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 Definitions  Definitions ● Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open”Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open”

– Study of theStudy of the structurestructure of the body, eitherof the body, eitherregionally or systematicallyregionally or systematically

● Physiology – branch of biological sciencePhysiology – branch of biological sciencedealing with thedealing with the functionfunction of organs andof organs andorgan systemsorgan systems

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 History of Anatomy  History of Anatomy ● Probably began with

early examinationsof sacrifice victims.

●

First documented byEgyptians ~1600 BC

● Egyptian anatomicalpapyrus showedorgans (includingblood vessels)

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Early Greeks Greeks explained illness in terms of the 4body humors (fluids).

●

Thought the humors were governed by air,water, fire, and earth

● Healthy person had all four humors inbalance.

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 More like “witch” doctors Physicians had to know the proper prayersand charms wherewith to approach "Apollothe Healer," who would tell them what kind of 

herb poultice to put on a wound.

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 Role of Religion● Many religions influenced the study of thebody.

● Against doctrine to dissect a human.

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 Hippocrates (460 to 379 BC) Hippocrates (460 to 379 BC)● Greek physician who

studied anatomy, andspeculated physiology

● “Father of Anatomy”

● Much of his workremains today

●

Medicine should beethical (Hippocraticoath)

● Patient confidentiality

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● Believed that illnesshad a physicalcause

– was not a divinepunishment

● Rejected

superstitions● Based medical

treatments onobservations

 Hippocrates 

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Claudius Galen (120 to 200)Claudius Galen (120 to 200)●

2nd Century AD● Compiled

anatomical studies

of earlier writers● Also performed

vivisection onanimals

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Galen●

Roman physician,“team doctor” forthe gladiators.

●

Kept them alive sothey could fightagain.

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 Medicine during Medieval Times  Medicine during Medieval Times ● When Rome fell,

little was done toadvance the

studies.● Desecration of the

body was taboo

●

Cadavers were nolonger used

Early anatomical drawing basedon misinformation.

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● 1242 the Arabian scholar, Ibn an-Nafis, wrote abook in which he described the heart as twoseparate ventricles and the lesser circulation

through the lungs.This book was not discovered by Europeansuntil 1924, so it had no effect on subsequentknowledge of physiology.

● 1316, the Italian anatomist, Mondino de Luzzi,published the first book on anatomy, which wasthe definitive work on the subject for twocenturies.

 But not all was lost . . .

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Leonardo Da Vinci (1452 to 1519)Artists in Renaissance period interested inhuman form, so studied anatomy.

Da Vinci made hundreds of anatomically

correct drawings.He dissected bodies in secret.

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16 16 th  th  Century Contributions Century Contributions ●

Began to compileextensive drawingsof dissections of executed cadavers

● Discovered thephysiology of circulatory system

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  Andreas Vesalius (1514 to 1564)●

Barber surgeon (combination barber,dentist, doctor).

● Got special permission from the Pope to

dissect criminals.● First scientist to understand human

anatomy.

●

Wrote the first accurate book on humananatomy.

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 William Harvey (English) Circa 1590 ● “Father of 

Anatomy”; studiedcirculatory system

● Harvey dissectedhis own freshlydead family

members (hisfather and sister)before burial.

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17 17 th  th  and 18 and 18 th  th  centuries  centuries ● Few dissections were

allowed

● Only certain scientistswere allowed to perform

them● Tickets were sold to

others wishing to see and

draw the dissectedbodies.

● Doctors literally traveledfrom dissection todissection

Rembrandt's The Anatomy Lesson of Dr.

Nicolaes Tulp  painted in 1632

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Shortage of cadavers ● In England and Scotland,

medical schools beganto open.

●

No one donated bodiesto science – churchgoersbelieved in literal risingfrom grave, sodissection spoiled

chances of resurrection.● Became a tradition to

rely on executedprisoners, even up to

18th and 19th centuries.

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Serious Crimes ●

The added punishment of being dissectedafter death was considered anotherdeterrent from crime.

●

Ex. –– Steal a pig: you were hung

– Kill a person: you were hung and dissected

● Anatomists were often associated withexecutioners.

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● Because theyneeded body parts,anatomists at

medical schoolbought odd things.

● A man could sell

the leg of his son if it had to beamputated

Grisly Goings-On

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Grave Robbing ● Some medical

students raidedgrave yards; some

professors did also.● In certain Scottish

schools in 1700s,

 you could trade acorpse for yourtuition. Men robbing a grave to sell the

corpse to medical students . . .

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● 1603 Vein valves were discovered by the Italianphysician, Girolamo Fabrici.

● 1623 English physician, William Harvey, published

a book in which he described blood circulationthroughout the entire body. Modern physiology issaid to have begun at this point in time.

● 1653 Lymphatics were discovered by the Swedishnaturalist, Olof Rudbeck.

 Highlights 

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● 1660 Capillaries were discovered by the Italianphysician, Marcello Malpighi, using the newly

invented microscope.● 1664 Using the microscope, Robert Hooke, an

English physicist, discovered cells in cork

●

1676 Using the microsope, the Dutch microscopist,Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, discoveredmicroorganisms

● 1683 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discovered what we nowknow to be bacteria.

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● 1831 Robert Brown discovers in plants the nucleusat the centre of every cell.

● 1835 Félix Dujardin identifies a viscous translucentsubstance as being common to all forms of life; it islater given the name protoplasm. Meanwhileothers observe that living material is organized in arepeated structural form.

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● 1839 Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Swann givethe first coherent account of cell formation as thebuilding process of all life (a theme long guessed atby others, but not resolved or demonstrated).

●

1953 The discovery of the structure of DNA.

dd

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 Modern Anatomy  Modern Anatomy ●

Use of newtechnology providedfurtherunderstanding of 

both structure andfunction of organsand organ systems

●

CAT scans, X-rays,Genetic tests, MRI

FF A

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Future of Anatomy Future of Anatomy ●

Health relatedstudies are nowcentered aroundmolecular biology

● Looking for geneticand molecularindicators of disease

●

New assaysconducted more invitro vs. in vivo

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 The End