brief somalia

8/8/2019 Brief Somalia

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYSomalia is the epitome of a failed state. There is no functioning government, economy, banking system,legal system or central bank. There is also no railway system, the mainline telephone system hardlyoperates and much of the infrastructure is in disrepair. Most countries have long ago abandoned their embassies in Mogadishu because of the chaos that has engulfed the city. The health and educationalsystems are in dire conditions, there are 1.55 million internally displaced persons and much of thepopulation relies upon food assistance from the World Food Program for their survival. The Fund for Peace ranks Somalia first of the 177 nations that it surveyed, thus indicating that it is the mostdysfunctional, chaotic and anarchical nation in the world.

Geography

Somalia is a country situated in Eastern Africa with atropical climate (the rainy season is from April toJune) that is slightly smaller than Texas and sharesborders with Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean. The province of Somaliland, located in the Horn of Africa borderingEthiopia, declared its independence on May 18,1991. It is not however recognized as anindependent state by any country or internationalorganization. Puntland is a region in northeasternSomalia that declared itself an autonomous state in1998. It accounts for one-third of the land area of thecountry. Unlike Somaliland, it does not aspire to full

independence. The population, including Puntlandand Somaliland, is 10,112,453 (US Census Bureauestimate for 2010) and the population density is 16.1people per square km. Mogadishu is the capital, thelargest city and commercial center. According to UNestimates, the population in 2007 was 1.1 mn.Presently however the population is significantlylower as fighting in the capital in recent years hasprompted hundreds of thousands of people to flee.The major port is located in Berbera, which is located in Somaliland. In Somalia proper, the major port isat Mogadishu.

Arable land accounts for 1.64% of the area of the country, 37.4% of the population lives in urban areas

(UN estimate for 2010), there is 2,000 sq km of irrigated land, 11.4% of the country is covered by forests,0.04% of the land area is devoted to permanent crops and there are 3,025 km of coastlines. Much of thecountry is desert and desert scrubland. The median age is 17.6 years, the birth rate is 43.7 per 1,000people, the death rate is 15.55 per 1,000 people, the fertility rate is 6.52 children per female, 45.0% of thepopulation is under 15 years old, 23.8% is between 25 and 44 and 2.5% are 65 years and older. Thepopulation growth rate is 2.74% (UNDP estimate for 2010-2015). The time zone is 3 hours ahead of Greenwich meantime. Somali is the official language. Somalia was formed on July 1, 1960 when BritishSomaliland, which became independent on June 26, 1960, merged with Italian Somaliland, whoseindependence was also declared on July 1, 1960.

Country Brief

SOMALIADecember 17, 2009


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SECTION SUMMARY AND TREND

Political Environment - Government & Civil Liberties Trend

The government only holds sway in parts of the capital and Baidoa. It has virtuallyno authority in the country and has no means to impose order on the violence,chaos and anarchy that has engulfed the country and made Somalia a failed state.Somalia is a very dangerous place for journalists in light of the chaotic conditions inthe country. Journalists have been arrested, assassinated, abducted and forced toflee while covering the violence that has engulfed the country. There is nofunctioning judiciary.

Negative

Economic Overview Trend

InfrastructureIn the light of the lack of a functioning government and the unending turmoil thathas engulfed Somalia, there has been no investment to upgrade, modernize andrepair the infrastructure. As a result, most the infrastructure is dilapidated andincapable of servicing the needs of the people.

Negative

Energy Sector There are no indigenous sources of oil, natural gas, coal or hydropower. Theelectrical grid is decrepit and in need of modernization and repairs. Power shortages and outages are frequent. The electrification rate is 7.7%.

Negative

External AccountsThere are no reliable up to date data on the external accounts. The major exportsare livestock, hides and bananas. The major imports are petroleum products andfoodstuffs. Remittances from the diaspora Somali community are an importantsource of income that helps to underpin economic activity. There are no foreignexchange reserves.

Negative

External DebtSomalia is in arrears to the IMF.

Negative

Agriculture Sector Like the rest of the economy, the agriculture sector has experienced a sharpdeterioration since the country has been consumed by civil conflict. This has madeit impossible for Somalia to feed itself. Only about 25% of the cereal requirementis produced domestically. The rest is provided by international assistance,principally by the WFP.

Negative

Informal EconomyThe formal economy hardly exists. Most businesses operate informally and arefinanced by remittances, warlords or money lenders. Smuggling is a commonmeans of obtaining needed goods. Piracy along Somalia's coastline has become avery lucrative business with pirates collecting an estimated $150 mn in ransom in2008 when there were about 100 pirate attacks.

Negative

Business Environment Trend

Openness to Foreign InvestmentSomalias chaos and violence has clearly deterred foreign investors. Much of therecent foreign investment has been in the breakaway provinces of Puntland andSomaliland where there is relative political stability.

Negative

Financial Sector There is no functioning financial system. Negative


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CorruptionSomalia has not ratified the UN Convention Against Corruption. It is ranked 180 of 180 nations in Transparency Internationals 2009 corruption perception index.According to the US Department of States Human Rights Report, Officialcorruption is endemic throughout the country. The law does not provide criminalpenalties for official corruption and officials frequently engage in corrupt practiceswith impunity.

Negative

Human Capital Trend

Poverty is widespread, much of the population relies upon food assistance from theWorld Food Program for their survival, the education and health care systems areinadequate, the life expectancy is just 50.0 years, the infant mortality rate is 116.5per 1,000 live births and the adult literacy rate is around 25%.

Negative

Economic Outlook Trend

There is little room for optimism with respect to the economic outlook for Somalia.Unfortunately, the economic and social conditions are likely to deteriorate further as there is no prospect of restoring a semblance of normality and political stabilityto a country that is being ravaged by chaos, anarchy and violence.

Negative

I. Political Environment

Index Rank Score

Freedom House Index 2009 Status: Not freePolitical Rights: 7.0/7.0Civil Rights: 7.0/7.0

Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2010 128/128 1.34/10.00

Fund for Peace - Failed State Index 2009 1/177 114.7/120.0

World Bank Gov Indicator 2009, Political Stability 0.00 -3.28

1. Turmoil, Chaos and Anarchy have Engulfed Somalia

Somalia has been consumed by political turmoil since its inception as an independent state when inter-tribal rivalries broke out. In 1969, a military government assumed office in a coup that was led by GeneralSiad Barre. Somalia was declared a one-party Socialist state in 1976 under the rule of the SomaliRevolutionary Socialist Party, with Barre as the President. A war in 1977 and 1978 with Ethiopia wasfought over the Somali populated Ogaden region of Ethiopia with the objective of liberating the Ogadenand uniting it with Somalia. When it appeared that Somalia was on the verge of defeating Ethiopia, Cubaand the Soviet Union came to Ethiopias assistance, thus precipitating a disastrous rout of the Somaliarmed forces. Siads reign became increasingly repressive and authoritarian after the end of the war, thusfueling regional and ethnic resistance that culminated in his overthrow in 1991. His removal from power

however did not bring stability to the country. Instead, it plunged into civil war as various factions andwarlords fought to dominant the country.

2. Government

The Somali National Reconciliation Conference (SNRC), which began in Kenya in October 2002,concluded in 2004 with the creation of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG). Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed was elected President of the TFG on October 10, 2004 and an interim government, known as theSomalia Transitional Federal Institution (TFI), was formed. In addition to President Ahmed, who had theauthority to appoint a Prime Minister, the government consisted of a 275-member parliament, theTransitional Federal Assembly (TFA), and a 90-member cabinet. Members of the parliament were not


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directly elected. Instead, they were appointed by the heads and representatives of the major clangroupings. Factional disputes have made it difficult for the Parliament to convene on a regular basis.

In June 2006, a coalition of clerics, business leaders, and Islamic groups operating under the umbrellagrouping of the Council of Islamic Courts (CIC) seized control of Mogadishu from several warlords. TheTFI and the CIC then began a struggle for dominance of the country, with the CIC gaining the upper hand. The prospects of Somalia potentially becoming an Islamic state prompted Ethiopia to invade inDecember 2006 with the covert support of the United States. Ethiopian forces captured Mogadishu fromthe ICC, thus enabling the TFG to move the government to the capital. The intervention of Ethiopianarmed forces however did not subdue the country. Instead, it remained in the grip of chaos. Armedinsurgents continued to battle the TFG and Ethiopian forces while warlords held sway in many parts of the country. In light of the heavy financial cost of the invasion and increased casualties it sustained intrying to quell the violence, Ethiopia agreed to withdraw from Somalia in October 2008 after a UN-backedpeace deal was agreed to between the transitional government and one of the main opposition factions.On January 26, 2009, Ethiopia announced that it had completed its withdrawal from the country. Thewithdrawal of the Ethiopian forces was followed by even more violence and chaos with insurgentsattacking African Union (AU) peacekeepers, who were sent to Somalia to fill the security vacuum left bythe withdrawal of Ethiopian troops. The Islamist-led opposition has vowed to continue fighting governmentforces and AU peacekeepers.

The major jihadist Islamist group seeking to seize power is the Shabab. According to a December 10article in the Economist, The Shabab, which means youth, hunts down its critics, sometimes beheadingthemThe Shabab controls most of the south and central SomaliaThe Shabab covers its expensesfrom taxes, tariffs and roadblocks. It includes some opportunists but at its core are ferocious fighterslinked to al-Qaeda who are intent on creating a caliphate of Greater Somalia, including chunks of Ethiopiaand Kenya. The Shabab appears to run at least two suicide-bomb brigades, mostly made up of teenageboys. The Shabab have imposed a harsh form of Islamic roles in the two-thirds of the country theycontrol.

In 2004, the Transitional Federal Charter (TFC) outlined a five-year transition program that wouldconclude with the writing of a new constitution and elections in 2009. A new constitution though wasnever written and the elections were moved up to January 2009 after the resignation of PresidentAbdullah Yusuf Ahmed on December 29, 2008 because of the dismissal of the government of PrimeMinister Nur Hassan Hussein by the TFA. There was no nationwide balloting because of the chaos

prevailing in the country. Instead the members of an expanded TFA voted at the end of January for thePresident. The voting took place in Djibouti. It took 3 rounds to elect President Sheikh Sharif SheikhAhmed who assumed office on January 31, 2009. He is a former secondary school teacher. The head of government is Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke. He has been in office since February 13,2009. The cabinet is appointed by the president and approved by the TFP.

The government has virtually no authority in the country and has no means to impose order on theviolence, chaos and anarchy that has engulfed the country and made Somalia a failed state. TheBertelsmann country assessment report for Somalia, said the TFG has failed to present itself as agovernment of national unity and demonstrate any effective power to govern. It is little more than acoalition of powerful faction leaders and other important political figures pursuing their own interests. AUforces remain in the country and have set up bases in the capital. But they have not been able to restoreorder in the country and have come under repeated attacks by Islamists forces.

A New York Times article of December 3 that reported on a suicide bombing that killed 3 governmentministers in Mogadishu, said the government controls only a few city blocksand has accomplished verylittle since a new, moderate Islamist president came into office in February and raised hopes for realchange. Western countries, desperate to prevent al-Qaeda from securing a sanctuary in East Africa, seethe transitional government as their last hope. The United States has been pouring in millions of dollarsin weapons for the government though because of rampant defections, many of those guns immediatelyfell into Shabab handsA government offensive was planned for this winter, but many people doubt it willmake any difference. The government doesnt have a clue, doesnt have a plan, doesnt have anything,said one advisor to the United Nations operations in Somalia. The advisorsaid that the governmentwas planning a major cabinet reshuffle, but that was futile. Its like rearranging the chairs on the Titanic.


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3. Civil Liberties

Freedom House has designated Somalia as not free and has assigned it a rating of 7 out of 7 for political rights and 7 out of 7 for civil rights. The lower the rating the higher the degree of political and civilliberties. It is one of only 8 countries that Freedom House has assigned a rating of 7 for both politicaland civil rights. Somalia is ranked 128 of 128 nations in the Bertelsmann Transformation Index. It isranked 1 of 177 in the Fund for Peace Failed State Index (the lower the ranking the higher the degree of economic and political dysfunction) and is ranked at the 0.00 Percentile in the World Banks PoliticalStability Governance Indicator.

The TFC endorses freedoms of speech and the press. Somalia though is a very dangerous place for journalists in light of the chaotic conditions in the country. Journalists have been arrested, assassinated,abducted and forced to flee while covering the violence in the country. The TFG has shut down privateradio stations. In March 2008, the FPA adopted a press law that allowed for significant governmentcontrol over the media. There is no national broadcaster. Radio is the main means of transmitting news.Most radio stations are merely mouthpieces for the factions they support in the fighting. Internet use islimited by the inability of much of the population to afford a personal computer, the poor telecommunications infrastructure and the low electrification rate. Freedom House ranks Somalia 180 of 195 in its Freedom of the Press survey for 2009 and characterizes the press as "not free.

Freedom of religion is restricted in many parts of the country controlled by Islamists fundamentalists whohave imposed a very strict and austere interpretation of Islam. Academic freedom is severely limited bythe reality that the education system has collapsed. Schools have been attacked by Islamic militants.Freedom of assembly is impossible given the ongoing violence. Many non government organizations,which play a critical role in feeding the country, have had to reduce of suspend their activities because of the violence in the country. Several members of NGOs have been abducted and murdered. In 2008, thelocal head of the UN Development Program was assassinated.

There is no functioning judicial system. In many regions, local authorities administer justice via a mix of Sharia (Islamic law) and traditional Somali forms of reconciliation. Some Islamist groups have imposed asevere form of Sharia in the territory they control.

The US Department of State Human Rights Report for 2009 (covering 2008) noted that Human rightsabuses included unlawful and politically motivated killings; kidnapping, torture, rape, andbeatingsarbitrary arrest and detention. In part due to the absence of functioning institutions, theperpetrators of human rights abuses were rarely punished. Denial of fair trial and limited privacy rightswere problems, and there were restrictions on freedoms of speech, press, assembly, association, religion,and movementPolitically motivated killings by antigovernment groups, extremist elements, and terroristorganizations resulted in the deaths of approximately 20 senior TFG officials

II. Economic OverviewThe formal economy has largely ceased to function. Much of the informal economy is based uponlivestock, market stalls, and remittances which enter the country through unofficial sources as the bankingsystem does not exist. The modest industrial sector, which was concentrated in food processing, hasbeen severely undermined by the lack of spare parts and looting. Many of the markets are filled withsmuggled goods. Some hotels continue to operate with protection provided by private security militias.

Livestock accounts for 40% of GDP, agriculture and fishing for 25% of GDP, industry has a 10% shareand services are 25%. About 67% of the workforce is employed in agriculture, much of which issubsistence in nature, 12% of the workforce is employed in industry and 21% are in services. There is noreliable up to date accurate data on unemployment nor for that matter are there reliable data for any of the major economic indicators. The unemployment rate has been estimated at 66% for urban areas and41% for rural areas.

There is no national minimum wage. Around 43% of the population earns less than a dollar a day.


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Child labor is widespread. UNICEF estimated that from 1999 to 2005, 36% of children between the agesof 5 and 14 were in the workforce. This however is probably an underestimation. Militias and other fighting forces routinely recruit children.

The currency, the shilling, is worthless because of high inflation, for which there are no reliable estimates.When the Central Bank ceased operations in the early 1990s, private businessmen and warlordsimported new shilling notes printed in Canada and Southeast Asia as needed. The World Bank hasestimated that about 80% of the currency in circulation is forged, reprinted, or is newly printed.

Somaliland has established its own Central Bank as have Puntland. In 2008, the UN warned thathyperinflation and the sharp decline of the Somali shilling had increased food prices to such a degree thatit threatened the livelihood of millions of people. Surging food prices have caused food riots. In a June 23,2009 Reuters article, Mark Bowden, U.N. humanitarian coordinator for Somalia estimated that food priceshad surged by 300% over the last year because of drought and the insecurity in the country.

The main crops grown are bananas, sorghum, corn, coconuts, rice, sugarcane, mangoes, and sesameseeds. There are unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, natural gas and possiblyoil. Textiles and sugar refining are the principle industries.

The CIA Factbook estimated the economy grew by 2.6% in each of the three years ending in 2008. It alsoestimated the per capita income in 2008 was just $300 dollars. This placed Somalia 185 of 192 nationsand territories that the CIA compiles per capita data for.

1. Infrastructure

In the light of the lack of a functioning government and the unending turmoil that has engulfed Somalia,there has been no investment to upgrade, modernize and repair the infrastructure. As a result, most theinfrastructure is dilapidated, inadequate and incapable of servicing the needs of the people.

There are 22,100 km of roadway of which 11.8% are paved. The Department of State travel advisory for Somalia noted that There are no traffic lights in the country except in Hargeisa in Somaliland. The poor condition of most roads makes driving hazardous. Night driving can be dangerous due to the absence of lighting. Recent occurrences of land mine detonations on roads point to a potentially fatal risk for drivers.A November 6, 2009 New York Times article indicated that roadblocks, are ubiquitous and virtuallyunavoidable in a nation widely considered a case study in chaos.

There are 59 airports of which 7 are paved. The main international airport is Aden-Adde InternationalAirport in Mogadishu. The airport was closed in 1995 after international peacekeepers who controlled thearea around the airport for 3 years withdrew. It was partially rebuilt and reopened in 2007 by the IslamicCourts Union, which briefly controlled a large part of the country before its power was diminished by theEthiopian invasion in late 2006. The airport is currently not operational. In June 2007, it was bombed inan air raid by Ethiopian jets. The airport is now the headquarters of the AU peacekeeping force. The AUforces, which total 4,300 troops from Uganda and Burundi, have been under attack from insurgents whoare trying to takeover the airport. AU troops conduct patrols of the capital in armed vehicle conveys thatare often the target of attacks by improvised explosive devices.

The main airport is now the K50 Airport, 50 km south of the capital. It is serviced by Daallo Airlines, which

is headquartered in Dubai, and the United Nations Humanitarian Air Service, an airline operated by theWorld Food Program (WFP) to transport humanitarian assistance, mainly in the form of food aid. Thereare flights to Addis Ababa, Dubai and Nairobi. There are many small airports controlled by militias, whichuse them to bring in weapons and smuggled goods.

There is no rail service.

Berbera in the northwestern part of the country was the major port. It is now located in the self declaredstate of Somaliland. The port facilities were recently restored. It is Somalilands biggest incomegenerator. The government has held discussions with Bollore Africa Logistics of France concerning themanagement of the port.


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The seaport at Mogadishu was reopened in 2006 after 15 years of disuse. It is guarded by AUpeacekeepers. The port is often shelled by insurgents. It is an important entry point for food delivered bythe WFP. Much of the infrastructure of the port is in need of restoration.

The water, sewage and sanitation systems (WSS) hardly function outside of Somaliland and Puntland,which are relatively stable in comparison to Somalia. Most of the population obtains water fromboreholes and shallow wells. The water quality of many of the shallow wells is often poor because theyare located near latrines whose contents seep into groundwater. As a result, there are frequentoutbreaks of waterborne diseases such as cholera and diarrhea. Most of the WSS systems are poorlymaintained or have been severely damaged by the constant fighting that has engulfed the country sincethe end of the Siad Barre regime. In Somaliland and Puntland, the operation and maintenance of theWSS systems is financed by the UN and humanitarian donors. There is no national or municipalinstitution that provides for sanitation or sewage. Individual garbage collectors exist. They charge for their services. Garbage is deposited in wadis and landfills without regard to public health or environmental considerations. In areas where there are large populations of internally displaced people,who number 1.55 million, there are almost no sanitation facilities.

2. Energy Sector

There are no indigenous sources of oil, natural gas, coal or hydropower. Oil consumption is about 5,000barrels per day. All of the electricity is generated by diesel. There is no oil refinery and as a result, allrefined products including jet fuel and gasoline have to be imported. Fuel wood and agriculture residueaccounts for 87% of all energy that is consumed.

Somalland, Puntland and Somalia produce and distribute their own electricity. The 3 electrical grids arenot integrated. The main electricity supplier in Puntland is the publicly owned entity Ente NazionaleEnergia Elettica. Private companies also supply electricity. In Somaliland, electricity is provided byprivate companies and the state owned National Electricity Company. All the companies providingelectricity in South and Central Somalia are private. The electrical grid is decrepit and in need of modernization and repairs. Power shortages and outages are frequent. The electrification rate is 7.7%.

In July 2007, the China National Offshore Oil Corp obtained rights to conduct oil exploration in Somalia.

On August 19, 2008, the government signed an agreement with Kuwait Energy Company and IndonesiasMedco Energi International Tbk to acquire a 49% (24.5% for each company) stake in the state oilcompany, the Somalia Petroleum Corporation. The government retained a 51% ownership.

In January, 2009, Africa Oil of Canada ceased oil exploration activities in Puntland because of a lack of funds. African Oil is involved in a joint venture with Range Resources of Australia. It holds an 80% stakein the venture.

Total has rehabilitated and manages the oil terminal in Berbera.

3. External Accounts

There are no reliable up to date data on the external accounts. The major exports are livestock, hidesand bananas. The major imports are petroleum products and food stuffs. According to the CIA Factbook,the UAE was the largest export market in 2008, accounting for 56.2% of the total followed by Yemen at21% and Saudi Arabia with a 3.6% share. Djibouti was the dominant source of imports with a 20.2%share. In second place was India at 11.9% followed by Kenya at 7.6%.

Remittances are a very important source of income that helps to underpin private consumption andprovide a safety net in an economy where the government does not function. A May 2008 studysponsored by the British Department for International Development concluded that 80% of start-up capitalfor small and medium size companies benefit from money sent by the Diaspora community. The UNDPhas estimated that up to $1 bn a year flows into the country from remittances. This is equivalent to 18%


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of GDP. As the banking system is non existent, most of the remittances are handled through remittancecompanies that charge a commission. In an interview with Reuters, Mark Bowden, the U.N. humanitariancoordinator for Somalia, estimated that the global downturn has reduced remittances by 25% this year.He indicated that remittances provide a lifeline to at least a third of the population.

There are no foreign exchange reserves.

4. External Debt and Budget Balance

The external debt at the end of 2004 was $3.2 bn. Somalia has been in arrears to the IMF since 1987.As a result, Somalias voting rights in the IMF have been suspended. At end-January 2008, Somalia'sarrears to the IMF amounted to $357 mn. About 46% of the external debt is owed to the Paris clubnations and 15.3% to the World Bank.

The government plans to spend $108 mn in 2010, of which it hopes 74% will be provided by donors. Thisrepresents a sharp increase from the $39 mn it expects to spend in 2009. About 40% of next year'sbudget will be allocated to security.

5. Agriculture Sector

Like most of the economy, the agriculture sector has experienced a sharp deterioration since the countryhas been engulfed by civil conflict. This has made it impossible for Somalia to feed itself. Only about25% of the cereal requirement is produced domestically. The rest is provided by international assistance,principally by the WFP. Corn and sorghum output is about half of what it was before the country was tornapart by warring factions. Agricultural exports, which were $185 mn in 1997, plunged to just $43 mn in2004. Most of the banana plantations have been abandoned. A devastating drought, which has resultedin a poor harvest, has heightened concerns about the food needs of the country. Another major concernis the demand by the al Shabab group that the WFP buy food from Somali farmers and stop importingfood. A statement released by the group accused the WFP of causing many problems for Somalifarmers by importing food from outside Somaliathe WFP should buy its food from Somali farmers or stop its operations. Greg Barrow of the WFP indicated that the WFP is working in Somalia because thecountry cannot currently support the food needs of its population. In the first half, the WFP provided foodassistance to 3 mn people.

6. Informal Economy

There is little left of the formal economy. Most businesses operate informally and are financed byremittances, warlords or money lenders. Smuggling is a common means of obtaining needed goods.People smuggling is a major illicit activity. Between the start of the year and mid October, about 29,000people were smuggled to Yemen. This was up by 50% from the same period of 2008. The increasereflects the rising instability in the country. In 2008, 589 people drowned while making the journey toYemen. There are an estimated 150,000 Somali refugees in Yemen. People pay between $600 to$2,000 a piece to smugglers for the 200 mile journey. As many as 40 to 50 people are often packed intoboats that are 18 by 3 meters.

In 1992, the UN imposed an arms embargo on the country. Arms though are routinely smuggled fromYemen. Smuggling of qat, a mildly narcotic leaf that is chewed, to Kenya is a major source of funding for several of the militias.

Piracy along Somalia's coastline has become a very lucrative business with pirates collecting anestimated $150 mn in ransom in 2008 when there were about 100 pirate attacks. Piracy has made manyships reluctant to navigate around the waters of Somalia. Ransom money has boosted the economy withmany pirates stocking up on food, cigarettes and fuel before a raid. The additional money has spurred theopening of internet cafes and telephone shops. It has been reported that by allowing the pirates tooperate off their coast, the government of Puntland is given a share of the pirate earnings, much of whichgoes to government officials.


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III. Business Environment

Index Rank Score

Economic Freedom of the World Index 2008 N/A N/A

Heritage Foundation Economic Freedom Index 2009 N/A N/A

World Economic Forum Global Competitive Index 2009-2010 N/A N/A

Milken Institute Capital Access Index 2008 N/A N/A

UNCTAD Inward Potential Performance Index 2005-2007 N/A N/A

World Bank Ease of Doing Business 2010 N/A N/A

World Bank Gov Indicator 2009, Regulatory Quality 0.0 Percentile -2.77

World Bank Gov Indicators 2009, Rule of Law 0.0 Percentile -2.69

Transparency International Corruption Perception Index 2009 180/180 1.1/10.00

1. Summary of Indices

Somalia is only ranked in the World Bank Governance Indicators of the major governance andcompetitiveness indicators. For both Regulatory Quality and Rule of Law, it was ranked at the 0.0percentile, thus indicating there is no regulatory environment or rule of law.

2. Openness to Foreign Investment

The political instability in Somalia has made it a no go area for all but a few fearless companies. Thiswas highlighted by an invitation extended by the TFG in August 2007 to foreign oil companies that hadabandoned their concessions in the 1990s to once again invest in the country. None of the companiesthat were previously active in the country however indicated a willingness to return. Much of the foreigninvestment in recent years has been in the more stable areas of Somaliland and Puntland.

Data from the UNCTAD indicate that FDI in 2008 was $87 mn. This was below the $141 mn level in 2007and represented 16.1% of gross fixed capital formation. The total stock of FDI (book value) at the end of 2008 was $346 mn, which was equal to 13.0% of GDP and was 8,550% above the level of 2000.

3. Financial Sector

There is no functioning banking system and there are no functioning financial markets. According to aUniversity of Wharton assessment of the financial sector, The vast majority of the informal economy isconducted under the auspices of the many moneylords who bankroll the various clan affiliated warlordsthat battle for regional control and dominion over productive assets largely agriculture and other exportable commodities and criminal activities. The economy is heavily dollarized as the Somali shillingis worthless. The Central Bank has ceased to function. There is a central bank in Somaliland but thereare no private or public financial institutions. There are no interest rates in Somalia as there are no

banks, no financial markets and no central bank.

According to the 2010 Bertelsmann country report for Somalia, Currency transactions are carried out bylocal vendors, who set the exchange rate daily on the basis of localized and contingent factors. In 2008,billions of counterfeit Somali banknotes were printed in Puntland and have been the cause of hyperinflation throughout SomaliaSeveral traders in urban centers do not accept the Somali currencyand have shifted to the dollar.


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4. Corruption and Transparency

Somalia has not ratified the UN Convention Against Corruption. It has signed but not ratified the AfricanUnion Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Corruption. It is ranked 180 of 180 nations inTransparency Internationals 2009 corruption perception index. In the 2008 survey, it was ranked 180 of 180 nations. According to Transparency International, a score of less than 3.0 out of 10.0 indicates thereis rampant corruption. Somalias score is 1.1.

According to the US Department of States Human Rights Report, Official corruption is endemicthroughout the country. The law does not provide criminal penalties for official corruption and officialsfrequently engaged in corrupt practices with impunity. Corruption exists in almost every transaction andthere is no regulatory or penal framework in place to combat it. This is true even in the provision of humanitarian assistance.

A Global Integrity corruption assessment report for 2008 noted that Airport travelers have to payfacilitation fees to countless internal security personnelAt the seaport, merchants importing goods intoSomalia say that even after they pay the regular tax, which they maintain is already prohibitivelyexcessive, importers and exporters are required by port officials to pay facilitation fees. This means theymust pay bribes to be allowed to take their imported goods out of the port or face indefinite delays thatinvolve undue inspections for illegal weapons, explosives or drugsMotorists, particularly bus drivers onMogadishus potholed streets, face daily demands on their meager incomes from the police, militaryforces, and clan militias. Bus drivers regularly have to pay a sum of money every time they use the fewdrivable streets in the cityLawmakers in the national parliament are bribed to vote for a particular issue.Reports abound of huge sums of money changing hands in the Somali parliament when an importantmotion is being debated or is about to be voted on... no one has been formally charged with, or arrestedfor, corruption in Somalia since the current transitional government was formed in 2004.

5. Standards Compliance Assessments

IMF Dissemination Standard Subscription Status

Special Data Dissemination Standard Not a GDDS Subscriber

General Data Dissemination Standard Not a SDDS Subscriber

IMF Assessment Standards Assessed Dates Compliance Level

Reports on Standards andCodes (ROSCs)

N/A

Financial Sector AssessmentPrograms (FSAPs)

N/A

Somalia has not been assessed by the IMF in any of its ROSCs.

IV. Human Capital

Index Rank Score

UNDP Human Development Index 2009 N/A N/A

1. Social Indicators

Somalia is not ranked in the 2009 UNDP Human Development Index. The data that is availableconcerning social conditions suggest that there is a high level of poverty and economic distress. Theinfant mortality rate is 116.5 per 1,000 live births (US Census Bureau for 2010), the probability of dyingbefore the age of 40 is 34.1%, 33.0% of births are attended to by a skilled health care professional, the


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under 5 mortality rate is 142 per 1,000 live births, 34% of one-year olds are fully immunized againstmeasles, 11% of babies are born with low birth weight, the maternal mortality rate is 1,400 per 100,000live births, 71% of the population is considered to be undernourished, 29% of the population have accessto clean drinking water, 32.8% of children under 5 are underweight for their age, 23% of the populationhave access to improved sanitation facilities, the probability of dying between the ages of 15 and 60 is32.3%, 73.4% of the population lives on less than $2 a day, and the projected life expectancy for 2010(according to the US Census Bureau) is 50.0 years (51.9 years for females and 48.1 years for males).

Somalia is one of the 30 countries in crisis requiring external assistance and one of the 77 "Low IncomeFood Deficit Countries as defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization.

The World Food Program country report for Somalia noted that it was one of the most dangerous placesin the worldwith probably the highest humanitarian needs compared to the size of the population. ByAugust 2009, the country was facing its worst humanitarian crisis since the famine of 1991/1992 with 3.64million people now in need of outside assistance. Despite growing insecurity, including rampant piracy onthe high seas, WFP scaled up its operations in the first half of 2009, providing food assistance to 2.87million people because of conflict, displacement and droughtFierce fighting in Mogadishu from May 7onwards forced more than 210,000 people to flee their homes in the capital. An estimated 1.55 millionpeople are internally displaced. In addition, more than 36,000 Somalis fled as refugees into Kenya in thefirst half of the yearAn estimated 285,000 children (or one in every five) are acutely malnourished,including 70,000 severely malnourished.

A US AID Somalia Food Security Outlook report for January to June 2009 indicated that The overall foodconditions in the country are not expected to improvethe delivery of humanitarian aid has becomeincreasingly difficult as a result of increased targeting of aid workers, deteriorating civil security, politicaltensions, and renewed armed conflict. Sustained hyperinflation, sea piracy, and disruption of market andtrade activities, especially in the south and central regions, continue to worsen food availability andaccess. Recent short rains were also inadequate in most parts of the country and affected crop andlivestock productionRangeland resources are dwindling in many key grazing areasthe south, wherethe bulk of the annual cereal production occurs, experienced an almost complete short rains crop failure.

The food situation has been made especially acute by the decision of the US to delay food contributionsto Somalia because of concerns they would be diverted to terrorists. The UN has warned that the USdecision will result in a reduction of food rations. According to a New York Times article, In October, the

US suspended millions of dollars of food aid because of concerns that Somalia contractors working for the United Nations were funneling food and money to the Shabab, an Islamist insurgent group withgrowing ties to Al Qaeda.There is increasing evidence according to United Nations documents thatsome of the United Nations contractors in Somalia have been stealing food and channeling the proceedsto the Sahbab and other militant groups.Partly because of the standoff over the new rules and theensuing interruption in the food pipeline, the World Food Program recently halved the emergency rationsto more than one million displaced Somalis.

2. Access to Technology

There are 12 mainline telephone lines and 69 cellular subscribers per 1,000 people. Internet use is 11per 1,000 people. There are 54.7 radios per 1,000 people, 8% of households have a television, there are3 motor vehicles per 1,000 people and there are 90 personal computers per 1,000 people. The per capita

consumption of electricity is 30.7 kilowatt hours (in the US, it is 12,924 kilowatt hours).

3. Health Indicators

The health care system has been severely undermined by the chaos, violence and anarchy that haveengulfed the country. An article on the dire state of the health care system by the IRIN HumanitarianNews and Analysis, a project of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, quotedAbdirizaq Ahmed Dalmar, the head of the Somalia Medical Association, saying, "We have had armedmen in hospitals demanding that their friends be treated; they even go to the extreme of removingpatients from the table right in the middle of surgeryWith shelling and fighting almost on a daily basis,both medical staff and people in need of medical care are unable to access the medical facilitiesthe


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past two years had been the worst for Mogadishus city's health system, with hospitals closed or barelyfunctioning37 hospitals and clinics closed between 2007 and 2008 due to the fighting, with some takenover by the military. Mohamed Mahamud Bidey, the dean of the Benadir University Medical College anda doctor in Mogadishu, told IRIN: "Some of our colleagues have been killed, maimed and kidnapped butwe are still trying to provide healthcare to those who need it."

The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is 0.5% of the adult population (15-49 years old). This is well below the 5.0%average for sub-Saharan Africa. In 2007, there were 24,000 people living with AIDS of which 6,700 werewomen 15 and over and less than 1,000 were children (ages 0-14). There were 8,800 AIDS orphans(ages 0-17) and 1,600 deaths from AIDS. The prevalence of tuberculosis is 352 per 100,000 people (inthe US, it is 3 per 100,000 people) and the tuberculosis death rate is 63 per 100,000 people.

The prevalence of diabetes is 2.3% of the population between 20 and 79 (the average for sub-SaharanAfrican is 2.4%) and the prevalence of obesity is 0.4% for males and 2.6% for females. There were608,831 cases of malaria in 2006 and 3,491 deaths from malaria. The mortality rate for cancer is 143 per 100,000 people, the mortality rate for cardiovascular diseases is 580 per 100,000 people and deaths dueto AIDS are 50 per 100,000 people. The homicide rate in 2004 was 3.3 per 100,000 people.

In a WHO survey of the leading causes of death in 2002, lower respiratory infections and perinatalconditions each accounted for 11%, diarrhea diseases had a 9% share and measles were responsible for 7% of all deaths.

In the WHOs ranking of the worlds health care systems, Somalia is ranked 179 of 190 countriessurveyed.

4. Education Indicators

According to the US State Departments 2009 Human Rights Report, Less than 30 percent of the school-age population attends schoolUNICEF reported that more than 60 percent of schools in Mogadishuwere closed and the remaining schools operated with reduced enrollment and attendance as manyparents withdrew their children because of security concerns. Since the collapse of the state in 1991,education services have been partially revived in various forms, including a traditional system of Koranicschools; public primary and secondary school systems financed by communities, foreign donors, and theadministrations in Somaliland and Puntland; Islamic charity-run schools; and a number of privately runprimary and secondary schools, universities, and vocational training institutes. Few children who enteredprimary school completed secondary school. Schools at all levels lack textbooks, laboratory equipment,toilets, and running water. Teachers are poorly qualified and poorly paid; many rely entirely on communitysupport for payment. The literacy rate was estimated at 25 percent.

V. Economic Data, Outlook and Credit Rating

IMF Country Data Overview 2009 (Est.)

GDPGrowth

GDP: GDP per capita:

CPI: Current Accountas % of GDP

Budgetdeficit as

% of GDP

FDI(UNCTAD

2008)

2.6% (UNdata for 2008)

$2.660bn (UNData for 2008)

$300 (CIAdata for 2008)

N/A N/A N/A $87 mn

1. Latest IMF Consultation

Somalias membership in the IMF has been revoked because of its arrears to the IMF.


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2. Economic Outlook

Somalia is the epitome of a failed political state. There is no functioning government, economy, bankingsystem, legal system or central bank. There is also no railway system, the mainline telephone systemhardly operates and much of the infrastructure is in disrepair. Most countries have long ago abandonedtheir embassies in Mogadishu because of the chaos that has engulfed the city. The health andeducational systems are in dire conditions, there are 1.55 million internally displaced persons and muchof the population relies upon food assistance from the World Food Program for their survival. The Fundfor Peace ranks Somalia first of the 177 nations that it surveyed, thus indicating that it is the mostdysfunctional, chaotic and anarchical nation in the world. Much of the country has is ruled by warlordsand Islamic religious extremists. Food production is constrained by the scorching climate and the smallamount of rainfall, which averages about 11 inches per year. Malnutrition rates are high (according toUNICEF, they exceed the World Health Organizations emergency threshold level of 15% of thepopulation). Puntland and Somaliland have effectively broken away and offer a degree political stability totheir population.

The State Department has issued a travel warning for Somalia. It recommends that American citizensavoid all travel to Somalia. It noted that Kidnapping, murder, illegal roadblocks, banditry, and other violent incidents and threats to U.S. citizens and other foreigners can occur in many regions. Inter-clanand inter-factional fighting flares up with little or no warning. Unpredictable armed conflicts among rivalmilitias are prevalent in southern Somalia, particularly in and around MogadishuThere also have beenseveral fatal attacks and violent kidnappings against international relief workersLines of control inMogadishu are unclear and frequently shift, making movement within Mogadishu extremely hazardous.Violent riots have recently occurred in Mogadishu, as thousands of civilians protested rising food pricesand the devaluation of the Somali currencyU.S. citizens are urged to use extreme caution when sailingnear the coast of Somalia. Merchant vessels, fishing boats, and recreational craft all risk seizure bypirates and having their crews held for ransom.

There is no reason to be optimistic with respect to the future of Somalia. The country is likely to remain inthe tight vice grip of chaos, anarchy and violence to the great detriment of its long suffering population,many of whom have been pauperized by the collapse of any functioning authority that can provide for their basic needs. In a press release issued on March 27, 2008, the WFP warned that Somalia is sinkingdeeper into an abyss of suffering with hundreds of thousands of women and children uprooted by fightingwhile a lack of security is preventing full humanitarian access to some areasThe Somali capital is

currently gripped by rising fuel and food prices, which are hitting the poorest families hardest when theywere already struggling to survive with few opportunities to work. Unfortunately, since that press releasewas issued, the situation in the country has become even more dire and not doubt it will become evenmore dire in the years to come as warlords and Islamic extremists fight over a country which is incapableof feeding itself, largely desert, is bereft of foreign exchange reserves, has a dilapidated infrastructure andhas one of the highest population growth rates in the world. According to the US Census Bureau, thepopulation will surge by 157.4% between 2010 and 2050 when 62% of the population will be under 30.

3. Country Credit Ratings

Credit Rating Standard & Poors Moodys Fitch Ratings

(as of date of publication) N/A N/A N/A

Somalia is not rated by any of the major credit rating agencies.


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VI. Membership in international organizations

Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Not a member

International Center for Settlements of InvestmentDisputes (ICSID)

Entry into Convention on March 30,1968

International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) Not a member

Multinational Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) Not a member

United Nations Convention Against Corruption Not ratified

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Yes, a member

World Trade Organization (WTO) Not a member

VII. Sources for Somalia

Geography

Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook - Country Report for Somaliahttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html

Doctors Without Borders, Somalia: Majority of North Mogadishu Population Flees as Fighting Escalates,July 7, 2009http://doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=3695&cat=press-release

Official website of the Puntland governmenthttp://www.puntlandgovt.com/profile.php

Somaliland Official Website, Country profile of Somalilandhttp://www.somalilandgov.com/

UN World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision Population Data Basehttp://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp?panel=3

US Census Bureau: International Data Basehttp://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/region.php

USAID, "Somalia Food Security Situation , January to June 2009http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADN905.pdf

World Bank, Selected Indicators, World Development Report for 2009

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2009/Resources/4231006-1225840759068/WDR09_22_SWDIweb.pdf

World Urbanization Prospects, The 2007 UN Population Data Basehttp://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=3

Political Environment Table

Bertelsmann Transformation Indexhttp://www.bertelsmann-transformation-index.de/fileadmin/pdf/Anlagen_BTI_2010/BTI_2010__Ranking_Table_E_web.pdf


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The New York Times, Suicide Bomber in Disguise Kills 3 Officials in Somalia, December 3, 2009http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/04/world/africa/04somalia.html

US Department of State, Background Notes for Somalia, October 2009http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2863.htm

Civil Liberties

Freedom House, 2009 Report for Somaliahttp://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2009&country=7704

US Department of State, "Human Rights Report for Somalia," February 25, 2009http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/119024.htm

US Department of State, Background Notes for Somalia, October 2009http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2863.htm

Economic Overview

AFP, "Somalia-Security, Somalis protest hyper inflation as food crisis bites, May 5, 2008http://www.newssafety.org/index.php?view=article&catid=41%3Asomalia-

security&id=8451%3ASomalis+protest+hyper-inflation+as+food+crisis+bites&option=com_content&Itemid=100249


Christian Science Monitor, Food riots, anti-US protests erupt in Somalia, May 7, 2008http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0507/p99s01-duts.html

European Commission, Support for Employment Promotion in Somalia, June 2004http://www.delken.ec.europa.eu/en/publications/Support%20to%20employment%20promotion%20in%20Somalia.pdf

Foreign Policy, List of the Worlds Worst Currencieshttp://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3880

International relations and Security Network, Somalia Pirates of the Gulf, March 12, 2009http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?id=97585&lng=en

Reuters, Interview Somali remittances hit hard by financial crisis UN, June 23, 2009http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSLN731524._CH_.2400


Infrastructure

AFP, Somali Islamist militia orders Mogadishu airport closure, September 15, 2008http://www.newssafety.org/index.php?view=article&catid=41%3Asomalia-security&id=9927%3Asomali-islamist-militia-orders-mogadishu-airport-closure-&option=com_content&Itemid=100249

AFP, African peacekeepers tread warily in Mogadishu, November 25, 2009http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20091125/wl_africa_afp/somaliaafricanunionunrestsnipers

AllAfrica.com, Somalia: Port Workers Demonstrate in Mogadishu, November 4, 2009http://allafrica.com/stories/200911040932.html


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Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership, Country report for Somaliahttp://www.reeep.org/index.php?id=9353&text=policy&special=viewitem&cid=61

Reuters, Alert Net for Somaliahttp://www.alertnet.org/db/cp/somalia.htm

Reuters, Canadas Africa Oil stops Somali exploration- staff, January 4, 2009http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssEnergyNews/idUSL459645620090104

UN Report, Progress Achieved on Energy for Sustained Development in the Arab Region"http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd14/escwaRIM_bp.pdf

Water for Agriculture and Energy in Africa: the Challenges of Climate Change, Sirte, Libya, December 15-17, 2008, National Investment Brief for Somaliahttp://www.sirtewaterandenergy.org/docs/reports/Somalia-Draft2.pdf

External Accounts


Reuters, Interview Somali remittances hit hard by financial crisis UN, June 23, 2009http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSLN731524._CH_.2400

Saltmarsh, Matthew, Somalis Money is Lifeline for Homeland, New York Times, November 11, 2009http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/12/world/africa/12remit.html?scp=16&sq=matthew%20saltmarsh&st=cse

Wharton Financial Assessment of Somaliahttp://fic.wharton.upenn.edu/fic/africa/Somalia%20Final.pdf

External Debt and Budget Balance

BusinessDayAfrica.com, Somalia seeks funds to fight pirates and rebels, November 30, 2009http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/-/539552/814538/-/68sg2l/-/

International Monetary Fund, Review of the IMFs Strategy on Overdue Financial Obligations, August18, 2009http://www.imf.org/external/pp/longres.aspx?id=4360

The Horn Economic and Social Policy Institute, Renewing Somalias Membership in InternationalFinancial Institutehttp://hespi.org/Documents/Somalia's%20membership%20wz%20IFI.doc

Agriculture

CNN.com. Militia warns UN buy from Somali farmers or cut aid, November 25, 2009http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/11/25/somalia.warning/

Water for Agriculture and Energy in Africa: the Challenges of Climate Change, Sirte, Libya, December 15-17, 2008, National Investment Brief for Somaliahttp://www.sirtewaterandenergy.org/docs/reports/Somalia-Draft2.pdf

Informal Economy

Globalenvision.org, Piracy Boosts Somali Economy, April 27, 2009http://www.globalenvision.org/2009/04/13/piracy-boosts-somali-economy


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Mail and Guardian online.com, UN: Arms embargo on Somalia constantly broken, December 20, 2008http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-12-20-un-arms-embargo-on-somalia-constantly-broken

ReliefWeb, Somalia: People smuggling Pirates, bandits, traffickers November 18, 2009http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/SNAA-7XX4WE?OpenDocument

Stratfor, Kenya: Somalian Drug Smugglers and the SICC, April 4, 2008http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/kenya_somalian_drug_smugglers_and_sicc


Business Environment Table

Fraser Institute Economic Freedom of the World Indexhttp://www.freetheworld.com/cgi-bin/freetheworld/getinfo.cgi

Heritage Foundation Economic Freedom Indexhttp://www.heritage.org/index/Ranking.aspx

Milken Institute Capital Access Index

http://www.milkeninstitute.org/pdf/2008CAI.pdf Transparency International Corruption Perception Indexhttp://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009

UNCTAD Inward Potential Performance Indexhttp://www.unctad.org/templates/WebFlyer.asp?intItemID=2471&lang=1

World Bank Ease of Doing Businesshttp://www.doingbusiness.org/EconomyRankings/

World Bank Governance Indicatorshttp://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp

World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Indexhttp://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/GCR20092010fullrankings.pdf

Openness to Foreign Investment

HIS GlobalInsight.com, Proposed New Oil Law to Allow Foreign Companies to Resume Operations inSomalia, NOC to be Launched, August 14, 2007http://www.ihsglobalinsight.com/SDA/SDADetail10273.htm

UNCTAD, "World Investment Report 2009 - Country Fact Sheet: Somalia," September 17, 2009http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=3198&lang=1

Financial Sector

Bertelsman Country Assessment Report for Somaliahttp://www.bertelsmann-transformation-index.de/74.0.html?&L=1#chap8


Corruption and Transparency

Freedom House, 2009 Report for Somaliahttp://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2009&country=7659


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Global Integrity, In Somalia, Paying Just to be Alive, February 17, 2009http://commons.globalintegrity.org/2009/02/in-somalia-paying-just-to-be-alive.html

List of Countries that have signed the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruptionhttp://www.africa-union.org/root/AU/Documents/Treaties/List/African%20Convention%20on%20Combating%20Corruption.pdf

Transparency International Corruption Perception Indexhttp://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table

United Nations Convention Against Corruptionhttp://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/signatories.html


Standards and Compliance

International Monetary Fund list of GDDS nationshttp://dsbb.imf.org/Applications/web/gdds/gddscountrylist/

International Monetary Fund list of SDDS nationshttp://dsbb.imf.org/Applications/web/sddscountrylist/

International Monetary Fund, Report on Observance of Standards and Codeshttp://www.imf.org/external/np/rosc/rosc.asp

International Monetary Fund Financial Sector Assessment Programs http://www.imf.org/external/np/fsap/fsap.asp

World Bank, Report on the Observance of Standards and Codeshttp://www.worldbank.org/ifa/rosc.html

Social Indicators

Africa Media Development Assistance, Country Report for Somaliahttp://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/trust/pdf/AMDI/somalia/amdi_somalia2_country.pdf

Food and Agriculture Organization List of Low-Income Food Deficit Countries, May, 2009http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/lifdc.asp

Gettleman, Jeffrey, U.S. Delays on Food Donations are Reducing Supplies in Somalia, U.N. Says, TheNew York Times, November 6, 2009http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/07/world/africa/07somalia.html

International Food Policy Research Institute, Global Hunger Index, The Challenge of Hunger 2009http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ghi09.pdf

Kaiser Family Foundation, "Global Health Facts Health Indicators"http://www.globalhealthfacts.org/factsheets_custom.jsp#

The New York Times, U.N. Experts Get Threats in Inquiry Into Somalia, December 12, 2009http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/13/world/africa/13somalia.html?_r=1

UN data for under 5 mortality rate per 1,000 birthshttp://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3A561


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UN Statistics, Millennium Development Goals Indicators, Children 1 year old immunized againstmeasleshttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=563

UN Central Emergency Response Fund for Somalia 2007http://ochaonline.un.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1734

UNDP, "2009 Human Development Report for Somalia, October 2009

http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_SOM.html

USAID, Somalia Food Security Outlook January June 2009http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADN905.pdf


World Food Program Profile of Somaliahttp://www.wfp.org/countries/somalia

World Health Organization, "Core Health Indicators," May 2008http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select.cfm?strISO3_select=ALL&strIndicator_select=ALL&

intYear_select=latest&language=english Access to Technology

Nationmaster, Per capita electricity consumptionhttp://www.nationmaster.com/graph/ene_ele_con_percap-energy-electricity-consumption-per-capita

Nationmaster, Radio ownership per 1,000 peoplehttp://www.nationmaster.com/graph/med_rad_percap-media-radios-per-capita

Nationmaster, Motor vehicles per 1,000 peoplehttp://www.nationmaster.com/graph/tra_mot_veh-transportation-motor-vehicles

Nationmaster, Televisions per 1,000 peoplehttp://www.nationmaster.com/graph/med_tel_percap-media-televisions-per-capita

Reuters AlertNet Standard of Living for Somaliahttp://www.alertnet.org/db/cp/somalia.htm

World Bank, "Information and Communications for Development 2009," May 2009http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20459133~isCURL:Y~menuPK:1192714~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html

World Economic Forum Network Readiness Indexhttp://www.weforum.org/pdf/gitr/2009/Rankings.pdf

Health Indicators

AllArica.com, Somalia: Providing Health care Against All Odds in Mogadishu, April 7, 2009http://allafrica.com/stories/200904070668.html

Guardian.co.uk, Global homicide: murder rates around the worldhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2009/oct/13/homicide-rates-country-murder-data

HIV In site, Somalia, March 2007http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/global?page=cr-01-00&post=2&cid=SO&submit=Create+Report


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Kaiser Family Foundation, "Global Health Facts Health Indicators"http://www.globalhealthfacts.org/factsheets_custom.jsp#

US State Department, Travel Advisory for Somalia, November 4, 2008http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1023.html

World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006, Health Risks and Public Health Challengeshttp://devdata.worldbank.org/wdi2006/contents/Section2.htm

World Health Organization, "Core Health Indicators," May 2008http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select.cfm?strISO3_select=ALL&strIndicator_select=ALL&intYear_select=latest&language=english

World Health Organization, Mortality Country Fact Sheet 2006 for Somaliahttp://www.who.int/whosis/mort/profiles/mort_emro_som_somalia.pdf

World Health Organization, "Ranking of medical care systems," 2000http://www.photius.com/rankings/healthranks.html

Education Indicators

2009 Edition of UNESCO Global Education Digesthttp://www.uis.unesco.org/template/pdf/ged/2009/GED_2009_EN.pdf

Education International, "Education Report for Somalia Leone," June 18, 2007http://www.ei-ie.org/barometer/en/profiles_detail.php?country=somalia

UNESCO Education Databasehttp://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=198&IF_Language=enEcong


Economic Data


UN Economic Data for Somaliahttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/resCountry.asp

UNCTAD, "World Investment Report 2009 - Country Fact Sheet: Somalia," September 17, 2009http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=3198&lang=1

Latest IMF Consultation

Somalia and the IMFhttp://www.imf.org/external/country/SOM/index.htm

Economic Outlook


US State Department Travel Warning for Somalia, November 15, 2008http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_933.html

World Food Program, WFP warns Somalia sinking deeper into abyss of suffering, March 27, 2008http://www.wfp.org/node/203


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Credit Rating

Fitchhttp://www.fitchratings.com/corporate/sectors/issuers_list_corp.cfm?sector_flag=5&marketsector=1&detail=&body_content=issr_list

Moodyshttp://www.moodys.com/moodys/cust/content/loadcontent.aspx?source=StaticContent/BusinessLines/Sov

ereign-SubSovereign/RatingsListGBR.htm&Param=ALL

Standard and Poorshttp://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/sovereigns/ratings-list/en/us/?sectorName=Governments&subSectorCode=39&subSectorName=Sovereigns

Memberships

Financial Action Task Forcehttp://www.fatf-gafi.org/pages/0,3417,en_32250379_32236869_1_1_1_1_1,00.html

International Center for Settlements of investment Disputeshttp://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=ICSIDDataRH&reqFrom=Main&actionVal=Vie

wContractingStates&range=A~B~C~D~E International Federation of Accountantshttp://web.ifac.org/about/member-bodies

Multinational Investment Guarantee Agencyhttp://www.miga.org/quickref/index_sv.cfm?stid=1577

United Nations Convention Against Corruptionhttp://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/signatories.html

World Intellectual Property Organizationhttp://www.wipo.int/members/en/

World Trade Organizationhttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm