Brief Response• What were the military and political consequences

developing from the Cold War?• Military

– Proxy wars in China, Korea, Cuba, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Nicaragua

– New weapons (including weapons of mass destruction)

• Political– Berlin Wall/Iron Curtain forbids escape from Eastern Europe.– Competition for influence in the UN– Forming opposing alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact

The Industrialized Democracies

p. 512

• Post-World War II saw the economic explosion of capitalist democracies, particularly the US (3)

• Large American businesses spread worldwide after World War II.

• US construction and transportation businesses profit and grow– carry out the massive reconstruction projects

in Europe and Asia.– Increased US military bases around the world

brought billions as well.• American businesses were so profitable that

international investors put billions into them

$ Post-WW II Economics £ ¥

• EC: The ___________ was signed to make sure that the world economy would be safer.

• Bretton Woods Treaty– In the treaty, two institutions were started to prevent the kind of

economic failure that caused the World Depression of the 1930s: (2)

• World Bank: – funded by the member banks of the wealthy nations to help countries in

financial need.• International Monetary Fund:

– organization supervising the use of borrowed monies by debtor nations.• Both organizations are in Washington, DC.

– EC: These policies were based on the economic policies of British economist _____________

– John Maynard Keynes.

$ Post-WW II Economics £

Economics: The Business Cycle

• The growth of the economy shown on a graph– Trough, recovery (boom), peak, recession…..

• Recession:• economic slowdown.

– Businesses lose sales, • they cut costs (jobs, production).

• For 20 years after WW II, recessions in America were mild and short.

• Two hard recessions would happen in the mid 1970s – and from 2008…..

• On the average, more Americans had access to– better jobs – personal credit

US Poverty

• large numbers of poor still lived in inner-cities, – By the late 1950s they were becoming

depressed, crime-ridden slums. • the millions in rural areas, where

poverty grew among – sharecropping families – segregated African-Americans.

• Many social problems would erupt in the 1960s and 70s.

Materialism

• More consumer products and services came into being – Americans made them part of daily life.

• EC: American materialist lifestyle was romanticized before international audiences in (6)– Popular magazines – Newspapers – Music, Records – Radio – Movies – Television (a new, quickly spreading medium)

New Families and Retirees

• New roads and suburbs allowed people to move their homes.

• Many, including seniors, went to quiet, warm, low-cost (back then) states like California, Arizona, and Florida, …. AKA, the __________.

• ”Sunbelt”

Suburbanization:• Many urban Americans saw new, cheaper

communities being built by developers away from the cities.

• Now easy to live far away and still work in the city. – Highways, – freeways

• President Eisenhower’s Interstate Highway Act, – commuter rail lines

1912: Looking from Elysian Park (no I-5 freeway) toward Glendale and Crescent Valley

1925 much suburbanization after World War I.

• Railroad developed, • the river is being controlled

partially. • Still no freeway;

–the main route is San Fernando Road.

Looking toward downtown from Elysian Park (I-5 freeway below).

• This area becomes “old” part of Los Angeles as people move farther into the

Valley.

Contemporary view over Studio City.

• Verdugo Hills and Burbank are far off in the foothills to the right…..

• many of the houses here and apartment and business buildings in the Valley below were erected between the 1940s and 1970s.

Suburbs of suburbs…..

• Later, by the 1980s, suburbs began to spread – west to Simi and Santa Clarita Valleys, – North to Palmdale, – South to Orange County,– far east to San Bernardino.

Civil Rights: Segregation:

• Legal separation of minorities from majority population in – education,

– housing,

– public locations

– marriage

Discrimination:• Unequal treatment or barriers

against minorities and women in jobs and voting.

Civil Rights: significant early changes,• President ____ desegregated the US military.• Truman

– caused racist Democrats to stop supporting him, – has not hurt the military.

• 1954, US Supreme Court declares segregation laws (sometimes affecting Latinos as well) harmful to citizen’s civil rights – Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,

• and unconstitutional (illegal)…..– forced segregated states to open up.

– Racist resistance causes the Federal government to use martial enforcement.

Desegregation

Ruby Bridges, The experience:• “…her mother felt strongly that the move

was needed not only to give her own daughter a better education, but to "take this step forward ... for all African-American children." Her mother finally convinced her father to let her go to the school.[4]”

• “As soon as Bridges entered the school, white parents pulled their own children out; all the teachers refused to teach while a black child was enrolled. Only one person agreed to teach Ruby and that was Barbara Henry, from Boston, Massachusetts, and for over a year Henry taught her alone, ‘as if she were teaching a whole class.’”

• -- wikipedia,

• a six-year-old African-American girl, on her way into a desegregated (previously all-White) public school in New Orleans on November 14, 1960.

"The Problem We All Live With", 1963, Norman Rockwell

(published in Life Magazine, Jan. 1964)

What do you see? Analysis:• What does the painting say about

the ease or difficulty of desegregating American society? Explain (cite images from the painting).

"The Problem We All Live With", 1963, Norman Rockwell

(published in Life Magazine, Jan. 1964)

What do you see?• An elementary school aged

African-American girl.

• She has an innocent, determined look on her face and in her walk.

• Wearing a white dress (also implies innocence)

• School materials.

• US Marshals escorting her (all White)

• The word “nigger” painted on a wall

• A tomato thrown has hit the wall (probably aimed at her)

Analysis:• What does the painting say about

the ease or difficulty of desegregating American society? Explain (cite images from the painting).

• That White racists in those parts of the nation will make it as difficult as possible for US laws protecting equality of all citizens.

• Because the racism is so strong in American culture: Ex. “nigger”, no fear of the law, violent act of throwing the tomato.

Ruby Bridges, Then and Now

Going to school

• Escorted by US Marshals to and from.

Reflecting, 50 years later

• Speaking with the US President., Barack Obama

Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.:

• Dr. King used ____ rather than militant violence.– civil disobedience.– His role model was ____, who used the

technique in India.– Mohandas Gandhi

Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.:

• One of the significant leaders of the American civil rights movement in the 1950s and 60s.

• Struggled for equal rights for African-Americans and, – later, spoke for other Americans suffering

from discrimination and injustice.

Inspiration

• similar social movements over the next two decades among other major US ethnic groups: (4)– Mexican-Americans

– Native-Americans

– Asian-Americans

– Women

Women became especially active in US politics in the 1970s: (4)

–Equal pay

–End of gender-discrimination in jobs (traditional jobs)

–Protection against sexual harassment in the workplace.

–Gender-equity in the workplace.

Petroleum• American oil companies saved money by getting petroleum from

foreign sources, – rather than US sources.

• By the 1970s, almost all petroleum refined in the US was foreign, – Mostly from _____ nations in the Persian Gulf.– Arab (Muslim)

• EC: Because the US and allies supported _____ against Muslim nations in the October War of the early 1970s, the Muslim oil nations embargoed sales of petroleum to them.

• Israel• Oil Supplies fell quickly• Prices rose rapidly

– Business and consumer uses fell, causing a severe inflation and recession

• It also brought America closer to Muslim nations.• The global economy got more complicated and expensive after that

– recessions are more disruptive for the wealthy nations partly because of oil costs.

Western Europe Recovers, Thrives, and Cooperates

• Konrad Adenauer:– German Chancellor whose leadership made

Germany successful--democratically and economically.

Western Europe Recovers, Cooperates, and Thrives.

• Germany:– Late 1940s to 60s—support Germans in

quickly and profitably rebuilding a state-of-the-art economy.• Marshall Plan money and • cheap, Turkish immigrant labor

Germany:

• recovery– With high taxes,

• Germans have a very socially secure population.

– As the Cold War died out in the late 1980s, East and West Germany made moves to reunify.

– 1989, the ______ fell…..no Communist troops or police stopped it.

– Berlin Wall• 1990, all Germans voted for reunification.

Welfare State:• A mixed-economy nation with

–A very wealthy middle and upper class.

–high use of social programs to help, and perhaps solve, all social problems in a country.

Britain:– Two wars had weakened the

economy…..• Marshall Plan money was not as effective.

– King George VI passed away• EC: _____ was crowned in 1953 (1:15 on)• Queen Elizabeth II

– Parliament begins national welfare programs to deal with social problems.

France:– Resisted losing its colonies in ____ and ____ (2)– Indochina– Algeria

• resulting in vicious revolts and wars.• French President _______ ended both conflicts by pulling

French troops out.• Charles de Gaulle

– Vietnam, Laos, Kampuchea, and Algeria won independence by the late 1950s.

– The French economy socialized in the 1970s– France returned to conservatism in the 2000s as

welfare burden became too expensive.– France is a major leader in world politics

European Community (EC)

• 1957. Began as the European Economic Community (EEC) by West Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. – By cooperating, members could

• save money on resources• Reduce taxes on trade (saving money)• Reduce international regulations (saving money)• Make it easier for goods and services to move

(increasing money)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

• Total number of goods and services produced in a nation in a one-year period– Japan’s GDP grew rapidly from 1950-1970, – Japan enjoyed economic strength until a

recession in the 1990s that continues today.– Japan is still the second wealthiest nation in

the World per capita (comparing GDP to population)

• China actually earns more, but must divide it by over a billion people.

“economic miracles”

• Economic recoveries and growth in Germany and Japan were rapid after WW II.

• EC: Reasons for Japan’s economic success and power: (3)– Old economic assets totally destroyed by war– Excellent workforce:– Government protection from foreign

competition and support of home industries

Japan:• Japan was occupied and supervised by the United

States from 1945 to 1952:– Gen. _________ personally oversaw the transition to democratic

government:– Douglas MacArthur

• Emperor Hirohito was declared powerless, – only a symbol of the Japanese people.

• MacArthur imposed a democratic constitution:– Parliamentary government, Diet, established

» Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has dominated government, but other parties exist, some threaten its power.

» LDP members are in factions, competing for control of the party.– public education system for all– legal equality for women– land reform: much land taken from large landowners and given to

landless farmers – Other reforms (3)

hwk

Image, p. 513

• Question:

• Because of the additional living space and the opportunity to own land.

Standards Check, p. 514

• Question:

• The US economy relied on overseas markets

• It depended on overseas petroleum

Biography, p. 515

• Question:

• He continually put his life and freedom at risk for his beliefs.

Standards Check, p. 516

• Question:

• US government stepped in to end legal segregation and discrimination

• To improve life for veterans, the elderly, and the poor

• To expand transportation and housing opportunities.

Primary Source, p. 516:

• Question:

• Loss of electricity

• Possible homelessness

• Uncertainty about cleaning up and rebuilding

Image, p. 517

• Question:

• To keep people living in East Germany from escaping and to intimidate their people and the West.

Standards Check, p. 519:

Advantages

• Expanded social benefits• Unemployment insurance

Disadvantages

• Higher taxes• Government deregulation

or control of industry

Image, p. 519:

• Question:• By giving them a source of capital (wealth)

• Japan has been in a recession for almost 20 years• The recent tsunami, (start 1:00) and the nuclear reactor

disaster was another set back• Japan is still an economic power globally and

domestically.– Not without its social issues– Modern Japan (mostly cities and tourist spots: most rebuilt since

WW II)

Standards Check, p. 520:

• Japan's economic success—– US military protection/spending – Rebuilt modern industries after war– Educated and skilled labor force– Strong export market (many countries buy Japanese

products)– Government regulation of industry and exports

Brief Response

• How did prosperity and democracy grow in the democracies (US, Japan, Western Europe)