British HistoryBritish History

The CeltsThe Celts► Who were the Celts?Who were the Celts? From around 750 BC to 12 BC, the Celts were the From around 750 BC to 12 BC, the Celts were the

most powerful people in central and northern Europe. most powerful people in central and northern Europe. There were many groups (tribes) of Celts, speaking a There were many groups (tribes) of Celts, speaking a vaguely common language. vaguely common language.

The word Celt comes from the Greek word, The word Celt comes from the Greek word, KeltoiKeltoi, , which means barbarians and is properly pronounced which means barbarians and is properly pronounced as "Kelt". as "Kelt".

► Interesting factInteresting fact No-one called the people living in Britain during the No-one called the people living in Britain during the

Iron Age, Celts until the eighteenth century. In fact Iron Age, Celts until the eighteenth century. In fact the Romans called these people the Romans called these people BritonsBritons, not Celts. , not Celts. The name Celts is a 'modern' name and is used to The name Celts is a 'modern' name and is used to collectively describe all the many tribes of people collectively describe all the many tribes of people living during the Iron Age.living during the Iron Age.

► Why are the Celts Why are the Celts called Iron Age Celts?called Iron Age Celts?

The period of time in The period of time in Britain immediately Britain immediately before the Roman period before the Roman period is known as the Iron Age. is known as the Iron Age. The name 'Iron Age' The name 'Iron Age' comes from the discovery comes from the discovery of a new metal called of a new metal called iron. The Celts found out iron. The Celts found out how to make iron tools how to make iron tools and weapons.and weapons.

Before the Iron Age the Before the Iron Age the only metal used in Britain only metal used in Britain to make tools was to make tools was bronze.bronze.

► Where did the Celts Where did the Celts come from?come from?

The Celts lived across The Celts lived across most of Europe during the most of Europe during the Iron AgeIron Age. .

The RomansThe Romans

The Romans came to Britain nearly 2000 The Romans came to Britain nearly 2000 years ago and changed our country. Even years ago and changed our country. Even today, evidence of the Romans being here, today, evidence of the Romans being here, can be seen in the ruins of Roman buildings, can be seen in the ruins of Roman buildings, forts, roads, and baths can be found all over forts, roads, and baths can be found all over Britain. Britain.

Who were the Romans?Who were the Romans? The Romans lived in Rome, a city in the The Romans lived in Rome, a city in the

centre of the country of Italy. centre of the country of Italy. One day, some years before Jesus Christ One day, some years before Jesus Christ

was born, the Romans came to Britain.was born, the Romans came to Britain.

The Romans gave us…The Romans gave us… LanguageLanguage

The language we The language we used today was used today was developed from developed from the Romans. The the Romans. The Romans spoke and Romans spoke and wrote in Latin and wrote in Latin and many of our words many of our words are based on Latin are based on Latin words. words.

The CalendarThe CalendarDid you know that the Did you know that the calendar we use today is calendar we use today is more than 2,000 years more than 2,000 years old? It was started by old? It was started by Julius Caesar, a Roman Julius Caesar, a Roman ruler. It is based on the ruler. It is based on the movement of the earth movement of the earth around the sun, and so around the sun, and so is called the 'solar is called the 'solar calendar.' The solar calendar.' The solar calendar has 365 days a calendar has 365 days a year, and 366 days year, and 366 days every leap year, or every leap year, or every fourth year. The every fourth year. The names of our months names of our months are taken from the are taken from the names of Roman gods names of Roman gods and rulers. The month and rulers. The month 'July,' in fact, is named 'July,' in fact, is named after Julius Caesar after Julius Caesar himself!himself!

Laws and a Laws and a legal systemlegal systemThe laws and The laws and ways we ways we determine determine what to do what to do with someone with someone who is accused who is accused of breaking a of breaking a law came law came originally from originally from the Roman the Roman Empire.Empire.

The CensusThe CensusThe Roman Empire was The Roman Empire was huge and included huge and included millions of people living millions of people living over a large area. How over a large area. How did they keep track of all did they keep track of all these people? Easy! these people? Easy! They counted them! The They counted them! The Roman Empire began Roman Empire began the practice of taking a the practice of taking a census, or a 'count,' of census, or a 'count,' of all the people within its all the people within its boundaries every so boundaries every so often. Today, many often. Today, many countries like ours take countries like ours take a census every 10 years.a census every 10 years.

The Romans also gave us:►straight roads►central heating ►concrete►aqueducts (bridges for water)

Anglo-SaxonsAnglo-Saxons

►Where did the Anglo-Saxons come Where did the Anglo-Saxons come from?from?

The Anglo-Saxons left their homelands in The Anglo-Saxons left their homelands in northern Germany, Denmark and The northern Germany, Denmark and The Netherlands and rowed across the North Sea Netherlands and rowed across the North Sea in wooden boats to Britain. in wooden boats to Britain.

They sailed across the North Sea in their They sailed across the North Sea in their long ships, which had one sail and many long ships, which had one sail and many oars. They made a series of attacks on oars. They made a series of attacks on different parts of the country over a period different parts of the country over a period of years and under a number of leaders.of years and under a number of leaders.

►The Saxons The Saxons settled in areas of settled in areas of Essex (East Essex (East Saxons), Sussex Saxons), Sussex (South Saxons), (South Saxons), Middlesex (Middle Middlesex (Middle Saxons), and Saxons), and Wessex (West Wessex (West Saxons).Saxons).

Why did Anglo-Saxons invade Britain?Why did Anglo-Saxons invade Britain?

► Historians are not sure why the Anglo-Saxons came Historians are not sure why the Anglo-Saxons came to Britain. Some sources say that the Saxon warriors to Britain. Some sources say that the Saxon warriors were invited to come, to the area now know as were invited to come, to the area now know as England, to help keep out invaders from Scotland England, to help keep out invaders from Scotland and Ireland. Another reason for coming may have and Ireland. Another reason for coming may have been because their land often flooded and it was been because their land often flooded and it was difficult to grow crops, so they were looking for new difficult to grow crops, so they were looking for new places to settle down and farm.places to settle down and farm.

How long did the Saxons stay in How long did the Saxons stay in England?England?

► They ruled in England for They ruled in England for about 500 years ( a hundred about 500 years ( a hundred years longer than the years longer than the RomansRomans). However, unlike ). However, unlike the Romans, the Anglo-the Romans, the Anglo-Saxons never 'went home'; Saxons never 'went home'; many people living in Britain many people living in Britain today have Anglo Saxon today have Anglo Saxon ancestors. The name ancestors. The name England even comes from England even comes from the Saxon word 'Angle-the Saxon word 'Angle-LandLand‘‘

► One of the places they One of the places they settled in was Tonbridge, in settled in was Tonbridge, in Kent. Tonbridge was an Kent. Tonbridge was an ideal place to settle as it ideal place to settle as it was on the main track from was on the main track from Hastings to London and has Hastings to London and has a river. a river.

► At the time when the Anglo-At the time when the Anglo-Saxons came to England Saxons came to England much of the country was much of the country was covered in forest. Only covered in forest. Only about a few thousand about a few thousand people in the whole land people in the whole land (today there are about (today there are about 50 million people50 million people living in living in England). It was an easy England). It was an easy place for newcomers to find place for newcomers to find a place to start a village and a place to start a village and then chop down the then chop down the surrounding forest to make surrounding forest to make farmlandfarmland. .

Days of the WeekDays of the Week

Monandæg Monandæg ( Moon's day - the day of the moon ), ( Moon's day - the day of the moon ), Tiwesdæg Tiwesdæg ( Tiw's-day - the day of the Scandinavian ( Tiw's-day - the day of the Scandinavian sky god Tiw,Tiu or Tig), sky god Tiw,Tiu or Tig), Wodnesdæg Wodnesdæg ( Woden's day - the day of the god ( Woden's day - the day of the god Woden (Othin) ), Woden (Othin) ), Ðunresdæg Ðunresdæg ( Thor's Day - the day of the god Ðunor ( Thor's Day - the day of the god Ðunor or Thunor ), or Thunor ), Frigedæg Frigedæg ( Freyja's day - the day of the goddess ( Freyja's day - the day of the goddess Freyja or Frigg, wife to Woden), Freyja or Frigg, wife to Woden), Sæternesdæg Sæternesdæg ( Saturn's day - the day of the Roman ( Saturn's day - the day of the Roman god Saturn, whose festival "Saturnalia," with its god Saturn, whose festival "Saturnalia," with its exchange of gifts, has been incorporated into our exchange of gifts, has been incorporated into our celebration of Christmas.), celebration of Christmas.), Sunnandæg Sunnandæg ( Sun's day - the day of the sun ). ( Sun's day - the day of the sun ).

The VikingsThe Vikings

About the year 800, bands of fierce raiders began to About the year 800, bands of fierce raiders began to attack our coasts. They were the Vikings. They attack our coasts. They were the Vikings. They came across the North Sea, just as the Anglo-came across the North Sea, just as the Anglo-Saxons had done 400 years earlier.Saxons had done 400 years earlier.

In time, like the Anglo-Saxons, they made their In time, like the Anglo-Saxons, they made their home here. They drove the Saxons out of part of home here. They drove the Saxons out of part of the country and took it for themselves.the country and took it for themselves.

King Alfred, Saxon king of Wessex, fought them in a King Alfred, Saxon king of Wessex, fought them in a great battle, but he could not drive them right away great battle, but he could not drive them right away and had to let them have part of the country, called and had to let them have part of the country, called Danelaw. Danelaw.

The Vikings lived over one thousand years ago and The Vikings lived over one thousand years ago and came from the three countries of Scandinavia: came from the three countries of Scandinavia: Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Denmark, Norway and Sweden.

Who were the Vikings?Who were the Vikings?

► Vikings were also known Vikings were also known as the Norsemen. They as the Norsemen. They were great travellers and were great travellers and sailed to other parts of sailed to other parts of Europe, where they Europe, where they traded, raided, and often traded, raided, and often settledsettled

► They were also farmers, They were also farmers, fishermen, trappers and fishermen, trappers and traders. Viking craftsmen traders. Viking craftsmen made beautiful objects made beautiful objects out of wood, metal and out of wood, metal and bone; Viking women bone; Viking women were skilful weavers, were skilful weavers, produced fine, warm produced fine, warm textiles.textiles.

► No matter how many times No matter how many times the Vikings were beaten, they the Vikings were beaten, they always came back, and in the always came back, and in the end all their efforts paid off. It end all their efforts paid off. It was the Vikings (Norse) of was the Vikings (Norse) of Normandy who finally Normandy who finally conquered England in conquered England in 10661066 and changed British history and changed British history for ever.for ever.

► Why did the Vikings invade Why did the Vikings invade Britain?Britain?

Most Vikings who sailed Most Vikings who sailed overseas were simply overseas were simply searching for better land for searching for better land for their farms. Their land was their farms. Their land was not very good for farming. not very good for farming. Norway was very hilly, Norway was very hilly, Sweden was covered in Sweden was covered in forests, and Denmark had a forests, and Denmark had a lot of sandy home land. lot of sandy home land.

► Alfred the Great and Alfred the Great and DanelawDanelaw

Rather than face defeat, Rather than face defeat, Alfred the Great, king of Alfred the Great, king of Wessex, paid the Vikings Wessex, paid the Vikings (Danes) to leave his (Danes) to leave his kingdom alone. He bought kingdom alone. He bought just five years of peace. In just five years of peace. In that time the Vikings took that time the Vikings took over one third of England. over one third of England. Then they returned to take Then they returned to take Wessex. Alfred fought and Wessex. Alfred fought and defeated the Vikings and defeated the Vikings and their leader, King their leader, King Guthrum, asked for peace. Guthrum, asked for peace. The Vikings settled The Vikings settled peacefully in an area of peacefully in an area of Britain which became Britain which became known as Danelaw known as Danelaw

The Normans The Normans

►King Edward lll of England (called "The King Edward lll of England (called "The Confessor" because he built Confessor" because he built Westminster Abbey) died on January 5, Westminster Abbey) died on January 5, 1066, after a reign of 23 years. 1066, after a reign of 23 years. Leaving no heirs, Edward's passing Leaving no heirs, Edward's passing ignited a three-way rivalry for the ignited a three-way rivalry for the crown that culminated in the Battle of crown that culminated in the Battle of Hastings and the destruction of the Hastings and the destruction of the Anglo-SaxonAnglo-Saxon rule of England. rule of England.

Harold GodwinsonHarold Godwinson was a leading was a leading Saxon Lord and the brother of Saxon Lord and the brother of Edward's wife. He had won a Edward's wife. He had won a number of battles for Edward.number of battles for Edward.

Harold was chosen by the Witan Harold was chosen by the Witan (the King's council) to succeed (the King's council) to succeed Edward the Confessor. He also Edward the Confessor. He also said that it was Edward's dying said that it was Edward's dying wish that he, Harold, should wish that he, Harold, should have the crown (There were no have the crown (There were no witnesses to Edward saying witnesses to Edward saying this)this)

The day after Edward diedold The day after Edward diedold was was born and bred in born and bred in EnglandEngland and and popularpopular with with ordinary people. He was son of ordinary people. He was son of Earl Godwin, the most powerful Earl Godwin, the most powerful noble in E, Harold became King noble in E, Harold became King Harold ll of England. Harold ll of England.

Harold did not have a direct Harold did not have a direct blood link to the king. blood link to the king.

William, Duke of William, Duke of NormandyNormandy, over the , over the sea in Francesea in France

William was a William was a distant distant cousin of Edward the cousin of Edward the ConfessorConfessor and wanted and wanted to be the next king. He to be the next king. He claimed that claimed that both both Edward and Harold Edward and Harold had promised him had promised him the thronethe throne, but English , but English supporters of Harold supporters of Harold challenged this.challenged this.

Who were the Normans?Who were the Normans?

►The Normans were people who lived in The Normans were people who lived in Normandy in Northern France. They Normandy in Northern France. They were originally Vikings from were originally Vikings from ScandinaviaScandinavia

Why did William won the Battle of Hastings?Why did William won the Battle of Hastings?

1.1.William's army had time to rest before the battle. William's army had time to rest before the battle. Harold Godwinson's army was tired and they did Harold Godwinson's army was tired and they did not have time to prepare properly for the battle. not have time to prepare properly for the battle. The English army had already fought the Battle of The English army had already fought the Battle of Stamford Bridge that day and had to march quickly Stamford Bridge that day and had to march quickly down to the battlefield outside Hastings. down to the battlefield outside Hastings. They They marched 50 miles a day!marched 50 miles a day!

2.2.William's army was stronger. He had better trained William's army was stronger. He had better trained soldiers and had the use of a strong cavalry (men soldiers and had the use of a strong cavalry (men on horseback) and archers whereas Harold did not.on horseback) and archers whereas Harold did not.

3.3.William's army pretended to flee. Many of Harold's William's army pretended to flee. Many of Harold's men broke their sheild wall to chase after them but men broke their sheild wall to chase after them but as they did William and his army turned back and as they did William and his army turned back and slaughtered them.slaughtered them.

Who became the next King of England?Who became the next King of England?

When William won When William won the Battle of the Battle of Hastings, he earned Hastings, he earned himself the title himself the title 'Conqueror'. He 'Conqueror'. He marched to London marched to London and was crowned and was crowned King in Westminster King in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.Day 1066.

The TudorsThe Tudors

The Tudors were a Welsh-English family The Tudors were a Welsh-English family that ruled England and Wales from 1485 that ruled England and Wales from 1485 to 1603 - one of the most exciting to 1603 - one of the most exciting periods of British history. periods of British history. They ruled for They ruled for 118 years 118 years and during their reign and during their reign encouraged new religious ideas, encouraged new religious ideas, overseas exploration and colonisation. overseas exploration and colonisation. Tudor England had two of the Tudor England had two of the strongest monarchs ever to sit on strongest monarchs ever to sit on the English throne:the English throne: Henry VIIIHenry VIII and his and his daughter daughter Elizabeth IElizabeth I. .

► The Tudors ruled England from 1485 to 1603. The Tudors ruled England from 1485 to 1603. ► The first Tudor king was The first Tudor king was Henry Henry VllVll. He became . He became

king after the battle of Bosworth field, which king after the battle of Bosworth field, which ended the War of the Roses. He was followed ended the War of the Roses. He was followed by his son, by his son, Henry Henry VlllVlll, who was famous for , who was famous for marrying six times and beheading two of his marrying six times and beheading two of his wives! His son, wives! His son, Edward Edward VlVl ruled after him, ruled after him, followed by his daughters followed by his daughters Mary lMary l and and Elizabeth l.Elizabeth l.

► They are famous for many things, including the They are famous for many things, including the Henry VIIIHenry VIII and his six wives, the and his six wives, the exploration of Americaexploration of America and the plays of William and the plays of William Shakespeare. Shakespeare.

►During the sixteenth century, England During the sixteenth century, England emerged from the medieval world. It was a emerged from the medieval world. It was a time of great change, most notably it marked time of great change, most notably it marked the end of the the end of the Catholic churchCatholic church in England. in England. Great Great navalnaval exploits began the great English exploits began the great English seafaringseafaring tradition. tradition.

► Life had many problems. Life had many problems. TownsTowns were becoming were becoming overcrowded, roads were overcrowded, roads were muddy tracks and travelling muddy tracks and travelling was difficult. The overcrowding was difficult. The overcrowding caused danger from fire and caused danger from fire and disease. disease.

►During 118 years of Tudor rule, During 118 years of Tudor rule, England became richer than England became richer than ever before. As the country ever before. As the country became wealthier, became wealthier, townstowns grew, grew, beautifulbeautiful houses houses were built were built and and schoolsschools and colleges were and colleges were set up. Arts and crafts set up. Arts and crafts flourished too. England was flourished too. England was home to great painters, writers home to great painters, writers and musicians. and musicians.

The The VictoriansVictorians

► The Victorians lived over one hundred and fifty years The Victorians lived over one hundred and fifty years ago during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837 to 1901).ago during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837 to 1901).

► Victorian times means during Victoria's rule. The time Victorian times means during Victoria's rule. The time Queen Victoria was on the throne. She ruled for 64 Queen Victoria was on the throne. She ruled for 64 years.years.

► There was no electricity, instead gas lamps or candles There was no electricity, instead gas lamps or candles were used for light.There were no cars. People either were used for light.There were no cars. People either walked, travelled by boat or train or used coach walked, travelled by boat or train or used coach horses to move from place to place.horses to move from place to place.

► Britain managed to build a huge empire during the Britain managed to build a huge empire during the Victorian period. It was also a time of tremendous Victorian period. It was also a time of tremendous change in the lives of British people. In 1837 most change in the lives of British people. In 1837 most people lived in villages and worked on the land; by people lived in villages and worked on the land; by 1901, most lived in towns and worked in offices, shops 1901, most lived in towns and worked in offices, shops and factories.and factories.

During Queen Victoria's reignDuring Queen Victoria's reign: :   ► Britain became the most powerful and richest countryBritain became the most powerful and richest country in the in the

world, with the largest empire that had ever existed, ruling a quarter world, with the largest empire that had ever existed, ruling a quarter of the world's population.of the world's population.

► Towns and cities got piped water, gas and, by the end of the century, Towns and cities got piped water, gas and, by the end of the century, electricityelectricity

► The number of people living in Britain more than doubledThe number of people living in Britain more than doubled from 16 million to 37 million, causing a huge demand for food, from 16 million to 37 million, causing a huge demand for food, clothes and housing. clothes and housing.

► Factories and machines were builtFactories and machines were built to meet this demand and new to meet this demand and new towns grew up, changing the landscape and the ways people lived towns grew up, changing the landscape and the ways people lived and worked. and worked.

► RailwaysRailways, originally built to transport goods, meant people could , originally built to transport goods, meant people could travel easily around the country for the first time. travel easily around the country for the first time. Railways brought Railways brought new foods to towns and cities.new foods to towns and cities.

► SoldiersSoldiers were at war all over the world especially in 1850 - 1880. were at war all over the world especially in 1850 - 1880.► Many households had a servant or Many households had a servant or servantsservants – in 1891, 2 million – in 1891, 2 million

servants were recorded in the censusservants were recorded in the census► Seaside holidaysSeaside holidays were 'invented' (became popular). were 'invented' (became popular).► Police ForcePolice Force 'invented'. 'invented'.► At the beginning of the Victorian period crossing the Atlantic took up At the beginning of the Victorian period crossing the Atlantic took up

to eight weeks. to eight weeks. By 1901 it took about a week.By 1901 it took about a week.► New cookers and gadgets for the home were invented.New cookers and gadgets for the home were invented.

It was created thanks to Woodlands Junior It was created thanks to Woodlands Junior High SchoolHigh School

WWW. WWW.

Created by: AND:Created by: AND: Justyna GrallaJustyna Gralla Gosia Kasprzik Gosia Kasprzik Sabina HulbójSabina Hulbój Beata DobioszBeata Dobiosz Kinga MusiołKinga Musioł Ewa WrzecionoEwa Wrzeciono Bartek GrykoBartek Gryko Magda DobioszMagda Dobiosz