • walks the bike to roadside and enjoys the view.
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt8
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Rider↔Bike InterActions Use eyes to see Hands/Arms to pick up Foot and Leg to climb up onto seat Hand(s) for braking Feet and Legs to provide propulsion Ears to Hear traffic or dogs Fingers to shift gears Inner Ear/Balance to stay upright
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt9
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Considerations in HF Design Types of People
who Interact with a Machine• Builder/Maker
– person who produces the product
• Shipper/Installer• User• Maintainer (repair
persons)• Disposer
Basic Machine Operation• Takes INPUTS• Performs a
Productive FUNCTION
• Produces OUTPUTS– Value-Added
OutPut (Desired)– ByProducts
(Not Desired)May be
nonBenign
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt10
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Typical S8-0701Ergonomic Measurement
S8 Spec Focuses on• Installer/Disposer• User• Maintainer
SEMI S8 GuideLinesapply to the design, operation, maintenance, and service of semiconductor manufacturing equipment, as well as, to a limited extent, equipment installation
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt11
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
SEMI S8 A
ctivity A
nalysis &
Conform
ance Review
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt12
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Human-Machine Sensory Limits
Makes Decisions
Perform Function(s)
InputSensory signals
OutputMuscle force,
torque, motion
InputControl signals
OutputPerformance
displays
Human - Machine interface
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt13
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Sensory input limitations Sight Hearing Smell Taste Touch
• Kinesthetic (People can get a “Feel” for a good Tennis Stroke)
• Vestibular (Response to whole-body Accelerations)
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt14
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Sight Limitations Near/Far focusing Speed (persistence of vision) Night vision/illumination “perceive” (optical illusions,
psychological?) Color blindness
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt15
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Hearing Limitations Frequencies Amplitude “perceive” (hear, but not
know what caused…) Understand (language) Masking by ambient/environmental
noise
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt16
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Touch • Kinesthetic • Vestibular Tactile stimulation of skin
• Sharp, hot, smooth, electrically charged Radiation (heat) Kinesthetically feel joint/muscle
movement• “Good” golf/tennis swing, skiing, PoleVault
Vestibular (inner ear) • Sense of balance
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt17
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Sensory OverLoad Too much input, too fast Confusing Sensory
Fatigue
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt18
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Human-Machine Decision Limits
Makes Decisions
Perform Function(s)
InputSensory signals
OutputMuscle force,
torque, motion
InputControl signals
OutputPerformance
displays
Human - Machine interface
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt19
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Decision making limitations DECISION RAMIFICATIONS InputInfo → MakeDecision → TakeAction
• Action Taken is often called the “OutPut”
Example• Input: See politician in the road• Decision: Decide to hit or avoid?• Output (TakeAction): Steer Around OR
Brake OR Accelerate
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt20
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
ReAction Times Fast & Slow SIMPLE reaction time
• one stimulus, same response– i.e. “knee jerk”, trained response
e.g.; See Dog Run into Road Hit Brakes!!!
CHOICE reaction time• several stimuli, different responses
– i.e., process multiple, and possibly conflicting, signals; then Take “some” (wrong?) actione.g. power plant malfunction
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt21
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Human-Machine Output Limits
Makes Decisions
Perform Function(s)
InputSensory signals
OutputMuscle force,
torque, motion
InputControl signals
OutputPerformance
displays
Human - Machine interface
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt22
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Human Mechanics Forces (e.g. arms, legs, hands,
fingers) Range of motion (Kinematics) Energy Expenditure Control - Ability Size
(abilities/limitations)
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt23
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Force Mechanics
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt24
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Range of M
otion
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt25
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Energy/Power Expenditure
Table 11.2 Mean value energy expenditure per day for various occupations (adapted from Sanders and McCormick, 1993)
Energy Expended Occupation (kcal/day) Construction worker (male) 3000 Steel worker (male) 3280 Coal miner (male) 3660 Housewives 2090 University males/females 2930/2290
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt26
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Human Sizes The study of Anthropometrics (human
measurement) is concerned with the physical sizes and shapes of humans.
Of particular interest are the differences between and among different populations (men vs. women, Northern Europeans vs. Japanese, etc.)• Most typical “Boundary Conditions”
– 5th %-tile Asian Female– 95th %-tile American Male
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt27
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
95th %-tile American Male
5th %-tile Asian Female
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt28
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Anthropom
etricsA
merican W
oman
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt29
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Control-Ability
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt30
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Human-Machine System Summary
Makes Decisions
Perform Function(s)
InputSensory signals
OutputMuscle force,
torque, motion
InputControl signals
OutputPerformance
displays
Human - Machine interface
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt31
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Visual & Auditory Displays Visual Display Types
• indicator lights • continuous readout gages • digital counters • graphical panels
Audible Display Types• bells• buzzers• horns• Sirens• tones, and • electronic devices that speak
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt32
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Display GuideLines Conspicuity – The display should be
conspicuous in that it should be prominently located, novel and relevant.
Emphasis – Important words should be visually emphasized.
Legibility – Character fonts, size and contrast should be exploited.
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt33
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Display GuideLines Intelligibility – Succinctly tell the
operator what the hazard is and how to fix it.
Visibility – The display should be visible in all lighting conditions including day or night.
Maintainability – The display should resist aging, wear and vandalism.
Standardization – Standard words and symbols
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt34
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Design For Fit Gold Standard Design to
Accommodate Human Interaction for
5th Percentile Asian Femaleto
95th Percentile American Male
Use anthropometric data
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt35
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Example Ergonomic Design95th PercentileAmerican Male
5th PercentileAsian Female
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt36
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
WorkSpace Design Climate
• air temperature, humidity• airborne particulates• odors and harmful vapors
Illumination • light intensity, color content• glare/ reflection
Noise • sound level, frequency, duration, • fluctuations in level or frequency
Motion • whole body vib., freq. and intensity• head motions (motion sickness)
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt37
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Summary ErgoNomics Customer requirements include HF Sensory input limitations Decision making limitations Human muscle output limitations
• Forces, range of motion, energy, Anthropometrics Design for fit Workspace guidelines
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt38
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
All Done for Today
Formula SAEAnthropometric
Data
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt39
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Bruce Mayer, PERegistered Electrical & Mechanical Engineer
Engineering 11
Appendix
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt40
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
SEMI S8 Goals These guidelines provide ergonomics design principles and
considerations for semiconductor manufacturing equipment. The purpose of these guidelines is to promote compatibility
between the user and the equipment in the IC manufacturing environment. The following general principles are integral to the ergonomics design and evaluation of equipment: • The equipment should be designed to optimize safety by distributing
tasks. Tasks should be distributed among hardware, software, and users to make the best use of their respective capabilities and to minimize limitations and hazards. Appropriate distribution of tasks will also optimize performance.
• Equipment should be designed to minimize potential for errors and mishaps, by conforming to users' expectations.
• The equipment design should reduce fatigue and injury by fitting the equipment to the expected body size, strength, and range of motion characteristics of the user population. Such design will also facilitate task performance.
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[email protected] • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt41
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-11: Engineering Design
Human Machine InterAction