brian maginnityaugust 2004. aerial photography 2 are you being served ? uproducts (films, papers)...
TRANSCRIPT
Brian MaginnityBrian Maginnity August 2004August 2004
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Are you being served ?
Products (films, papers) for black & white photography
Products (films, papers) for colour photography
Technical advice in application set-up
After sale application support: Processing (tests), environmental issues, sensitometer,pre- exposed wedges, etc...
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White Products
Recording film
Duplicating film
Photographic paper (Agfa Aerial Paper)
Chemicals (Agfa Aerial Products)
Processors (Colenta)
Dodging printer (Scanatron)
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White Recording Films
Assortment
Applications
Use
Product Profile and Requirements
Characteristics
Imaging Techniques
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White Recording FilmsAssortment
FilmsFilms ProcessingProcessing
Aviphot Pan 80
Aviphot Pan 200 Colenta Aerial Processors
Aviphot Pan 400 S Versamat and other continuoustone processors
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White Recording FilmsApplications
Photogrammetry (mapping, cadaster )
tendency to use colour images is obvious
emerging competition of digital airborne
Inventory Studies (NIR sensitivity)
satellite imagery /Digital airborne
false colour IR films (no Agfa product)
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Film for recon applications
Reconnaissance (Oblique and vertical )
airborne- SAR is latest battlefield technology
UAV with video for close recon.
Film still valid because:
high definition imagery / large footprint
universality and compatibility
sturdy and operational (can be scanned too !)
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White Recording FilmsUse
Aviphot Pan 80Aviphot Pan 80
High altitude (with FMC at low, medium to high altitudes) Used as pan-chromatic B/W duplication film (from colour negs.)
Military and civilian applications
Aviphot Pan 200Aviphot Pan 200
Low, medium or high altitude
Military and civilian applications
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black and White recording filmsUse
Aviphot Pan 400SAviphot Pan 400S
Low altitude or high contrast objects
allows for uncritical film exposure.
optimised for film scanning
military and civilian applications
Pan 400s PE0 major business in security camera
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White Recording FilmsProduct Profile & Requirements
Good detail rendering:
Extended sensitivity into the near infrared (less scattering, higher reflection)
High resolution
Maximum speed minimum granularity
Appropriate processing and sensitometry
Dimensional stability
Easy scanning
Good physical properties
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White Recording FilmsCharacteristics
Aviphot Pan 80 PE1Aviphot Pan 80 PE1
Popular film in mapping community
Excellent contrast range – variable in processing
Very high resolution
Extended near infra-red sensitivity
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White Recording FilmsApplications
Aviphot Pan 80 PE1 and Pan 80 PE0Aviphot Pan 80 PE1 and Pan 80 PE0 High resolution panchromatic duplication film
Military reconnaissance up to 30.000 ft (with AD74)
Cartography: replaces Pan 200 very fine grain
best scanning results
larger blow ups
more scales in one photo flight.
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White Recording FilmsCharacteristics
Aviphot Pan 200 PE1 and Pan 200 PE0Aviphot Pan 200 PE1 and Pan 200 PE0 Main military / mapping film (average light conditions) NIR extension used in forestry applications
Large contrast variation during processing (at 30 °C during 20 to 70 s)
low gamma high gamma
In G 74 0.80 1.80
In Kodak 885 developer 0.85 1.70
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White Recording FilmsCharacteristics: Spectral Sensitivity
Spectral sensitivity of Aviphot Pan 200Spectral sensitivity of Aviphot Pan 200
--- D = 0.3 above fog
— D = 1.0 above fog
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Wavelength (nm)
Log sensitivity
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White Recording FilmsCharacteristics: Spectral Sensitivity
Extended spectral sensitivity into the near infraredExtended spectral sensitivity into the near infrared
Wavelength (nm)
Relative spectral reflection curves of different surfaces
Water
Asphalt roadsDry meadowsDesert
Wet meadowsAutumnal woodsFresh snow
Lime stone
100
80
60
40
20
0400 500 600 700 800 900
Percentageof reflectance
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White Recording FilmsCharacteristics: spectral response in lab
Test wedgesTest wedges
731 nm filterno filter
701 nm filterno filter
650 nm filterno filter
519 nm filterno filter
410 nm filterno filter
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White Recording Films Characteristics: spectral response in lab
The impact of filters on the sensitometry - ExampleThe impact of filters on the sensitometry - ExampleCharacteristic curve of Aviphot Pan 200 with different filters
log It
1 23
4
5
6
2.4
2.1
1.8
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
3 2.70 2.40 2.10 1.80 1.50 1.20 0.90 0.60 0.30 0¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
D
Curve Filter Speedpoint exp
AverageGradient
1 - 2.34 1.252 L 410 2.24 1.213 L 519 2.09 1.204 L 580 1.67 1.185 L 650 1.57 1.156 L 731 1.16 1.11
Proc : G74c, 30 °C, 40 seconds
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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The blue component of white light is heavily affected by the front and back scatter.
The near infrared spectral reflection is hardly affected.
The near infrared reflected image shows the best resolution.
The back scatter of the blue light illuminates the shadows
Black & White Recording FilmsImaging Techniques
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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650 nm filter515 nm filter
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White Recording FilmsImaging Techniques
Two different imaging techniquesTwo different imaging techniques
Yellow filter
Agfa system:Agfa system: Blue + green + red + near infrared
Other system:Other system: Diminished blue + green + red
Blue light
Green light
Red light
Near infrared lightFilm plane Object
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Instead of having no image details in the black shadows, the image details are revealed by the front scatter of the blue light
Resulting picture — Agfa system with blue light informationResulting picture — Agfa system with blue light information
Black & White Recording FilmsImaging Techniques
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White Recording FilmsImaging Techniques
Advantages of the Agfa systemAdvantages of the Agfa system
No loss of “blue” shadow information
No loss of “blue” contribution to overall speed
Better haze penetration (sensitized into the near infrared)
Better image differentiation in density levels on film
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Pan 400s
Replaces Pan 200s Target applications ?
Survey market for wide latitude applications
Survey market for low light / long shadow
Military market for reconnaissance
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White Duplicating Materials
Films
Photographic papers
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White Duplicating FilmsAssortment
Duplicating filmsDuplicating films
Avitone P 0 p, P 1 p, P 3 pP1pHR
Direct duplicating filmsDirect duplicating films
Avitone PD 1pOS
Avitone PD 3pOS
Processing in
Colenta aerial processorsVersamat and other continuous tone processors
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black and White Duplicating filmsAssortment
Diapostive films: P0p,P1p,P3p
Films with contrast gain (gamma 1.3 (20s) to 1.6 (70s)) For mapping on analogue equipment Contracting market
P1pHR extremely fine grain for scanner use extremely sharp images low density for best S/N range on scanners suited for “identical copy”
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black and White duplicating filmsAssortment
Direct duplication films PD1p OS
For creating an identical copy of an original “OS” means “open skies” Many archive duplication projects around
PD3p OS No competition product Important for duplication of archives
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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OPEN SKIES
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White PapersAssortment
Rapitone P1-P2 fixed grade paper
Rapitone M2 multicontrast paper
Paper prints = diminishing sales for Agfa
market color oriented
Military: big volume, bottom price market
market fade-out depends on market situation in 2004
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White Processing & Chemicals
Quality Goals for density range
Processing chemicals
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White ProcessingGoals
Recording filmsRecording films
Standard processing + film/chemistry (G74c) combination of same manufacturer: best image trade-off
Under-processing:
better grain and sharpness, lower speed and gradation
enough light ? Fixing ? Washing ?
Over-processing:
larger grain and less sharpness, speed and contrast gain
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White ProcessingGoals
Duplicating filmsDuplicating films
Can be processed in G 74 and rapid access developers(e.g. G 101)
For projection only: Look for an average gradient between 1.2 and 1.5
For use on a scanner: Low densities generate low digital image noise Look for a density difference of max 0.6 (also recording
films) Look for lowest possible fog level (Dmin)
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White ProcessingGoals
Photographic PaperPhotographic Paper
Can be processed in G 74 and rapid access developers(e.g. G 101)
Little impact of chemistry on the sensitometry
Development agent in the paper coating
Select grade to match density difference in the recording film
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black & White ProcessingProcessing chemicals
DevelopersDevelopers G 74 c (recording film, duplicating film and paper) V-dev (duplicating film and paper) AD 74 (booster of G74c)
FixersFixers G 333 c/ V-fix + aditan (10ml/liter), replenishment rate 500
ml/m²
Development conditionsDevelopment conditions Typical for the used chemicals
G 74 c: 30 °C, replenishment rate 250 - 300 ml/m² V-dev: 35 °C, replenishment rate 250 ml/ m²
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Black and White ProcessingProcessing chemicals
AD74 in combination with new developer G 74 c andAD74 in combination with new developer G 74 c andstarter G 74 sstarter G 74 s
Allows fast processing (40 seconds sensitometry at 20 seconds)
40 seconds sensitometry is steeper and faster Can be airshipped without restrictions
Fixer G 333 c / V-fix + Aditan hardenerFixer G 333 c / V-fix + Aditan hardener
Fast fixer (minimum recommended fixing time = 20 seconds)
Can be airshipped without restrictions
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Open Skies
Agfa’s Black & White SystemAgfa’s Black & White Systemfor Aerial Photographyfor Aerial Photography
==
Open SystemOpen System
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Colour Products
Recording film
Copying materials
Chemicals
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Recording Film
Assortment
Use
Product Profile and Requirements
Characteristics
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Recording FilmAssortment
FilmsFilms Processing systemsProcessing systems
Aviphot Color X100 PE1 Agfacolor Process AP70 (= C41)
Aviphot Color X400 PE1 Agfacolor Process AP70 (= C41)
Aviphot Color N400 PE1 Agfacolor Process AP70 (= C41
Aviphot Color N800 PE1 Agfacolor Process AP70 (=C41)
Aviphot Chrome 200 PE1 Agfacolor Process AP44 (= E6)
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Recording FilmUse
Aviphot Color X400 PE1Aviphot Color X400 PE1
Low to high altitudes (600 m to 8000 m)
Normal colour saturation
Un-masked colour negative film
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Recording FilmUse
Aviphot Chrome 200 PE1Aviphot Chrome 200 PE1
Low to high altitudes (600 m to 6000 m)
Regular colour saturation
Improved colour rendering system since 2002
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Recording FilmCharacteristics
Aviphot Color N400 PE1Aviphot Color N400 PE1 Multi-purpose film Can be imaged at 400 ASA and 640 ASA speed setting
400 ASA = regular colour saturation when processed for 3 min 17 seconds
640 ASA = high colour saturation when processed for 5 min 20 seconds;Used in early and late season, or for flights in poor light conditions
Low granularity, very good resolution (emulsion based on the APS film technology)
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Recording FilmCharacteristics
Aviphot color X100 PE1
Unmasked negative aerial film
High color saturation (inter-image effects )
Processes well in C-41or AP70.
APS film generation
extremely low grain
very high sharpness (highest in the market)
Back-layer against scratches and anti-Newton rings
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Recording filmsCharacteristics
Low to high altitude film
3min15s development: low contrast ( important for large scale in winter period = long shadows)
5min 20s development: high contrast ( altitudes up to 25.000 ft - no color quipping in the image)
Designed for scanning
Low and neutral Dmin
bright and pure colors
no or little color balance adjustments after inversion
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Recording FilmCharacteristics
X-100 : AN-6 and C-41 processing ?- initial AN-6 development: OK-present AN-6 generates a high fog on X-100
“ we are dealing with this problem “
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Recording FilmCharacteristics
X-100 with improved UV layer
-2
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
380 430 480 530 580 630 680 730
3026_1 N147
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
380 430 480 530 580 630 680 730
M 5068_7
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Recording filmsCharacteristics
Aviphot color N800 PE1 masked color negative processable in C-41
low altitude/ low light / fast moving object applications military and civil applications
regular color saturation type
High speed (800 to 1600 asa when pushed )
PET base with Special back for fast film transport/winding
APS film
fine grain, high sharpness
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Copying Materials
Assortment
Characteristics
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Copying MaterialsAssortment
Copying FilmCopying Film ProcessingProcessing
Avitone CP 94 Agfacolor Process AP94 Diaps from masked
an unmasked negatives (= RA-4)
°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°
Avitone CP70 Agfacolor Process AP70
High quality diaps from Agfacolor Process AP94
masked and unmasked negs ( = C-41 or RA-4)
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Colour duplication filmCharacteristics
Avitone CP70 Extreme high resolution film for color diapositives
Extreme fine grain
Smooth color rendering
low contrast for shadow detail for large scale applications
On 180µ (7 mils) Pet stable base
Allows copying of high res films (X100,N400) without losses
UNRIVALED QUALITY
Universal processing.
longer exposure times than CP94
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Copying MaterialsCharacteristics
Avitone CP 94Avitone CP 94
Generates slides from colour negatives High sensitivity shortens exposure time and boosts
production Short processing time contributes to swift colour
corrections Processing in AP94 or RA-4 chemicals (in Duraclear mode) Freshening of flat colours Accepts writing by laser (for contacts or projections) Colour density range up to 3 Dimensionally stable PET on 180 µm base
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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CP 70 / CP 94 IMAGES
cp70cp94
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Copying materialsAssortment
PapersPapers
Rapitone aerial color paper C1 (glossy)
Rapitone aerial color paper C2 (semi-matt)
- restricted assortment of formats and rolls
- regular saturation paper
- AP94 processing = RA-4 processing
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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After Sales Application SupportProcessing Control
SPC (Statistics Process Control) support programmeSPC (Statistics Process Control) support programme
Pre-exposed wedges on Pan 200
Sensitometric graph paper for B/W curves
Aerial SensitometerAerial Sensitometer
Aviphot Perfect unexposed wedges on Aviphot Pan 200
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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AVISENSE
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Dodging Printer
ScanatronScanatron
Roll film handling
High energy output = short exposure times
Colour and B/W film handling
World-wide Scanatron support
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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P11AN ECM-dodging printerwith automatic transport
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Processors
ColentaColenta
Full range of aerial colour and black-and-white processors
Colour and B/W paper processing
World-wide Colenta support
Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography
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Barbieri Densitometers
Hand held Densitometers For paper and film / colour and black & white
Colour Management System
QC-Xpert Software for process control
Agfa - Scanatron - ColentaAgfa - Scanatron - Colenta
The Winning TeamThe Winning Team