broadcast vs. cable what’s the difference?. “over the air” the way in which tv was originally...
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BROADCAST VS. CABLEWhat’s the difference?
“OVER THE AIR”
• The way in which TV was originally broadcast.
• You did not need to pay for cable.
• All you needed was a TV and an antenna.
• Still available.
STATIONS• Stations Identified by “Call
Letters”• Stations east of the Mississippi
River start with “W”• Two exceptions
• KYW in Philadelphia• KDKA in Pittsburg
• Stations west of the Mississippi River start with “K”
BROADCAST
• Broadcast industry is regulated by:
•The FCC – Federal Communications Commission
• The “TV Code” (broadcast ethics) was created by:
•The NAB – National Association of Broadcasters
• Two different frequencies:
•VHF – Very High Frequency
•UHF – Ultra High Frequency
VHF VS. UHF
•VHF• Channels 2 - 13• VHF Channels in the Philadelphia Market
Channel Call Letters Network Affiliate
3 KYW CBS
6 WPVI ABC
10 WCAU NBC
12 WHYY PBS
VHF VS UHF
•UHF• Channels 14 – 83• UHF Channels in the Philadelphia Market
Channel Call Letters Nework Affiliate
17 WPHL “My TV”
23 WNJS PBS
29 WTXF FOX
57 WPSG CW
NOTABLE AFFILIATES
•ABC• American Broadcasting
Company
• CBS• Columbia Broadcasting System
•NBC• National Broadcasting Company
•PBS• Public Broadcasting Service
•BBC• British Broadcasting Corporation
• TBS• Turner Broadcasting System
•HBO• Home Box Office
•CW• CBS and Warner Brothers
BROADCAST ISSUES
CABLE
• Developed in the Appalachian Mountains of Pennsylvania to reach valleys with poor reception.
• Cable companies placed Television antennas at the top of mountains, and cables were run down to homes in the valleys, allowing people to receive Broadcast TV stations.
• Today, cable companies like Comcast and Verizon now provide customers with Broadcast TV, Satellite Channels, and other corporate channels.
THE CABLE SOLUTION
SATELLITES
• Sputnik 1• First artificial Earth satellite• Launched by the Soviet Union in 1957
• Telstar 1• World’s first active Communications satellite• Launched by the United States on July 10, 1962• Transmitted the first global television signal on July 12, 1962
HOW SATELLITES WORK
• Geostationary Orbit• An orbit that is synchronized with the Earth’s rotation, allowing a satellite to
remain in a fixed position above the Earth.• An altitude of approximately 22,300 miles above sea level.
• Uplink• A position on Earth from which a signal is sent to a satellite.
• Downlink• A position on Earth (a dish) that receives a satellite signal.
• Footprint• The coverage area on the Earth’s surface of a satellite’s signal.
SATELLITE SIGNAL
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
MAJOR SATELLITE FOOTPRINTS
SUPERSTATION
• What is a “Superstation?”• A Broadcast TV station, other than a network station, that is also transmitted
by a satellite carrier.• Examples:
• WTBS, Channel 17, Atlanta, GA• WGN, Channel 9, Chicago, IL• WWOR, Channel 9, New York City, NY
MONEY• Broadcast TV
• Revenue earned from advertising (commercials).• Original Broadcast TV was not free – it earned money from people buying
products “As Seen on TV”• Cost to run a commercial is determined, in part, by Ratings.
•Ratings• An estimate of an audience ÷ TV Households
• In addition to Ratings, Shares also help determine the popularity of a program.
•Shares• An estimate of an audience ÷ HUTS (Households Using TV)
• Public TV (PBS)• Revenue comes mostly from Foundations, the CPB, the Government, and
“Viewers Like You” (telethons and pledge drives).
•CPB – Corporation for Public Broadcasting
MEDIA
• Print Media• Newspapers• Magazines
• Electronic Media• Radio
• “Theater of the Mind”• Television
• Live or Recorded• “Live on Tape”
• Technology Media• Podcasts
• Audio on demand• Listen whenever you want• Must have an internet connection to
stream or download• Vodcasts
• Video on demand• Same principals as a podcast
AUDIENCES
Live (theater audience) Television (at home)
Live Response Delayed Response (ratings)
Captive(stays for entire Presentation)
Comes and Goes at will(usually during commercials)
*Note: A compromise of the two audiences is a live studio audience.
BASIC PRINCIPALS OF ELECTRICITY
• Electricity – electron movement from one atom to another.
• Voltage – creates the force that is needed to push the electrons.• The force is known as Electromotive Force (EMF).
• The flow of electrons is know as Current.• Current is measured in Amperes (amps).
• Two forms of electricity:• AC – Alternating Current (household current)• DC – Direct Current (used by devices with batteries)
• Batteries are a course of electrons along with EMF.
• Conductors• Materials with loosely attached electrons
• Insulators• Materials with firmly attached electrons.