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vrhr ds
izsjd Hkkjrh; oSKkfud
vjfoUn xq Irk fp=kka du% dS ju gS MkW d
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fo"k;&lwph
vjnkflj dq jls Rth -------------------------------- ------------ 1 uSu fla g jkor ------------------------------------- -------------- 6 txnh'k panz cksl ------------------------------- ------------- 10 iz iQq Yy panz js ------------------------------------------------- 14 #fp jke lkguh------------------------------------- --------- 18 Mh-,u- okfM;k ------------------------------ ----------------- 22Jhfuokl jkekuq tu ----------------------------------------- -- 26
lh-oh- jeu ------------------------------------- --------------- 30 f'kf'kj dq ekj fe=kk ----------------------------------- ------- 35 chjcy lkguh ---------------------------------- -------------- 39 ts-ch-,l- gS YMsu ------------------------------- ------------- 44 iz iQq Yy pa nz egkyuks fcl ---------------------------------- 49 es ?kukn lkgk ------------------------------------- -------------- 53 lR;s Unz ukFk cks l -------------------------------------- ------- 57 'ka kfr Lo:i HkVukxj -------------------------------------- - 61 ;s ykiz xnk lq Cckjko ----------------------------------------- -- 65 lyhe vyh -------------------------------------------- -------- 69 ds-,l- Ñ".ku ---------------------------------- -------------- 74 oh-,u- f'kjksMdj ------------------------------- ------------- 78 Vh-vkj- 'ks"kknz h ----------------------------------------- ------- 82
ia pkuu ekgs 'ojh ------------------------------------- --------- 86 bjkorh dosZ ------------------------------------- --------------- 90 ch-ih- iky -------------------------- --------------------------- 94 Mh-Mh- dkslEch ------------------------------------- --------- 98 gks eh HkkHkk ------------------------------- ---------------------- 103 lq cz kefu;u pa nz 'ks [kj ---------------------------------- ----- 107 foØe lkjkHkkbZ ------------------------------- ---------------- 111 deyk lks gks uh -------------------------------------- ---------- 115 ykSjh cs dj ----------------------------- ------------------------ 119vUuk ef.k -------------------------------- --------------------- 123 oh- jkekfya xkLokeh -------------------------------- --------- 127 th-,u- jkepanzu ---------------------------------- ----------- 131 gjh'k panz ------------------------------------ ------------------ 135
,-,l isUVy ---------------------------------- ---------------- 138 ,-ih- fe=kk ----------------------------------------- ----------- 142 ,e-ds- ok;uw cIiw ------------------------------------- ----- 146 ih-ds- ls Bh --------------------------------- ------------------ 150 f'kojkekÑ".ku pa nz 'ks [kj ---------------------------------- 154vfuy vxz oky ----------------------------------------- ----- 158
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ifjp;
eSa cgq r g"kZ ds lkFk ikBdksa ls vrhr ds iz sjd Hkkjrh; o S Kkfud iqLrd i
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bl iq Lrd ds fopkj us 28 iQjojh 2008 dks tUe fy;kA ekSdk Fkk jk"Vªh; foKku fnol dk vkSj LFkku Fkk bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl vlksfl,'ku (bUlk) ubZ fnYyhA eq >s ogka bUlk ds vè;{k iz ks fot;u ds gkFkksa foKku izlkj ds fy, bafnjk xak/h iqjQLdkj feyuk FkkA ckrphr ds nkSjku iz ks fot;u us eq>ls bUlk ds 75 o"kZ (IySfVue tq cyh) iwjs gksus ds miy{k esa ^foy{k.k Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa * ds ckjs es a ,d yksdfiz ; iqLrd fy[kus dk vkxz g fd;kA mUgksaus a dgk] ^iq Lrd vrhr ds oSKkfudksa ds ckjs esa gks vkSj iBuh; gksA iqLrd es a vPNs fp=k gka s ftlls cPps mls pko ls iko lfefr es a vkea f=kr fd;kA eS a bl desVh ds fo}ku lnL;ksa dks cs gn vkHkkjh gw aA ;s yksx u dsoy nq fu;k ds pksVh ds oSKkfud gS a ija rq os lHkh csgn laosnu'khy balku Hkh gSaA
oS Kkfudksa dk p;u
dqN cSBdk s a ds ckn 40 oSKkfudksa dh lwph rS;kj gqbZA oSKkfudks a dks fdl vk/kj ij pquk x;k\ lcls igys uks csy iz WkbTk ls lEekfur oSKkfudks a dks lfEefyr fd;k x;kA fiQj mu oS Kkfudksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k tks iQsyks vkWiQ n jkW;y lkslkbVh (,iQvkj,l) ds lnL; pqus x, FksA uS u fla g jkor dk uke ,d lkglh losZ;j ds :i esa mHkjkA mUgksaua s oks dke fd;k ftls xks js va xzs t [kqn djus esa
foiQy jgsA mUgks auas fgeky; esa frCcr vkS j Ygklk tSls nqfeZ y {ks =kksa dk los Z{k.k fd;kA bl dke ds fy, mUgs a Lo;a va xzs tksa us foDVksfj;k es My ls lEekfur fd;kA bUlk us dqN uke lq >k,A bues a ls iatkc ds iz[;kr foKku izlkjd jQfp jke lkguh vkSj djks M+ksa yksxksa dh tku cpkus okys & VsVjklkbZ fDyu ds vUos"kd ;sYykiznk lqCckjko
izLrkouk
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ds uke pqus x,A ns'k ds lcls iz[;kr i{kh fujh{kd vkSj la'kks/d lyhe vyh vkSj Hkkjrh; Lisl dk;ZØe ds laLFkkid foØe lkjkHkkbZ ds uke Hkh 'kjhd fd, x,A dq N de iz [;kr oS Kkfudksa dss ukeksa dks Hkh lwph esa tksM+ k x;kA bu foy{k.k yks xksa dk ;ks xnku Hkh cgq r egRoiw.kZ gSA iz ks nkeksnj /ekZuan dkslEch & xf.krK ,oa bfrgkldkj] f'kjks Mdj fLVp ds vkfo"dkjd MkDVj f'kjksMdj] t;iqj iQqV ds fMtkbuj MkDVj izeksn d.kZ lsBh] i;kZjoj.kfon~ vfuy vxzoky vkSj gtkjks a yk s xksa ds fy, lLrs ?kjksa ds vkdhZVs DV yk W jh cs dj dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA 1978 esa eq>s ykWjh cs dj ds lkFk dqN le; dke djus dk ekS dk feyk FkkA blfy, lwph esa mudk uke ns [k dj eq >s vikj izlUurk gqbZ A
^blesa efgyk oSKkfud D;ksa ugha gSa \* izks xkMfxy us ,d fnu iwNkA mUgksa usa iz [;kr ekuo'kkL=kh (,UFkz ksikWyksftLV) izks bjkorh dosZ dk uke Hkh lq>k;kA lkSHkkX; ls mlh le; ,d vuwBh iq Lrd ^yhykorhl MkWVlZ* dk foekspu gq vkA blesa 100 Hkkjrh; efgyk oSKkfudksa us vius thou dh la?k"kZ xkFkk;ks a dks vius 'kCnksa es a c;ka fd;k FkkA bl iqLrd dh lgk;rk ls ge nks vU; iz[;kr efgyk oSKkfudksa & vUuk ef.k vkS j deyk lksgks uh ds ukeks a dks tksM+ ik,A enZ&iz/ku foKku ds {ks =k esa bu efgykvksa dk ;ks xnku okLro esa cstks M+ FkkA
efgyk oS Kkfudksa dh la[;k de D;ks a\
;g ,d laxhu fo"k; gS & pkyhl 'kh"kZ Hkkjrh; oS Kkfudksa dh lw ph ea s dsoy rhu gh efgyk,a D;ksa \ chl D;ksa ugha\ dkj.k Li"V gS & iqjQ"k&iz/ku lekt esa vkxs c
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vkt fLFkfr igys ls fuf'pr gh cs grj gSA ,d vuq eku ds vuqlkj orZeku es a nl yk[k ls vf/d Hkkjrh; efgyk oSKkfud gSaA ;g lpeqp ,d g"kZ dh ckr gSA
iqLrd fy[kus dh ftEesnkjh Lohdkj djus ds ckn eSa mleas iw jh rjg Mwc x;k vkS j /hjs&/hjs blesa eq>s yqRiQ Hkh vkus yxkA lkSHkkX; ls Mk dSju gsMkSd us iqLrd ds fp=k vkS j mls fMtkbu djus dh ftEesnkjh dks LohdkjkA dSju] ckW ;ksfiQftDl esa ih,pMh gaS vkS j oks fiNys 20
lkyksa ls Hkkjr esa gS aA muds ekrk&firk nksuksa fp=kdkj Fks vkSj ;g dyk mUgsa olh;r esa feyh gSA mUgksa usa gks 'kaxkckn foKku dk;ZØe dh ^cky&oS Kkfud* iqLrdksa esa vius ltho fp=kksa ls ,d ubZ tku iQwa dhA dS ju dh jtkea nh ds ckn eq>s ,d vPNh vkS j lqa nj fdrkc rS ;kj gksus dk Hkjkslk gq vkA bl iq Lrd esa esjk ;ksxnku cgq r FkksM+k gSA vxj ;g iqLrd yksdfiz; gksxh rks bldk iwjk Js; dS ju ds lq anj fp=kks a dks tk,xkA
yks xksa ds tgu esa oSKkfudks a dh ,d f?klh&fiVh Nfo gksrh gS & ,s ls yksx tks liQsn dks V igus fnu&jkr iz;ksx'kkyk esa 'kks/dk;Z djrs gSa A ijarq vke yksxksa dh rjg oSKkfudksa dh ftanxh ds Hkh reke vk;ke gksrs gS aA iqLrd esa oS Kkfudks a dh thoup;kZ vkSj 'kks/dk;Z ds lkFk&lkFk dqN jkspd tkudkfj;ka Hkh tks M+h xbZ gS aA mUgsa foKku dh izsj.kk dSls feyh\ D;k cpiu dk dksbZ [kkl vuq Hko blds fy, ftEesnkj Fkk\ D;k bl iz sj.kk
ds ihNs dks bZ fo'ks "k O;fDr & mudh eka ;k dksbZ f'k{kd Fkk\ iqLrd esa oS Kkfudksa ds thou ds dq N O;fDrxr i{kksa dks Hkh la tks;k x;k gSA dq N dfork,a fy[krs FksA dq N dks fp=kdkjh dk 'kkS d FkkA dq N dks rs t jÝrkj ls cM+h eksVjlkbfdysa pykus dk pLdk Fkk! thou ds ekuoh; i{kks a dks tksM+ us ls oSKkfudks a ds O;fDrRo dh ,d cgq&vk;keh Nfo rS;kj gksrh gSA
iqLrd dh lykgdkj lfefr bl ik.Mq fyfi dks vaxz sth vkSj fga nh es a ,d&lkFk izdkf'kr djus dk lq>ko fn;kA lfefr us iq Lrd ds O;kid iz pkj&izlkj ds fy, mls baVjusV ij Mkyus dh fliQkfj'k Hkh dhA eq>s vk'kk gS fd ikBd bl iqLrd dks ila n djs axs vkSj bldk reke Hkk"kkvks a esa vuq okn gksxkA eS a viuh iRuh lquhrk vkS j lkFkh dk;Z drkZ fonqyk ds lg;ks x dk rgs&fny ls
'kq Øxq tkj gwaA bu nksuksa us 'kqjQvkr ds esjs lHkh ys[kksa dks iko fn,A
vjfoUn xqIrk 02 vDVw cj 2009
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cgqr de Hkkjrokfl;ksa us gh v ckr ls voxr gks axs fd cEcbZ d dk igyk Hkkjrh; lnL; cukA xf.krK Jhfuokl jkekuq tu dks
va xzs th 'kkld Hkkjr esa vius
vjnk vjnk vjnk vjnk vjnk(1
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1907 es a okfM;k us tEew fLFkr iz ks iQs lj ds in ij dke fd;kA c gks x;k vkSj oks tEew fo'ofo|kva xz s th Hkh i
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lfn;ks a rd fons 'kh rkdrksa }kjk oSKkfudks a dk vkRe&lEeku cq y esa gh jg dj fd;k gks ds fy, nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k lEeku feyuk lp esa cgqr xoZ dh ckr FkhA
tqykbZ 1933 esa jeu] VkVk ba fLV~ V;w V vkW iQ lkbUl (ckn esa bafM;u ba fLV~ V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl) ds funs 'kd fu;q Dr gq ,A jeu us vxys 15 o"kZ bl la LFkk esa xqtkjs vkSj bl nkS jku mUgks a us a
Hkkjr ykS Vus ds ckn jeu us bl fo"k; ij xEHkhjrk ls 'kks/ 'kq # fd;kA mUgksa us a iz dk'k dh fdj.kksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu rjyksa ls xq tkjk vkSj muds izHkko dk vè;;u fd;kA 1928 es a mUgksa usa LFkkfir fd;k fd tc ,d ja x dk izdk'k fdlh rjy ls xqtjrk gS rks iz dk'k ds d.k vkS j rjy ds ijek.kq ,d nw ljs ds lkFk Vdjkrs gS a vkS j izdk'k dks fc[kjkrs gS aA rc ckgj fudyus okyh izdk'k&fdj.k dk ja x vkus okys fdj.k ls fHkUu gks rk gSA vkus okyh fdj.k dh vis{kk ckgj fudyus okyh fdj.k mQa ps vkS j uhps Lrj dh mQtkZ dh vks j
f'kÝV gks rh gSA ;gh oks lq izfl¼ ^jeu izHkko* gS ftlds dkj.k jeu dks ckn esa uks csy iq#Ldkj feykA mudh [kks t ls fo'oLrj ij oS Kkfud 'kks/ esa rs th vkbZ A muds 'kks/ ls vyx&vyx oLrq vks a ds
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cgq r xSj&cjkcjh okys lekt es gS vkS j mUgs a nck;k tkrk gSA bvleFkZ jgrs gS aA ij ;gh vle
dks rksM+ us dh izs j.kk nsrh gSA MFks ftUgks aus vius la ?k"kZ vkSj v
es?kukn lkgk dk tUe 6 vDVwc esa gSA muds firk txUukFk ljd
dk tUe gqFkh] blh
es?kukn blfy, dh dks b
mlls Hkh FksA D;ks
xa Hkhjrk ls mudk gy [kkstus dk iz ;kl fd;kA egkyuks fcl ds vuq lkj] ̂ la kf[;dh dk lkekftd mn~ns'; gksuk pkfg,* A
fo'o dh dbZ vdknfe;ks a us la kf[;dh vkS j ;ks tuk ds {ks =k es a mRd"kZ dk;Z djus ds fy, egkyuks fcl dks lEekfur fd;kA 1945 es a mUgs a iQs yks vkW iQ n jkW ;y lks lkbVh (,iQvkj,l) dh lnL;rk ds fy, pquk x;kA 1935 es a ba fM;u uS'kuy lkbUl ,ds Meh (bUlk) dh LFkkiuk es a mudk ;ks xnku FkkA mUgs a dydRrk] fnYyh] LVkW dgks Ye vkS j lks fiQ;k ;w fuoflZ fV;ks a
us MkWDVª sV dh info;ks a ls uoktkA Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgs a i|foHkw "k.k ls vya fÑr fd;kA
izfl¼ vejhdh LVS fVfLVf'k;u MCyw-,- MsfeUx us egkyuksfcl dh iz'kalk fuEu 'kCnks a es a dh%
^fdlh Hkh ns 'k & pkgs a oks fodflr gks ;k vfodflr ds ikl vius yks xks a ds [kpZ ] cpr] chekjh ls O;FkZ le;] jkstxkjh] csjks txkjh] Ñf"k vkSj vkS |ksfxd mRiknu ij bruh foLrkjiwoZ d tkudkjh ugha gSA*
vkS j bl lc ds fy, ge Hkkjrh; la kf[;dh ds Hkh"efirkeg & egkyuksfcl dk ueu djrs gS aA egkyuksfcl dk ns gkUr 79 o"kZ dh mez es a 28 tw u 1972 dks gq vkA
es?k es?k es?k es?k es?k(1
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lyhe vyh us vius thoudky chp vikj iz fl¼h ik;hA mUgsa dk ;wfu;u esMy (1967)] o i|foHkw "k.k (1976) vkSj oYMZ(1976)A mUgs a rhu MkDVª sV dh
dh lnL;rk ds fy, euks uhr
nsgkUr gq vkA 1990 es a dks bEcks VwfgLVªh dh LFkkiuk gq bZ A
va xz s tksa us Hkkjr es a tS fod lEink dh Bksl tkudkjh dks vius vkSifuos f'kd fgrks a ds fy, ladfyr djuk 'kq # fd;kA lj tks ts iQ gq dj] g;w foLyj vkSj foa Vj us fHkUu {ks=kksa esa Hkkjrh; tSfod lEink dks ntZ dus dk foy{k.k dke fd;kA lyhe vyh fuf'pr :i
ls igys Hkkjrh; Fks ftudk dke lko/kuh ls fd, lw{e voyksduksa ij vk/kfjr FkkA blhfy, Hkkjrh; foKku ds bfrgkl esa mudk dke ,dne vuwBk gSA
lyhe vyh dh iRuh dk ,d Nks Vh ltZ jh ds ckn 1939 es a ns gkUr gq vkA mlds ckn ipkl
lkyks a rd mudh cgu ds ifjokj us lyhe vyh dh lHkh t:jrks a dh ns [kHkky dhA lyhe vyh vius iw js thou dks lefiZ r dj bruk vf/d 'kk;n blfy, dj ik, D;ksa fd muds
ifjokj us mUgs a Lohdkjk vkS j mUgsa lgkjk fn;kA dks bZ lkekU; ifjokj mUgsa fuf'pr gh ^fljfiQjk* ;k ̂ ikxy* djkj nsrkA ts ch ,l gS YMsu us lyhe vyh ds mi;ksxh oS Kkfud vuqla/ku dh iqjtksj iz'kalk dhA lyhe vyh bl vf}rh; 'kks/ dks egt ,d nwjchu
dh lgk;rk ls dj ik,A
,d ckj lyhe vyh us vkbZus ds lkeus ?kks M+ s dh iwa N ds ckyks a }kjk ,d xz s&oSxVsy dks idM+ kA fpfM+ ;k vkbZus esa viuh ijNkabZ ij okj djrh
jgh (,d lkekU; {ks =kh; iz frfØ;k) vkS j ckyksa ds tky esa iQal xbZA lyhe vyh us i{kh ds iS j esa ^fja x* Mky dj mls Nks M+ fn;kA lkbZ cs fj;k es a iz tuu djus okyh ;g fpfM+ ;k dq N eghus cEcbZ ea s fcrkrh gSA bl ?kVuk ds dbZ lkykas ckn rd ogh fpfM+;k gj viz Sy dks lyhe vyh ds ckx es a fn[krh vkS j fiQj flrEcj es a lkbZ csfj;k ds fy, iyk;u djrhA blesa dksbZ rkTtq c ugha fd bl vuqHko ds ckn lyhe vyh ges'kk ds fy, if{k;ks a ls tq M+ x,!
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A publication of the Indian National Science Academy
^oS Kkfud* 'kCn ls yksxksa ds tgu es a ,d ,s ls O;fDr dh Nfo mHkjrh gS tks ges'kk fdrkcksa ] eagxs midj.kksa ] ij[kufy;ksa vkSj /qavk mxyrs dka p ds chdj ls f?kjk gksA ijUrq oSKkfudksa dh fta nxh ds Hkh reke vk;ke gks rs gS aA bl iqLrd ds dqN oS Kkfud dgkfu;ka vkSj dfork,a fy[krs Fks] dqN dyk ds nhokus Fks vkSj dqN dks rst jÝrkj ls cM+h eks Vjlkbfdysa pykus dk 'kkSd Fkk! dbZ oSKkfudksa dk ckgjh lekt ds lkFk varjax lEca/ Fkk vkS j mUgksaus a nqfu;k dks csgrj cukus dk Hkjdl iz;kl Hkh fd;kA
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8/16/2019 Brightsparks h
90/91
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8/16/2019 Brightsparks h
91/91