briefbogen emo€¦ · web viewpicum’s mobile milling machine makes this a reality. weighing...

PRESS RELEASE

From Sylke BeckerTelephone +49 69 756081-33Telefax +49 69 756081-11Email [email protected]

Hannover, 11 September 2019.

EMO Hannover TRENDSPOTS - Discover the product innovations of the world of metalworking!- No. 4

Solutions with the moves!ALPHA LASER and Picum have announced a collaboration that meets a long-held

industry desire for an end-to-end mobile laser welding and milling solution, without

any need to transport components.

Rapid mobile servicing of tools, molds and other components and making changes

to them represents a major customer benefit. Mobile laser welding machines located

directly on-site can shorten the process chain considerably, as they eliminate time-

consuming transportation of often cumbersome workpieces. Yet welding alone isn’t

usually enough. Generally speaking, workpieces need further machining. This has

so far been the job of stationary milling machines, whose work first has to be

planned and scheduled by experts, involving major outlay, before the actual

machining can start. And, as a result, the resource-saving on-site idea is no longer

feasible. That, at least, has been the case until now. In the run-up to EMO Hannover

2019, ALPHA LASER GmbH, a specialist in developing and manufacturing laser

VDW – Generalkommissariat EMO Hannover 2019Verein Deutscher Werkzeugmaschinenfabriken e.V.Corneliusstraße 4, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, GERMANYTel. +49 69 756081-0, Fax +49 69 [email protected] · www.emo-hannover.de

Registergericht/Registration Office: Amtsgericht Frankfurt am MainVereinsregister/Society Register: VR4966Vorsitzender/Chairman: Dr. Heinz-Jürgen Prokop, DitzingenGeschäftsführer/Executive Director: Dr.-Ing. Wilfried ((Name)), Frankfurt am MainUst.Id.-Nr./t. o. tax id. no. DE 114 10 88 36

/15 · EMO Hannover 2019 ·

systems, and the startup Picum MT have announced they are working together on

mobile laser welding and milling – in other words, complete machining on-site.

Picum’s mobile milling machine makes this a reality. Weighing just 150 kilograms, it

can be easily mounted on or next to a component and then performs machining

operations fully automatically. After initial setup, the machine determines the

component’s position and orientation and automatically generates the required

machining code. The accuracy of this solution is said to be more than a match for

stationary milling machines. Even complex free-form surfaces can be produced in

virtually all materials on-site, thanks to five-axis simultaneous machining. An

integrated measuring system also enables on-site quality assurance for the finished

geometry. That’s why at EMO Hannover, ALPHA LASER isn’t just showcasing its

own ALFlak 900 F laser system for repair welding using wire or powder but also the

Picum solution for mobile milling.

ALPHA LASER GmbH (82178 Puchheim, Germany), Hall 16, Stand F22Contact: Claudia ThorntonTel.: +49 89 890237-113Send E-Mail

Crème de la crèmeTECNO.team is ensuring all eyes are on its stand at EMO Hannover 2019 with

impressive productivity champions, bestsellers and two world grinding firsts.

As a renowned specialist in grinding and milling machines, and boasting decades of

experience in high-precision finishing, TECNO.team GmbH has deliberately chosen

only the best grinding and milling machines from European and Japanese market

and technology leaders to enhance its product portfolio. The company is now

seizing the opportunity at EMO Hannover 2019 to showcase a wide range of

exhibits and innovations.

Pride of place goes to the two premieres from Curtis Machine Tools (CMT). “The

two world firsts from CMT enable users to reach new heights in productivity,” says

TECNO.team product manager Michael Blank. CMT has simply doubled the number

of spindles. Vector Quad is fitted with four spindles, while Victor Pendulum features

two workpiece spindles. This is set to boost productivity when grinding large series

of small parts to unprecedented levels. At the same time, the chip-to-chip time has

https://www.emo-hannover.de/en/applikation/secure/forms/contact-form-exhibitor/?directLink=061992&pid=061992


decreased, as setup can be performed in parallel with the machining operations and

because loading can be carried out automatically.

Visitors to Hannover can also explore the GPH, a mainstay of the portfolio at

SHIGIYA, Japan’s number one in cylindrical grinding. Meanwhile, MICRON, the

country's leading supplier of centerless grinding solutions, is showing off its MSL – a

highly productive machine for through-feed grinding. Finally, two innovative solutions

for coolants from BIX and Innogrind round off TECNO.team’s showcase of

innovations.

TECNO.team GmbH (72138 Kirchentellinsfurt, Germany), Hall 11, Stand D62Contact: Kirstin DankerTel.: +49 7121 68085631Send E-Mail

Weight loss par excellence (and material savings)Visitors to the Autodesk stand at EMO Hannover 2019 can discover how to use

intelligent production technologies to optimize the entire process from design

through to production. In particular, the company is turning the spotlight onto the

untapped potential of generative design.

Generative design is a relatively recent approach to design that involves creating a

broad range of possible solutions in a short space of time. Thanks to the high-

performance capabilities and speed of modern cloud technology, generative design

software can examine all the geometrical possibilities and then return a wide

selection of options – all based on the materials, production processes and

performance requirements stipulated for the object in question. Designers and

engineers using this approach can very quickly establish an overview of different

potential solutions to a specific design issue and then choose the solution that best

suits their project. All in all, the process saves time, money and resources. This

innovative approach is also part and parcel of Fusion 360, a product development

platform that combines design, engineering and production in a single software

package – and which Munich-based Autodesk GmbH is exhibiting at EMO

Hannover.

One of the projects on show at the fair that demonstrates the Autodesk approach to

design is the electric version of the well-loved VW transporter, known as Bulli in



Germany. During this project, several components from the particularly popular

Type 2 model of the transporter were optimized in a technical design environment

before being produced. The designers were able to reduce the amount of materials

used and thus achieve significant weight savings, which in turn have reduced the

vehicle’s power consumption and increased its range. “The less a vehicle weighs,

the less energy it takes to get it moving on the road,” explains Karl Osti, Industry

Manager Manufacturing at Autodesk. “This is precisely where generative design can

deliver huge benefits. It gives us the option to minimize material consumption and

therefore manufacture lighter parts, all while ensuring technical requirements are

met and without compromising stability.”

Autodesk GmbH (81379 Munich, Germany), Hall 9, Stand D24Contact: Tom RuttemanTel.: +49 89 54769-0Send E-Mail

Sparks are most certainly flyingZimmer & Kreim GmbH & Co. KG has completely overhauled its die erosion

technology and is exhibiting the end result – the genius 900 NOVA – at EMO

Hannover 2019.

Zimmer & Kreim (ZK) has more than 30 years of experience in engineering cavity-

sinking machines. Its genius range enjoys a particularly strong position on the

market and has been continuously developed and improved over the years.

Recently, however, the company decided to reconsider its approach – should it

continue to tweak the technology, or break the mold? That’s how the company’s

founder, Klaus Kreim, recalls the beginnings of the “genius 900 NOVA”, a die

erosion machine that has been completely redeveloped from the ground up and is

being exhibited for the first time at EMO Hannover 2019.

Although the company’s in-house generator technology and the 5th generation of its

control system are still the beating heart of all ZK machines, virtually no other stone

has been left unturned. For example, the substructure of the machine is no longer

made of gray cast iron, but of thermo-symmetric mineral casting instead. This

increases the weight of the machine base, which results in even faster axis

movements and more accurate circular motions. The drive of the controlled C axis



and the position of the coupling have also been modified. The aim was to gear the

machine’s power and performance toward the profile of a high-end machine. “We

have set out to build the best machine in its class,” says Armand Bayer, Managing

Director of Zimmer & Kreim, describing the project. The previous genius user

interface has also been completely overhauled to account for groundbreaking

human-machine interfaces. It now offers systematic, intuitive user guidance on a

Windows 10-based touchscreen with an aspect ratio of 16:9. What’s more, the

machine has even more innovations to offer. If all that sounds appealing, then a visit

to EMO Hannover 2019 is highly recommended. After all, why pass up on the

chance to scrutinize the brand new solution in detail and put its capabilities to the

test live?

Zimmer & Kreim GmbH & Co. KG (64395 Brensbach, Germany), Hall 13, Stand B94Contact: Michael HuthTel.: +49 6161 9307-0Send E-Mail

A real looker! Austrian measurement technology supplier Bruker Alicona is at EMO Hannover

2019 with an optical coordinate measuring system designed to provide optimum

support for automatically placing and measuring components and sorting them into

OK / not OK parts.

Enhancing measurement systems with collaborative robots to create the

cornerstone of an automated quality assurance system is nothing new for Bruker

Alicona. What is a first, however, is the pick & place solution the company has

developed by combining the µCMM optical coordinate measuring system with a

collaborative robot arm – and this innovation is on show at EMO Hannover 2019.

Visitors to the fair can see the exhibit in action for themselves.

The component being inspected live in Hannover using the coordinate measuring

system is a tried-and-tested customer application from an industrial quality

assurance background. Bruker Alicona has partnered with Stepper, one of

Germany’s leading lights in high-performance punching tools, to demonstrate the

automated measurement of 3-up stamping inserts. Only a single optical sensor is

used to measure the position, shape and roughness of the tool. The stamping insert



is found in stamping tools used to manufacture automotive contacts, among other

things. Stepper manufactures up to 2,550 contacts every minute, which equates to

three billion parts over just a few years. “Dimensional accuracy, surface quality and

the position of the embossing die relative to the outer contour are the most important

factors for stamping inserts,” explains Marcel Heisler, Head of Laser Ablation and

High-Speed Cutting at Stepper. “Thanks to Bruker Alicona, I can cover all that with

just one sensor.”

The µCMM optical coordinate measuring system is designed to provide the ideal

solution in a whole variety of ways. The system exhibits excellent precision, even for

shapes with tolerances measured in the single-digit µm range, and also ensures

users benefit from efficient user guidance that has been designed so it can be used

by several different operators. Stepper, which uses optical measuring technology as

standard in quality assurance, believes the use of an optical coordinate measuring

system ought to lead, first and foremost, to a clear reduction in measurement times.

One crucial condition, according to the company, is that there should be no need to

scan the entire component in order to check the relevant geometries with high

precision. “We only measure the areas of the outer contour we really need to,”

explains Heisler. “This reduces measurement times by more than two thirds.”

Alicona Imaging GmbH (8074 Raaba-Graz, Austria), Hall 6, Stand E39Contact: Astrid KrennTel.: +43 316 40 30 10 742Send E-Mail

Bearing up in tight spaces!HIWIN is setting out to make a big impression at EMO Hannover 2019 with the

compact and exceptionally rigid crossed roller bearings of its CRB range. The

space-saving solutions have been designed specifically to help engineers working

on robots, machine tools and other automation systems.

HIWIN GmbH has specialized in developing, manufacturing and distributing linear

technology for more than 25 years. Besides linear guideways, its product portfolio

also includes ballscrews, linear actuators and ball bearings, not to mention complete

positioning systems that incorporate linear motor axes, linear modules, planar

motors, torque motors, position measurement systems, rotary tables and industrial



robots. HIWIN manufactures both standard solutions and special customer-specific

designs, and its service team offers consulting and product training, in addition to a

maintenance and repair service. Among the company’s customers are individual

users and OEMs from numerous and varied branches of industry, such as machine

tool manufacturers and businesses that manufacture packaging machinery,

specialist machinery and medical technology. The HIWIN exhibits at EMO Hannover

2019 include a solution for engineers who repeatedly come up against the same

challenge when developing robots, rotary tables, machine tools and many other

automation systems – how to integrate precise and rigid bearings into an incredibly

tight space.

According to HIWIN, this is one challenge that nobody need fear now – thanks to the

crossed roller bearings of the CRB range. The crosswise arrangement of the rollers

at an angle of 90 degrees means the bearings can accommodate axial forces from

both directions, radial forces, overturning torque loads and any combination of

these. The secret to their high load-bearing capacity becomes clear on looking

inside the bearings. Thanks to their special geometry, the spacers between the

rollers need very little room, which means more rolling elements can be incorporated

into the bearing than is the case with similar models. The special shape of the

spacers also minimizes the points of contact with the rollers, thereby reducing

friction losses to a minimum. The end result is a clear advantage over angular

contact ball bearings and designs that use two bearing points – the HIWIN crossed

roller bearings are much more compact and can therefore be used in the tightest of

installation spaces. What’s more, the HIWIN crossed roller bearings score highly

when it comes to rigidity, too. According to the manufacturer, the linear contact of

the rolling elements makes the bearings three times more rigid than conventional

ball bearings. The company offers five different designs of crossed roller bearing,

two preload classes and three accuracy classes and supplies the bearings with or

without optional sealing. In short, it has the right variant for pretty much any

application.

HIWIN GmbH (77654 Offenburg, Germany), Hall 8, Stand A20Contact: Werner Mäurer Tel.: +49 781 93278-0Send E-Mail



See what’s really what! vectorcam GmbH is exhibiting a whole load of innovations from the latest version of

its vectorcam software at EMO Hannover 2019. It aims to show how its customers

can make their production even more efficient by directly machining a 3D model and

utilizing the NC-Features Groove Milling and Circular Pocket.

NC-Features are designed to open up a wide range of functions for users and

include impressive features such as exceptionally straightforward handling, optimum

ease of use and a high level of safety in programming. According to the company,

both simple and complex workpieces can be created with ease and dramatically

reduce run times. Machining, which takes place directly on the 3D model, facilitates

the automatic adoption of geometry data. Intelligent machining strategies enable

short tool paths, and vectorcam automatically recognizes model features and

shapes such as grooves, slots, drilled holes, contours and curves.

What’s more, machining processes that are repeated frequently are immediately

saved and can also be called up and edited as often as necessary. Meanwhile, the

integrated collision check safeguards tools, materials and machines. “Workpieces

are becoming more complex and processing times are getting shorter, which makes

smooth, flexible and cost-effective machining processes essential.” explains Günter

Böhning, Managing Director of vectorcam GmbH. “We provide the perfect solution –

innovative CNC software that is not only easy to handle and easy to learn but also

uses the freshest technologies in the area of CNC programming. Through our

CAD/CAM system, we help our customers get ahead – and we’ve been doing that

for more than 25 years!”

vectorcam GmbH (33100 Paderborn, Germany), Hall 9, Stand A23Contact: Lisa NonnenmacherTel.: +49 5251 180 80 16Send E-Mail



Tools at the cutting edgeMachine tool manufacturer CERATIZIT is using its expertise to develop special tools

for electric motor production. This Luxembourg-based company is now unveiling two

innovations at EMO Hannover designed for cost-effective and reliable use on large-

series involving complex stator bores.

CERATIZIT, a privately owned company headquartered in Luxembourg, has been a

pioneer in sophisticated hard material cutting and wear protection solutions for over

95 years. It develops and manufactures highly specialized cutting tools, indexable

inserts and carbide rods. Indeed, the company is the world market leader in various

application areas for wear parts. It is also successfully developing new carbide,

cermet and ceramic grades for the wood and stone working industries, for example.

At EMO Hannover 2019, the world’s premier trade fair for the metalworking sector,

CERATIZIT is showcasing two complete new developments that are ideal for the

cost-effective and reliable series processing of complex stator bores.

Stators, the rigid counterparts of rotors in electric motors, for instance, are playing a

key role in the increasing shift toward e-mobility. As stator bores generally have a

diameter of over 200 millimeters, CERATIZIT’s tool developers had to pay particular

attention to the boring tool’s weight. Thanks to ingenious designs and additive

manufacturing processes, the company has now succeeded in going well below the

standard minimum on the market, which means the multi-blade boring bars can also

be used on CNC machining centers. What’s more, CERATIZIT offers useful add-ons

such as digital fine adjustment and service life monitoring that are designed to

increase process reliability.

CERATIZIT Deutschland GmbH (87435 Kempten, Germany), Hall 5, Stand B70Contact: Norbert StattlerTel.: +49 831 57010-3405Mobile: +49 170 448 36 43Send E-Mail



A colleague of few words but many talentsIndustrie-Partner has developed Robo Operator to help out when staff shortages

loom and is unveiling its state-of-the-art solution at EMO Hannover 2019.

Many parts manufacturers, particularly SMEs, continue to use CNC machine tools

that cannot be automated or are not configured for automation. These tools need at

least one skilled employee to operate and monitor them at all times, which means

the tools are idle when the employee is not present. If there is a shortage of skilled

staff due to annual leave, sickness, parental leave or urgent orders, it is often

difficult, or impossible, for companies to adapt their capacity. Industrie-Partner, an

innovative and customer-focused supplier of mechanical engineering solutions, is at

EMO Hannover 2019 to unveil Robo Operator, which aims to help out when staff

shortages loom.

Robo Operator is designed to be a mobile and flexible automation solution that can

be used to run virtually any CNC machine tool independently. Thanks to the minimal

preparation, setup and programming involved, Robo Operator can be started up in

next to no time, even by staff with no programming experience. The robot is then

instantly able to take on the third shift or weekend work completely autonomously,

thus also significantly improving machine tool productivity.

Prospective users can check out the benefits of Robo Operator for themselves on a

completely risk-free basis by simply renting the robot from Industrie-Partner’s

subsidiary EquipmentRental for a short time. Industrie-Partner points out that any

problems can generally be resolved quickly and easily by a member of the service

team, who can access the robot directly via the cloud. What’s more, thanks to AI

and machine learning, Robo Operator “notes” the troubleshooting strategy so that it

can use it autonomously for future issues.

Industrie-Partner GmbH (01640 Coswig, Germany), Hall 6, Stand J15Contact: Ulrike PolnickTel.: +49 352 3831-0Send E-Mail



True blue system Alongside a series of process control solutions for the smart factory, Renishaw is

also at EMO Hannover 2019 to unveil the new NC4+ Blue system, designed to

ensure greater precision in non-contact tool setting thanks to a blue laser.

UK-based Renishaw is a global engineering and technology company with expertise

in precision measurement and healthcare equipment. The company supplies

products and services for a wide range of applications, from jet engine and wind

turbine manufacture to dentistry and brain surgery. Its German branch is at EMO

Hannover 2019 to present Renishaw’s latest solution for non-contact tool setting.

The new NC4+ Blue system is the latest version of Renishaw’s non-contact tool

setting system. It is said to offer much greater precision in tool measurement than

the existing NC4 series, with tool-to-tool performance proven to industry standards.

NC4+ Blue features blue laser technology – an industry first – and enhanced optics.

These two elements are set to deliver much greater accuracy in tool setting, which

means workpieces can be machined more accurately and efficiently. Compared to

the red laser sources used in most non-contact tool setting systems, blue laser

technology has a shorter wavelength, resulting in improved diffraction effects and

optimized laser beam geometry. This makes it possible to measure even very small

tools accurately, while also reportedly minimizing tool-to-tool measurement errors.

Renishaw GmbH (D-72124 Pliezhausen), Hall 6, Stand D48Contact: Risshu BergmannTel.: +49 7127 9811404Send E-Mail

Not just hot air!The stand of Keller Lufttechnik at EMO Hannover 2019 is focusing on the need to

ensure staff in metalworking plants have clean air to breathe, even under tough



conditions. One of its satisfied customers is on hand to help the company make its

point.

As is only fitting for EMO Hannover 2019, the clean air specialist Keller is centering

its exhibits around metalworking plants. However, rather than blow its own trumpet,

the company has brought along one of its customers to sing the praises of its

solutions, which are designed to keep the air in the workplace clean and healthy.

Emil Arnold GmbH & Co. KG was only too happy to help out and give credit where it

feels it is due. The manufacturer of renowned ARNO metalworking tools has been

using air filtration systems from Keller for more than ten years.

For a company to survive in today’s market, both its staff and its machinery need to

reliably perform to the highest standards. The CNC grinding machines and the

rounding machines used to put the finishing touches to manufactured parts function

in an atmosphere permeated with atomized cooling lubricant. That can’t be expected

of the staff in the workshop, though. “They need clean air at their workplace so they

can stay healthy and motivated. They’re also legally entitled to this,” says Thomas

Zeiträg, who is in charge of carbide machining at Emil Arnold. Back in the 1990s,

many of its grinding machines were operated in the cramped basement rooms

without any enclosures – with just one large fan to dispel the clouds of aerosol out

into the open air. Today, however, things are very different at Emil Arnold, and

visitors and employees alike can expect to enjoy clean air in the lofty, bright

workshop. Robots handle most of the work on the state-of-the-art grinding

machines, which are entirely encapsulated, and the clouds of lubricant are

continuously removed from the machining rooms by specialized extraction systems.

A total of three Keller extraction systems serve the machine park at Emil Arnold.

One of these is the oil mist separator AERO. “Just a few years ago, Keller

Lufttechnik succeeded in raising the bar for separation when it launched the AERO,

which filters out 99 percent of even the smallest particles,” explains Thomas

Schneider, who works in field sales at Keller. “The device uses MICOS-P fine fiber

filter elements, which are tubular cartridges that have an especially large surface.

That makes them more effective. A knitted metal mesh helps to pre-separate larger

particles while also adjusting the airflow to ensure it flows evenly into the filter

cartridges of the main filter stage from below.” The results have impressed the


customer: “The AERO works like a well-oiled machine,” smiles Zeiträg, who is only

too happy to recommend Keller Lufttechnik to other companies.

Keller Lufttechnik GmbH + Co. KG (73230 Kirchheim unter Teck, Germany), Hall 7, Stand B67Contact: Michael HackTel.: +49 7021 574-165Send E-Mail

Don’t worry about getting too close! PCI SCEMM, Cetim and Arts et Métiers (AMVALOR) are unveiling a world-first to

international visitors at EMO Hannover 2019. Their new electrospindle is designed

to capture data directly at the site of machining work and intervene in the cutting

process in real time.

PCI SCEMM has set out to pave the way for smart machining with its latest

innovation – the e-SPINDLE. Developed in partnership with AMVALOR and Cetim,

the brand new electrospindle reportedly incorporates all the equipment needed to

monitor the cutting process as closely as possible and respond in real time. The

integrated technology, which supports the efficient management of sensors and

actuators in a rotating frame of reference, is the result of collaborative work on smart

machining at the campuses of Cetim and Arts et Métiers in Aix-en-Provence

(INTELUS project, 2014–2017). The objective is to increase productivity by

optimizing tool life and improve quality by ensuring processes can be immediately

corrected.

Systems like these are also designed to facilitate machining processes that create

very high added value or implement adaptive processes that can modify operating

parameters in real time. Three smart machining applications for the e-SPINDLE

concept are on show at EMO Hannover 2019: a tool holder for monitoring cutting

processes that identifies forces, vibrations and the pressure of the cutting fluid; a

tool holder for adaptive vibration drilling that is controlled by force threshold values;

and a honing tool holder that performs real-time measurements of the workpiece

diameter so it can control the position of the active parts (abrasive stones).

PCI – SCEMM (42030 Saint-Etienne Cedex 02, France), Hall 12, Stand A06

https://www.emo-hannover.de/en/applikation/secure/forms/contact-form-exhibitor/?directLink=063269


Contact: Margot VesvreTel.: +33 4 77 42 61 85Send E-Mail

Time for a change?Tool specialist heimatec is at EMO Hannover 2019 to showcase a wide range of

innovations and productivity-boosting new products, including the new

heimatec.Capto quick-change system.

Alongside old favorites, tool specialist heimatec is also bringing a wide selection of

innovative solutions and new products to its stand at EMO Hannover 2019, all

arranged according to categories. As its name suggests, the INNOVATION AREA

pools the latest additions to the company’s portfolio. This particular category

includes driven and static tools with the polygonal tool interface “pti” and the latest

version of the digital tool management system heimatec.Sensoric. Also on show are

new products such as the heimatec.Cradle, the heimatec.SwissTooling product

family, and tools with the Capto quick-change system.

In heimatec.Capto, heimatec has added another modular quick-change tool system

to its portfolio that is designed to significantly increase set-up and changeover

efficiency. heimatec.Capto is modular, extremely flexible and offers high-availability

interchangeable inserts for lathes and machining centers. The quick-change tooling

system is available for Capto sizes C3, C4, C5, C6, C8 and C10.

heimatec GmbH (77871 Renchen, Germany), Hall 5, Stand D34Contact: Markus GschwindTel.: +49 7843 9466-0Send E-Mail

For photos and video clips, visit: Trendspots - Product Innovations

Accompany EMO Hannover on our social media channels as well.

http://twitter.com/EMO_HANNOVER

https://de.industryarena.com/emo-hannover

www.linkedin.com/company/emo-hannover

http://www.linkedin.com/company/emo-hannover

https://de.industryarena.com/emo-hannover


https://www.emo-hannover.de/en/exhibition/exhibitors-products/product-innovations/product-innovations.xhtml





http://facebook.com/EMOHannover

http://www.youtube.com/metaltradefair

http://www.youtube.com/metaltradefair

http://facebook.com/EMOHannover

briefbogen emo€¦ · web viewpicum’s mobile milling machine makes this a reality. weighing...

Documents